Australian Army Journal Is Published by Authority of the Chief of Army
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Australian Army Autumn edition 2019 Journal Volume XV, Number 1 Australian Army Journal Autumn edition 2019 Volume XV, Number 1 The Australian Army Journal is published by authority of the Chief of Army. The Australian Army Journal is sponsored by Head Land Capability. © Commonwealth of Australia 2019. This journal is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of study, research, criticism or review (as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968), and with standard source credit included, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Contributors are urged to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in their articles; the Editorial Advisory Board accepts no responsibility for errors of fact. Permission to reprint Australian Army Journal articles will generally be given by the Managing Editor after consultation with the author(s). Any reproduced articles must bear an acknowledgement of source. The views expressed in the Australian Army Journal are the contributors’ and not necessarily those of the Australian Army or the Department of Defence. The Commonwealth of Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise for any statement made in this journal. ISSN: 1448-2843 Website: army.gov.au/our-future/aarc Twitter: @flwaustralia The Australian Army Journal Staff Editorial Director: COL Peter Connolly DSC, CSC Managing Editor: Major Cate Carter Editorial Advisory Board MAJGEN Craig Orme (Ret’d) AM, CSC, DSC Prof Genevieve Bell Prof John Blaxland Prof Peter Dean Dr Lyndal Thompson Mr Tim Gellel, CSC 2 Contents Australian Army Journal Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 Contents Editorial .......................................................................................................5 Urban Warfare Capability: A Background to the Challenges and a Call for Professional Debate ..............................................................9 Dr Charles Knight The Battle of Marawi: Lessons for Developing Urban Capabilities ..............31 Captain James Lewis The Challenges of Sustaining an Army in Motion ........................................53 Lieutenant Colonel Kane Wright The Innovation Warfighter: Improving Capability and Embracing Industry ....................................................................................67 Colonel Richard Barrett Ethical Responses in the Aftermath of a Toxic Leader: An Australian Defence Context ..................................................................81 Dr Jason Mazanov The Evolution of Australian Army Training Adversaries: 1948–2018 ............95 Lieutenant Colonel Jim Sinclair In Their Steps: The ADF and Camels .......................................................117 Captain James Barrett 3 Australian Army Journal Contents Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 Improved Methods for Transport and Preservation of DNA Samples for Victim Identification in a Military Environment ......................................133 Flight Lieutenant Kirsty Wright, Commander Mark Page, Jasmine Connell and Janet Chaseling Book Reviews Beyond Combat: Australian Military Activity Away from the Battlefield ......149 Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918 .............................................................................................153 Leadership Secrets of the Australian Army: Learn from the Best and Inspire Your Team to Great Results ...........................................157 The Last Battle: Endgame on the Western Front, 1918 ...........................159 Guarding the Periphery: The Australian Army in Papua New Guinea, 1951–75 .................................................................................................163 From the Somme to Victory: The British Army’s Experience on the Western Front 1916–1918 ......................................................................165 Call for Submissions Call for submissions for the Spring edition of the Australian Army Journal ...........................................................................................169 Call for submissions for the Australian Army Journal Occassional Paper Series ............................................................................................171 4 Editorial Australian Army Journal Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 Editorial The Australian Army Research Centre (AARC) strives to challenge the present and debate the future. In this edition of the Australian Army Journal we are pleased to feature a collection of articles which challenge the present by identifying problems from a variety of perspectives and offer innovative solutions. The topics cover a broad spectrum of Army capabilities from people, organisation and doctrine to training, command and support. These are the components of land power to which every Army member can contribute and which deserve continual inquiry and debate. However, it is important that we do more than challenge the present. These articles also debate the future by representing the ideas within Army’s Futures Statement Accelerated Warfare, which is characterised by the complexity of multi- domain environments, emerging technology and adaptability. No more clearly are these ideas seen than in our leading article by Dr Charles Knight. The author, a veteran of both British and Omani armies, questions Army’s readiness for urban operations and discusses the moral challenge of civilian casualties in a media-dominated battle space. Dr Knight offers the reader a series of questions to prompt further thinking on the subject and invites contributions for a future urban operations themed publication. As a fitting segue, Captain James Lewis presents an analysis of urban operations in the southern Philippines city of Marawi, highlighting the need for Army to develop individual skills and focus on small, agile combined armed teams if it intends to fight the intense and chaotic battles of the urban environment. In the next two articles, Lieutenant Colonel Kane Wright and Colonel Richard Barrett explore the efficiency of innovation in the modernisation process. 5 Australian Army Journal Editorial Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 Lieutenant Colonel Wright examines the financial challenges of sustaining a technically aspirant force, and Colonel Barrett proposes a new activity which brings together industry developers and soldiers in a collaborative exercise, developing and testing equipment with immediate feedback to the designers. Addressing the capability elements of people, organisation and command, Dr Jason Mazanov offers an engaging study on the ways we respond to a workforce that has experienced toxic leadership. Dr Mazanov, an organisational behavioural psychologist, applies the methodology of business ethics to propose policy frameworks that can anticipate and treat the legacy of damaging leadership experiences in Defence. Contributing to the area of doctrine and training, Lieutenant Colonel Jim Sinclair introduces the reader to Army’s newest OPFOR construction—the Decisive Action Training Environment, known as DATE. Contextualised against a comprehensive review of Army training adversary doctrine since 1948, the author positions DATE as a sophisticated construct which can be continuously updated to reflect real-world operations. The last two articles concern the essential support of transport but on very different scales. Captain James Barrett proposes that the challenge of patrolling in harsh environments be met by a reintroduction of camel transportation for Regional Force Surveillance Units, Special Forces and international commitments. Lastly, we feature a group of researchers—Flight Lieutenant Kirsty Wright, Commander Mark Page, Jasmine Connell and Janet Chaseling—who were recipients of the Army Research Scheme grants program and whose report evaluates new methods of transporting and preserving samples of DNA used to identify military casualties. In this edition, we also present six book reviews on topics that range from leadership to the social history and human geography of armies, including accounts of Australian military involvement in France in World War I and Papua New Guinea in the 1950s and 1960s. Finally, we would like to congratulate Major Andrew Maher on winning the 2018 Chauvel Essay Prize for his article ‘The Middle Eastern Advisory Competition: The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Quds Force’, which appeared in the Australian Army Journal, Volume XIV, Number 1. 6 Editorial Australian Army Journal Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 As the AARC expands its engagement with the research community, the Australian Army Journal continues to play an important role in both representing Army members and communicating Army ideas to the world. I am continually encouraged by the breadth of interest in Army publications and I commend this edition of the Australian Army Journal to you. 7 Australian Army Journal Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 8 Urban Warfare Capability: A Background to the Australian Army Journal Challenges and a Call for Professional Debate Autumn 2019, Volume XV, No 1 Urban Warfare Capability: A Background to the Challenges and a Call for Professional Debate Dr Charles Knight Abstract This article invites readers to contribute to a professional debate about the capability required for urban operations: does Australia have it—and does Australia need it? In exploring what that might mean, it starts from an accepted position that urban operations are increasingly likely. It examines in some detail the nature of the limitations imposed on military operations by urban terrain, which