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Stemming the Tide of Plastic Marine Litter: a Global PRITZKER BRIEFS Pritzker Environmental Law and Policy Briefs POLICY BRIEF NO. 5 | October 2013 Stemming the Tide of Plastic Marine Litter: A Global Action Agenda By Mark Gold, Katie Mika, Cara Horowitz, Megan Herzog, & Lara Leitner For these reasons, drastically reducing Marine litter is one of the Introduction the current rate of ocean plastics disposal most significant problems facing the world’s and loss is a key step in stemming the oceans and seas, and the communities tide of global marine litter. Over the last and economies that depend on them. decade, researchers and international, Plastic marine litter presents a particularly governmental, and non-profit organizations significant environmental threat—as well have published dozens of reports on the as a considerable regulatory challenge. It marine litter problem and offered a range has been estimated that 20 million tons of of recommendations.2 There is general plastic marine litter enter the ocean each agreement about the need for robust, year.1 Plastic marine litter forms a large consistent funding for clean-up efforts; portion of our waste stream, typically does better infrastructure to encourage proper not biodegrade in marine environments, waste management; and, most importantly, and has especially deleterious impacts on reductions in the sources of marine litter— ocean wildlife, coastal economies, fisheries, especially single-use plastics. Yet, no one and even human health. Manufacturers has proposed an overarching action plan increasingly are incorporating hardy plastic that would effectively address the plastic material into single-use items and other marine litter problem. products that are a part of our daily lives. Global mismanagement of ubiquitous Like the waste itself, however, awareness plastic materials has fueled the growing of the plastic marine litter problem is on international marine litter problem. the rise. International volunteer events What is Plastic Marine Litter? Marine litter, also called marine debris or solid marine pollution, includes all human- generated solid articles and materials that are discarded, disposed of, or lost into the ocean and remain there. Plastic marine litter includes all marine litter composed of one of a collection of artificial materials (commonly, petroleum-based compounds) that we broadly refer to as “plastic” (e.g., polystyrene, polyethylene, polyester). Plastic marine litter includes consumer items such as plastic bags, food packaging, cups, bottles, and balloons; industrial components; and items related to fisheries or aquaculture. Pritzker Brief No. 5 | October 2013 Emmett Center on Climate Change and the Environment such as International Coastal Clean-Up to address plastic marine litter, including Day and images of the “Pacific Garbage suggestions of ways to improve existing Patch,” a gyre larger than the size of Texas international legal mechanisms. As a first that is polluted with a diffuse soup of plastic priority, we call upon the global community objects and fragments, have captured to develop a new international agreement the world’s attention. The international with a global reach commensurate with the community also is engaged in intently scale of the plastic marine litter problem. tracking the estimated five million metric Ultimately, we believe the world only may tons of marine litter (including plastics) be able to reach the Rio+20 goal through an swept out to sea by the Japanese tsunami aggressive, new international regime that in 2011.3 Significantly, last year’s “Rio+20” incorporates enforceable marine pollution United Nations Conference on Sustainable standards as well as strong tracking, Development recognized marine litter as a monitoring, reporting, and enforcement major environmental issue that the world mechanisms. International law is not likely must address. The parties to the Rio+20 to solve the plastic marine litter problem Conference “note[d] with concern that the independent of domestic efforts, however. health of oceans and marine biodiversity Smaller-scale policies and programs should are negatively affected by . marine debris, be scaled up rapidly as partial solutions especially plastic . .” and called for action to the problem. We conclude with our by 2025 to “achieve significant reductions “Top Ten” list of recommended actions to in marine debris to prevent harm to coastal implement by 2025 to begin to stem the and marine environments.”4 How to achieve global tide of plastic marine litter. those reductions for the category of plastic marine litter is the subject of this policy brief. I. The Plastic Marine Litter Problem We begin by summarizing the latest In recent years, global concern about information on the sources and impacts of ocean