Classification of Barley Varieties Grown in the United States and Canada in 1945

Vf i^- \^< TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 907 • MAY 1946

By EWERT ÀBERG Postdoctorate Research Assistant in Agronomy and Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin and Collaborator Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases and G. A, WIEBE Principal Agronomist Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engine^ing Agricultural Research Administration

l^ ! B FÍ A R Y C'iñtüiT SERIAL REeORD JUL111S46

'" ••■ •''''•..-îTwm OF ÄSS10ULTÜRE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTDEE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Technical Bulletin No. 907 May 1946

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Classification of Barley Varieties Grown in the United States and Canada in 1945^ By EwERT ÀBERG, postdoctorate research assistant in agronomy and plant pathology, university of Wisconsin, and collaborator, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engi- neering; and G. A. WIEBE, principal agronomist. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration ^ CONTENTS Page Page Need for classification 2 Classification keys—Continued. Previous systems of classification.... 2 The genus Hordeum, its sections and Key to the varieties of spring species 4 barley 52 Cultivated barleys of the united Key to the varieties of spring States and Canada 7 barley grown in Middle West- Manchuria-O. A. C. 21-Oder- ern and Eastern States and brucker group 7 Provinces 55 Coast group 8 Key to the varieties of spring Tennessee Winter group 8 barley grown in the inter- Other varieties 9 mountain area and on the Classification technique 9 The barley plant 11 Pacific coast 57 Taxonomic characters 16 Key to important commercial Growth characters 16 varieties of spring barley, Leaf characters 20 based on threshed grain 59 Stem characters 23 Description, history, and distribution Spike characters 25 of varieties 64 Kernel characters 40 Winter varieties 64 Mixed characters 48 Spring varieties 104 Identification of varieties from threshed grain 49 Literature cited 180 Classification keys 50 Index to variety and synonym names, Key to the varieties of winter type, and principal use 184 barley 51 Character index 189

* Submitted for publication August 20, 1945. Cooperative investigation between the University of Wisconsin and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases^ Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This investigation was supported in part by research grants from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the Malt Research Institute, Madison, Wis., and was carried out while the senior writer was on leave of absence from the Plant Husbandry Department of the Royal Agricultural College, Uppsala, Sweden. 2 The w^riters are indebted to many persons for their invaluable assistance : To James G. Dickson, University of Wisconsin, Madison ; and to M. A. McCall and B. B. Bayles, Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for their tireless efforts in supporting the study ; to the late Harry V. Harlan, who did his utmost to encourage the studies and to promote the progress of the work ; to the many agronomists in the United States for their valuable advice and suggestions ; and to P. R. Cowman, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, for his splendid cooperation. Special credit is due the following persons for their assistance in growing the nurseries and in taking field notes : R. G. Shands, Madison, Wis. ; Harland Stevens, Aberdeen, Idaho ; G. K. Middleton, Raleigh, N. C. ; N. I. Hancock, Knoxville, Tenn. ; John W. Taylor, Beltsville, Md. ; I. M. Atkins, Dentón, Tex. ; G. H. Dungan, Urbana, 111. ; A. F. Swanson, Hays, Kans. ; T. E. Stoa, Fargo, N. Dak. ; K. S. Quisenberry and O. J. Webster, Lincoln, Nebr. ; P. R. Cowan, Ottawa, Canada ; W. H. Johnston, Brandon, Canada ; George J. Wilds, Hartsville, S. C. ; J. M. Poehlman, Columbia, Mo. ; and C. J. King, Sacaton, Ariz. Most of the pictures used were taken by Eugene Herrling, University of Wisconsin ; some by R. H. Peebles, Saca- ton, Ariz., and by R. L. Taylor, Beltsville, Md. ; those on growth habit are credited to C. A. Suneson, Davis, Calif. ; and the drawings were made by R. O. Hughes, Belts- ville, Md. 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION The use of the proper barley variety on each farm is an essential requirement to profítable farming. About 140 varieties are grown in the United States and Canada and these vary greatly in their adaptation to different areas and kinds of farming. The most profit- able returns to the grower result from the use of the best variety today and by turning to a new and better one in the future when it becomes available. In order that the grower may be certain that he is using the variety he wânts, it may be necessary to have it identified. The expressed preference for certain varieties by the malting trade and other industrial concerns often necessitates the identification of varieties largely from threshed grain. This is a difficult task, as usually only kernel characters can be used and such additional characters as may be found on fragmentary spike parts remaining in the threshed grain. The task may be further complicated by mixtures arising in storage and shipping, and in many cases only an approxi- mate identification is possible. Occasionally industrial concerns using barley as a raw product are forced to buy in a different area from that in w^hich they normally get their supply, because of crop failures or other disturbing factors. In such years new varieties are usually found, and the usefulness of a publication describing such varieties is evident. Numerous institutions and seed houses distribute or sell barley for seed, and many questions arise as to the identity and purity of varieties. Confusion in names and identity often occurs. The descriptions that normally accompany newly released varieties are usually scattered and difficult to obtain and therefore are of little help in straightening out difficulties. Frequently they are based on observations made at a single station or on studies involving few detailed morphological characters. The scattered and fragmentary nature of the information available on the classification and description of varieties places a decided limit on its usefulness. No comprehensive publication is available on this subject for the barley varieties now grown in the United States and Canada. • The purpose of this bulletin is to provide descriptions of the varieties grown and a classification key by which they can be identified. The publication is intended for use primarily by agronomists, teachers, students, extension Avorkers, maltsters, tradesmen, and farmers. PREVIOUS SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION None of the earlier systems of classification have followed exactly the scheme used here. Nevertheless, the developments from the time of Linnaeus to the present are of interest, as they illustrate the trend of development in the classification of a cultivated plant. When Linnaeus made his barley classification schemes in 1748 {ílY and 1753 {Jp2), he was mainly interested in species limitations. Not being aware of the great variability that exists in barley, he use^ spike characters to delimit species, which today are inadequate. He used spike density, for example, as a species character. Although some of 3 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 180. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 3 the followers of Linnaeus changed his classification system to some extent, they continued to use the principles he established, and did not consider the variability of the barley plant when grown in the field. Among the close followers of Linnaeus the following should be mentioned: Haller {19), Lamarck {JÔ), Persoon {50), and Doll {18), With Jessen's work {37), the first indication is found of field studies being used in classifying barley. The outstanding work in this field was done by Körnicke {39), however, during the latter half of the nineteenth century. He used 1 species name, Hordeum vulgäre L., for all barleys, subdivided this species into 4 subspecies, and described 74 varieties. His varietal descriptions indicate that he grew and studied the material in the field. He was limited, however, to one climatic region, and with the limited quantity of material available at that time he could not fully appreciate the importance of the stability and variability of characters in a classification program. Such men as Voss {60), Heuzé {35), and Atterberg {9) also worked on barley classification, making use of the general principles employed by Körnicke. There were differences in opinion, however, among the authors mentioned as to what Latin names to use for the species and what characters to consider as primary ones in the classification schemes. This problem was reviewed by Äberg in 1940 {1) and will not be considered here. As the number of barley introductions available for study increased at the end of the nineteenth century, interest developed in'kernel characters and their value for classification. Neergaard (^7), Atterberg {8), Bolin {13, IJf), and Broili {15) are primarily responsible for developing classification schemes based on such characters. By using the shape of the kernel base, the number of teeth on the lemma, the rachilla hairs, and other minor characters, they tried to separate different types of barley. They were successful to a certain extent, and even today kernel characters are used by tradesmen and seed-testing stations for determining the purity of varieties. It is doubtful whether the results obtained in this way are always satisfactory. Since 1900, when plant breeding came into the picture, a great many ncAV varieties have been released from time to time. This new development awakened a greater interest in studying plants under field conditions and in collecting new material from all over the world. As a result, the Eussians, who made very extensive collections of barleys, began classifications after growing the plants under field conditions, using the theories of genetics and ecology in their classification scheme. The most complete treatment wâs presented by Orlov {IfO, pp. [97^-332) ^ Bakhteyev {10) followed in principle the ideas presented by Orlov {^9). Orlov and Bakhteyev w-orked with a collection that included a greater variety of types than, for example, Kornicke's collection, and therefore, they had a better opportunity to study plant variations. More emphasis, however, could have been placed on the influence of environmental conditions on the variations of morphological and physiological characters. In the United States, France, and Canada, work similar to that in Russia has been carried out during the past 35 years. Harlan {20,

* See also Âberg (2). 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

21)^ Bergal and Friedberg {12a) ^ Wiggans {63)^ and Cowan {16) have made important contributions. Credit for developing the technique of evaluating the characters in barleys by studying their stability in the field under different environmental conditions must be given to Harlan. As early as 1914 it was clear to him that any evaluation of morphological and physiological characters, whether for taxonomic or for breeding purposes, must be based on field observations at several stations and in different years. As late as 1944 he emphasized the need for studying the material in the field by following its development from seeding through maturity and under distinctly different regional and climatic conditions. Harlan had the rare opportunity to develop and confirm his ideas by growing varieties for 35 years under a great variety of climatic conditions in the United States and by studying barleys in their native habitat in numerous foreign countries. The principles advocated by Harlan, by Âberg (i, 8)^ and by Âberg and Wiebe^ have been used in the present study.

THE GENUS HORDEUM, ITS SECTIONS AND SPECIES Among the numerous genera within the grass family Gramineae, the genus Hordeum L. includes types that have greatly reduced and simple spikes. The original description of the genus Hordeum given by Linnaeus in 1754 (|^) has been modified several times by other workers since it was first written. Neither the original description nor subsequent modifications seem fully to serve the* needs of^ the present publication. Consequently, the following description is given by the writers as best fitting the present needs. GENUS Hordeum: Spike indeterminate, dense, sometimes flattened, with brittle, less frequently tough awns. Rachis tough or brittle. Spikelets in triplets, single-flowered, but sometimes with rudiments of a second floret. Central florets fertile, sessile or nearly so ; lateral florets reduced, fertile, male or sexless, sessile or on short rachillas. Glumes lanceolate or awnlike. The lemma of the fertile flowers awned, awnleted, awnless, or hooded. The back of the lemma turned from the rachis. Rachilla attached to the kernel. Kernels oblong with ventral crease, caryopsis usually adhering to lemma and palea. Annual or perennial plants. The genus Hordeum includes both wild and cultivated forms that differ widely in type. They are arranged in four sections, of which only one, Cerealia, includes the cultivated types. These sections were discussed and delimited by Nevski (.^^) and Âberg {!), The wild forms are not grown as a cultivated crop and, consequently, are omitted from this publication. For a discussion of the wild forms in the United States the reader should consult Hitchcock {36). The cultivated forms belong to the section Cerealia Ands., delimited as follows : Summer or winter annuals, spikes linear or broadly linear, tough or brittle. The central florets fertile, the lateral ones fertile, male or sexless. Glumes lanceolate, narrow or wide, projecting into a short awn. The lemma in fertile florets awned, awnleted, awnless, or hooded, the lemma in male or sexless florets without awns or hoods. Kernel weight 20 to 80 mg. The chromosome number in the diploid stage 14.^

^ÀBERG, E., and WIEBB, G. A. TAXONOMIC VALUE OP CHARACTERS IN CULTIVATED BAR- LEYS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 1946. [In manuscript.] «Tetraploid forms (2tt = 28) and trisomie forms (2w + 1 = 15) are known. CLASSIFICATION OF BAKLEV VAIUEÏIES ÜUOWX IN 1945

