Chapter 4: The Armed Forces A Comparative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 42

Armed Forces Strength 2016

Army Navy 48,367 17,957 13,521 TOTAL 6,089 22,721 19,557 2,519 14,131 1,307 2,520 9,075 1,926 79,84579 845 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers Bolivia 22,565 4,983 6,530 TOTAL 3,144 4,587 14,834 937 1,365 2,681 935 1,844 3,751 34,07834 078 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers 214,941 85,605 66,068 TOTAL 27,715 49,681 137,545 14,365 29,129 42,111 11,487 26,493 28,088 366,614366 614 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers 40,417 18,973 8,293 TOTAL 4,075 20,486 15,856 2,404 15,546 1,023 1,377 6,460 456 67,683 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers Colombia TOTAL 220,537 30,917 13,596 265,050265 050 http://www.resdal.org Dominican Republic* TOTAL

RESDAL 28,815 11,320 18,146 58,281*58 281* from Ecuador TOTAL 41,403 41,403 Downloaded El Salvador TOTAL 3,976 1,477 18,570 24,023 Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers Enlisted soldiers

Guatemala 15,797 1,452 932 TOTAL 2,166 3,730 9,901 194 496 762 141 282 509 18,181 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers Honduras 10,269 2,830 2,117 TOTAL 586 145 9,538 314 197 2,319 292 381 1,444 15,21615 216 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers Mexico Fuerza Naval TOTAL 205,689 54,179 7,788 267,656

* Data as of December 2015. Data related to the second half of 2016 can be found in the appropriate chapter. Chap ter 4: The Armed Fo r ces 43

Army Navy Air Force

Nicaragua

1,802 587 10,404 TOTAL

Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers Enlisted soldiers 12,793

Paraguay 10,962 2,958 2,167 TOTAL 1,711 5,904 3,347 485 1,779 694 436 1,441 290 16,087 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers Perú 47,106 21,665 9,525 TOTAL 6,273 13,390 27,443 1,955 15,999 3,711 1,628 5,996 1,901 78,29678 296 Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers Offi cers Non-commissioned Enlisted soldiers offi cers offi cers offi cers 14,948 4,756 2,612 TOTAL 1,432 13,516 595 4,161 438 2,174 22,316 Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers

Venezuela TOTAL 365,315 365,315

Total: 1,732,837

Note: Bolivia data as of 2015. In Chile, the troops include conscripts and professional soldiers. Peru: data as of 2014. In Ecuador, the breakdown by service in 2015 was as follows: 61% Army, 23% Navy and 16% Air Force.

Regular Members of the Armed Forces for every 10,000 Inhabitants 140

118 120

100

80 65 60 54 55

37 38 40 31 25 24 25 21 21 18 18 19 20 11

0

Source: Agencies and offi cial documents specifi ed in section “The Countries” of this publication. Information on population provided by Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, ECLAC (Population projection 2016). A Comparative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 44

Armed Forces in the Region, 2016

Mexico 267,656 205,689 54,179 7,788 Guatemala 18,181 15,797 1,452 932

Dominican Republic* 58,281 28,815 11,320 18,146

Honduras 15,216 10,269 2,830 2,117 El Salvador 24,023 Venezuela 365,315 Nicaragua 12,793

Colombia 265,050 220,537 30,917 13,596

Ecuador 41,403

Peru 78,296 47,106 21,665 9,525

http://www.resdal.org Brazil 366,614 214,941 85,605 66,068

Bolivia 34,078 22,565 4,983 6,530 RESDAL from Paraguay 16,087 10,962 2,958 2,167

Downloaded Chile 67,683 40,417 18,973 8,293

Total Armed Forces personnel 1,800,000 Uruguay 22,316 14,948 4,756 2,612

1,600,000

1,400,000 Argentina 79,845 48,367 17,957 13,521 1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

500,000

200,000

0 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Total Armed Forces Army Navy Air Force Total Armed Forces Country in the region 1,732,837

* Data as of December 2015. Data related to the second half of 2016 can be found in the appropriate chapter.

Source: Agencies and offi cial documents specifi ed in section “The Countries” of this publication. Chap ter 4: The Armed Fo r ces 45

Military cooperation and multilateral exercises Military cooperation in the region is materialized in the ongoing and regular conduct of combined exercises, both of a bilateral and multilateral nature, where the goal is to enhance greater interoperability among forces while contributing to the strengthening of confi dence building between nations. Such exercises in many instances include, in addition to military training, the conduct of natural disaster response drills, multidimensional scenarios under UN mandate, situations, and combatting illicit traffi cking, among others. Exercise Type of Exercise Force Participants

Army, Navy, Croix Du Sud (2015) Australia, Britain, Canada, Chile, , Fiji, Japan, New Zealand, Papua Air Force New Guinea, Tonga, United States and Vanuatu.

Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, United States, Uruguay and Cruzex (2015) Air Force Venezuela.

Dawn Blitz (2015) Navy Japan, Mexico, New Zealand and United States.

UNITAS LVII (2015) Navy Brazil, Britain, Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and United States.

Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Cambrian Patrol 2015 Army Georgia, India, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, and United States.

Emerald Warrior (2015) Air Force Chile, Britain, Netherlands, Turkey and United States.

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Cooperación (2016) Air Force Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, United States and Uruguay.

Argentina, Belize, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Fuerza Comandos (2016) Army Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States and Uruguay.

BRACOLPER (2016) Navy Brazil, Colombia and Peru.

Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, PANAMAX (2016) Navy and Army El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and United States.

Army, Navy, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, FAHUM (2016) Air Force Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and United States.

Angel Thunder (2015) Air Force Colombia, Denmark and United States.

Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Britain, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, , Japan, RIMPAC (2016) Navy Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Tonga and United States. Observers: Cambodia, Maldives, Papua New Guinea, Turkey and Vietnam.

Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Britain, Canada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Granada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Tradewinds 2016 Navy Saint. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and United States.

IBSAMAR (2016) Navy Brazil, India and South Africa.

Bangladesh, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Britain, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, France, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Army, Navy, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Norway, New Zealand, KHAAN QUEST 2016 Air Force Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tajikistan, Tonga, United States, Uruguay and Vietnam

References Training Information exchange Search and Rescue Natural Disasters Illicit Trafi cking Force deployment Simulation Humanitarian Assistance PKO

Sources: Compilation based on information provided in annual institutional reports and the websites Ministries of Defence and the Armed Forces of participating countries and information provided by Ministry of Defence of Chile and El Salvador, and Secretariat of National Defence and Secretariat of the Navy of Mexico. A Comp arative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 46

Women’s Admission to the Armed Forces (year) Offi cers Non-commissioned offi cers Country Professional Corps Command Corps Professional Corps Command Corps Army Navy Air Force Army Navy Air Force Army Navy Air Force Army Navy Air Force Argentina 1982 1981 1982 1997 2002 2001 1981 1980 2006 1996 1980 1998 Bolivia 1982 2010 2007 1979- 2010 2007 1950 2010 2004 2008 2010 2004 1985/2003 Brazil 1992 1980 1982 2012/17(1) 2012(1) 1996 2001 1980 1982 2012/ 17(1) 2012 2002 Chile 1974 2003 1952 1995 2007 2000 1974 1937 1974 1998 2009 2009 Colombia 1976 1984 1979 2008 1997 1997 1983 1997 1992 1983 (2) 1997 Cuba s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d s/d Dominican Rep. 1981 1981 1981 2001 2001 2001 1961 1961 1961 2001 2001 2001 Ecuador 1956 1977 2000 1999 2001 2007 1958 1953 2008 s/d 1965 2008 El Salvador 1985 2000 (22) Guatemala 1967 2001 2000 1997 1967 2000 2002 1997 1997 1997 Honduras 1970 1975 1964 1998 1999 1996 2004 1999 1997 2004 1999 1997 Mexico 1938 1972 1937 2007 2010 2007 1938 1972 1938 2007 1995 2007 Nicaragua 1979 1993 1979 1994 Paraguay 1932 1970 1970 2003 (22) Peru 1997 1997 1997 1997 1999 1998 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 Uruguay 1973 None 1997 1998 2000 1997 1973 1992 1990 1973 1992 1997 Venezuela 1980 1979 1980 2001 1978 1978 (3) 2001 1975 1975

(1) In August 2012, the laws establishing admission requirements for offi cer courses at the Army and Navy were amended, providing for the admission of women (Nº 12705 – 2012/08/09 and Nº 12704 – 2012/08/09). In the case of the Army, a fi ve-year term is established to make available the means necessary for their incorporation. (2) In El Salvador and Paraguay, women cannot enter the services as NCO’s. In Colombia, this only applies in the Navy.

http://www.resdal.org (3) Under the Ley orgánica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana (GO Extraordinaria Nº 6020 – 2011/03/21), the senior professional non-commissioned offi cers were promoted to technical offi cers. Students who graduate from the Bolivarian Military Technical Academy are in the same category. Career sergeants fall under the profes- sional troop category. Note: The Command corps includes offi cers who have been educated at military academies from the beginning of their professional careers. The professional corps refers to those who develop a career in the civilian sphere and are then incorporated to the Armed Forces. RESDAL

from Admission of Women into Military Training Specialties (Offi cers, command corps) 3. In the Air Force, they are not admitted in the Infantry and fi rst- Country Admission level sorted by corps and specialty class “Taifeiro”. Army Navy Air Force 4. Not admitted in the infantry and armoured cavalry at the Army; 1.Argentina Total Total Total not allowed into the marine corps and material specialties, tacti-

