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Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Necrophagous Diptera in Western São Paulo State, Brazil

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Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Necrophagous Diptera in Western São Paulo State, Brazil Functional Ecosystems and Communities ©2007 Global Science Books Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Necrophagous Diptera in Western São Paulo State, Brazil Nelice M. B. Serbino • Wesley A. C. Godoy* Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Junior, 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The diversity and abundance of necrophagous Diptera were investigated in urban, farm and wild areas in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, from March 2003 through February 2004, in order to evaluate the current distribution and abundance of flies important in a forensic context. Members of the family Sarcophagidae were most abundant, followed by Drosophilidae, Calliphoridae and Phoridae. Members of Muscidae were least abundant. Flies were more abundant in spring and summer than in fall and winter. Members of Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae and Phoridae were most abundant in urban areas. Chrysomya albiceps was the most abundant calliphorid species, followed by Lucilia eximia, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia macellaria and Lucilia cuprina. The implications of these results for the necrophagous fauna structure are discussed. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: forensic entomology, necrophagous flies, seasonal abundance INTRODUCTION farm areas, especially in locations in which the environ- mental conditions differ in terms of altitude and tempera- After death, animal tissues, including those of humans, are ture. attractive to many kinds of organisms, especially insects. In this study, we investigated the diversity and abun- Hence, the decomposition of terrestrial vertebrates is cha- dance of necrophagous Diptera in Botucatu, São Paulo State, racterised not only by the action of fungi and bacteria, but Brazil, from March 2003 through February 2004, in order to also by an ample number of arthropods, mainly necropha- evaluate the current distribution of species. This study in- gous insects (Anderson 1995; Amendt et al. 2004). In ad- cludes urban, wild and farm areas. We believe that this in- dition, the kind of death markedly affects decomposition, formation can significantly increase the level of knowledge because it determines how fast a corpse can reach putrefac- of fly diversity associated with carcasses, and consequently tion (Anderson 1995). provides important information on flies as forensic indica- Season has an important impact on the weather and the tors. flora and fauna of a region, which influence significantly the faunal colonisation of a body. Many fly species vary in MATERIALS AND METHODS abundance depending upon season. For example, in Missis- sippi, Lucilia coeruleiviridis and Cochliomyia macellaria Bimonthly collections were made during the course of one year, were dominant in the warmer summer months, whereas March 2003 through February 2004, in three different areas: urban, Calliphora livida and Cynomyopsis cadaverina dominated farm and wild. The urban traps were set in a town garden, near a in the winter months, with Phormia regina found through- residential area. The farm traps were set in the Experimental Farm out the year (Goddard and Lago 1985). of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, near the Uni- Studies of succession and decomposition in carcasses versity campus. The wild area was a semi-deciduous forest near have been done mostly in temperate countries (Arnaldos et the farm. al. 2004). However, research programs have also been im- Traps were made from plastic drinking bottles (2000 mL), plemented in Brazil, in an attempt to understand the dyna- each with a hole in its bottom (9 cm diameter × 30 cm length). mics of these insects in tropical areas and their association Chicken viscera obtained from poultry house animals, especially with forensic studies (Von Zuben et al. 1996; Carvalho et al. gizzard (20 g), were placed in the bottles as bait and maintained 2000, 2004). during three days in the collecting area. Six traps were set in trees: Population abundance in necrophagous flies has usually three in the shade and three in the sun. Because the number of spe- been estimated from periodic census by using traps (Marti- cimens found in the shade was not significantly different from in- nez-Sanchez et al. 2000). The abundance of these species dividuals found in the sun (p > 0.05), all data were pooled for has been investigated by field succession experiments, analysis. The traps were removed after 72 h and the flies identified which involved capture of flies from pigs in specific areas and recorded. Except for members