The gronpinp; of the cultivated forms within the section Cercalia has varied from time to time. The most useful system is one in which the croups are based on stable morphological cluiracters that are easily detectable. This system was used by Harlan (ßl) in his classification scheme in 1918, and the same general principles as modified by Äberg (i) are followed in this bulletin. Three species are recognized as follows : Hordeum vulgäre L., e m e n d. Lam. Six- rowed barley with tough rachis. .Vll florets fertile and developing kernels with normal germinating capacity. Within //. vulgäre there are two groups : ( 1 ) The typical six-rowed group in which the lateral kernels are only slightly smaller than the central ones; and (2) the intermedium group in which the lateral kernels are markedly smallei" than the central ones. These two groups overlap as there is a gradual change from the one type to the other. Spikes illustrating these groups are shown in ñgure 1. Ilordeum dixtich urn L., emend. Lam. Two- rowed barley with tough rachis. All the central florets feitile, the lateral florets either all male or all sexless. Only the florets in the central ]} rows develop kernels with normal germinating capacity. Within /I. dixf/rhu/n there iiie FIGUKE 1.—Spikes of Hordeum vulgäre: A, Six- two groups: (1) Ihe rowed tiarley; /(, ¡ntemierlium barley. TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. UEI'T. OK AGRICULTURE typical two-rowed frroup, with lateral florets conRistinfr of lemma, palea, racliilla. and reduced sexual parts, and (2) the deliciens proup, with lateral ñorets reduced and consisting oí lennua and laiely palca aiul rachilla, but with no -IIf 7 sexual parts. Tliese two ,¿: ','' {ri-oups overlap as there i' . II . is a

CULTIVATED BARLEYS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA ' ill The classihcation keys, given later in this I bulletin, are based mainly on moiphologi- cal characters, since they are best suited for this purpose. As a result, such keys will not always show the natural relationships existing between the varieties it embraces. Such relationships are largely physiological, and as a coiiseiiuence barleys dillVring widely in adaptation and agronomic characters ma\- fall ver}' close together in a taxonomic arrangement. Tliese relationships are best shown by a review of the history of barley growing in the United States and Canada. Three groups of barley became established very early in the agriculture of these counti'ies, all the varieties being of Old World origin. A brief description of each group follows.

MANCHURIA—O. A. C. 21—ODERBRUCKER GROUP There are good reasons to believe that all the varieties in the Manchuria-O. A. C. V , 21-üderbrucker group originally came fi'om Manchuria or neighboring countries. These varieties are most witlely grown in the humid section of the upi)er Mississippi \'alley, south of the Great Irakés, and in Canada. The varieties comprising this group are six-rowed, awned. spring-type barleys with medium-sized kernels. In plant heiglit they are inclined to be tall and for the most part are midseason in maturity. The spikes are long, lax, and nodding, the last two chai-acters permitting greater ease of drying aftei- a rain, thus lessening the dangei- from disease infection and discoloration. The plants are tolerant to humid heat. The sti'aw is of medium sti-ength and usually will not deteriorate niitil some time after the plants are ripe. The seeds iiossess sufücient posthiirvest „ o a -i, , u dormancy under normal conditions to safe- ^'S Ä^a're iS guard them against the danger of germi- ular barley. 8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE nation while in the shock. The varieties shatter badly when grown in a dry climate. The varieties in this group have been improved by the plant breeder. Important improvements are smooth awns, greater yield, stiffer straw, and resistance to diseases. The barleys resulting from this work are similar in general type to the older varieties in this group, although there is a tendency for a greater variation in time of maturity.

COAST GROUP The varieties in the Coast group are of North African origin and in the United States are commonly referred to as Coast barleys, because they were first widely grown on the Pacific coast. They came from arid sections and in this country are fall- or winter-sown in areas of mild climate, as in California and in the Southwest. They also are adapted for spring sowing in areas of limited rainfall in the intermountain region and in the Great Plains. The varieties in this group are six-rowed, awned, spring types with large kernels. They vary in height from midtall to those that are among the shortest grown in the United States. They mature early, a valuable characteristic for areas of limited rainfall or in those characterized by high temperatures during the latter part of the growing season. The spikes are midlong to short, dense, and in most varieties are held erect or semierect at maturity. The varieties do not shatter, a character that makes them well-suited to arid climates and to combine harvesting. Improvements in this group of varieties, resulting from plant breeding, consist of smooth awns, greater yield, earliness, stiifer straw, drought resistance, forage value, and resistance to disease. The new varieties possess many of the characteristics of the originals, and in some instances they are nearly identical because of the backcross method of breeding employed. Changes from the original type are in the direction of earliness, stiffer straw, and greater drought resistance. TENNESSEE WINTER GROUP The origin of the varieties in the Tennessee Winter group is not clear. There is no extensive area of winter barley in the Old World with which the varieties in this country can be compared. The most probable place of origin is the Balkans-Caucasus region, or Chosen in Asia. The principal winter-barley area in the United States lies south and east of a curved line running from New York City through Kansas City and western Texas, but winter barley also is found on isolated farms in States outside this area and occasionally in Canada. The varieties in this group are of the six-rowed, awned, winter type with medium to small kernels. The plants are midtall and midseason in maturity. The spikes are midlong, lax, and tend to nod. The varieties are among the most winter-hardy grown in the United States. The leaves are narrow, and the fall growth is prostrate. When seeded in spring, they usually fail to head. The improvement of varieties in this group has been largely a result of selection. There probably were several original importations that contained an indefinite number of similar types. As these unselected importations were grown year after year in different localities, natural CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 9 selection favored adapted types, these often being different but yet quite similar m appearance for each locality. Later individual plant selections and mass selections were made, and the present acreage of barleys of the Tennessee Winter type is largely made up of these selections. The principal improvements accomplished are greater winter hardiness, greater uniformity of type, and better adaptation to local conditions.

OTHER VARIETIES The three main groups of varieties discussed above and their improved hybrids are grown in the same general areas today as they were earlier. In the margins of the spring barley areas and in the zones between them, however, other varieties gradually came to be grown. These are represented by many types, some of which are transition forms fitting the special conditions in which they are grown. Two-rowed varieties are grown in widely scattered places as, for example, Hannchen on the Pacific coast, Alpha in the North- eastern States, and, more recently. Compana in Montana and Eex in Canada. Hooded varieties are scattered throughout the intermountain area, where they are used chiefly for hay. Hooded types of winter barley have been developed and are grown widely in Missouri and along the Atlantic seaboard. In recent years awnless winter types have been produced that are adapted to the Atlantic Coast States and are grown in New York State and southward. Smooth-awned types have recently made their appearance, and varieties suited to fall and winter grazing are receiving special attention. The winter barley area can be divided into zones. The outermost zone to the north and west contains types, like Eeno, that are winter- hardy and have a prostrate growth habit. With each successive inner zone, varieties with less winter hardiness and more erect growth habit are required, until, in the end, true spring varieties with erect growth habit and no winter hardiness are found. Tunis is a typical example of a variety that belongs in this last zone. It was released recently in the lower Eio Grande Valley, in Texas.

CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE The classification studies were begun in a preliminary way at Madison, Wis., in 1942, when the barley varieties included in the yield bulletin for the 5-year period 1937-41 (62) were grown for identification. The studies were extended in 1943 and 1944 to include a total of 13 stations in the United States and 2 in Canada. The stations were selected to represent typical areas of barley production, as shown in figure 4, and to include a wide range of environmental factors. The stations at which the varieties were grown are shown in figure 5. A total of 69 winter varieties were studied in 1942-43 and 71 in 1943-44. Of the spring barleys, 131 varieties Avere studied in 1943 and 134 in 1944. Those studied were suggested by barley workers in the United States and Canada. Three groups were included in the studies: (1) Those grown commercially; (2) those showing promise and possibly subject to release prior to 1946; and (3) those 10 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE used extensively in breeding because of a valuable character or of historical interest. A number of varieties falling in the second group were omitted from the final list because they will not be released.

FIGURE 4.—Barley-growing areas in the United States and Canada.

FIGURE 5.—Stations and years barley varieties were grown for classification studies: (S) =: spring varieties, (W) := winter varieties. CLASSIFICATION' OF BAKI.EV VAKIETIKS GROWN IN 1945 11

Tlip. A-nrietips were plnnted in doublp ä-foot ro\r plots or in sinplo 10-foot r()ws. A sin<:ie see(lin

THE BARLEY PLANT The cultivated barley plant is made up of several parts : The roots, stem, leaves, spike, spikelet. ñoret, and kernel. Each of these exhibits variations that are the basis of the differences between varieties. The descriptions which follow apply to cultivated bai'ley. A barley plant is shown in figure 6. „OOTS FiouRE 0.—Rniioy plnnt : a. Spike: I), (listaiice ll¡i};leaf Barley has two sets of roots. The siL'iJif''V' hi'ui"'-""^ "• '.'"^ first, or seminal, set ranges f ron> 5 to 10 noUe ' ' ' ^' '""'"" 12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in number iind rises from the nodal region of the embryo. The second, or permanent, set rises from the crown of tlie plant just below the surface of the soil. The roots are ñbrous and radiate laterally and downward, permeating the soil mass. They are provided with root hairs that absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.

STEM The stem is cylindrical and consists of hollow internodes, separated by solid joints or nodes at which the leaves arise. The internodes are shortest at the base of the plant and increase in length progressively toward the top. The nodes are somewhat larger in diameter than the internodes and more nearly the same size throughout the length of the stem. The structure that joins the stem and spike is known as the collar (Hg. 7). The number of nodes per stem varies from ñve to seven. The length of stem varies with environment and variety; it may be 12 inches in the shorter types and more than 48 inches in the taller ones. The number of stems per plant also is influenced by FiGUBE 7.—Collar. environment, variety, and seeding rate. At the normal seeding rate, the number of stems in a single plant usually averages three to six, but under favorable conditions may be much greater; and conversely, under severe conditions it may be reduced to only one or two. The diameter of the stem varies from about 2 to 6 mm.

LEAF A single leaf arises at each node of the stem, and these are borne alternately on opposite sides of the stem. Each leaf consists of a sheath, ligule, auricle, and blade (flg. 8). The sheath encloses the stem, is split to the base on the side opposite the blade, and the two edges overlap. In most varieties the sheath is glabrous, but in some it is covered with hairs. The ligule is an appendage that extends upward at the line of union of the blade and sheath; it is short, truncate, or somewhat advanced in the middle but quite obtuse FIGURE 8.—.Tunction of Wade and and sloping away at the ends; leaf sheath: n. lilade; b. leaf not toothed, only having the .sheath ; c, auricle ; d, ligule ; e, margins weakly uneven. It varies node. CLASSIFICATION OF RARLKV VARIETIES GROWN IN 194S 13 in heiiiht from 0.5 to ,'5.0 mm. Near tlie lifrnV the Made is extended into two claw-sluiped appendafies, called the auricles, one I'loni each ed«re of the leaf, which partly or entirely clasp the .stem. Thev are larjrer in barley than in wheat or rye. The blade is lanceolate-linear, or «rradually acuminate with a prominent middle nei-ve ilanked by 10 or 12 ])iii'allel side nerves that are less stronply developed. The uppermost blade is freciuently called the flajrleaf and usually is much smaller than the others and in some varieties is curled or rolled. The blades are rolled in the bud and there is no consistent tendency for the roll to be e.xclusively in one direction. The surface of the blade is harsh and usually covered by a chalklike deposit called ^^ax.