Downloaded cal diving, and special forces at the Naval Force. 2.Bolivia Total Total Total 7. Not admitted to combat branches. 3.Brazil Partial Partial Partial 8. They are not admitted in the infantry, armoured cavalry and 4.Chile Partial Partial Total aviation at the Army; not allowed as submarine offi cers and Naval 5.Colombia Total Total Total Force aviation members. Nor are they allowed in the air force infantry, special ops, air combat control and liaison offi cers at the 6.Cuba Partial Partial Partial Air Force. 7.Dominican Republic Partial Partial Partial 9. Not admitted in branches related to combat at the Army and Air Force. 8.Ecuador Partial Partial Partial 10. Not admitted in artillery, engineering and cavalry at the Army. 9.El Salvador Partial Partial Partial 10.Guatemala Partial Total Total 11. Not admitted in artillery, infantry and cavalry at the Army. 11.Honduras Partial Total Total 12. Not admitted in branches related to combat at the Army and Air Force. 12.Mexico Partial Total Partial 14. Not admitted in artillery, infantry and cavalry in the Army. 13.Nicaragua Total Total Total Submarines, infantry, special ops and diving and rescue in the Naval Force. Not allowed as fi ghter pilot, air defence and special 14.Paraguay Partial Partial Partial ops at the Air Force. 15.Peru Partial Partial Partial 15. Not admitted in artillery, infantry and cavalry as well as re- 16.Uruguay Total Total Total ligious services at the Army; not allowed as submarine offi cers, intelligence and special ops forces at the Naval Force; or fi ghter 17.Venezuela Total Total Total pilot and intelligence at the Air Force.

Source: Army and Ministry of Defence (Argentina). Web sites of the Armed Forces (Brazil). Army and web sites of the Armed Forces (Chile). Ministry of Defence and National Navy (Colombia). Ministry of Defence and Military Academy (El Salvador). Army and Polytechnic School (Guatemala). General Command of the Air Force, General Command of the Naval Force and Joint Staff of the Armed Forces (Honduras). Secretariat of National Defence and Secretariat of the Navy (Mexico). J III of the General Staff of the Army; Public Affairs directorate of the Uruguayan Air Force and the Peacekeeping Operations School of the Army (Uruguay). Ministry of Popular Power for Defence (Venezuela). RESDAL project on Gender and Peace Operations. Chap ter 4: The Armed Forces 47 Defence Attaché’s Offi ces from Latin American countries, in the region CS Republic Dominican Venezuela Venezuela Cuba Colombia Argentina Bolivia Chile Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Uruguay Brazil

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Cuba Dominican Republic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Paraguay

