Teufelskraut. Zur Historischen Anthropologie Des Tabaks

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Teufelskraut. Zur Historischen Anthropologie Des Tabaks 5 Teufelskraut. Zur Historischen Anthropologie des Tabaks Hasso Spode Die Gattung Tabak (Nicotiana) ist in Amerika, einem Vorläufer der Historischen Anthropolo- Westafrika, Indonesien und dem australisch- gie. Doch Schlözers ganzheitliches Programm pazi!schen Raum heimisch und umfasst wohl ist erst in Ansätzen umgesetzt. Auch diese gut siebzig Arten. Sie zählt – wie die Kartoffel, Skizze kann dies nicht leisten, sondern konzen- die Tomate oder das Bilsenkraut – zur Familie triert sich erstens kulturgeographisch auf den der alkaloidhaltigen Nachtschattengewächse. „Westen“ und zweitens thematisch auf menta- Dabei weist der Tabak einen deutlich höheren litätshistorische Aspekte. Gehalt an dem psychotropen Alkaloid Nicotin auf als andere P$anzen dieser Familie. 1 Das macht ihn für den Menschen als Droge interes- 1 Tabak und Rauchen vor 1500 sant. Doch sehr lange Zeit beschränkte sich der systematische Gebrauch wahrscheinlich auf Bis zum November 1492, als Kolumbus zwei Amerika, wo bevorzugt zwei Arten kultiviert Kundschafter ins Innere Kubas entsandte, wurden: tabacum in südlichen Breiten, rustica war der Tabak den Europäern unbekannt. In in nördlichen. Heute wird Tabak in rund 120 den Amerikas fand er hingegen seit langem Ländern angebaut und zwar ganz überwiegend Verwendung: bei sakralen Zeremonien, als die Art tabacum. 2 Deren Blätter werden in der Heilmittel und als profanes Stimulans (Corti, Regel zu Zigaretten verarbeitet. Doch Tabak 1930; Goodman, 1993; Galety, 2003). Dabei wa- und Rauchen sind selbstredend keine Synony- ren zahlreiche „kalte“ und „heiße“ Konsum- me: Einerseits wurde und wird Tabak keines- praktiken üblich, wobei für letztere technisch wegs nur in Form des Rauchens konsumiert, wiederum „kollektive“ und „individuelle“ zu anderseits wurde und wird keineswegs nur unterscheiden sind. 3 Neben äußerlichen Heil- Tabak geraucht – beim Gebrauch psychotroper anwendungen zählten zum „kalten“ Konsum P$anzen hat der Mensch eine schier grenzenlo- das Tabakschnupfen und -kauen sowie verein- se Er!ndungsgabe an den Tag gelegt. zelt das Trinken von Tabaksud, das Lecken ei- Ein Thema, prädestiniert für die Historische ner Tabakpaste und das Tabakklistier. „Heiße“ Anthropologie bzw. die Mentalitätsgeschichte. Konsumformen waren wohl verbreiteter. Aus Während die klassische Geschichtsschreibung dem kollektiven Rauchopfer hatte sich dabei die Taten „großer“ Akteure nachzeichnet, wird das individuelle Rauchen entwickelt. Dazu hier nach dem Ungeplanten, Unbewussten ge- verfertigte man zylindrische Gebilde, die samt fragt, nach den verborgenen Strukturen und ihrer Umhüllung, dem Deckblatt, abgebrannt Trends des Denkens und Fühlens (Spode, 1999). wurden, oder man benutzte Rohre, die mit Ta- Bereits der große Historiker August Ludwig bakhäckseln gefüllt wurden, darunter solche, Schlözer hatte in diesem Sinne gefordert, eine deren Grundform der heutigen Tabakspfeife Geschichte des „Tobaks“ zu schreiben, die die gleicht. 