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Frequently Asked Questions About Panama TR4

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Frequently Asked Questions About Panama TR4 Panama disease tropical race 4 Are there Panama TR4 resistant bananas? Frequently asked questions about Panama TR4 Understanding Panama disease tropical race 4 (Panama TR4) What is Panama disease Does Panama TR4 affect tropical race 4? any other fruit plants? Panama disease tropical race 4 No, Panama TR4 does not affect other (Panama TR4) is considered one of fruit crops; however, it infects most the most destructive diseases of banana varieties including the main banana plants worldwide. It is caused commercial variety Cavendish. by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubens. How does The fungus produces two main type of PanamaTR4 affect spores: Conidia is produced in large How is it spread? numbers and is dispersed rapidly, banana production? Panama TR4 is easily spread in and Chlamydospores which are hardy Plants affected by Panama TR4 rarely infected banana plants or plant material and can survive in the soil undetected produce marketable bunches. Once and in contaminated soil and water. for decades. established, the fungus persists Anything that moves soil, such as More information: Biosecurity in the soil for many years, making machinery and equipment, vehicle, Queensland’s factsheet - What is the production of susceptible tools, clothing and footwear, can Panama TR4? banana varieties such as Cavendish carry and spread the disease. economically unviable. The disease can also be spread: • by natural processes such as heavy Where is Panama TR4? rainfall and floods Panama TR4 has had a devastating • by wildlife such as rats, bandicoots, effect on banana crops around the feral pigs and wading birds world, particularly in Asia and the • over short distances by root to root Middle East. In Australia, it was first contact detected in Darwin in 1997, and in • from parent banana plant to the Tully Valley Far North Queensland suckers 2015. • potentially by insects such as the banana weevil borer. For more information visit biosecurity.qld.gov.au or call 13 25 23 Version 1, June 2018 How does Panama TR4 What should people do if Are there other races infect banana plants? they suspect they have of Panama disease? Panama disease enters via the roots. seen Panama TR4? Yes, there are different races of the Fungal spores germinate and use their If you see signs of Panama TR4, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense filaments (hyphae) to enter the roots contact Biosecurity Queensland fungus which cause Panama disease, through natural openings or wounds, on 13 25 23 immediately. but not all are present in all the spreading through the corm and into banana growing areas of Australia. The the stem. Early detection, rapid destruction different races affect different banana of infected plants and on-farm varieties. Until the fungus blocks the vascular restrictions are the only way to control tissues carrying the water and and contain the disease. If Panama Race 1 infects a range of varieties Lady nutrients, there might not be any signs TR4 is left unchecked on a farm, the Finger, Sugar and Ducasse, but not that the plant is infected. It might take disease can spread rapidly through Cavendish1. weeks or a few months for signs to people and vehicle movement. Race 2 infects cooking bananas like show depending on the environmental Bluggoe and Blue Java. conditions (such as wet, dry, or It is a legal requirement to report extremely hot), and the plants age. suspicious plants, within 24 hours, Race 3 infects only Heliconia species under the Biosecurity Act 2014 that not bananas. As blockage of the vascular tissue classifies Panama TR4 as a Category 1 Race 4 infects most varieties including develops the plant yellows, wilts and restricted matter. eventually dies. Cavendish, Lady Finger and Ducasse. The disease does not affect the fruit so There are two important strains of bananas are still good to eat. Can growers cut or Race 4. remove a suspect plant? Tropical race 4 occurs in tropical No. Cutting stimulates the fungus, growing regions, like Far North Can Panama TR4 promoting spore production and Queensland. be eradicated? increases the risk of the disease Subtropical race 4 occurs in Panama TR4 cannot be eradicated by spreading on and off the property. It can subtropical regions and usually only any biological or chemical controls. also make it harder to get samples for produces signs in Cavendish after a diagnostic testing. If you have cut down period of cold stress. Subtropical race Early detection, rapid destruction a symptomatic plant, contact Biosecurity 4 has been under quarantine control in of infected plants and on-farm Queensland immediately on 13 25 23. south east Queensland, northern New restrictions are the only way to control South Wales and Western Australia for and contain the disease. some time. Reporting symptomatic plants What can banana immediately to Biosecurity Can people still eat Queensland on 13 25 23 safeguards growers do to protect