SPIKE The spike or head at the lop of the stem consists of the flowers of the plant ari-anfred in sjiike- lets, which are attached at the nodes of a flat zifrzafi rachis. The rachis is solid and consists of alternate flattened nodes and internodes. The leuffth of the internodes may vary from 2 mm. or less in dense-headed varieties to 4 to 5 mm. in lax-headed sorts. The mar

node of the rachis, one frroup of spikt'k'ts hciiijr attaclu'd on one sitie and tlie group immediately above or below being attached on the opposite side, and so on, ahernatel}- tlirougliout the spike. In t\vo-ro\vetl varieties only the central spikelet is fertile and j^roduces a kernel. The length of the spike varies greatly and inchitling the awn may measure lii incJies in the longer spikes and 3 in the shorter ones. The rachis i^roper varies in length from about 1 to 5 inches, depending on variety and conditions of growth. The number of kernels per spike varies consiilerablj-, in six-rowed varieties from 25 to GO and in two-rowed varieties from 15 to oO kernels. Six- rowed and two-rowed spikes are shown in ligure 9. FiGT'RE 10.—Spikelet fri-nup of SIX- rowed liiii-lcy: ti. Central kernel; &, lateral kernels; c, awu ; d, gluuies^ e, glume awn.

SPIKELET

There are three single-liowered spikelets" at each node or joint of the rachis. A spikelet consists of two glumes and (he floret, the latter being made up of the lachilJa and the male and female llower parts held within the lemma and palea. The glumes are linear, fiat, weakly nerved, and terminate in an awn that may be shorter «or several times longer than the glume itself. The floret of the central spikelet is sessile; in (he lateral ones it may be sessile, as in six- rowed varieties, or rachillate (elevated on a short rachilla or stalk), as in two-rowed varieties. In two-rowed varieties the lateral florets are stei'ile and many degrees of Induction in development of these florets can be found. Spikelet groups of six-rowed FiGfHE 11.—Spikelet group and two-rowed barlev are shown in figures of two-rowed barley: a. Central kernel; /(," lat- K» and 11. eral llorets, sterile. CLASSIPICATlüX OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWÀ' IN 1945 15

ÏÎ.ORET The floret consists of the lemma, palea, rachillu, and (he male and female flower parts enclosed within the lemma and palea (see lijis. 1'2, 13. and 3!)). Tiie lemma is oblan- ceolate, live-nerved (li^r. 1-1), somewhat an<^led at the nerves, and at its apex is drawn out into a stiff, straianthocyanin color is present in lennna nerves, sometimes it is missing. The lennna may have a depression, a transverse crease, or a combination of the two at its base on the dorsal side just above the line of attachment. The awn may be rough or smooth, reduced to a mere point, or be completely absent. In some varieties the awn is re]>laced by a triftncate FioT-RE 12.—Barley floret : a. Lem- appendage called a hood. The hood ma ; b, palea ; c, anther ; d, iiUime. is a sexual focus, for in well- developed specimens it is not uncommon to find male and female sexual organs and in rare cases even seed have developed. The i)alea is obtu.se, two-nerved, arched inward between the nerves, ami turned »inward at the margins. Tlie rachilla is a continiuition of the axis of the si)ikelet and lies within the crease of the kernel and is covered with eitlier long or slioi-t hairs. The sexual organs consist of three anthers supported on filaments, the pistil witli a single ovule and two feathery stigmas. The pollen is ñnely granular, spherical, smooth, and is dis c h arge d in abundance. Tliere are two lodicules at the ba.se of the pistil facing the lemma that serve to open the flower during pollination.

KERNEL Broadly speaking, the barley kernel is described as consisting of the caryopsis and the lennna, palea, and rachilla. In most varieties the lennna and palea adhere to the PiGUKE 13.—FlowerinR parts of barley floret : caryopsis, whereas in a. Anther ; b, ovary aud lodicules ; c, stigma. others they are free and 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the Cfiryopsis threshes out like in wheat (fifí. IT)). Tlu' (■iiry<)|)sis is iiiiule up of tho pericarp, iiitejruiiHMits. endospenii o:- starch mass, and the embryo or

SPRING OR WINTER CROWTH IIABH Tlie barlej-s in the T'nited States and Canada are referred to as havinjreitiier a win- A ter or a spriuff habit of ijrowth. Their classi- FiGUBE 15.—Kernel types : A, Covered ; B, naked. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 IJ

fication into these two types is based principally on (1) whether they are normally fall- or spring-sown in farm practice, and (2) on the habit of growth of plants. Under some conditions certain winter varieties are sown in the early spring, as in January in Texas, and certain spring varieties are fall-sown, as in the mild climate of Cali- fornia and Arizona. The habit of growth refers to the rosette stage, which is a characteristic of the winter varieties and is absent in spring varieties, although it must be pointed out that there is no sharp line of demarcation in this respect between certain of the winter and spring varieties. The rosette-growth stage occurs betw^een seeding and culm elongation, and a plant in this stage is characterized as having several tillers, little or no elongation of the stem internodes, and a leafy appearance. Neither the time of seeding nor the habit of growth when used alone is a satisfactory means of distinguishing between winter and spring varieties, but the two criteria differentiate the types when used together. During early growth the leaves are held at various angles described as prostrate, semiprostrate, and erect. This is not a satisfactory character on which to place a variety into the winter or spring group, as there is too much overlapping in type of early growth, but the general tendency exists that winter varieties are more apt to be semiprostrate to prostrate and spring varieties semiprostrate to erect. Further information can be obtained on growth habit by subjecting the varieties to other tests, such as vernalization and by planting the varieties at an alternate season of the year; that is, planting winter varieties m the spring and spring varieties in the fall. Additional information on vernalization is needed, as shown by experiments with vernalized and nonvernalized winter barleys at Sacaton, Ariz., and Aberdeen, Idaho. Spring varieties were not included, since, vernalization has little or no effect on these. In the experiments at Sacaton the seeds were vernalized (30 days at 33° to 34° F.) and seeded in the fall of 1943 in alternate rows with nonvernalized seed. The varieties differed markedly as to the time when the first differences could be observed in the development of vernalized and nonvernalized seed. In Nakano Wase the first difference was noted 50 days after seeding; in Purdue 21, 85 days; in Jackson 1, 125 days; and m Wmtex, no difference at all was noted before heading time and this occurred, on the average, 140 days after seeding. Similar reactions were observed at Aberdeen in 1944, where vernalized and nonvernalized rows were grown from spring seeding. These tests show that varieties differ considerably in their cold requirements, and the cases discussed here are merely examples, as there are numerous variants falling among the varieties mentioned. Differences among winter varieties also are brought out by planting them m the spring. The time of seeding is an important factor It seeding is done very early and the temperatures are low, the seed may be vernalized to a degree and the same effect obtained as if this had been done artificially. On the other hand, if the seed is sown later when the temperatures are higher, little or no effect from vernalization IS obtained and under these conditions many varieties fail to head. Since seasons and dates of seeding vary from year to year it 672363"—46—2 ' 18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 'JO?, U. S. DEl'T. 01- AÜRICULTUKE

follows that the results of one year may not be in full aes or with true sjirinir types or with ))oth. A difference in frrowth rate between winter and sprin«: varieties fi'om fall seedin-44. At this stiition the winter tem])eratures are not ]()\v enou

EARLY GROWTH

The varieties in this bulletin are placed into three groups on the biisis of the manlier in which the leaves are held during early growth. 'Jhese groups are erect, semiprostrate. and prostiiite. and are illustrated in ligure 10. Observations taken at the six- lu eight-leaf stage

riouBE 16.—lînrley growth t.vpes: A, Prostrate; ß, erect: C, semiprostrate. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 19

are the most satisfactory. There is some association between the early growth and growth habit, as the number of varieties having erect to semiprostrate growth predominate in the spring-habit group and varieties having semiprostrate to prostrate growth predominate in the wmter-habit group. There are winter varieties, however, that have an erect early growth and spring varieties that are semiprostrate to prostrate.

WINTER HARDINESS The term "winter hardiness," as used here, refers to a group of factors that enables a plant to survive the winter. The exact nature of these factors or how they operate is not clearly understood. They are often physiological and the one that plays a major role in plant survival one year may not be at all important another year. Survival may be due to resistance to low temperature, to ice-sheet damage, heaving, and to other factors, or to a combination of these. Often it is not possible to decide which factor played the dominant role. The varieties reported in this bulletin have been tested for hardiness at a number of stations. The information obtained will, however, be used only for descriptive purposes.

TIME OF HEADING Tinie of heading is a more accurate. index for differentiating varieties than is time of ripening. Under similar climatic conditions and a normal seeding time, varieties tend to head at about the same relative date with respect to each other. Noticeable changes in this relationship sometimes occur when the varieties are grown in an entirely different environment or if seeded at a different season of the year. For example, Wisconsin Barbless heads about 6 days later than Velvon from spring seeding at Madison, Wis., and Aberdeen, Idaho, whereas Velvon is 11 days later than Wisconsin Barbless when fall-seeded at Sacaton, Ariz. Varieties differing greatly in heading time usually maintain this relationship irrespective of seeding time or environment, as for example, Atsel and Olli always are early, while Peatland always is late. The character is most useful m separating early varieties from late ones, and in such cases can be used m keying out varieties. On the other hand, if the varieties head only a few days apart, the character has less value and is useful only m a descriptive way. In this bulletin five groups of heading dates are used, namely, early, early to midseason, midseason, midseason to late, and late.

DISEASE REACTION Disease reaction is not easily iised in classifying varieties. It is of interest because of its economic value. Information on disease reaction was obtained in part from the classification nurseries where 20 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE natural epidemics occurred, but the greater part of i\h^J accumulated over a period of years in tests conducted by patliologists, plant breeders, and agronomists. Since there is greater interest m the resistance of a variety to a disease than there is m its susceptibility, this characteristic, when known, is given m the description. Un the other hand, mention will be made of cases where a variety is extremely susceptible to a disease. The principal diseases on which iXrmation is available are stem and leaf rust, loose and covered smut, mildew, scab, stripe, blight, and scald.

REACTION TO INSECT ATTACK Some information is available on the reaction of some varieties to insect attack. This consists largely of data taken i^jsokted cases rather than from controlled experiments. Where data on the re- sfstance of a variety are sufficiently conclusive, this fact is stated m the description of the variety.

POSTHARVEST SEED DORMANCY Postharvest seed dormancy of any appreciable duration is riot common in barleys but is found in a few varieties like Flynn and Flynn î^ A tendency to such dormancy is found in others, as tor example in Eandolph. Some varieties are dormant for an extremely short time only, and others germinate 100 percent as soon as they are ripe Examples of the two last-mentioned groups are Wisconsin Barbless and Olli, respectively. Only dormancy of the type illustrated by Flynn and Eandolph is mentioned in the descriptions of the varieties in this bulletin.

LEAF CHARACTERS This o-roup of characters is concerned with the blade, leaf sheath, auricle, and ligule. Varieties often differ in the presence or absence of Zo¡ in these'plant parts and the degree to which the color is ex- tjressed. They differ also as to the size and shape of their leaf parts, to the presence or absence of hairs upon them, to their roughness to touch, and to their waxiness. Some of these characters are very useful in classifying and describing varieties.