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

CS: Country sending Attaché / CR: Country receiving Attaché

Attaché’s Offi ces from Countries outside outside the Region: Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Attaché’’s offices from Canada, Attaché’’s offices from Attaché’’s offices from France, Germanyy, China, France, Holland, Canada and . Taiwan, and United States. Italyy, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Turkeyy, Ukraine and United States. Honduras Attaché’s offices from France, Guatemala Taiwan, and United States. Attaché’’s offices from Canada, Nicaragua Germanyy, Taiwan and United States Attaché’s offices from France, El Salvador Germanyy, Russia, Spain, Attaché’’s offices from Germanyy, Spain, United States and Taiwan. Taiwan, and United States. Venezuela Colombia Attaché’s offices from Russia Attaché’’s offices from Britain, Germanyy, and Spain. Canada, France, Holland, Italyy, Spain and the United States. Brazil Attaché’s offices from Angola, Ecuador Belgium, Britain, Canada, China, Attaché’s offices from China, France, Germanyy, Egypt, France, Germany, Holland, Iran, Israel, Italyy, Namibia, Russia, Israel, Italyy, Namibia, Nigeria, South Korea and United States. Russia, Senegal, Spain, South Africa, United States Bolivia and Zambia. Attaché’s offices from China, Canada, Peru Germanyy, Russia, Spain and United States. Paraguay Attaché’’s offices from Britain, Chile Attaché’s offices from Angola, China, France, Germanyy, Israel, Attaché’s offices from Belgium, Britain, Canada, Germany, Holland, Italy and Russia, South Korea Canada, China, France, Germany, Holland, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Spain. India, Israel, Italyy, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Slovenia, Taiwan, Ukraine, Spain, Turkeyy, Ukraine, and United States. United States and Zambia. Source Compilaitonp based on information prp ovided byyy the Ministry of Defence of Peru, ,yp Embassy yp of the Republic of Uruguay China (TTaiwan) in Honduras, Informe de rendición de cuentas del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional de El Salvadorr, Attaché’s offices from China, Memoria del Ejércitojg de Nicaragua 2011, websites of the Ministryy of Foreign Affairs of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Canada, Colombia, Ecuadorr, El Salvadorr, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Mexico, Nicaragua,ggygg Paraguayy, France, Germany, Israel, Russia, Peru, Russia, Spain,pgy Uruguaygy and Venezuela, and the Ministryyp of the People’’s Power for the Defence of the Bolvarian Senegal, South Africa, Ukraine Republic of Venezuela, of the the Armyy of Chile, the Navyyyy of Peru, the Embassies of Britain, Germanyy, Canada, and United States. China, France, Israel, Italy,y South Africa, Russia, Taiwan and the United States in the Latin American countries mentioned. Embassies of Argentinag in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba,,p, Dominican Republic,p Ecuadorr, Guatemala, El Argentina Salvadorr, Mexico, Nicaragua,ggyg Paraguayy, Peru, Uruguaygy and Venezuela. Embassies of Bolivia in Argentina,g Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguaygyy, Venezuela. Embassies of Colombia in Brazil, Cuba, Ecuadorr, Guatemala, El Attaché’s offices from Belgium, Salvadorr, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,g Paraguaygyg y, Peru, Uruguaygyg y, Venezuela. Embassies of Cuba in Bolivia, Britain, Canada, China, Egypt, Dominican Republic,p Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,ggygg Paraguayy, Peru, Uruguaygyg y, and Venezuela. Germany, Holland, Italyy, Russia, Embassies of Guatemala in Chile, Cuba, Honduras, Mexico and Peru. Embassies of Paraguayggy in Argentina g and Chile. Embassyy of Peru in Bolivia. Embassy of Uruguay in Argentina and Chile. Embassies of Venezuela in Cuba, Paraguay South Africa, Slovenia, Spain, and Uruguay. Ukraine and United States. A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 48 Military Service Preparation of Reserve Officers Argentina 2 years In the Brazilian Armed Forces there is the possibility (alternative to military service) of applying to be part of the Reserve Officer Corps. Young persons between 17 and 18 years old can apply in Preparation Centers for Reserve Officers (CPOR), where they Reserve, 2015 Bolivia take a physical and written examination that, if passed, allows them to undertake Navy 47,824 2 years the course (which has a 1 year duration). Following completion, they pass to the Army 66,295 reserve force at the grade of Lieutenant. Total 114,119 Brazil 1 year Call-up within the different systems In the case of voluntary systems, voluntary Number of candidates and enrollees Chile 30,000 Up to 2 years presentation for military service practically covers the 25,000 projected needs and, in 20,000 Colombia some cases, exceeds them. 1 to 2 years As far as Chile is concerned, 15,000 for the eleventh year, it has 10,000 completed the enrollment Cuba 5,000 2 years quota set for the Armed Forces, having 100% 0 2012 2013 2015 2016 volunteers to the military Dominican service, thus ruling out the Candidats 25,137 20,793 24,594 25,915 Republic Enrollees 12,176 11,521 13,322 13,322 Up to 4 years possibility of a final draw.

Ecuador 1 year Pre-military Service In the ‘National Plan for Well-being in the Barracks’ Admitted 2015 2016 El Salvador Bolivia planted as one of its objectives an increase in Military Service 28,420 29,305 18 months capacity in order to allow for the introduction of obliga- http://www.resdal.org

Mandator tory military service. One of the possibilities is to finish Pre-military Service 17,836 17,833 y secondary schooling while completing the service. Guatemala A voluntary pre-military service also exists, for the basic military training of youth under 18 years old and in the Up to 5th grade at secondary school. Activities occur during school holidays.

RESDAL 18 months oluntar y V

from Haiti Up to 3 years Women in military service In countries with obligatory military service, men are always required to undertake the service. Women are able to Honduras undertake it on a voluntary basis in peacetime but are obliged during war or emergencies. 2 years The examples of the military service in Honduras and the National Military Service of Mexico for the Office of the Downloaded Secretary of the Navy are shown below:

Mexico Percentage of enrolled women 1 year

Honduras Mexico: SEMAR Nicaragua 1 year 2016 2016 2015 2.8% 2015 2.7% Paraguay 2.2% 2% 1 year

In the case of volunteer soldiers, the admission of women shows similar percentages: Peru Percentage of enrolled women 2 years El Salvador

Uruguay Guatemala 2 years

2016 2015 / 2016 Venezuela 2015 2.8% 4.8% 1 year 1.8%

Source: Compilation based on legislation that regulates military service in the countries mentioned. Statistics: Information provided by the Ministries of Defence of Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, and Secretariat of the Navy of Mexico; Audiencia Pública de Rendición de Cuentas Inicial 2016 and Audiencia Pública de Rendición de Cuentas fi nal de gestión 2015, of the Ministry of Defence of Bolivia, and public information from the Brazilian Army and Navy.