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Country Background Report – Denmark OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools

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Country Background Report – Denmark OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools Kurt Houlberg, Vibeke Normann Andersen, Bente Bjørnholt, Karl Fritjof Krassel & Lene Holm Pedersen Country Background Report – Denmark OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools This report was prepared by the Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research (KORA) for the Danish Ministry of Education, as an input to the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Re- view). The OECD and the European Commission (EC) have established a partnership for the Project, where- by participation costs of countries which are part of the European Union’s Erasmus+ programme are partly covered. The participation of Denmark was organised with the support of the EC in the context of this part- nership. The document was prepared in response to guidelines that the OECD provided to all countries. The opinions expressed are not those of the OECD or its Member countries. Further information about the OECD Review is available at www.oecd.org/edu/school/schoolresourcesreview.htm. Country Background Report – Denmark OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools is available at www.kora.dk © KORA and the authors Extracts, including figures, tables and quotations, are permit- ted with clear indication of sources. Publications mentioning, reviewing, quoting or referring to this report should be sent to KORA. © Cover: Mega Design and Monokrom Publisher: KORA ISBN: 978-87-7509-932-0 Project no. 10932 January, 2016 KORA Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research KORA is an independent research institute under the Danish Ministry for Economic Affairs and the Interior. The knowledge generated by KORA is impartial. The objective of the institute is to advise public authorities and communicate the results of the Institute’s work to relevant public and private stakeholders, and to the general public. Preface This report presents the results of the Country Background Report (CBR) for Denmark prepared as input to OECD’s Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Re- source Use in Schools (referred to as School Resource Review). The purpose of the OECD School Resource Review is to provide a comparative framework of knowledge based on experiences from the individual countries on 1. how to effectively govern resources in the school system 2. how to effectively distribute resources across the school system 3. how to effectively utilise resources, once they have been allocated to different priorities and programmes 4. how to effectively manage resources at different levels of the system (Direc- torate for Education and Skills 2013). The overall purpose of the Danish CBR is to provide knowledge on the effectiveness of resource use in the Danish primary and lower secondary school system. This docu- ment was prepared in response to guidelines that the OECD provided to all countries. The document also constituted the background for an OECD expert team’s visit to Denmark in April 2015. In addition to the authors of the background report, a number of other researchers at KORA have contributed to the extensive work of data collection and the reviewing of studies: Thomas Astrup Bæk, Lasse Hønge Flarup, Simon Feilberg, Nanna Friche, Hans Klop- penborg, Hanne Søndergård Pedersen, Katrine Nøhr and Jesper Wittrup. The Danish CBR is commissioned and financed by the Danish Ministry of Children, Education and Gender Equality. Content List of acronyms and glossary of terms .................................................................................. 7 Executive summary ...............................................................................................................10 1 Purpose, methods and contextual background ..............................................................16 1.1 The purpose of the report and the core concepts ....................................... 16 1.2 Data and methods ..................................................................................... 18 1.3 Contextual background of the review ....................................................... 22 2 The Danish school system ...........................................................................................30 2.1 Organisation of the school system and the structure of the overall education programme ............................................................................... 30 2.2 Key figures of the Folkeskole and recent reforms ..................................... 35 2.3 Objectives of the education system and student learning objectives .......... 44 2.4 Education environment and the distribution of responsibilities within the school system ..................................................................................... 49 2.5 Market mechanisms in the school system ................................................. 58 2.6 Performance of the school system ............................................................ 61 2.7 Policy approaches to equity in education .................................................. 64 2.8 Main challenges ....................................................................................... 65 3 Governance of resource use in schools .........................................................................68 3.1 Overview of studies.................................................................................. 73 3.2 Studies of Policy priorities/differences in spending per student across regions or type of municipality ................................................................. 76 3.3 Studies of Implementation of policies ...................................................... 80 3.4 Studies of Responsibilities across levels of the school system .................. 85 3.5 Studies of Sources of revenue................................................................... 85 3.6 Studies of Benchmarking of efficiency or effectiveness............................ 85 3.7 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding governance of resource use in schools ............................................................................. 91 4 Resource distribution ...................................................................................................93 4.1 Overview of studies.................................................................................. 95 4.2 Studies of Distribution of resources across administrative levels and resource types .......................................................................................... 98 4.3 Studies of Distribution of resources and students to individual schools .. 102 4.4 Studies of School structure and distribution of school facilities and materials such as ICT ............................................................................. 106 4.5 Studies of Distribution of teacher resources............................................ 109 4.6 Studies of Distribution of school leadership resources ............................ 111 4.7 Studies of Programmes targeted to specific students ............................... 114 4.8 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource distribution ... 117 5 Resource utilisation ...................................................................................................120 5.1 Overview of studies................................................................................ 124 5.2 Studies of Allocation of teacher resources to students ............................ 126 5.3 Studies of Matching resources to individual students learning needs ...... 131 5.4 Studies of Organisation of teaching and learning environment ............... 134 5.5 Studies of Organisation of student learning time .................................... 135 5.6 Studies of Use of school facilities and materials, for instance ITC .......... 136 5.7 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource utilisation ...... 138 6 Resource management ...............................................................................................140 6.1 Overview of studies................................................................................ 141 6.2 Monitoring resource use (audit system etc.) ........................................... 143 6.3 Studies of outcome-based planning, rewards, sanctions and other incentives ............................................................................................... 147 6.4 Studies of Capacity building for resource management .......................... 151 6.5 Studies of transparency and reporting on outputs and costs .................... 154 6.6 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource management .. 156 Appendix 1: Descriptive statistics .......................................................................................158 Appendix 2: Pre-school resources .......................................................................................163 Regulation .............................................................................................. 163 The organisation of the Danish pre-primary education............................ 164 Local-authority day care centres ........................................................ 164 Self-governing institutions ................................................................. 164 Private institutions ............................................................................. 164 Day care in private homes .................................................................. 164 Demographics and attendance
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