HAIRINESS OF THE LEAF SHEATH The leaf sheaths at the base of the plant of some varieties are covered with hairs 1 to 3 mm. in length; whereas, the upper leat sheaths, on the same plant, rarely have any hairs. The character is stable under different environments, but its value for use in classiñca- tion is lessened by the fact that the hairs drop off or are broken off at an early stage and are hard to find on mature plants. It is used as a minor character in this bulletin. Two groups of varieties are recognized, those with hairs and those without (fig- !")• In some varieties both types of leaf sheath are found, probably because o± a mixture of biotypes. CLASSIFICATION OF BAKLKV VAKIETIKS CJKOWN IN 1945 21

FiGUEE 17.—Hairiness of leaf sheaths: A, Hairy; B, without hairs.

ANTHOCYANIN IN LEAF SHEATHS AND AURICLES The purple, color in tlip loaf slieatlis at tlic base of flie plant or in the aiiiicle.s is Ciuised by the presence of anthocyanin. It is easily iiilhienced by environiueiital conditions and coiise'|uen(lv has only limited use in a classiHcation pro

SIZE AND SHAPE OF AURICLES AND LIGULES In the present material there were no sipnilicant differences in size and shape of the auricles and ligules. They were all typical, as shown in figure 8. 22 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

COLOR AND SIZE OF LEAVES Neither of these two characters can be used satisfactorily. The leaf color changes with climate, nutrition, and stage of development. There are differences in color between varieties, but there is no satisfactory way of describing them unless there is a marked contrast, as for example, between yellowish green and dark bluish green. The size of leaves varies definitely, but here again it is possible to separate with certainty only the extremely short leaves from the extremely long ones and the v,ery wide from the very narrow.

ROUGHNESS OF LEAVES Very few barleys are known to have smooth leaves. There are slight differences in roughness, but they are not significant and, therefore, are not used in this bulletin.

NUMBER OF LEAVES In a large collection of varieties of diverse origin differences will be found in the number of leaves that can be used to separate at least a few varieties from the rest. Among the barleys cultivated in the United States and Canada at the present time no such differences exist.

WAXINESS OF LEAF SHEATHS AND LEAVES The terin "waxiness" refers tb the chalklike deposit that is found on the leaf sheaths and leaves of certain varieties. This deposit can be removed by rubbing with the finger. Although its expression varies with the environment, it has some descriptive value. Waxiness varies gradually from those varieties with a small quantity to those that have quite a heavy deposit. The varieties are grouped into those that are slightly waxy and those that are waxy. No completely nonwaxy varieties are included in this bulletin. The character cannot be used to key out varieties.

SIZE AND SHAPE OF FLAGLEAF The' size and shape of the flagleaf was used by Bell {12) in his classification of two-rowed barleys. This character appears to be most useful in this group, as there are some two-rowed varieties in which the flagleaf is narrow and short, as in Vance, and others where it is wide and long, as in Alpha. In this study there was no variation in the size of flagleaf of the six-rowed varieties that could be used in a classification program. The flagleaves in this group are wide and either long or short, but the length varies greatly with the environment, so that this character cannot be used except for descriptive purposes. Curled flagleaves occur in a few varieties, of which Hero is a good example. The climate has some influence on the expression of this character, as it shows up better in an arid climate than it does in a humid one. It can be used as a supplementary character in descriptions. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 23

STEM CHARACTERS Stem characters are concerned with the stem or main axis of the plant. Varieties differ in the length and strength of the straw and the degree to which it is colored. The nodes also vary in color. The top ititernode naay be exserted some distance from its corresponding sheath. This distance varies with varieties and often is useful in distinguishing one variety from another. In this bulletin this distance is called distance flagleaf to spike. The collar has a number of characteristic shapes that are useful in identification and description.

HEIGHT OF PLANT Height of plant, as used in this bulletin, is the distance from the ground to the base of the spike and is measured in inches. It is not a stable character, being easily influenced by environment, and, for that reason, cannot be used extensively in a classification key. It is useful when two varieties, though similar in all respects, differ significantly m height under all conditions. In all other cases its chief use is as a descriptive note. The grouping used here is : Short, short to midtall, midtall, midtall tp tall, tall.

STRENGTH OF STRAW Strength of straw is due to a number of factors, none of which is too clearly understood. The reason one variety lodges and another does not may be due to entirely different factors or groups of factors operating m each case, or it may be due to widely different responses to the same factor. The interplay of the several factors and the specific role played by each is a riddle facing every plant breeder attempting to. breed for strength of straw. Differences in straw strength may be due to such factors as diameter of straw, quality of straw, nature of the root system, type of stem, branching in the crown, height of plant, leafiness, ability of leaves to hold rain water, the stage of plant growth when a storm comes, or weight and position of the spike. Plant diseases like stem rust, for example, when severe will weaken the straw and often induce lodging. Insects that infest the stem near its base also may cause a certain degree of lodging. The best way to evaluate this character is to obtain lodging notes on field-grown material at many stations and over a period of years, as no single test seems to give complete information. Five terms, stiff, moderate to stiff, moderately stiff, moderate to weak, and weak, will be used in describing the strength of straw of the varieties that appear later in the bulletin.

NODE CHARACTERS AH nodes proved to be nonhairy. Anthocyanin is present in some of them, giving them a purple color. In some varieties, however the nodes are exposed to sunshine earlier than in others, which intro- duces a factor of uncertainty as to how much of the purple color is due to heredity and how much to environment. The difficulty of ob- 24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE taininfî reliable readin

SHAPE OF NECK That part of the stem just below the spike is referred to as the neck. It usually is straight or gently curved but in a few varieties has a snaky shape. These differences are illustrated m ñgure 18. The character is used only in the descriptions.

ANTHOCTANIN IN THE STEM The purple color of the stem, caused by anthocyanin, is closely correlated with the same color found in the leaf sheaths and the auricles. It will be used in describing varieties in the same manner as in the case of leaf sheaths and auricles.

DISTANCE FROM FLAGLEAF TO SPIKE In the same variety the distance from ñagleaf to spike (fig. G) varies from one locality to another. The character also varies considerably among the stems of a single plant. It is. therefore, of little use in establishing small dilTerences. There FIGURE 18.—Shape of neck: a, Straight ; b, snaky. are several varieties where the spikes hardly emerge from the boot, as in Compana or "White Smyrna, and these cases can be easily distinguished from those wiiere the spike is fully exserted and the distance from flagleaf to spike is great, as in Alpha. Between these two extreme types there is an intermediate group, of which the variety Flynn is a typical example. No delinite measurement can be given for each variety, as environment influences this character to a high degree. In the descriptions a range of measurements is given for each variety, representing the average high and low values observed.

SHAPE OF COLLAR The transition from the stem into the rachis of the spike is marked by a structure called the collar. Three types of collars are common among the cultivated barleys—closed, V-shaped, and oi)en—and are illustrated in ligure 1!). The closed type is (juite often found m pure form among the varieties, while the other types are usually found mixed with each other or with the closed type. In certain varieties the V-shaped or o])en collar i)redominates, and this relationship remains the same independent of environment. Only closed collars are found in Tennessee AViiiter, V-shaped collars predominate in Velvet, CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 25 V 'n

FiGUBE 19.—Collar types: A, Closed; B, V-shaped; C, open; D, modified, closed, Of open as iu Newal.

Jind open collars in Awnless. Tlie character is useful in the classification key and for descriptive purposes. A collar variation, as illustrated 111 figure 19, is quite common in Newal.

SPIKE CHARACTERS The spike characters of the barley plant are amonfr the most useful in identifying varieties. There are a great many that can be used and many that are very stable, being affected verv little, if at all. by changes in environment. The most useful spike characters are'the number of rows of fertile kernels; the type of lemma appendastamen. Occasionally a variety can be identified by a character that occurs only in that variety, as, for example, the tweaked spike, which is found in a small percentage of the spikes of "Wisconsin Barbless or the smooth glume awn in Ezond. These characters are very useful for identifying the varieties in which they occur, but the number of varieties that can be identified in this way are few. 26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

NUMBER OF ROWS IN SPIKES The number of rows of kernels in the spike is one of the inost con- stant and easily recognized characters in cultivated barley and is very useful in keying out varieties. The varieties classified m this bulletin fall into two groups known as six-rowed and two-rowed (fig* 9),

SHAPE OF SPIKES Two shapes of spike are used in the varietal descriptions. These are (a) parallel shape, which includes most of the varieties grown, and (b) truncate pyramidal shape, which includes a lesser number of varieties. The sides of the spike in the truncate pyramidal type con- verge beyond the tip of the spike, whereas, in the parallel type, the sides are essentially parallel throughout the length of the spike. The character cannot be used to key out varieties, but it has some value m describing: them.

LENGTH OF SPIKES There is a great deal of variation in the length of spikes betw;een varieties and wdthin the same variety. The variation within a variety is in part a matter of nutrition, time of heading, seeding rate, and other factors. Spikes borne on tillers are nearly always shorter than those on the first or main stem. There are genetic differences m spike length, but these are obscured by the fluctuations that exist withm .varieties. The existence of such large fluctuations limits the use of the character. In some varieties the spikes are very long, as m Wis- consin Barbless, and in others very short, as in Club Mariout ; m such cases the length of the spike can be used as a minor key character. The groups used in describing length of spike are short, short to midlong, midlong, midlong to long, and long.

SPIKE DENSITY Although spike density has often been used as a taxonomic character, its value in classification is limited. It is possible to separate extremely dense types such as Winter Club (density^ — 2.2) and Wong (density = 2.4) from such lax types as Tennessee Winter (density = 3.7) and Purdue 21 (density = 3.4), but the intermediate group of varieties falling betw^een these two cannot be separated with any degree of certainty. Density measurements vary from spike to spike, year to year, and place to place, so that only extreme differences can be used with safety. For these reasons spike density is used as a minor character in the key and only when marked differences exist between varieties to be separated. In all other cases spike density is used for descriptive purposes only.

OVERLAPPING OF LATERAL KERNELS The two lateral rows of kernels on each side of the spike in six- rowed varieties frequently overlap so that the spike appears to have

7 Density is determined by measuring 10 rachis internodes in the middle of tlie spike (or 5 if tlie spike is short) and is expressed as the average length per mternode in millimeters, CLASSIKICATION OF HAKLKV \AK1 Kll KS (IKOWN J.N 1945 27 only four rows. Tliis lod oarly taxonoinists to (IPPCI'ÍIIO orroiipoiisly tlu'so typos as four rowoil l>!iili'ys. Tlit' term is no longer reeojiiiized. heciuise all so-called four-rowed varieties are. in fact, six-rowed varieties when examined critically. AVis- consin Barhless is a typical exam])le of a variety liavin

NODDIXC OF SPIKE Tliere are m a r ed difi'ereinces amoiijr varieties in tilie nodding the spike at maturity. The position assumed by the si)ike is governed by the angle of inclination of the neck or ui)i)er stem internode and the angle of the rachis. The two most k easily classified ])osiiions are those in which the spikes are held ei'ect or nearly so, as in \'elvoii. and those in whicli the spikes nod. as in Oder- brucker. Hetween these two there are all degrees of nodding, and since the varieties tliat fall into tliis class are highly variable for this character u liiey cannot be described with the same degree of accuracy.

