D I G I T TITLE A L M E D I INEQUALITIES are the unwanted companions of media and communication. A IN E Tradi tional analogue mass media were criticized for creating inequalities by Q U A being biased, serving hegemonic interests, and accumulating far too much power L I T I E in the hands of mighty industrial conglomerates. Under the digital regime, most S POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION AND DISTRUST DIVIDES, AGAINST POLICIES inequalities survived, and new ones occurred. Knowledge gaps transformed into digital divides, news journalism is challenged by social networking sites, and global corporate monopolies outperform national media companies. Algorith- mic selection, surveillance, Big Data and the Internet of Things are creating new DIGITAL MEDIA inequalities which follow traditional patterns of class, gender, wealth and educa- tion. This book revisits old and new media and communication inequalities in times of digital transition. It has been written in a collective effort by the members of THE EUROMEDIA RESEARCH GROUP. INEQUALITIES | JOSEF TRAPPEL JOSEF POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES, DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION ( ed. ) University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 7 7 > E-mail [email protected] NORDICOM www.nordicom.gu.se NORDICOM 85510 JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.) 8 978-91-88855-10- 78918 1 ISBN 9 Contacts Based at the University of Gothenburg, Nordicom is a Nordic non-profit knowledge centre that collects and communicates facts and research in the field of media and communication. Editor Administration, sales Postal address The purpose of our work is to develop the knowledge of media’s role in society. We do this Johannes Bjerling, PhD Anne Claesson Nordicom through: phone: +46 766 18 12 39 phone: +46 31 786 12 16 University of Gothenburg [email protected] [email protected] PO Box 713 Following and documenting media development in terms of media structure, media • SE-405 30 Göteborg ownership, media economy and media use. • Conducting the annual survey The Media Barometer, which measures the reach of various media forms in Sweden. ( +46 31 786 00 00 www.nordicom.gu.se @Nordicom_News • Publishing research literature, including the international research journal Nordicom @ Review and Nordic Journal of Media Studies. [email protected] @NordicomNews @nordicom_pics • Publishing newsletters on media trends in the Nordic region and policy issues in Europe. • Continuously compiling information on how media research in the Nordic countries is developing. • The international research conference NordMedia, which is arranged in cooperation with the national media and communication associations in the Nordic countries. Recent publications Nordicom is financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Swedish Ministry of Culture and NEGOTIATING JOURNALISM NEGOTIATING We need freedom of speech most when someone expresses offensive statements. Also, we Close and Distant YOUTH AND NEWS IN A DIGITAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENT • Nordic-Baltic Perspectives • Yvonne Andersson, Ulf Dalquist & Jonas Ohlsson (eds.) Andersson, • Yvonne Perspectives MEDIA ENVIRONMENT • Nordic-Baltic IN A DIGITAL AND NEWS YOUTH need press freedom when news stories conflict the way authorities or powerful people and Society ServicePublic Media in the Networked organizations look at the world. These freedoms are corner stones of journalism. When re- Ongoing digitalization has fundamentally transformed the entire media landscape, spected, journalism may contribute to a free flow of transparent and pluralistic information not least the domain of news. The blurring of previously sharp distinctions between This book explores the interplay between government and media drawing on unique for citizens to be well informed. evidence from, and in-depth analysis of, four national cases: Finland, Lithuania, Poland he eighth RIPE Reader critically examines the ‘networked society’ concept in relation production, distribution and consumption have challenged the established news and Sweden. Based on the chapters dedicated to each country, five additional chapters Yet, journalism’s values and working methods, as well as journalists themselves, are challenged, | industry and brought into question long-held assumptions of what journalism is or Close and Distant Public Service Media Political Executive–Media Relations in Four Countries to public service media. Although a popular construct in media policy, corporate Youth and News in a the University of Gothenburg. Visit our website for more information about Nordicom’s work Tpressured and threatened. This research anthology examines journalistic core values and how address the following cross-national themes: government communication, social media, should be, who is a journalist and how we define, consume and use “news”. This ant- strategy and academic discourse, the concept is vague and functions as a buzzword they are perceived and renegotiated in Bangladesh, Norway and Tunisia – and one chapter hology aims to shed light on the implications of these transformations for young pe- formality/informality in journalist-source relations, mediatisation of politics, and political and includescatchphrase. Colombia. This InReader exploring clarifies views onand journalism’s critiques thevalues networked and press society freedom notion transnation- with ople in the Nordic and Baltic countries. It focuses on three themes: youth participating communication culture. ally, the comparative chapters (Part II) discuss and reflect on what journalism is. specific focus on enduring public interest values and performance in media. At issue – in news and information production; news production by established media organiza- Core Values and Cultural Diversities Elsebeth Frey, Mofizur Rhaman and Hamida El Bour (Eds.) Elsebeth Frey, and Cultural Diversities Core Values The book reveals what really goes on between the political executive and the media is whetherFinally, publicthe case service studies media that close will thebe abook primary (Part III)node offer for empiricalcivil society examples services of journalism’s in the tions and novel information providers aimed at children and youth; news use among in everyday practices within these countries. First, it uncovers a process of mediated post-broadcastingrole in transitional era? periods Although and networked at times of communications ideological conflicts: offer When significant the right benefits,to religion youth. Taken together, the chapters illustrate the complexity of news use among youth collides with press freedom and freedom of expression, and when bloggers are killed for political-cultural change within media-political systems. Second, it illustrates the work- they also present problems for universal access and service. An individual’s freedom PUBLIC and offer some rather different examples of strategies that news organizations might Political Executive- speaking out, journalism is on the line. This book contributes to local and global discussions in the Networked Digital Mediaings of prime ministerial power and communication aides at this apex of political power to tap into, activate, build or link with a network is not guaranteed and threats to net consider for reaching young people with news – or involving them in the production on journalism and its core values in cultural diversities. and the media and those who work there. Third, it examines both the struggle within neutrality are resurgent. Networks are vulnerable to hacking and geo-blocking, and of news. Furthermore, the book might serve as a basis for reflecting on the urgent, but CLOSE governing institutions to control the flow of information and the tensions between civil facilitateJournalism clandestine is under surveillance. intensified This threat. Reader Some threatsprioritises originate the public in economics, interest inmany a net others- | SERVICE cumbersome, area of media and information literacy in these media saturated times. servants and political aides, and takes the reader through the four media-political con- and about our academic book publishing. Donders den Bulck & Karen (eds.) Van Hilde Gregory Ferrell Lowe ‘in politics and social life. This is why attention to the questions discussed in this anthology is worked society. The authors examine the role of public media organisations in the robust NEGOTIATING texts rooted in a deep knowledge of these relationships. valuable. If we are going to preserve journalism as a universal beacon, and indeed strengthen but often contradictory framework of networked communications. Our departure point it going forward, the more knowledge we have about diversities in practice, the better our MEDIA IN THE The result is an illuminating and original analysis of politics, political communication, is bothstrategies sceptical can and be. aspirational, both analytical and normative, both forward-looking | Youth and News in a Digital Media Environment ’ JOURNALISM consists of contributions from Norway, media and journalism, and offers greater understanding of the realities of government Karl Magnus Johansson & Gunnar Nygren AND Media Relations in and historically-grounded. While by no means the last word on the issues treated, this Society Guy Berger Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Estonia, written by scholars and people working in Environment– and democracy – and media in practice as well as the role of media within contem- collection provides a timely starting point at least. UNESCO NETWORKED