bananas? farm viability and protects the wider their farm from Panama TR4 does not affect the fruit, industry. Panama TR4? so bananas are safe to eat. Good on-farm biosecurity measures What are the signs are critical to not only protect farms from Panama TR4 but to also contain of Panama TR4 in a the disease if it is detected on the farm. banana plant? Managing the movement of soil, water • Yellowing leaf edges in the early and plant material entering and exiting stages farms is the key to effective on-farm • Brown or black leaf edges biosecurity. Some on-farm biosecurity measures can include: • Yellowing across the whole leaf • Zoning. It can provide simple and • Wilted, collapsed and dying older cost-effective biosecurity layers to leaves forming a “skirt” around the manage disease risk pathways onto stem and off a farm. • Young leaves possibly still green • Footwear exchange stations and and upright while older leaves and foot baths. the stem are affected • Cleaning and disinfecting all • Split stem base (but not always) vehicles and machinery. through two or three layers initially – later, deeper and higher up. • Setting up a clean access road. More information: Biosecurity Queensland’s Grower kit. 1 A unique population of the fungus, more closely related to Race 1 than Race 4, has infected Cavendish at Carnarvon, Western Australia Detecting and diagnosing Panama TR4 How is Panama What happens if TR4 diagnosed? test results are Biosecurity Queensland undertake positive? a surveillance program and growers When test results are positive, a check their plants to look for signs of Biosecurity Queensland officer calls the disease. When a plant showing the grower directly and confirms via a signs of Panama TR4 is identified, formal letter and diagnostic report. Biosecurity Queensland surveillance staff and authorised officers visit The grower is given a Notice of the property to assess the plant for presence of Panama disease tropical Panama TR4. race 4 (notice), which will contain How do you detect conditions that the grower will need Panama TR4? • A visual inspection. Plants are to meet to protect their farm and the inspected for external signs broader industry. There is currently no way to test for of Panama TR4 including leaf Panama TR4 in soil or water. Early yellowing, wilting and stem A small team of Biosecurity identification of plants showing splitting. If found, the grower is Queensland staff will work closely with signs of the disease and subsequent advised that suspect plants have the grower to provide practical advice sampling and laboratory testing of been found. The plant is then and assistance on how they can best these plants are the only way to know cut to look for internal signs – a meet the requirements of the notice. if the disease is present. yellow, reddish or brown-black They will do their best to ensure the discolouration of the stem or business can continue trading. corm’s vascular tissue. Photos are Surveillance for taken of intact and cut plants. Can other fruit or Panama TR4 • Collect and send samples. Samples Biosecurity Queensland’s Panama TR4 of plant material are taken from any crops be grown on Program has been undertaking regular discoloured tissue that is found infested properties surveillance since the disease was in the stem or corm as the plant is in the future? first detected in Far North Queensland systematically examined. The plant Alternative crops may be grown in 2015. Under the Biosecurity Act or the stump is then marked and a successfully on blocks infested with 2014, the Program is authorised to sign placed indicating that samples Panama TR4, however, the spores determine the presence and extent have been taken. Samples are remain in the soil for decades. of Panama TR4 in Queensland, securely packaged, labelled, and Any movement of infected soil by monitor compliance with the Act and sent with a secure chain of custody machinery, equipment, tools, animals subordinate legislation, and to enter to a specialised laboratory. or people would still present a risk for properties and undertake activities to • Laboratory testing. A range of other banana farmers in Queensland. detect and diagnose Panama. laboratory tests are undertaken Strict biosecurity measures would More information: Biosecurity which can take up to 6 weeks. still need to be implemented and Queensland’s factsheet: Surveillance • Give the results. The results of maintained to prevent the risk of spread for Panama TR4. the tests are given by phone of Panama TR4 to other banana farms. and confirmed by a letter and a diagnostic report. If positive How important is for Panama TR4 the grower will surveillance by growers? be advised how to control and Regular checking of plants by contain the disease. Biosecurity growers is critical for early detection Queensland also notify key and containment. Surveillance can stakeholders of the positive result, be integrated into regular farming without giving away identifying practices through training staff how to information on the grower or the identify and report suspect plants.
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