SHAPE OF RACHIS AND RACIIIS INTERNODES As can be seen in figure 21, the shape of the rachis in the two-rowed is dilièrent from tlial in the six- rowed type, wiiich has a greater width at the top of eacii raciiis internode. 'i'his additional widtii is A necessary in order to su|)port the lateral kernels attached at this point. Since the character is closely asso- I'lcruK 'JO.—Overliiiipini: of lat- ciated with six-rowed spikes, it is of ci-iil Ivcriu'ls: .1, Overliiiipiii^' in upper part; 11. no over- no value ill the present study. liippiii«. 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. ÜEPT. OK AGRICULTURE

Variations in the shape of racliis internodes occur, but these are closely correlated with tlie density of the spike. Dense spikes have rachis internodes that widen very rapidly from the base to the top, while in lax spikes this widenin

HAIRINESS OF RACHIS EDGES Varieties differ with respect to the degree of hairiness and the length of hairs on the rachis edges, and the differences are very useful in classification. In this bulletin varieties are classified as long- or short-haired. "With respect to degree of hairiness three groups are recognized: (a) Edges completely covered with hairs, as in Man- chuna; (b) edges with few hairs, as in Plush; and (c) edges without hairs or an occasional one only, as in Glabron. These are illustrated in figure 22. The degree of hairiness on the rachis edges and the lengtli of hairs are highly correlated with those on the glumes and on the rachillas, as described later. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 29

FiGUBE 22.—Hairiness of racliis cil?es: A, Hairy; B, with few hairs; C, without hairs.

LENGTH OF BASAL RACHIS INTERNODES The basal racliis internodp, is the first internode above the collar. In most varieties the leiifjfth of this internode is not useful in classification, as it differs only slifilitly from the other iiiternodes in the spike or from basal racliis internodes in other varieties. Also, it is variable, so that small differences, tliouph actually present, cannot be discovered unless a large quantity of material is studied. It can be used as a key character only wlien the basal internodes in a considerable percentage of the spikes are definitely lon

SHAPE OF BASAL RACHIS INTERNODES No sharp distinction can be made between curved and „ oo T »u , t *, , , • , , , , 1 • • . 1 FIGURE 23.—length and shape of I)asal straight basal rachis internodes ^.,^,,1^ ¡„tenu.de: .1. Short, straight; (fig. -I'd). The character can be B, short, curved; C, long, straigiit. 30 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE used only for desci-iptive purposes and is (juite useful in cases where one or the otlier type predoiuinates.

GLUMES The term "

GLUME LENGTH The actual len

LENGTH AND DISIRIBUTION OF HAIRS ON THE GLUMES » Varieties have either long or short hairs on the glumes. In the varieties classitied all those with short hairs on the glume also have short-haired rachillas and rachis edges and all those with long hairs on the glume have long-haired rachillas an ' rachis edges. In some varieties the hairs cover the entire outer suriace of the glume, in others it is restricted to a band that may be wide or narrow and ruiming lengthwise of the glume. Four types (fíg. 24) are recognized : ¡ \

IÍ

I .* JJ ^^ ^ ).i FiGUBE 24.—Hairiness of Rlnmes : A, Covered ; B, in band ; C, on iiiiu- liiie ; D, without liairs. ' See footnote 5, p. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 3^

(a) Hairs completely covering the glume; (b) hairs confined to narrow or wide bands; (c) hairs restricted to'the midliLTÏÏ(d) hX Sf • ^\*^"gl^ ™«st varieties are characterized as belonging t^ a single tjpe, there are some that have two or more. This latter fitua tion IS fonnd most often among the newer hybrid varieties coming Irom crosses between smooth-awned and rough-awned parents It seems that most of the varieties without hairs or with hairs restricted to the midline trace to Lion as one of the parents.

LENGTH OF GLUME AWNS The length of the glume awns is a very useful character in the classi- facation of barleys. The character was studied extensively under several environments and found to be stable. The most effective wav ■? ^f 'TÍIÍ*? ^-^^^ '*^ ^^^^^ ^" relation to the length of the glume Itself. It this IS done, three groups of glume awn lengths (fi¿. 25) can be recognized, as follows: (a) Less than equal the length of the glumes (Awnless, Esaw) ; (b) equal to length of glumes (Spartan) ; (c) niore than equal to the length of the glumes (Rex, Marett Hooded 4). J^ or most varieties these apply without modification, as the varieties belong to one or the other of the three groups. There are, however, some hybrid varieties like Nassau that have a mixture ¿f two types. In these cases this situation is treated as a characteristic of the variety,

SMOOTH AND ROUGH GLUME AWNS In all varieties but two, the glume awns were found to be rough Lzond was found to have smooth glume awns and in Texan they are semismooth. There is, however, a variation among the rough-awned group; some varieties have numerous barbs (Manchuria) and others less numerous (Wisconsin Barbless). Three groups—rough, semismooth, and smooth—are used in the description.

LEMMA APPENDAGES Most of the varieties in this classification have long awns that is the awns are about twice as long as the spike or extend beyond thJ tip of the spike, about li/g times the length of the spike. Most varieties cannot be differentiated on this basis, but the differences can be useful occasionally. For example, in Oderbrucker the awns extend beyond the tip of the spike for a greater distance than they do in Wisconsin Barbless. In awned varieties the spreading tendency of the awns can be used occasionally. In Oderbrucker the awns tend to flare, while m Wisconsin Barbless they are appressed. Several short-awned barleys were studied. Escaw, for example has awns that equal the length of the spike. Wong has short awns (1 to 7 cm.) on the central rows of kernels and very short (0 to 3 cm.) on the lateral rows, while Sunrise has very short awns (0 to 3 cm.) on the central rows and none on the lateral rows. To the two last-mentioned varieties and others of a similar type, the term "awnleted" is applied 32 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

- fH CLASSIFICATION OÍ" KARLEY VARIETIES GRÜW.N I.\ 1945 33

FiOTTîE 20.—Awn typos: A, TiOnjr: /?. sliort : C. slim-t on cciitriil rows. awnleted on lateral rows; D, awnletwl on central rows, awnless on lateral ruWii.

672363°—46—3 34 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, V. S. DEl'T. Ul- AÜR1CULTUKE

A few true awnlcss barleys also wei-e studied. The short-awiied, awTili'tcd, and awidess types are all winter barleys. Hooded types are found anionfr both winter and si)iinjj: barleys. The hoods are either slijrhtly elevated on a short awn sejrnient oi' sessile, that is. attached tlirectly to the lemma. The middle lobe of the hood may have a short awnlike appenda

FIGURE 27.—Spikelet Ki'oup of six-rowed lioodcd liaiieys.

SMOOTH AND ROUGH AWNS In bai-ley improvement considerable emi)hasis is beiiifr placed on l)reeding for smooth-awned types, and ([uite a few smooth-awned barleys are being grown commercially. As many of the crosses used in producing smooth-awned varieties are between a i-ough-awned as one l)arent and a smooth-awned variety as the other, the resulting hybrids occasionally have awns that are intermediate with respect to smooth- CLASSII-ICATlü.N OÍ BARLEY \AK1ET1ES ÜKOW .N IN 1945 35 iiPss. Tlipso A-iirietips aro referred to iis seiiiisiiiooili. The roujfli-awiied «^roup has hiirbs on the entire lenfitli of the awns, whereas in sniooth-awned varieties tiie awns ai'e siuootli except for a few harhs at tlie tip. 'riie smooth ])art of llie awn in seniisniootli varieties is always next to tlie kernel and includes one-third to one-half of the lenirth of tiie awn. The «.noiipinjis used in tliis hnlletin ai'e r o u

ANTHER CHARACTERS Anther characters, in- chidinjí leiifrth. shape, color, and pollen content, were studied. Of these, only tlie anther length is of any use and then onlj- as a descrip- t ive character. The anthers averafie ."! nun. in leufxth. I'lider certain conditions tiiey may be longer, reach- ing a length of 4 to 4.5 mm. B Tn a few varieties, as i^nn- Fir.mr; 28.—Hood .nppondatres on middle rise. the antliers are always lolie: .1. With apiiL'iiila^'e; li, witlmut shorter and vary fron "to appendage. 2.5 mm. In the variety ile- si'iiptions no mention is made of anther length unless it dilfers signilicantly from the average length of .") nun. 'I'he size of the antliers in tiie lateral florets of two-rowed \-arieties is of little value for classilication. but is of some geneiaj interest. Rudimentary stamens measuring (1.5 to 0.75 nun. are present in the llorets in nearly all two-rowed varieties at all locations wliere tiiey were grown, except at Aberdeen. Idaho. At this station they were larger and occasionally contained functional pollen. Ilei'e. for example, the anthers of Eex had good ¡)ollen and measured •! mm. in length.

HAIRINESS OF STIGMA

The liairs on the stigma are the receptive ti.ssue on which the pollen germinates during flowering time. Usually enough hairs are preseni to insure i)roper germination of the ])ollen. In some vaiieties. notably 36 TECHNICAL UÜLLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. ÜK AGKiCüLTUKE

■^-^

.*-s'

^ 1 c y FuaiiK 2!).—Awiiless and lioodcil tyiics: .1. Awiik'ss; /;, t'lcvatcd hoods; t', sessile hoods. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1943 37 those of the smooth-awned type, the number of hairs is reduced to a point that may prevent tiie normal reception and <¡;erinination of tlie pollen. Among the varieties in this bulletin three types of hairiness of stijrma are recognized: (a) Stigma ■\vitli many hairs, (b) stigma moderately hairy, and (c) stigma with few hairs. The first and last type are sliown in figure 31. Tliere are some variations within each of these groups, but the most noticeable ones are found in the grouj) with few hairs. Here the stigmas of such varieties as Ezond and A'elvon are nearly hairless. The hairiness of the stigma is closely correlated with the barbs on the awns, which usually means that rough-awned varieties have stigmas with many hairs and that smooth-awned varieties have few hairs. The character is used only for descrÍ2)tive purposes,

NUMBER OF STERILE SPIKELETS AND FLORETS Di fferences. in the number of sterile spiivclet groups at tlie base of the spike is more dependent on enviromnental conditions than on lieredity. Tiiis also holds true for the i)ercentage of sterile florets throughout the spike, which are, however, more counnon among smooth- awned varieties than among rough- awned ones.

WAXINESS OF SPIKE "Waxiness found in the spike is similar to that described for leaf sheaths and leaves. Three groups are used for describing this character— nonwaxy, slightly waxy, and waxy. It is possible to separate a nonwaxy variety like California Mariout from a slightly waxy one, as (ilid)rou, or a waxy one similar to (ilacier, but a distinction between a slightly waxy and a waxy tyi)e is diíTicult to make because there is a gradua change from one group to the other. B Ai\THOCYANIN l.\ GLUME AWNS AND AWNS FiGUBE 30.—Rnrl)s on awns: The jKirple color found in the A, ItouKti ; It, seniismooth ; glume awns and awns is similar to C, siuooth. 38 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OK AGRICULTURE that found in the leaf sheaths and auricles and is undoubtedly due to an anthocyanin pigment. It is possible to distinguish varieties with a strong expression of color from those in which all color is absent, but relatively less conñdence must be placed on separations made on varieties falling between these two extremes. Spartan is a typical variety with a well-expressed color; EulHyn is intermediate; and in Coast it is completely absent.

FIOXJBE 31.—Stigma hairiness: A, Hairy; B, with few hairs.

TWEAKED SPIKE Tlie term "tweaked spike" refers to a character in which one or more internodes of the rachis is elongated and rounded in shape, giving the appearance of a stem in miniature as shown in figure :'>'2. As a result, the spike appears to have missing kernels where this elongation occurs. Often the rachis internodes just above and just below the tweaked area are foreshortened, thus giving a bunched appearance to the kernels at that place. Tweaking has been found in only one variety, Wisconsin Barbless, and here it is expressed in only a small percentage of the spikes. The character is of value only for descriptive purposes. In held inspection it is one of the surest ways of identifying Wisconsin Barbless.

