American Women Writing Fiction: Memory, Identity, Family, Space
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University of Kentucky UKnowledge Literature in English, North America English Language and Literature 1988 American Women Writing Fiction: Memory, Identity, Family, Space Mickey Pearlman Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Pearlman, Mickey, "American Women Writing Fiction: Memory, Identity, Family, Space" (1988). Literature in English, North America. 47. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_english_language_and_literature_north_america/47 American Women Writing Fiction American Women Writing Fiction Memory, Identity, Family, Space Mickey Pearlman, Editor THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Copyright © 1989 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0336 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data American women writing fiction : memory, identity, family, space / Mickey Pearl man, editor. p. cm. ISBN 0-8131 -1657-0; 0-8131 -0182-4 I. American fiction—Women authors—History and criticism. 2. American fiction—20th century—History and criticism. 3. American fiction—Women authors—Bibliography. 4. American fiction—20th century—Bibliography. 5. Women and literature —United States—History—20th century. 6. Women in literature. I. Pearlman, Mickey, 1938- PS374.W6A46 1988 813'.54'099287—dc 19 88-18667 For my father, Louis Heiman ( 1903-1969), my brother, Eugene Charles Heiman (1929-1980), and my mother, Marcella Richardson Heiman CONTENTS Introduction 1 MICKEY PEARLMAN JOYCE CAROL OATES / The Enclosure of Identity in the Earlier Stories 9 FRANK R. CUNNINGHAM A Bibliography of Writings by Joyce Carol Oates 28 A Bibliography of Writings about Joyce Carol Oates 35 ANNE HIEMSTRA MARY GORDON / The Struggle with Love 47 A Bibliography of Writings by Mary Gordon 60 A Bibliography of Writings about Mary Gordon 63 JOHN W. MAHON JOAN DIDION / The Bond between Narrator and Heroine in Democracy 69 A Bibliography of Writings by Joan Didion 86 A Bibliography of Writings about Joan Didion 89 KATHERINE USHER HENDERSON LOUISE ERDRICH / Of Cars, Time, and the River 95 MARVIN MAGALANER A Bibliography of Writings by Louise Erdrich 108 A Bibliography of Writings about Louise Erdrich 110 MICKEY PEARLMAN ALISON LURIE / The Uses of Adultery 115 KATHARINE M. ROGERS A Bibliography of Writings by Alison Lurie 128 A Bibliography of Writings about Alison Lurie 130 MICKEY PEARLMAN SUSAN FROMBERG SCHAEFFER / The Power of Memory, Family, and Space 137 A Bibliography of Writings by Susan Fromberg Schaeffer 147 A Bibliography of Writings about Susan Fromberg Schaeffer 150 MICKEY PEARLMAN TONI CADE BAMBARA / The Dance of Character and Community 155 A Bibliography of Writings by Toni Cade Bambara 166 A Bibliography of Writings about Toni Cade Bambara 168 MARTHA M. VERTREACE GAIL GODWIN / The Odd Woman and Literary Feminism 173 RACHEL M. BROWNSTEIN A Bibliography of Writings by Gail Godwin 184 A Bibliography of Writings about Gail Godwin 187 MICKEY PEARLMAN JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS / Women's Narrative and the Recreation of History 193 A Bibliography of Writings by Jayne Anne Phillips 206 A Bibliography of Writings about Jayne Anne Phillips 207 PHYLLIS LASSNER MARY LEE SETTLE / "Ambiguity of Steel" 213 JANE GENTRY VANCE A Selected Bibliography of Writings by Mary Lee Settle 225 A Selected Bibliography of Writings about Mary Lee Settle 227 JANE GENTRY VANCE and MICKEY PEARLMAN Notes on the Writers 231 Notes on the Contributors 235 I will try to fasten into order enlarging grasps of disorder, widening scope, but enjoying the freedom that Scope eludes my grasp, that there is no finality of vision, that I have perceived nothing completely, that tomorrow a new walk is a new walk. —A.R. Ammons Introduction Mickey Pearlman 11 is a commonplace in criticism to define American literature, in short story or novel form, as the chronicle of the solitary hero, of man alone, man against society, man as individual, endlessly testing his strength and durability against his own resources on a mythic, adven- turous journey to epiphany and knowledge. American literature, we are taught, is about space, open space, and the ways in which hearty or hesitant, defiant or defensive, Amer- ican heroes experience both its potential and its limitations. Amer- ican heroes live beyond society, and they are both freed by, and victimized by, the lack of entrenched