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In Iranian Toponymy Iran and the Caucasus 21 (2017) 389-396 SWIran. *didā- “fortress, walled residence” in Iranian Toponymy Garnik Asatrian Russian-Armenian State University, Yerevan Centre for Asian and African Studies, HSE, Saint Petersburg Abstract The paper deals with the identification of the Iranian place-names produced with the lexical elements derived from South West Iranian *didā-/*daidā- “fortress, a fortified walled residence” (vs. North West Iranian *dizā-/*daizā- ‘id.’), hitherto assumed to be ab- sent from the geographic nomenclature of Iran and the adjoining areas. Keywords Iranian Toponymy, Iranian Etymology, “Fortress, Wall” in Iranian It always seemed peculiar to me that the Old Iranian lexeme with the meaning “fortress, walled residence” in the toponymy of Iran was preserved only in its North Western (“Median”) version, i. e. *dizā-/*daizā- , while its South Western (“Persic”) form, *daidā-/didā-, has disappeared without any trace.1 Indeed, there are numerous toponyms with the ele- ment diz/diž throughout Iran, Central Asia and even in Armenia.2 Besides, 1 Except, perhaps, dēvār, a Pers. word meaning “wall” (cf. also Pahl. dēvār, MMPers. dēwār), from *daida-bāra- or *daida-wāra- (cf. Semnani dēzōr, Gazi dīzār ‘id.’, from *daiza- bāra-/*-wāra-). It is directly evidenced in the OPers. cuneiform texts as didā- “befestigter Platz, Burg, Burgmauer” (Schmitt 2014: 169), as well as in the compounds *diδā̆ kara- “Mau- rermeister” and paridaiδa- (= Av. pairi-daēza-) attested in the Elamite by-tradition (cf. Hinz 1973: 72ff; idem 1975: 88, 179; Schmitt 1980/81: 33-34). 2 Cf., for example, Gardēz in Afghanistan, located in the Hindu Kush mountains, from *gari-daizā- “mountain fortress”; Sanandaǰ, the centre of the Kordestan province in Iran, from *sēna-diž “fortress on the mountainside” (Arab geographers call the place Sīsar <*sīγ- sar (“terrain having stone tops”); Šāhīn-dež, a town in the West Azerbaijan province, to the South East of Lake Urmiya (formerly called Şā‘in-dеž or Şā‘in-qal‘a ; saïn “beautiful”, a © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2017 DOI: 10.1163/1573384X-20170406 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:07:13PM via free access 390 G. Asatrian / Iran and the Caucasus 21 (2017) 389-396 in all Iranian dialects—starting from the Middle Iranian period—it is the “Median” form, i.e. diz (diž, dē/īz), that features as the main signifier of the concept “fortress, stronghold, fortified place” (of course, apart from the Arabic qal‘a). The SWIran. *didā-/*daidā- has not only been lost as a lexical unit in modern dialects, but it also seems completely erased from the Iranian to- ponymy, which usually retains very archaic elements, even those having left no trace in living languages and written tradition. However, as an important technical term referring to the construction landscape, it must have somehow manifested itself in one form or another. The mysterious disappearance of the “Persic” term denoting a fundamental cultural concept from the toponymic paradigm of Iran against the backdrop of the rich representation of its “Median” correlate had long been preoccupying my mind until the abundance of place- names with elements dil-, dīl- and dāl-, hitherto remaining undefined, attracted my attention. It became clear upon closer examination that it is this particular form that corresponds to the anticipated reflex of the OIran. protoform in its South Western phonetic garb. The -d- > -l- change here, irrespective of its origin,3 can be considered unquestioned: this development can be traced in many WIran. dialects, sometimes very distant from the East Iranian realm (cf. in Fahlaviyyats of Fars mol “hair” < OIran. *mauda-, Pers. mūy, belas = Pers. bidast “span”, Avestan vitasti ; ǰel = Pers. ǰudā (<*yuta-); Kurd. lēb “deception” <*dabya-; Luri lōšāba = Pers. dōšāb “syrup”, Talyshi laxma “swamp” = Pers. daxma “dungeon”, also Pers. pil “heel” <*paδa-, pālīk “type of shoes” < MIran. *paδīk ; mul “wine” <*maδu-, etc).4 a settlement in Siyahkal, in the Deylaman shahrestan ,(دزدﻟﯿﻢ) Mongolian word); Dizdelīm of Gilan, from *diz-Dēlim “the Deilam fortress”; Dīzaǰ, name of settlements in the Hama- dan, Qazvin and West Azerbaijan provinces, from *dēzak; Dizak, a village in Rudbar, in the Tafresh shahrestan, Central province of Iran, from *dēzak ; Dizak (also from *dēzak), the name of a region in the historical Armenian province of Artsakh (also known as Ktiš, probably from Katiš, by the name of the fortress near its central town of Toł ), etc. 3 For a thorough consideration of this phenomenon in Eastern Iranian, see Édel’man 2006: 66-68. 4 It suggests itself that the forms with the final -l can have emerged through a simple dissimilation: d−d > d−l). However, other explanations are possible too: *-δ- in *da(i)δ- be- comes -h -, and the resulting *dih, for avoiding homonymy with dih “village”, receives the Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:07:13PM via free access G. Asatrian / Iran and the Caucasus 21 (2017) 389-396 391 Moreover, all three vowel alterations of the root are testified (mainly in various combinations with adjectives or appellatives and in suffixal (دﯾﻞ) ( diδā-, full grade dīl (<*dēl*> (دل) formations): zero grade dil .