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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Impacts of Human Trampling UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Impacts of human trampling and periodic sand inundation on Southern California intertidal algal turf communities: Implications for conservation and management of rocky shores A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Tonya Michelle Huff Committee in charge: Paul K. Dayton, Chair Robert T. Guza James J. Leichter Lisa A. Levin Kaustuv Roy 2006 Copyright Tonya Michelle Huff, 2006 All rights reserved The dissertation of Tonya Michelle Huff is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2006 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature page ........................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.....................................................................................................iv List of Figures ..........................................................................................................vii List of Tables............................................................................................................x Acknowledgements.................................................................................................xi Vita ............................................................................................................................xvii Abstract.....................................................................................................................xviii Chapter 1. Introduction to the dissertation............................................................1 Disturbance..................................................................................................1 Human Influences on the Coast..................................................................2 Algal Turf Communities...............................................................................3 Objectives of the Dissertation....................................................................4 Literature Cited............................................................................................6 Chapter 2. Spatial and temporal variation in the invertebrate communities of intertidal coralline algal turf.................................................................................8 Abstract.........................................................................................................8 Introduction...................................................................................................9 Study Area....................................................................................................11 Materials and Methods................................................................................13 Sampling Procedure .......................................................................13 Data Analysis...................................................................................14 Results ..........................................................................................................15 Community Composition................................................................15 Changes Through Time...................................................................16 Diversity............................................................................................17 Discussion....................................................................................................18 Acknowledgements.....................................................................................20 Figures and Tables......................................................................................22 Appendix.......................................................................................................49 Literature Cited............................................................................................52 iv Chapter 3. Quantification of sand movement at a southern California rocky intertidal site ...........................................................................................................55 Abstract.........................................................................................................55 Introduction...................................................................................................56 Methods........................................................................................................59 Study Site .........................................................................................59 Sampling Procedure .......................................................................59 Data Analysis...................................................................................61 Results ..........................................................................................................62 Discussion....................................................................................................64 Acknowledgements.....................................................................................66 Figures and Tables......................................................................................68 Literature Cited............................................................................................84 Chapter 4. Sand addition alters the invertebrate community of Southern California intertidal coralline turf.............................................................................87 Abstract.........................................................................................................87 Introduction...................................................................................................88 Methods........................................................................................................90 Study Site .........................................................................................90 Experimental Design and Sampling Procedure...........................91 Data Analysis...................................................................................93 Results ..........................................................................................................95 Overview...........................................................................................95 Time and Sand Depth.....................................................................95 Community Response.....................................................................96 Discussion....................................................................................................97 Acknowledgements.....................................................................................101 Figures and Tables......................................................................................102 Appendices..................................................................................................108 Literature Cited............................................................................................110 Chapter 5. Quantification of Human Visitation to Recreational Areas Through the Use of Time-Lapse Video.................................................................114 Abstract.........................................................................................................114 Introduction...................................................................................................115 Methods........................................................................................................118 Study Sites .......................................................................................118 Camera Systems and Installation..................................................119 Image Analysis.................................................................................121 Data Analysis...................................................................................122 Results ..........................................................................................................123 Discussion....................................................................................................125 Acknowledgements.....................................................................................128 v Figures and Tables......................................................................................129 Literature Cited............................................................................................144 Chapter 6. Effects of human trampling on intertidal algal turf communities and implications for management of protected areas on rocky shores.............147 Abstract.........................................................................................................147 Introduction...................................................................................................148 Methods........................................................................................................152 Study Area........................................................................................152 Experimental Design and Sampling Procedure...........................153 Lab Procedures...............................................................................156
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