behavior patterns. Walter Allen, for instance, says that "American literature is less interested in redemption than in the eternal struggle of good and evil; it is less interested in reconciliation than it is in disorder/71 and he suggests that the interior dramas of the great characters of the American Renaissance are expressed in symbolic terms encased in stories of initiation, isolation, transformation, and vindication. American literature, we are taught, is about escape, escape from perceived or real evil (Hawthorne), from intellectual anguish ¡Bellow), from the debilitating effects of social, political, and religious forces (Dreiser, Mailer, Malamud), from the castrating parental figure (Washington Irving, Roth), or from psychological disorder (Melville), from materialism and the masses (Whitman), from the drudgery of the commonplace (Hemingway), from time that either entraps you (Faulkner) or that is amorphous and free-flowing (Twain). American literature is about escaping from our propensity to become grotesques (Fitzgerald) and about the self-serving safety of 2 American Women Writing Fiction life as a grotesque (Anderson). As Leslie Fiedler says, the "figure of Rip Van Winkle presides over the birth of the American imagina- tion/'2 the ancestor of Natty Bumppo and Rabbit Angstrom, of Ahab and Gatsby of Yossarian and Jake Barnes, of Billy Budd and Miss Lonelyhearts, of Henderson the Rain King and "The Invisible Man" and scores of masculine and maverick heroes, most of them running from supposed shrews and bitches to symbolic women in mythical milieus. And, of course, all the while dreaming, sleeping, preferring (before and since Melville's BaWeby) "not to," opting out of society and still "lighting out for the territory" in a search for identity without the intertwining anchors of memory and family. These, of course, are works written by American men, and they are, despite the engrossing portraits of Hester and the Daisys, Dilsey and Isabel Archer, among others, about men. Moreover, these are novels and stories that Adrienne Rich tells the reader to see with new eyes, and to know in a different way, because "once we pay attention to the crucial role the protagonist's sex plays in shaping the plot, its place in literary tradition irrevocably shifts."3 What happens, then, when American literature is written by women: by the fifth-generation native Californian Joan Didion in the West; by Mary Gordon and Susan Fromberg Schaeffer in the ethnic, urban Northeast; by Alison Lurie at Cornell, where bumper stickers read "Ithaca, New York: Centrally Isolated"; by women from the South (Jayne Anne Phillips and Gail Godwin) and women in the South (Mary Lee Settle), where a "strong sense of place continues to shape the Southern characters' view of themselves"4 even though "today's South is more typically urban than rural . more mobile and transient than rooted in the southern past"5? What changes are produced by the Native American Louise Erdrich, member of the Chippewa nation, who was raised near the Turtle Mountain Reserva- tion in North Dakota and now lives and writes near Dartmouth in Cornish, New Hampshire? What changes are wrought by Toni Cade Bambara, since historically "the problems and pleasures of Black [female] life have been defined, ill-defined, and redefined, explained and re-explained, sawed and chewed and twisted, more often than not."6 What changes occur when American literature is not only written by American women but uses women as narrators? Diane Johnson notes the "problem that comes from having as your central character a female person. The male narrative voice is still accorded more authority The female narrative voice is always questioned—is she crazy? Are the things she's saying a delusion, or reality?"7 Introduction 3 What happens to the concept of open space, the notion that escape is a viable, even an enviable, option as it is for American heroes, or to the enigmatic problem of identity: how you acquire it and how you protect it? All women, as has been repeatedly docu- mented, gain identity, personhood, voice, by association—some- body's daughter, mother, sister, wife. They are caught, repeatedly, in the double bind of the female, responsible for both the trivia and the significant emotional memorabilia that link the experience of family members, thereby providing an environment for identity, and, at the same time, denied both the opportunity and the initiative for identity independent of