health has keyed in on the growing plastic marine litter. Next, we describe why problem of plastic marine litter. There is existing international legal mechanisms are a lot we do not know about plastic marine inadequate to address the problem. We litter; for instance, there is no hard data on then offer international, regional, national, exactly how much plastic is in the marine and sub-national policy recommendations environment. It has been estimated that Figure 1. Plastic litter and other trash on the coastline of Green Island, Kure Atoll, Hawaii (2006). Image courtesy of Claire Fackler, CINMS, NOAA/NOAA Photo Library. www.law.ucla.edu/emmett 2 Pritzker Brief No. 5 | October 2013 Emmett Center on Climate Change and the Environment Figure 2. (Left) Plastic litters the Hong Kong shoreline after Typhoon Vicente knocked six shipping containers packed with bags containing millions of plastic pellets into the ocean. Image courtesy of Tracey Read and Gary Stokes, Oceanic Love. (Right) Grounding of the container ship Rena, which carried some containers of plastic beads, off the coast of New Zealand (October 2011). Image courtesy of New Zealand Defence Force. 20 million tons of plastic marine litter enter includes lost cargo containers. Hundreds or the ocean each year.5 We do know that, at perhaps thousands of shipping containers some locations, the majority of all observed and their contents, including plastics, are marine litter tends to be plastic items.6 lost at sea each year due to accidents, For instance, one beach litter monitoring storms, or poor management practices.13 pilot project found plastics to comprise an Notably, ships are not required to report or average of 75 percent of all beach litter clean up lost cargo unless the contents are on reference beaches in nine North-East hazardous. 7 Atlantic countries. Temporal trends also Once plastic litter enters the marine remain unclear; however, since plastics environment, the natural motion of wind and production increases by almost 5 percent 8 ocean currents pushes the litter around, annually, and because most plastics do sometimes over long distances,14 resulting not biodegrade in marine environments, it in greater concentrations of plastic in certain is likely that the concentration of plastics areas. For instance, plastic litter tends to in the ocean has been increasing and will 9 concentrate in the gyres, the five regions of continue to increase over time. the ocean where currents come together.15 Furthermore, it is not clear what proportion Alarmingly, plastic marine litter can be of plastic marine litter originates from found in ocean waters worldwide,16 as land-based versus ocean-based sources. well as in seafloor sediments17 and coastal Some estimates suggest that 60 to 80 sands.18 Litter may be found throughout the percent of plastic marine litter derives from ocean column both because plastics are land-based sources such as waste sites, manufactured at many different densities litter, untreated sewage and stormwater and because “biofouling,” the growth of outfalls, poorly managed industrial and marine organisms on floating plastics, can manufacturing sites, and tourist activities.10 cause the plastics to sink. Land-based plastic litter commonly found in Left in the marine environment, chemical the marine environment includes everything reactions combined with the motion of wind from single-use packaging to industrial and currents gradually break larger plastic “nurdles” (pre-production pellets). Ocean- items down into smaller particles.19 Most based sources such as ships, oil and gas 11 plastics never biodegrade in the ocean, platforms, and aquaculture facilities but rather continue to break down into tiny account for plastic marine litter items particles (i.e., particles smaller than 1 mm) such as fishing nets, floats, traps, pots, called secondary microplastics. Notably, and lines; bleach bottles; and aquaculture primary microplastics—plastic particles that components.12 Ocean-based litter also www.law.ucla.edu/emmett 3 Pritzker Brief No. 5 | October 2013 Emmett Center on Climate Change and the Environment Figure 3. Propelled by the natural motion of the water and wind, plastics are concentrated in the regions of the ocean where currents come together to form gyres. Image courtesy of Claire Hermann. Using Fulmars to Track Plastic Marine Litter35 Researchers frequently use a seabird called the fulmar to study and track plastic marine litter. Up to 95 percent of analyzed fulmars contain plastic in their stomachs. Seabirds like fulmars commonly ingest plastic they confuse with prey, or consume prey that has itself ingested plastic. The plastic found in fulmar stomachs provides some insight into regional and temporal trends in plastics composition. For example, while the typical
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