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Novel Control of Soil Dwelling Horticultural Pests Using the Publishable Through the Defra Website

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Novel Control of Soil Dwelling Horticultural Pests Using the Publishable Through the Defra Website General enquiries on this form should be made to: Defra, Procurements and Contracts Division (Science R&D Team) Telephone No. 0207 238 5734 E-mail: [email protected] SID 5 Research Project Final Report Note In line with the Freedom of Information Act 2000, Defra aims to place the results Project identification of its completed research projects in the public domain wherever possible. The PS2120 SID 5 (Research Project Final Report) is 1. Defra Project code designed to capture the information on the results and outputs of Defra-funded 2. Project title research in a format that is easily Novel control of soil dwelling horticultural pests using the publishable through the Defra website. A staphylinid beetle Atheta coriaria SID 5 must be completed for all projects. This form is in Word format and the boxes may be expanded or reduced, as 3. Contractor appropriate. organisation(s) ADAS ACCESS TO INFORMATION The information collected on this form will be stored electronically and may be sent to any part of Defra, or to individual researchers or organisations outside Defra for the purposes of reviewing the 54. Total Defra project costs £ 155,000 project. Defra may also disclose the (agreed fixed price) information to any outside organisation acting as an agent authorised by Defra to 01 April 2007 process final research reports on its 5. Project: start date ................ behalf. Defra intends to publish this form on its website, unless there are strong end date ................. 31 March 2010 reasons not to, which fully comply with exemptions under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Defra may be required to release information, including personal data and commercial information, on request under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. However, Defra will not permit any unwarranted breach of confidentiality or act in contravention of its obligations under the Data Protection Act 1998. Defra or its appointed agents may use the name, address or other details on your form to contact you in connection with occasional customer research aimed at improving the processes through which Defra works with its contractors. SID 5 (Rev. 05/09) Page 1 of 20 6. It is Defra’s intention to publish this form. Please confirm your agreement to do so. ................................................................................... YES NO (a) When preparing SID 5s contractors should bear in mind that Defra intends that they be made public. They should be written in a clear and concise manner and represent a full account of the research project which someone not closely associated with the project can follow. Defra recognises that in a small minority of cases there may be information, such as intellectual property or commercially confidential data, used in or generated by the research project, which should not be disclosed. In these cases, such information should be detailed in a separate annex (not to be published) so that the SID 5 can be placed in the public domain. Where it is impossible to complete the Final Report without including references to any sensitive or confidential data, the information should be included and section (b) completed. NB: only in exceptional circumstances will Defra expect contractors to give a "No" answer. In all cases, reasons for withholding information must be fully in line with exemptions under the Environmental Information Regulations or the Freedom of Information Act 2000. (b) If you have answered NO, please explain why the Final report should not be released into public domain Executive Summary 7. The executive summary must not exceed 2 sides in total of A4 and should be understandable to the intelligent non-scientist. It should cover the main objectives, methods and findings of the research, together with any other significant events and options for new work. Control of the major pests cabbage root fly (CRF) and carrot fly on conventionally grown horticultural brassicas and carrots respectively is currently reliant on pesticides. For CRF control, young plants raised in modules in propagation glasshouses are drenched with chlorpyrifos before planting in the field but the approval for this use is being withdrawn. The alternative modular drench, spinosad is unpopular with growers due to its high cost. Pyrethroid sprays are widely used in carrot crops against adult carrot flies. This project aimed to evaluate the potential of the native predatory staphylinid beetle Atheta coriaria, for biological control of both CRF and carrot fly. A. coriaria is commercially available for control of sciarid and shore flies in protected crops but use of high release rates is expensive. HDC-funded research by ADAS developed a low-cost method for growers to rear their own A. coriaria using turkey-rearing feed as an artifical diet. This method