4 sozialen, kulturellen, ökonomischen, politi- Anders als der Tabak war das Rauchen auch schen und medizinischen Aspekte in den „Zu- außerhalb Amerikas gebräuchlich – und zwar sammenhang mit großen Weltveränderungen“ mindestens ebenso lange wie dort. Das kollek- stellt (1780, S. 153 f.). Inzwischen liegen dazu tive Inhalieren !ndet sich bei zahlreichen alten vorzügliche Studien vor, schon seit der Kultur- Völkern (Babylonier, Mysier, Juden, Skythen und Sittengeschichte des 19./20. Jahrhunderts, 3 In soziologischer Hinsicht ist der Konsum stets kollektiv, d.h. 1 Mit giftigen Substanzen wehren sich viele P!anzen gegen eingebunden in überindividuelle Praktiken und Bedeutungs- Krankheitserreger und Fressfeinde, wobei die Toxizität des zusammenhänge. Nicotins freilich krass überschätzt wird (s. Anm. 70). 4 Deren nordamerikanische Variante wurde in Europa als „Frie- 2 Wichtigste Sorten sind Virginia, Burley, Kentucky, Orient; denspfeife“ bekannt (Chanunpa Wakan oder europ. Kalumet wichtigste Rustica-Sorte der russische Machorka. zu lat. calamellus = Röhrchen). rausch, 6. Jahrgang, 2-2017, 5-29 6 H. Spode etc.), wobei bevorzugt Weihrauch, Myrrhe und erbrand und bestimmte Kräuter in den Händen Hanf als Räucherwerk dienten. Für den indivi- hielten, um sich ihren Gebräuchen gemäß zu duellen Konsum sind Rauchrohre und -pfeifen beräuchern“. Später wird diese – noch mit dem in Europa und Asien bereits seit der Bronzezeit christlichen Weihrauchkultus kompatible – nachgewiesen. Reiche Funde stammen von den Bemerkung ausgeschmückt. Demnach hätten Kelten aus dem Alpenraum (Feldhaus, 1931, Männer und Weiber, so Bischof de Las Casas, Abb. S. 32), kaum von den Römern, jedoch ha- tabacos mit sich geführt, Gebinde aus „wohlrie- ben wir von ihnen erstmals schriftliche Nach- chenden Kräutern“ in Form „kleiner Knallkör- richt über das individuelle Rauchen. Wie die per“: Diese zünden sie „an einem Ende an und Kelten benutzten sie dazu neuzeitlich anmu- saugen am anderen, um den Rauch mit ihrem tende Pfeifen, die sie mit Lattich, Majoran, Hanf Atem einzuziehen, wodurch eine Beruhigung etc. füllten (wohl aber nicht, wie vereinzelt in im ganzen Körper entsteht.“ 6 Las Casas fügt Asien, mit Schlafmohn), wobei der Rauch oft hinzu, dass die Spanier begonnen hätten, diese zusammen mit Wein verschluckt wurde. Aller- „barbarische Sitte“ nachzuahmen. dings ist die Rolle des Rauchens in der Antike nicht mit der in Altamerika vergleichbar. Die Römer importierten große Mengen Weihrauch 2.1 Vom Heil- zum Genussmittel und machten Opiumtinkturen zur Alltagsdro- ge, doch das individuelle Rauchen blieb eine Bereits 1493 soll der Tabak nach Spanien ge- relativ seltene Praxis. langt sein: Der Seemann Rodrigo de Xeres, der Nach dem Untergang Roms schweigen die mit Kolumbus heimgekehrt war, lief rauchend Quellen dazu. Zwar wurde im Mittelalter wei- durch die Straßen von Ayamonte – worauf er terhin reichlich kollektiv Räucherwerk (Weih- eingesperrt wurde, da der Teufel in ihn gefah- rauch, Lattich, Hanf, Bilsenkraut) inhaliert, so- ren sein müsse. Der Wahrheitsgehalt dieser An- wohl in sakralen als auch profanen Kontexten ekdote über den „ersten Raucher Europas“ sei (Kirchen, Badehäuser), doch die Rauchpfeife dahingestellt; sie verdeutlicht aber, wie bizarr scheint in Europa außer Gebrauch gekommen diese Praxis wirkte. 