DECIDUOUS AND PERSISTENT AWNS In some varieties the awn is deciduous, that is, it drops off when the kernels are in the stiff-dough or near-ripe stage. Cliarlottetown 80 is a variety of this type. \'arieties with this character always thresh easily, and in some instances there is a tendency for tlie end of the kernel to become exposed because the upper part of the lemma is removed with the awn. In other varieties an opposite tendency exists in that the awn persists throughout the growing and ripening pei-iod. Such varieties are more difficult to thresh and the awn tends to break at some distance from the kernel. Atlas is an example of a variety of this kind. Both deciduousness and persistence of the awn are influenced by environment, but varietal differences also exist. The variation in expression of these characters may in part be due to the ability of the ])lants to accumulate different quantities of ash in the awns, as is shown by Âberg, Wiebe, and Dickson (5) and by Pope (51). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 39

THRESIIABILITY In thrasliin«! barley t w o objectives a r e sou

SHATTERING B The term ''shattering." as used in this FiGUEE 32.—A, Tweaked spike; B, rachig from bulletin, refers to the tweaked spike; C, racliis from normal spike. loss of grain from .standing plants prior to harvest. This loss is due to a number of causes, including wind, brittleness of racliis or neck, weakness of basal spike internode, high ash content (particularly in the rachis of hooded varieties), and other factors. Shattering is of minor importance as a character in identifying varieties.

OTHER SPIKE CHARACTERS A number of other spike characters wei'e studied but were found to have little value for keying out varieties or for description. In 40 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE some cases the character was too variable, and in others all th^ varieties were so nearly alike they could not be differentiated. These characters are briefly discussed so that the readers will know they have been considered. . • x- Eachillate lateral florets are typical for all two-rowed varieties. Within this group the differences in length of the rachillate segment are not great enough to be useful for classification or description. In some six-rowed varieties there may be a tendency for the lateral kernels to be rachillate, but this character is neither consistent nor pro- nounced enough to be useful, j; i The brittleness of neck was studied, but no differences were iound between the varieties with respect to this character. The distance between the point of attachment of the glumes was obcorved, but no significant differences were found. The o-lume width of all varieties studied averaged about 1 mm. JNo variety differed greatly from this figure, hence this character cannot be used to identify varieties. .-,-,. ^ i rp^ No variety described in this bulletin has deciduous lemmas, i he character has been found among Chinese barleys but is rare. The varieties were examined for twisted awns, but none diüermg markedly from the normal type was found. ^ .i • In a world-wide collection of varieties, types have been tound in which the awn is much wider at the tip of the lemma, but no variety of this type was found among those included m this bulletin. ^ There probably are some differences between varieties m the size of the middle lobe of the hood. The character is so greatly influenced by environment, however, that it cannot be used with confidence.

KERNEL CHARACTERS Kernel characters, like spike characters, are among the most useful for distinguishing one variety from another, and they are especially useful when identifications have to be made from threshed gram. 1 he most useful characters in this group are the adherence or nonadherence of the hulls to the caryopsis, the twisting of the base ot lateral kernels, the length of hairs on the rachilla, the color of the kernel, the degree to which the nerves on the lemma apex are toothed, the length of the kernel, the abortion of rachillas, and occasionally the length of the rachilla itself. ^ - n i Kernel characters that are less useful and more or less influenced by environment are the shape of kernel and lemma base, the Aveight of kernel, the wrinkling of the hulls, the thickness of the hulls and the tightness with which they adhere to the caryopsis, and the width of the ventral crease.

NAKED OR COVERED KERNELS The distinction between naked varieties, where the lemma and palea do not adhere to the caryopsis, and covered varieties, where they do adhere, is made without difficulty (fig. 14). This character is stable under all environments and is used in keying out varieties and in the descriptions. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLKY VAKIETIKS GROWN IN 1945 41

LENGTH OF KERNELS Tlie onlj- useful uiciisuronieut of kernel size is its lenf¡:th. "Width and thickness vary too much with enviroiuueiital con(litions to be useful. The residts of iiivestijratioiis reported by Abeifi and Wiebe " show that a sanii)le of ID kernels is sullicieiit if 1 is picked from the central row in tiie middle of each of id spikes, iiucli nieasui-ements wei'e made on the varieties classilied in tills bulletin. In tiuesiied {Train it is necessary to use 40 kernels to jret tiie same dejiiee ol' accuracy, and the kernels used should be limited to those from the central row of the spike. Kernel lenlti.r) mm. The stability o! the lenjrth-ol'-kernel character was observed under dilleient environments and it was found that major lenjrth dill'erences are relatively stable. Wide ditl'ereuces can be used in varietal identilication. provitled the comparisons are made on material «irown in tiie same «ieneral rejiion. When the différences between varieties are small, the ineasnremenls fre(iuently overlaj) and the character can lie used l'or description only. Larf^c dilierences can be used fur keying' out varieties,

SIIAI'K OK KEI5NELS It is possible to diptiuiruish two-rowed from six-rowed \arieties on the basis of kernel shai«'. In two-rowed varielit's all the la'rneis are synunetrical and the principal variation in size is that which e.\ists

A I.Í i^'

FIGURE 33.—Simpe of kernels of six-rowed barley, dorsiil ¡iiid ventral views: .1, S.vniuielrical, central rows; li, twisted, lateral rows.

» Si'c I'lHitnotc .'i, p. 4. 42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE between tlie la r <;p r kernels in the niicldle of the spike and the smaller ones at the base and tip. In the six-rowed «rroup one- third of tile kernels are syniinetrical as in the case of the two- rowed varieties and the other two-thirds are twisted. The twist is most pro- nounced on the attachment end and less so on the distal end. The twisted k e r n e 1 s íire from the lateral rows of the spike, whereas the symmetrical ones are fi'om the central rows. The twisted ones are smaller in K size and in freneral will weifih from 13 to 20 percent less. The FIGURE 34.- -Sliape of kei-iiels of two-rowed harley. symmetrical kernels dorsal and vent nil views. of the six-rowed varieties are s 1 i fill t ly contracted or pinched in laterally at the attacliment end, in contrast with the kernels of the two-rowed varieties that are usually broader and shaped like the prow of a boat at this point. This distinction is useful in detectinjr mixture of six- and two-rowed varieties. Kernel types of six-rowed and two-rowed varieties are shown in fiirures 33 and 34. No striking differences in shape other than the twistin

LEMMA TEETH AND HAIRS Lemma te'eth. when present, are found primarily on the nerves at the apex of the lemma. There are five nerves on each lemma : The midiierve located at the center on the dorsal side and nearly always without teeth; two lateral nerves next to the midnerve; and two mar- frinal nerves located near the marjiins of the lemma, which in most varieties are less heavily toothed than are the laterals. The variety, Sunrise, has teeth on the midnerve. In heavily toothed varieties additional teeth maj' be found in the areas adjacent to the nerves. Some variation in the expression of this character is caused by environment, yet there are distinct tlill'eiences between \ai'ieties and the character is used both in keying out varieties and in their description. Four CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 43

PiGUEE 35.—^Lemma teeth: A, Numerous; B, several; C, few; D, none. types iire recofniized as follows: (a) Teeth luiiiuTous on lateral and niarfrinal nerves, sometimes with additional teetli in tlie areas adjacent to these nerves; (b) teeth freemma üuU'ä, LEMMA BASE SHAPE Two shapes of lemma basé were originally recognized by barley taxonomists Atterberg {cS') and Bolin (M IJ^). The first is ¡i depies- sion located on the dorsal side near tlie point of attacliment of the 44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. I)EI>T. OF AGRICULTURE kernel and often somewhat misleadinply called horseshoe-shaped. This lypo of hase is most often found in lax-lieaded varieties. In tlie early lileratiire it was frequently referred to by the .somewhat inaccu- rate term of nutana. The .second type is described as liavinj^ a transverse crease. This crease is at the same phice on the kernel as the depression mentioned above. It is most often found in dense-headed varieties and is thoujrlit to arise mechanically from a creasing of the lemma as the kernels are crowded outward during growth. In the literature tliis type has been rather loosely called crcrtum. The terms DKturns and ercctum may have been correct 1}' aj)plied to the varieties used in tlie cai-lier literature. It is clear they do not fit the varieties and hybrids described in this bulletin, since the close linkage between density of spike and sliape of lemma base does not exist. For this reason tlie terms nufuiix and crectum are not used in this bulletin. "With the introduction and use of hybrid barleys such a scheme of grouping can no longer be made, as it is evident that these two types are not so well defined as one might be led to believe from the earlier litei'ature. It also is clear that tlie names applied earlier can no longer i)e accepted. The so-called horseslioe-sha])ed (le])iessi()n, rarely, if evei-. lias tliis shape, and it is ditiicult to lind a satisfactory term. In the material considered here tlie depression has so many différent shapes that il seemed wise to simply use tlie term "(ieiiression" to de- scribe it. The term "transverse crease'' is well founded and will be

m.. A B

FicUKK 37.—Ix-iiiniii liiisc sliiipc: .1, Triiiisvcrsp ci-ciisc: /{. depression leiidiiig to crease; C, depressidii. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GKOWN IX 1945 45 used. There is a f¡;raclual transition in passino; from one type to another, however, and this third form is best describecl by the term "depression tendinj^ to crease." Tlie three terms applied here (ti

COLOR OF LEMMA, PALEA, AND PERICARP Black, as applied to the lemma, palea, and jiericarp, is the only coloi- by which varieties can be safely classified. All other colors are ti'an- sient and fade at maturity or disappear if the kernels are weathered excessively.

WRINKLING OF THE HULLS According to Harlan (32), the hulls (lemma and palea) of a barley kernel become cemented to the seed about 10 days before it reaches its maximum size. The water content of kernels at their maximum size was shown by Harlan and Pope (27) to be about 42 percent, and the hulls were perfectly smooth in this statte. As the kernel rii)ens. tiiü water content decreases to about 10 to 14 percent, and it is durin

Jl B <0h

FiGUEE 38.—Wrinkling of hulls : A, Slightly wrinkled ; B, semiwrinkled ; C, wiiiikled. 40 TKCll.Ml Al. Uri.l.KTlX 007, U. S. HEPT. OF AGRICULTURE or in tlio hin. Wr'mk]¡ii<: of tlip Inills is closely cnrrolatcd -nith tlioir thickness. If tiic hulls arc thin, they wrinUlc"easily and the kernels appear covered with wrinkles, but if they are thick, very few wrinkles appear. Thin hulls also have linei' wi-inkles than thi'ck ones. The material classified here has been irrouped as wrinkled, as in Hannchen : seniiwrinkled. as in \'au

ADHKIiEIVCE AND THICKNESS OF HULLS Varietal ditlerences exist as to adherence and thickness of hulls. In jieneral. a thick hull adiieres less lirinly than a thin hull. For this I'eason thick-hulled varieties often are less attractive in appearance when tlu-eshed, as the distal end of the kernel tends to fray. Such varieties ai'e held in disfavor l)y the maltster, because in processinii the fi'ayed nature of tlie kernel" is further hitensilied and a raggecí- looiciiig malt is pi-oduced.

