Hermann Göring« Im Salzgittergebiet

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Hermann Göring« Im Salzgittergebiet Mobilisierung und Migration. Die Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« im Salzgittergebiet VON LARS AMENDA ›Mobilisierung‹ war für Nationalsozialisten keine leere Worthülse, sondern charakterisierte das politische Programm und seine staatliche Umsetzung nach 1933.1 Der militärisch konnotierte Begriff verschmolz die emotionale Hingabe und die kühle Sachlichkeit, mit der die maßgeblichen Protagonis- ten und Planer die nationalsozialistischen Ziele ausgaben und später in die Praxis umzusetzen versuchten. Unmittelbar nach der Machtübernahme waren sich Adolf Hitler und die NS-Führungsriege darüber im Klaren, dass die deutsche Wirtschaft auf einen kommenden Krieg ausgerichtet und umgestellt werden sollte.2 Die nationalsozialistischen Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen3 der Jahre 1933 und 1934 kennzeichneten die wahren Ziele des NS-Regimes deutlich weniger als der Vierjahresplan von 1936, für den Hermann Göring als Bevollmächtigter verantwortlich war.4 Am Beispiel der Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« im Salzgittergebiet wird im Folgenden das Wechselverhältnis von staatlicher Mobilisierung und menschlicher Mobilität untersucht und nach Grundlinien und Grenzen natio- nalsozialistischer ›Migrationspolitik‹ gefragt. Die Einwanderung ausländi- scher Arbeitskräfte in das nationalsozialistische Deutschland war dabei alles andere erwünscht, deklarierte das NSDAP-Parteiprogramm 1920 doch bereits, dass die Zuwanderung von Ausländern konsequent beschränkt und beschnit- ten werden solle.5 Dennoch stiegen die Zahlen ausländischer Arbeitskräfte mit dem Absinken der Arbeitslosenquote Mitte der 1930er Jahre spürbar an 1 Dieser Aufsatz beruht auf Recherchen im Rahmen meines migrationsgeschichtlichen Projekts über die Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« im Salzgittergebiet und die nationalsozialistische Migrationspolitik im Rahmen des niedersächsischen Forschungskollegs »Nationalsozialisti- sche ›Volksgemeinschaft‹? Konstruktion, gesellschaftliche Wirkungsmacht und Erinnerung vor Ort«. 2 Vgl. dazu pointiert Adam Tooze, Ökonomie der Zerstörung. Die Geschichte der Wirtschaft im Nationalsozialismus, München 2007. 3 Guido Golla, Nationalsozialistische Arbeitsbeschaffung in Theorie und Praxis 1933 bis 1936, Aachen 2008. 4 Dietmar Petzina, Autarkiepolitik im Dritten Reich. Der nationalsozialistische Vierjahresplan, Stuttgart 1968; zur Rolle Görings vgl. auch Richard Overy, Hermann Göring. Machtgier und Eitelkeit, München 1986, S. 89–134. 5 Vgl. Gottfried Feder, Das Programm der NSDAP und seine weltanschaulichen Grundgedanken (Nationalsozialistische Bibliothek 1), München 1930, S. 27: »8. Jede weitere Einwanderung Nicht-Deutscher ist zu verhindern. Wir fordern, daß alle Nicht-Deutschen, die seit dem 2. Au- gust 1914 in Deutschland eingewandert sind, sofort zum Verlassen des Reiches gezwungen werden.« Lars Amenda – von 148.000 im Jahr 1933 auf 188.000 (1935) und 375.000 (1938). Diese Entwicklung beförderten staatliche Großbaustellen und projektierte Industrie- komplexe wie das Volkswagenwerk6 bei Fallersleben und die Reichswerke im Salzgittergebiet. Wie wirkte sich die nationalsozialistische Mobilisierung für die eingesetz- ten Arbeiterinnen und Arbeiter aus? Welche Gruppen von Arbeitskräften lassen sich unterscheiden und wie sah die jeweilige Behandlung aus? Wie versuchten der NS-Staat und die staatlichen Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« menschliche Mobilität zu steuern und zu kontrollieren und welche Probleme traten dabei möglicherweise auf? Welche Erfahrungen machten die staat- lichen Akteure im Salzgittergebiet und wie unterschieden sich die 1930er Jahre von der Kriegszeit? Wie gestaltete sich schließlich das Verhältnis der verschiedenen Entscheidungsträger in Partei und Staat und inwieweit steht das lokale Fallbeispiel der Reichswerke in Salzgitter für allgemeine und nationale Entwicklungen? Etablierte sich in Salzgitter gar ein ›Migrationsregime‹, in dem verschiedene Akteure menschliche Mobilität gezielt förderten oder auch begrenzten?7 Der Aufbau der Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« Die Reichswerke Aktiengesellschaft für Erzbergbau und Hüttenwesen »Her- mann Göring«, wie das staatliche Unternehmen offiziell hieß, wurden am 15. Juli 1937 mit Sitz in Berlin ins Firmenregister eingetragen.8 Zum Vorstands- vorsitzenden ernannte Hermann Göring den Unternehmer Paul Pleiger (1899 bis 1985), der 1932 in die NSDAP eingetreten, 1933 als Gauwirtschaftsberater der NSDAP im Gau Westfalen-Süd tätig war und im Oktober 1936 in das Amt für deutsche Roh- und Werkstoffe innerhalb der Vierjahresplanbehörde wech- selte.9 Pleiger machte sich einen Namen als einer der führenden Experten für Erzvorkommen in Deutschland, ein Thema, das für die nationalsozialistische Rüstungspolitik außerordentlich wichtig war, da Deutschland nach dem Ers- ten Weltkrieg die Kontrolle des Erzabbaus in Lothringen verlor und fortan 6 Vgl. dazu ausführlich Hans Mommsen/Manfred Grieger, Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf 1996. 7 Zur Geschichte von Migrationsregimen vgl. die Beiträge in Ute Frevert/Jochen Oltmer (Hg.), Europäische Migrationsregime. Geschichte und Gesellschaft 35 (2009), H. 1. 8 Allgemein zu den Reichswerken vgl. August Meyer, Hitlers Holding. Die Reichswerke »Her- mann Göring«, München 1999; Wolfgang Benz u.a. (Hg.), Salzgitter. Geschichte und Ge- genwart einer deutschen Stadt 1942–1992, München 1992; sowie Harald Wixforth/Dieter Ziegler, Die Expansion der Reichswerke »Hermann Göring« in Europa, in: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1 (2008), S. 257–278; zeitgenössisch vgl. die geheime Druckschrift Vier Jahre Hermann-Göring-Werke Salzgitter, Salzgitter 1941. 9 Vgl. Matthias Riedel, Eisen und Kohle für das Dritte Reich. Paul Pleigers Stellung in der NS- Wirtschaft, Göttingen 1973; sowie Ralf Stremmel, Pleiger, Paul, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB), Berlin 2001, Bd. 20, S. 526f. 122.
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