7 Als 1520/30 die Aufzucht zu sein. In Teilen Asiens und Nordafrikas hin- des Tabaks in Westeuropa einsetzte, wollte gegen entwickelte sich – wohl gefördert durch ihn niemand rauchen. Er galt anfangs als Zier- das islamische Weinverbot – eine Kultur des strauch und dann als Basis für „kalte“ Heil- Rauchens von Hanf, teils auch von Schlafmohn, präparate: Salben, Tinkturen, Klistiere, Pillen, mittels Pfeifen und Wasserpfeifen. Pulver (wie oben sowie Anonym, 1719; Zedler, 1740; Krünitz, 1842; Enke, 1998). 1567 wurde der botanische Name Nicotiana eingeführt, nach 2 Europäisierung und Globalisie- dem Diplomaten Jean Nicot, der den Tabak am rung des Tabaks in der Frühen französischen Hof populär gemacht hatte, wo Neuzeit er gegen Migräne geschnupft wurde. 8 Der Übergang von der Medizinal- zur All- Etwas rätselhaft bleibt, weshalb die Spanier so tagsdroge vollzog sich zuerst bei den Konquis- überrascht auf das individuelle Rauchen der tadoren und Seeleuten, die in der Neuen Welt Amerikaner reagierten, bestanden doch Kon- die Sitte des Tabakrauchens und -kauens über- takte zum Orient; zudem ist nicht ausgemacht, nommen hatten. 1575 wird in Mexiko verboten, ob es gänzlich ausgestorben war. 5 Jedenfalls in den Kirchen zu rauchen. In der Alten Welt waren sie höchst verblüfft, als sie mit der Rauch- hingegen – wo der Tabak in Silber aufgewogen kultur der „Indianer“ (Kolumbus wähnte sich wurde – gestaltete sich der Übergang zögerli- auf einem Indien bzw. China vorgelagerten Ar- cher: Nur allmählich begann man sich am fran- chipel) konfrontiert wurden (Tiedemann, 1854; zösischen, spanischen, portugiesischen, engli- Billings, 1875; Corti, 1930; Böse, 1957; Nourris- schen und päpstlichen Hof des Schnupftabaks son, 1999; Galety, 2003). Das Bordbuch vermerkt dazu, auf Kuba seien die Kundschafter von 6 Nach anderen Quellen hießen diese „Knallkörper“ jedoch co- Eingeborenen begrüßt worden, die „einen Feu- hiba oder zigar. Gouverneur de Oviedo spricht 1526 pharma- kologisch-botanisch zutre$end von „einer Art Bilsenkraut“ 5 Feldhaus (1931, S. 253) berichtet von Pfeifendarstellungen an und betont, dass nicht diese P&anze, sondern ein gabelförmi- hochmittelalterlichen Kirchen (allerdings am spätkeltischen ges Rauchrohr als tabaco bezeichnet werde. In der Tat hatte Westrand Europas); Becher (1683, S. 214) erwähnt, dass „vor der Tabak andere Namen, wie yetl, yoli und petum (dt. zu Petu- hundert Jahren … Lattich-Bläter an statt Tabak gebraucht“ nie). worden seien; ähnlich meinte dann Anonym (1719, S. 48), dass 7 Xeres war einer der beiden Kundschafter, die von brennen- „unsere Vorfahren die Blätter vom Lattich an statt des To- den „Kräutern“ berichtet hatten; plausibler ist die Vermutung, backs gerauchet haben. Da aber der Toback bekannt worden/ der päpstliche Emissär Romanus Pade habe 1496 den Tabak und man seinen Nutzen so tre"ich gespühret/ sind solche nach Europa gebracht. Kräuter verwor$en/ und an deren statt dieses erwehlet wor- 8 Das Schnupfen von P&anzenpulvern, wie Nieswurz, war den.“ schon lange üblich. rausch, 6. Jahrgang, 2-2017 Teufelskraut. Zur Historischen Anthropologie des Tabaks 7 oder der Pfeife ohne medizinische Indikation tel der Zurückdrängung der Trunkliebe und zu bedienen. Wegbereiter geistiger Arbeit. Ein Bildungsbür- Doch dann verschiebt sich
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