offers opportunities for inundative release of the predators for control of various pests with ground-dwelling life stages, including those of field crops. This Defra-funded project aimed to encourage grower uptake of biological control methods on outdoor horticultural crops and to reduce pesticide usage, in line with the aims of CRD’s Alternative Crop Protection Technologies programme. Objective 1: confirm that Atheta coriaria predate the eggs and young larvae of CRF and carrot fly Replicated 24-hr laboratory bioassays confirmed that individual A. coriaria adults ate means of up to 20 CRF eggs when offered 24 on damp filter paper in Petri dishes. Fewer eggs were eaten (a mean of 7 per day) when 20 eggs were offered on damp compost and even fewer were eaten (a mean of 3 per day) when offered on damp compost mixed with 5% turkey crumbs as an alternative food source. A. coriaria adults ate up to a mean of 12 young CRF larvae and A. coriaria larvae ate a mean of 10 CRF eggs when offered 16 on filter paper. Bioassays with carrot fly eggs were limited by available eggs. A. coriaria adults ate all eggs when offered 8 on filter paper. As carrot fly eggs are smaller than those of CRF, it is likely that predation rates on carrot fly eggs will be at least as high as on CRF eggs. These results were used to guide A. coriaria release rates in subsequent semi-field and field experiments done in Objective 2. Objective 2: evaluate the efficacy and practicality of using the A. coriaria rearing-release system against CRF and carrot fly on crops in semi-field or commercial field conditions Atheta coriaria development rates in brassica compost Glasshouse experiments were done to compare the development and multiplication rates of A. coriaria in brassica compost in replicated plastic boxes with turkey crumbs as food at a range of temperatures consistent with those in unheated glasshouses used for brassica propagation. During a typical 6-week SID 5 (Rev. 05/09) Page 2 of 20 propagation period in summer, A. coriaria multiplied by around x14. However, in the cooler winter/early spring during a typical 9-week propagation period, the predators bred more slowly and multiplied by only x2. This indicated that to establish A. coriaria in the modules during propagation, many more would need to be added in the early spring period to achieve the required number of predators per module at planting out. Similar experiments with replicate rearing boxes maintained in incubators at constant low temperatures indicated that at 15°C, mean A. coriaria population increases were x5 and x10 after six and 12 weeks respectively, but at 10°C, adult predators survived for four weeks but no offspring developed. Atheta coriaria flight behaviour A glasshouse experiment showed that A. coriaria adults will fly and disperse in unheated propagation glasshouses in February and March, when plants are raised for planting out in April, when first generation CRF egg laying usually starts. A. coriaria rearing-release boxes (with holes in the lids to allow predator escape) were placed in replicated mesh insect-proof cages in a research glasshouse. Assessment of A. coriaria on sticky traps and in 'bait pots' (pots of compost mixed with turkey crumbs) in the cages confirmed that the predators flew and dispersed when mean air temperatures were 11-14°C. The results also indicated that A. coriaria may fly and disperse in similar temperatures occurring in the field. Atheta coriaria establishment in brassica plugs An experiment in research glasshouses during August and September 2007 tested methods for establishing A. coriaria in brassica modules during propagation so that predator-'seeded' modules could be planted in the field. Module trays were filled with plain compost (untreated control) or compost mixed with 1%, 5%, 10% or 25% turkey crumbs, to provide different amounts of food for the predators. After seeding with cauliflower seeds, A. coriaria were either broadcast over the modules or allowed to colonise them independently after leaving rearing-release boxes. After six weeks, the highest numbers of A. coriaria (10.4 per module) were recorded in those with 25% turkey crumbs, but this mix and the 10% mix inhibited seed germination and seedling survival. Very few predators established in the modules with plain compost or with 1% turkey crumbs. Compost with 5% turkey crumbs was the most suitable mix, allowing normal seed germination and leading to 75% of the modules containing A. coriaria, with a mean of 2.5 per module. Using rearing-release boxes led to higher numbers of predators per module than using the broadcasting method. These results were used to guide the subsequent semi-field efficacy experiment. Semi-field efficacy experiment, CRF on brassicas A semi-field experiment during July and August 2008 tested whether A. coriaria, either raised in cauliflower modules during propagation or added after planting, could reduce the severity of CRF damage. Replicate young cauliflower plants were planted into pots for each of five treatments: 1) untreated control with no A.
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