RACiiii.i.A n\ins 'I'iic leiigtii (»f jiairs on (he racliilla is higidy correlated witli tlu> lengtii of liaiis on tlie glumes ami the I'achis edges. It is a very useful character for identifying varieties both in the lield ami when threshed. With respect to this character varieties are divided into two groups: Those with long hairs and those with short hairs. The individual hairs in the long-haired group are straight, unbranched, and tend to lie in a parallel pattern; in the short-haired group the individual hairs often are crooked or forked and tend to overlap each other, thus giving a fuzzy- wuzzy or matted api)ear- FiGTjKE 39.—Rnchilla hairs : A. LonR-haired : ance. Figure ;?!) shows the B, sliort-liairwl. two tyi^es of raehilla haii'S.

ABORTIVE KACHILLAS Abortive raehillas of the type shown in ligure 40 aie found in some varieties. No variety has all of its raehillas abortive. When the character is foiuul in a variety there is a teiulency for separate spikes to dill'er uuirkedlv in the number of kernels on which it is shown. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 47

I'sually. however, both normal and abortivo rachilhis are found on tlie same spike and even at the same node. The degree of abortion is stated as a percentage of the total number of kernels examined. The occurrence of abortive rachillas seems ta be limited to certain groups of varieties, and in many cases the abortion can be traced to a particular variety that was used as a parent in breeding. /i

LENGTH OF RACIIILLA V Tlie length of rachilla was deter- \ mined in the same way as the length of kernel, that is, one rachilla was selected for measurement from the central row in the middle part of the spike from each of 10 spikes. ^ Only a limited number of signifi- A B cant differences in length were found. In most varieties the length FiQUEE 40.—Rachilla abortion: A. varied from 3.0 to 4.0 mm. Sig- Abortive ; li, normal. nificantly long rachillas (4.5 muL) were found in Randolph and \'ance and signilicantly short ones (2.8 and 2.2 mm., respectively) in "White Smyrna and Awnless.

COLOR OF CARYOPSIS AND ALEURONE As the color of the caryopsis depends on tlie color of alonrone and pericarp, it is possible to recognize the following groups : lilue, white, and black. The black color is due to a melaninlike substance. The blue color is due to anthocyanin, a common ¡jlant ¡jigment that in barley kernels appears as blue in the aleurone and as red in the pericarp and hull. This difference is due to the chemical reaction of the tissues involved, the aleurone being alkaline and the pericarp and hull acid. The intensity of the blue color varies with variety and environment. It reaches its highest expression when the plants are grown under irrigation in an arid climate. In these areas a sepai-ation of the varieties can be made into the following classes: Dark blue, blue, and light blue. In humid areas the distinction between these shades of blue disappears as the color fades out or is masked by stained hulls resulting from weathering. The lack of blue color under humid conditions may be so complete that separations of it from white cannot be made with certainty,

STAINABILITY AFTER RIPEMNC Observations made during the present study indicate that varieties differ in the stainability of their kernels resulting from weathering 48 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE after ripening. The data available at the present time are not extensive enough to use this character in classification.

KERNEL WEIGHT The kernel weight of a variety has a certain value if the influences of environmental conditions are taken into consideration. The technique developed by Shands (54) was used in obtaining kernel weight. In this technique 400 kernels are used and the weight per kernel is expressed in milligrams on the air-dry basis.

OTHER CHARACTERS The prominence of the lemma nerves depends on the nerve itself and on the number of teeth. The classification of varieties by this character would involve a considerable degree of speculation, as the prominence of the nerves cannot be separated readily from the teeth at the same location. There seem to be no varietal differences in regard to the characteristics of the palea except in wrinkling, which is discussed above. Occasionally differences were noted between varieties in regard to the width of the point of attachment of the kernel. The character is influenced by environment, however, to an extent that precludes its use. The width of the ventral crease varies with certain groups of barleys rather than with varieties within those groups. It is narrow in two-rowed barleys, midwide in six-rowed awned types, and wide in six-rowed hooded types. No significant differences in depth of crease w^ere found. There are no useful differences in the shape of the kernel cheeks. In six-rowed varieties the lateral kernels have a characteristic twist resulting from their position on the spike, but these varieties do not differ significantly among themselves. Length of germs was determined on kernels picked from 10 spikes as described by Äberg and Wiebe.^' It was found that the differences between varieties were too small to be of significance. In varieties with very small kernels, as in Awnless, the germ length differs significantly from other varieties, but in these cases the varieties can be identified satisfactorily by other characters.

MIXED CHARACTERS Among the commercially grown varieties there are several which are not pure for all taxonomic characters. For example, in Alpha some plants have long-haired rachillas, whereas in others they are short-haired ; or, as in the case of California Coast, some plants have blue kernels while others have white. In this bulletin these mixtures are treated as characteristics of the variety. The percentage of each type in the mixture is not fixed and may vary from place to place and year to year. . i i i A The more common mixtures are blue and white kernels ; long- and short-haired rachillas, glumes, or rachis edges; basal leaf sheaths

10 See footnote 5, p. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 49

with and without hairs; and glume-awn lengths that are equal or more than equal to the length of the glume. Some varieties appear to be mixed with respect to other characters as tor example, the distribution of the hairs on the glumes and the type of collar. Such characters are less clear-cut, and distinct types usually cannot be isolated that will breed true. In this bulletin these cases are considered as variations in the expression of a character rather than as mixtures, as discussed above. Characters of this type are often markedly influenced by environment. Mixed characters arise from four principal sources. (1) They may be of long-time standing, the mixtures having been present in the original seed when it was introduced. This is the case with the blue and white kernels of California Coast and the old Manchuria varieties. (2) They may arise in selecting the foundation seed for a new variety, if the seed is not carefully examined to make sure all characters are of one type. (3) They may be found in hybrid varieties as the result of segregations. A variety selected in an early generation may not be homozygous for all characters and is likely to be mixed unless it is reselected in some later generation. (4) A special source of mixed characters is found in threshed grain which has moved m the channels of commerce. Here, mixtures may be the rule rather than the exception. The characters involved in this case are those relating to the kernel and to such parts of the spike as may be present because of inadequate threshing and cleaning.

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES FROM THRESHED GRAIN The identification of varieties from threshed grain is a difficult matter. The writers are confident that a more accurate key can be worked out by subjecting the present one to a practical test and by incorporating improvements gained from the invaluable experiences of those who use it. To this end the suggestions and criticisms of others will be appreciated. The key reported here is not the first of its kind. Harrison (30) published such a key in 1929, and Ludlam and Ovfen (iSa) in 1945 for the Canadian varieties. They recognized the difficult nature of the task and the limitations that are imposed upon the results by using only threshed material. Other unpublished keys and tabu- lations also have been available for study. The key is limited to spring varieties, and only those of commercial importance have been included. Two distinct groups of characters are recognized in the key. The first group includes only kernel characters. These also provide the primary divisions of the key. The second group includes spike characters that may or may not be observable in the threshed grain. The characters of the awn, glume, hood, rachis, and other parts of the spike belong to this group. It is obvious that poorly threshed grain can be identified with more certainty than that in which few or none of the spike characters are present. Detailed descriptions of the individual kernel and spike characters used will be found in the preced- ing sections dealing with these characters. One of the most easily recognized characters of barley kernels is the adherence or nonadherence of the hulls to the caryopsis. For this 672363*»—46—4 50 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE reason the varieties are first grouped into naked and covered types. The next division also is easily made. In this division the varieties are grouped into two-rowed and six-rowed types. Within the six- rowed group the third division is based on kernel length, this character having been chosen in preference to size or width, because it is less influenced by environment. Another reason for selecting length is that it groups the six-rowed varieties into those that belong in the Coast group and those that belong in the Manchuria-0. A. C. 21- Oderbrucker group. Within these groups the varieties are further divided on other kernel characters, as to rachilla hairs, color, and lemma teeth, *as given in the key. Many of the varieties can be keyed out directly. In other cases the key leads to a group number, and in these instances the varieties are so similar in kernel characters that they cannot be separated with certainty. In such cases the varieties are placed in a box headed by the o-roup number. The varieties are listed at the right of the box ond opposite each variety a number of additional characters are given that may be helpful in their identification. In most cases these are spike characters, although kernel characters also may be given. When a kernel character appears in a box it means this character was not used in keying out the group, and in most cases it will be ot minor help only in separating the varieties in a particular box under consideration. On the other hand, when used in conjunction with other characters, it often is quite helpful in establishing the identity o± a variety. The matter of identifying the component varieties in a mixed lot of threshed grain is a special problem. In many cases this will be impossible. If the varieties in such a sample can be separated trom each other on some kernel character, it then is possible to proceed with each in the same manner as for pure varieties. On the otner hand, quite erroneous results may be obtained if the mixed lot is treated as though it were a single variety. Lots of barley obtained in the channels of commerce should be examined very critically tor the presence of mixtures. Too much caution cannot be used witii such samples and with the threshed grain generally,

CLASSIFICATION KEYS The varieties in this bulletin are arranged into five keys. The first two keys embrace all varieties, the first including the winter varieties and the second the spring varieties. The third and fourth are re- o-ional keys and only commercially grown spring varieties are included. The first of these is for the varieties grown in the Middle Western and Eastern States and Provinces, while the second is for the intermountain and Pacific coast areas. The barleys grown in these two areas are rather distinct in type and the construction of a separate key for each is a logical result. Where a variety is grown in both areas it is included in both keys. The last key is for use when identifications are to be made from threshed grain. Since the greater part of the crop is from spring varieties, this key is limited to these varieties, and only those of commercial importance are included. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 51

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF WINTER BARLEY

la. Awn long on lemma, extending beyond tip of spike ^^^*^ 1 to 2 times the length of spike. 2a. Awns rough. 3a. Glume awn equal to length of glume DAVIDSON 71 áb. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume 4a. Rachilla short-haired. 5a. Kernels blue. Numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves. Basal leaf sheaths hairy. Plant early to midseason, midtall. Hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled ; facultative winter type BRIER 'JA Hulls slightly wrinkled to semi- ^'* wrinkled ; winter type WISCONSIN WINTER 65

Plant early to midseason, midtall to tall KES?üCKY 2^''''^'''' ^ Plant midseason, short to midtall POLAND ' 74 OHIO 1 . *. *. '. ". '. *. '. *. '. '. *. *. '. ". ; ec Plant midseason, midtalL ^ OODWIN 66 Collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved WARD PT Collars ciosed, occasionally open or ' V-shaped ; basal rachis internode Basal leaf^^' sheaths■^'*^^ without hairs. SCOTTISH PEARL 67 Awns and glume awns green (yellow at maturity) ; auricles rarely purple- streaked KFNTHCK-V Awns and glume awns purpi^ ;* auricles 67 frequently purple-streaked. Collars closed or open; lemma with depression at base TENKOW Collars closed, open, or V-shaped; lemma with depression at base tending to crease NEW MEXICO WINTPR 1 7^ Several to numerous teeth on lateral and i^^^ico VMNTER 1. . 75 marginal lemma nerves CASCADE 7^ Several to numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, several on marginal nerves WINTEX 7Ö„ FiNLEY .....!.....!!!! 76 c, , ^ FERGUSON * 7« Several to numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves TENNESSEE WINTER (C I 6034)11 V • • 5b. Kernels blue or white. TENNESSEE 'WINT¿¿ '52.'.' 68 5c. Kernels white. Plant very early ; kernels midlong to long. .. RANDOLPH 7« Plant midseason to late ; kernels long BULGARIAN '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 78 FAYETTP fin 4b. Rachilla short- or long-haired. ' * 5a; Kernels blue. Basal leaf sheaths hairy. Plant midtall SANTIAM SO Plant midtall to tall PURDUE 2Í' '.'.*.'.'.*. 71 Basal leaf sheaths occasionally without hairs RENO 71 5b. Kernels blue or white TENNESSEE WINTER (typ¿ 4c. Rachilla long-haired. variety) 64 nt î^-^^ i^"" ^ OLYMPIA 81 5b. Spike dense WINTER CLUB 81 2b. Awns smooth. °^ 3a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. 4a. Rachilla short- or long-haired; basal leaf 4K T> J^^^^^^ í^í''^. -v. SMOOTH AWN 86 81 4b. Rachilla long-haired; basal leaf sheaths without hairs SMOOTH AWN 3b. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume 83 or sometimes equal NASSAU «3 3c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. 4a. Rachilla short-haired. 5a. Kernels blue. Plants short to midtall; glume awns semismooth TEXAN «J. Plant midtall to tall ; glume awns rough. '. '. '. JA¿KSON Ï ':.*.' .'i 1 «4 5b. Kernels white jACK^nN ot IK A ^^' i^achilla short- or long-haired .' ].' MARW la lb. Awn short on lemma, extending beyond tip of spik¿ '"^^^^^^^^^ 86 about half the length of spike ESAW 88