of the family Calliphoridae, the (Souza and Linhares 1997). flies were identified only to family level. The relative abundance of certain insects and the poten- Members of Calliphoridae were identified to species because tially differing time of colonisation of the remains in differ- of the need to record the current status of the group in terms of ent seasons are essential factors to understand the success- abundance and distribution of native and exotic species. The struc- sion process in carcasses (Smith 1986). Studies of this ture of the Brazilian calliphorid fauna has changed since the biolo- nature should be performed throughout the year, in order to gical invasion of species of Chrysomya about 30 years ago (Gui- develop a valid database for specific areas. In Brazil, no marães et al. 1978). systematic study has investigated the abundance of necro- One-way Anova was employed to compare the difference in phagous flies in different places, such as urban, wild and terms of abundance among areas, families and species, in the case Received: 28 Septembr, 2007. Accepted: 12 October, 2007. Original Research Paper Functional Ecosystems and Communities 1(2), 145-149 ©2007 Global Science Books of Calliphoridae. Mean monthly temperatures for the Botucatu most abundant family of flies captured (Carvalho et al. area were obtained from the Meteorological Station of São Paulo 2000; Carvalho and Linhares 2001; Carvalho et al. 2004). State University in Botucatu, which is located near the three expe- One question arising from these results, is whether the trap rimental areas. All traps were placed at a distance of 3 kilometres design can influence the abundance and diversity of flies from the Meteorological Station. captured. Several trap designs are employed in studies of The frequency distribution of flies in traps was fitted to the this nature (Hall 1995). However, the trap used in our Negative binomial and Poisson distributions, in order to determine investigation is very similar to the trap employed by Hwang whether the number of adults found among traps was clumped or and Turner (2005), who developed a bottle trap made from random. The k parameter in the Negative binomial distribution soft plastic drinking bottles. They observed that the Cal- was estimated by the maximum likelihood method (Ludwig and liphoridae was the most abundant family captured in the Reynolds 1988). The fits of the Negative binomial and Poisson London area (Hwang and Turner 2005). distributions were tested by the Pearson 2 statistic (Ludwig and Another reason for our result may be the degree of hu- Reynolds 1988). In the Negative binomial distribution, the null midity of the bait, chicken viscera, especially gizzard. Cer- hypothesis was that the frequency distribution of adults exhibited a tainly the humidity degree, age of the bait and its stage of clumped distribution pattern. The parameter k is a measure of the decomposition are also important factors capable of affec- degree of clumping, and tends toward zero at maximum clumping. ting the number, sex and age composition of blowfly popu- In the Poisson distribution, the null hypothesis was that the num- lations (Vogt and Woodburn 1994). Other baits have been ber of adults found follows a random distribution. used in previous blowfly studies, such as rodent carcasses, chicken faeces and fish, suggesting that the type of bait can RESULTS AND DISCUSSION be associated to the Diptera fauna (Mendes and Linhares 1993; Oliva 2001; Wall et al. 2001; Kozlov and Whitworth The collections resulted in 1,503 specimens, members of 2002). In this study we decided to include gizzard to inves- five families: Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, tigate also the influence of this substrate. Responses of Phoridae and Muscidae (Table 1). Members of Sarcopha- blowflies to odor appear to involve distinct sets of semio- gidae were most abundant, with 590 specimens. There were chemical cues (Ashworth and Wall 1994). Attraction, ori- 533 individuals of Drosophilidae, 227 of Calliphoridae and entation and landing in blowflies apparently occur in res- 140 of Phoridae. Only 13 individuals of Muscidae were col- ponse to putrefactive sulphur-rich volatiles originating from lected over the 1-year period (Table 1). decomposition products and, the oviposition is influenced The Sarcophagidae, commonly called flesh-flies, is a by the presence of ammonia-rich compounds (Ashworth large family, with over 2000 species of cosmopolitan distri- and Wall 1994). However, oviposition is also significantly bution (Smith 1986). Sarcophagids occur in tropical and influenced by moisture (Ashworthand Wall 1994) and this warm-temperature regions, with adults often observed on factor can have been decisive for the differences found in flowers, feeding on sweet substances, including sap and terms of collecting succession in the current
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