Media, Communication & Cultural Studies
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Digital Media Inequalities: Policies Against Divides, Distrust and Discrimination, Pp
D I G I T TITLE A L M E D I INEQUALITIES are the unwanted companions of media and communication. A IN E Tradi tional analogue mass media were criticized for creating inequalities by Q U A being biased, serving hegemonic interests, and accumulating far too much power L I T I E in the hands of mighty industrial conglomerates. Under the digital regime, most S POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION AND DISTRUST DIVIDES, AGAINST POLICIES inequalities survived, and new ones occurred. Knowledge gaps transformed into digital divides, news journalism is challenged by social networking sites, and global corporate monopolies outperform national media companies. Algorith- mic selection, surveillance, Big Data and the Internet of Things are creating new DIGITAL MEDIA inequalities which follow traditional patterns of class, gender, wealth and educa- tion. This book revisits old and new media and communication inequalities in times of digital transition. It has been written in a collective effort by the members of THE EUROMEDIA RESEARCH GROUP. INEQUALITIES | JOSEF TRAPPEL JOSEF POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION ( ed. ) University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 7 > 7 E-mail [email protected] NORDICOM www.nordicom.gu.se NORDICOM 85510 JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.) 8 978-91-88855-10- 78918 1 ISBN 9 Contacts Based at the University of Gothenburg, Nordicom is a Nordic non-profit knowledge centre that collects and communicates facts and research in the field of media and communication. Editor Administration, sales Postal address The purpose of our work is to develop the knowledge of media’s role in society. -
Evaluating Media Performance 3 Pippa Norris and Sina Odugbemi
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC Public Disclosure Authorized SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PIPPA NORRIS, Editor Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PUBLIC SENTINEL NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM PIPPA NORRIS Editor Copyright © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is the product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any terri- tory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: 978-750-8400, Fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. -
Digital Media Inequalities: Policies Against Divides, Distrust and Discrimination, Pp
D I G I T TITLE A L M E D I INEQUALITIES are the unwanted companions of media and communication. A IN E Tradi tional analogue mass media were criticized for creating inequalities by Q U A being biased, serving hegemonic interests, and accumulating far too much power L I T I E in the hands of mighty industrial conglomerates. Under the digital regime, most S POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION AND DISTRUST DIVIDES, AGAINST POLICIES inequalities survived, and new ones occurred. Knowledge gaps transformed into digital divides, news journalism is challenged by social networking sites, and global corporate monopolies outperform national media companies. Algorith- mic selection, surveillance, Big Data and the Internet of Things are creating new DIGITAL MEDIA inequalities which follow traditional patterns of class, gender, wealth and educa- tion. This book revisits old and new media and communication inequalities in times of digital transition. It has been written in a collective effort by the members of THE EUROMEDIA RESEARCH GROUP. INEQUALITIES | JOSEF TRAPPEL JOSEF POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION ( ed. ) University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 7 7 > E-mail [email protected] NORDICOM www.nordicom.gu.se NORDICOM 85510 JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.) 8 978-91-88855-10- 78918 1 ISBN 9 Contacts Based at the University of Gothenburg, Nordicom is a Nordic non-profit knowledge centre that collects and communicates facts and research in the field of media and communication. Editor Administration, sales Postal address The purpose of our work is to develop the knowledge of media’s role in society. -
International Encyclopedia of ~ Communications
- International Encyclopedia of ~ Communications , ,c' • ) • "·Y' ' •.. ' •. -'-.,.- .. THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA The International Encyclopedia of Communications was conceived, developed, and edited at ] The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania. 1-'-/ · .'. I·· International·-· Encyclopedia of Communications ERIK BARNOUW GEORGE GERBNER Editor in Chief Chair. Editorial Board WILBUR SCHRAMM TOBIA L. WORTH LARRY GROSS Consulting Editor Editorial Director Associate Editor • Volume 1 --_._.-. __ ._._. __ .. ~----------- Published jointly with r' THE ANNENBERG SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATIONS, University of Pennsylvania OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford r- ~ I-'ll Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronm Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan _ Copyright © 198~ the Trustees of th~1Lniv_ersitr of Pennsylvania Published jointly by --, The Annenberg School of Communicatio~ University of Pennsylvania, and Oxford University Press, Inc., 200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. ~ stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,l electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, ~ without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging~in~Publication Data International encyclopedia of communications / Erik Barnouw, editor~in·ehief ... let al.l. p. em. "Published joindy with the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia." Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Communication-Dictionaries. I. Barnouw, Erik, 1908- P87.5.15 1989 00!.51'0321 ....,!c19 88·18132 CIP G!~.... 17 ISBN 0·19·504994·2 (set) ,-,.-----------1 I" ISBN O·19·505802·X (vol.)DJ Acknowledgments of sources of illustrative materials appear in captions throughout this work.