-dāiδā*> (دال) daiδā-, and the lengthened grade dāl*> Below is represented the main body of toponymic evidence with *didā-/*daidā- identified among the Iranian place-names during a cursory review of the available material. The transcription of toponyms is given according to the classical pronunciation, which is historically more relevant in terms of vocalism. 1. Place-names with *diδā- in the Rasht district of the Gilan province, meaning “small—(دﻟﭽﮫ) Dilča • (دﻟﯿﺠﮫ) fortress”, with diminutive suffix -čа <*-čak. Hardly here also Dilīǰa in the Gorgan (Golestan) province (ancient Hyrcania): it should rather de- rive from the name of the predatory bird delīǰa of presumably Turkic origin. in the Rudbar shahrestan, Gilan, meaning “(a place—(ﮐﻨﺪﻻت) Kandilāt • abounding with) destroyed fortresses (castles)”; from *kanda-dil-āt. Arab. plural suffix -āt, as a topoformant, corresponds to the widespread Iranian toponymic suffix -ān indicating an area or space around a settlement de- fined by the main word. Cf., for example, Fūman-āt “Fuman district”, Harzand-āt “Harzand district”, Qā‘en-āt “district of Kaen (in southern Khorasan)”, etc. By the way, the name of the famous city of Herāt in Afghanistan is also formed by this model—with the help of the above- mentioned formant. In Achaemenid times, the Herāt region was known as Haraiva- in Old Persian, Harōiuua- in Avestan, and Ἄρειος in Greek, corresponding to the name of the main river of the region Harē-rūd (<*harayu- “fleeting”, cf. Skt. sarayū-) (Mayrhofer 1967: 443). In the Sasanian period, the city and its district were called Harēv, which became cross-functional substantive suffix of the New Iranian period -l(a) -. The same process may have affected the reflexes of the other grades of the root, i. e. *dē(h)-l and *dā(h)-l, by analogy with *di(h)-l. Otherwise, dil could also be accounted for a suffixed variant of dih “village, province, region” rather than a phonetic development of *diδ-, but then its correlates, i.e., dīl and, especially, dāl, would remain unexplained. Although the anatomic names (like “neck, bosom, side”) often occur in the landscape terminology of Iran, Pers. dil “heart” and Turkic dil “tongue” must safely be discarded as possible versions of interpreting this item, for there were no item found matching them semantically. Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:07:13PM via free access 392 G. Asatrian / Iran and the Caucasus 21 (2017) 389-396 the basis for the toponym Herāt (with the suffix -āt) after the Arab conquest of Iran: *Harē(v)-āt > Har-āt/Her-āt/Hirāt. However, Kandil can also be derived from *kuhan-diδ “old fortress”, just like Kundiz/Kandiz/Kunduz, the name of a city in “Shahnama” and in Central Asia, which is usually explained as *kuhan-diz ‘id.’. Rudbar, Gilan province. Literally means “(area) of a—(ﮔﺮدﻻت) Girdilāt • stone fortress” or “(area) of stony terrain”; *ga/ir-dil-āt (see the previous example for the suffix -āt) <*gari-diδā-, cf. Gardēz <*gari-daizā- (see above, note 2). Rudbar, Gilan province. Literally means—(ﻣﺤﻤﻮدﻻت) Maḥmūdilāt • “(village, district) of the fortress of Mahmud”; *Maḥmūd-dil-āt (for the topoformant –āt, see the previous two items). ,is a town in central Iran, south of Qum, north of Isfahan (دﻟﯿﺠﺎن) Dilīǰān • west of Kashan and east of Arak (for details, see Ṣafarī 2003/1382). Three other settlements in the central part of Khorasan and in the Rudbar and Masal shahrestans of the Gilan province bear the same name. The resort centre in the highland region of Armenia is also called Diliǰan. The topo- nym may literally mean “(area, surroundings) of a small fortress”; *dilīk- ān, with diminutive suffix -īk (*diδīk), plus the topoformant -ān, having parallel function with Arabic -āt in toponyms (see above). The local vari- in the (دﻟﯿﺎن) ant of Dīlīǰan is Delīgān or Delīgūn. Apparently, Dilyān province of Luristan, should also be added here. Cf. also Dālīǰān (below, §3). Fuman, Gilan. Also Dilxān erroneously written—(دﻟﮫ ﺧﺎﻧﯽ) Dilaxānī • with a vāv-e ma‘dūle in xā-, and read as Dalxān), a village in the ,دﻟﺨﻮان Sepidan shahrestan in Fars. It means, probably, “fortress with a spring”; for xān(ī), cf. Kurdish kānī, Tal. hōnī, xōnī “spring, source” (< OIran. *xā-); in the Takab shahrestan of (دل ﺑﻼﻏﯽ) dil(ak)-xānī(k). Similarly, Dilbulāγī*> the West Azerbaijan province, but with the Turkic bulağ “spring”. See also Dālxānī (below, §3). a village in Sabzavar, Khorasan, meaning literally—( دل ﻏﻨﺪ) Dilγand • “village-fortress” or “village near the fortress”; γand <*kanta-, Sogd. kanθ, in the Khoy shahrestan of (دﻟﮑﻨﺪی) Turk. (< Iran.) ke/andi ; cf. also Dilkandī the West Azerbaijan province. Bijar, Kurdistan, meaning lit.
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