11 C. I. refers to accession number of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. 52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page Ic Awn short on lemma of central rows, extending beyond tip of spike about half the length of spike, awn on lemma of lateral rows U to ó cm long WONG °° Id Awn short on lemma of central rows, rarely extending beyond tip of spike, lemmas in lateral rows awnleted or awnless. 2a. Spike dense ; hairs on lemma nerves. 3a. Plant very early, short to midtall ; hulls semi- ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ _ ^^ wrinkled to 'wrinkled NAKANO WASE 3b. PlantIt early, midtall;midtall ; hulls slightly wrinkled to 90 semiwrinkled ,,. .., ,.,... • • ;••••• •••••;ö ?YUN™Uihüi^fx. ^ 2b. Spike lax to dense ; without hairs on lemma nerves CALHOUN le. Awnless lemma. .^ , , . AWNTP'ÎCí 92 2a. Spike dense, truncate pyramidal, short M^RFTT Aw¿L¿¿¿ 1 .... 94 2b. Spike lax, parallel, midlong to long MARETT AWNLESS X If. Hood on lemma. , ., ^ , HnaA 94 2a. Glume awn equal to length of glume...... ÛGA 2b. Glume awn more than equal to length oí glume. ^ CAROLINA HOODED 3a. Kernels blue or white 2Q . /f i^ ívf...... 97 3b. Kernels white. 4a. Hoods sessile or elevated. ^««„ci^ôn^r 5a. Plant early^^^êonars^^closed, occasionally ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ , ,, 5b. Plant early to midseason ; collars closed,

4b. Hoods elevated. , , • i 5a Numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped. . ,, -, 4. Plant .early hulls slightly wrinkled to ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^_ wrinkled LESS 99 Plant early to midseason; hulls slightly ^^02 wrinkled to semiwrinkled. .•••.•• • • • m^l^tt^^^;' BEARDLESS 5 102 Plant midseason to late ; hulls semiwrinkled TENNESSEE üEARDLESS 5b. Several to numerous teeth on lateral ana marginal lemma nerves; collars v- 102 shaped, closed, or open WOODED XO 5c. Several to numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, several on marginal nerves ; collars closed, occasionally open, or ^^. V-shaped IREDELL

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF SPRING BARLEY

la. Spike six-rowed. 2a. Kernels naked. TTTTVTATAVA 108 3a. Awn long on lemma MÍ^.T .* . 108 3b. Hood on lemma i\EfAL 2b. Kernels covered. 3a Awn long on lemma extending beyond tip ot spike 1 to 3 times the length of spike. 4a. Awns rough. , ^ -, 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. '"Basal ?èaf" Sheaths hairy WINTBH TENNESSEE .... 108 Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Spike erect to inclined. Plant very early; spike short; collars closed ATSEL Plant very early to early; fpike short to midlong ; collars closed STEWART ^^^ Plant early ; spike short to midlong ; collars closed ATLAS ^^^ Plant early to midseason ; spike short to midlong ; collars closea, occasionally open, or V-shaped C. I. 7008 Spike slightly nodding. Collars closed. Auricles white; basal leaf sheaths green; tip of awns green Xyellow at maturity); plant midseasonTTiidsPinsnn . » COAST Auricles rarely purple-streaked ; basal leaf sheaths green or faintly purple; tip of awns ^S^&s^'.\''^^'."^^-^^-o.o. 112 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 53 la. Spike six-rowed—Continued. ^^^^ 2b. Kernels covered—Continued. 3a. Awn long on lemma extending beyond tip of spike 1 to 3 times the length of spike—Con. 4a. Awns rough—Continued. 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume—Con. Rachilla short-haired—Continued. Kernels blue—Continued. Basal leaf sheaths without hairs—Con. Spike slightly nodding—Continued. Collars closed—Continued. Auricles frequently purple-streaked ; basal leaf sheaths green or purple; tip of awns faintly purple ; plant midseason RUFFLYN .. 112 Collars closed, occasionally open, or V-shaped BLUE 113 Kernels blue or white. Basal leaf sheaths hairy CALIFORNIA COAST 113 Basal leaf sheaths with or without hairs COMMON SIX-ROW 113 Kernels white. Spike truncate pyramidal CLUB MARIOUT 115 Spike parallel. Hulls wrinkled C I 7147 115 Hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinked. ' ' Plant short; spike dense; half of kernels with abortive rachillas. . C. I. 7153 II7 Plant short ; spike lax to dense ; no kernels with abortive rachillas. . TUNIS II7 Plant short to midtall ; spike lax ; „ ^ no kernels with abortive rachillas MINIA 118 Rachilla long-haired CALIFORNIA MARIOUT * .* .* .* 118 5b. Glume awn 3, 2, or 1 times the length of glume FRANKLIN MALT 120 5c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. Kernels blue. Basal leaf sheaths hairy BELDI GIANT ... 120 Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Plant very early ; several teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few on marginal nerves OLLI 121 Plant midseason ; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves. Kernels long TREBI 121 Kernels midlong MANCHURIA (C. I. 2947) 105 O. A. C. 21 : 107 T^ , ,, , .^ MENSURY 107 Kernels blue or white. Plant midtall ; several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves ODESSA 124 Plant midtall to tall ; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves MANCHURIA (C. I. 2330) 107 Kernels white. Spike dense, erect to inclined. MINSTURDI 124 Spike lax, nodding. Plant early to midseason, midtall ; kernels midlong KINDRED 124 Plant midseason, midtall to tall ; kernels midlong to long MANCHURIA (C. I. 7151) 107 Plant midseason to late, tall ; kernels midlong ODERBRUCKER 126 Plant late, midtall to tall ; kernels midlong to long CHEVRON 126 Plant late, midtall to tall ; kernels midlong PEATLAND 129 Rachilla short- or long-haired. Numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves MANCHURIA (type variety) 104 ^ PONTIAC 107 Few to numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, none to several on marginal nerves GARTONS 131 Rachilla long-haired. Kernels black DORSETT 131 Kernels white SCARAB . ! ! .* '/,'.'.'.'. '. '. '. '. [ 13I 4b. Awns semlsmooth. 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Plant early, short ; few to several teeth on lateral lemma nerves, none to few on marginal nerves FLYNN 1 I30 Plant early, short to midtall ; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves. . FLYNN I39 54 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page la. Spike six-rowed—Continued. 2b. Kernels covered—Continued. ^ . - '"a. Awn long on lemma extending beyond tip or spike 1 to 3 times the length of spike—Con. 4b. Awns semismooth—Continued. 5b. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. Glume awn 1 to 11/2 times the length of glume. Plant early, short. . ^ ^_ . Early growth semiprostrate to prostrate VAUGHN 1ö4 Early growth erect to semiprostrate.... BEECHER lo4 Early growth erect ARIVAT 136 Plant early, short to midtall GLACIER 13b Glume awn twice the length of glume BYNG 138 4c. Awns smooth. ^ ^ 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. , . Basal leaf sheaths without hairs ; hairs on glumes confined to bands sometimes covering the glumes Lico 1^0 Basal leaf sheaths withouî hairs ; no hairs on glumes or hairs restricted to midlme or confined to bands BARBOFF 140 Rachilla long-haired. ^ ^ .„ Kernels black LION 14U Kernels white. Basal leaf sheaths hairy ROJO 14^ Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Spike dense, erect to inclined HERO 14J Spike lax, nodding. Plant early, short FLYNN 37 144 Plant early, midtall DRYLAND 144 Plant midseason, midtall to tall.... GALORE 144 Plant late, midtall to tall PLUSH 145 Spike very lax, nodding, occasionally tweaked (fig. 32) WISCONSIN BARBLESS . . 145 5b. Glume awn more than equal or equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. Hairs on glumes restricted to midline or confined to bands VELVON 148 Hairs on glumes restricted to midline or absent VELVON 11 148 Rachilla long-haired' '. *. PROSPECT 150 5c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. .^^ „ Plant early to midseason, short to midtall ; glume awns smooth EZOND loO Plant midseason, short to midtall; glume awns rough TREGAL 153 Plant late, tall ; glume awns rough NOBARB loj Rachilla long-haired. Kernels blue MONTCALM 155 Kernels blue or white GLABRON 155 Kernels white. Collars closed ; hairs on glumes restricted to midline, confined to bands or absent MARS 157 Collars closed or open ; hairs on glumes confined to wide bands or covering the glumes SHORT COMFORT 157 Collars closed or open; no hairs on glumes or few hairs restricted to midline TITAN 159 Collars closed, V-shaped, or occasionally open ; hairs covering the glumes or sometimes confined to bands BAY loy Collars closed, V-shaped, or open; no hairs on glumes or few hairs restricted to midline REGAL loy Collars closed or modified closed (fig. 19), occasionally V-shaped or open; hairs on glumes confined to wide bands. . NEWAL i^u Collars V-shaped, sometimes closed or open ; hairs on glumes restricted to midline, confined to narrow bands or occasionally absent VELVET ibu 3b. Hood on lemma. 4a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. 5a. Basal leaf sheaths hairy. Plant midseason ; hoods elevated BELFORD lo3 Plant midseason to late; hoods sessile or elevated UNION BEARDLESS lo3 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 55

la. Spike six-rowed—Continued. ^^S® 2b. Kernels covered—Continued. 3b. Hood on lemma—Continued. 4a. Glume awn equal to length of glume—Con. 5b. Basal leaf sheaths without hairs Plant very early, midtall to tall ; hoods sessile or occasionally slightly elevated SIXTY DAY IRR Plant early to midseason, midtall : hoods ^^^ sessile or slightly elevated TorsF^^ ^^n Plant midseason, midtall to tall ; ho¿d¿ ' ¿je'>°^^^^s 166 ^^^^^ HORSFORD 166 4b. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume ^^^^^ ^ 168 (sometimes the glume awn is replaced ... ^ ., with a small hood) : WARRIOR -I^O lb. Spike two-rowed. WARRIOR 168 2a. Awns rough. 3a. Rachilla short-haired. 4a. No teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves HORN 4b. Few to several teeth on lateral and marginal ^^^ 3b. Rachilla^lSng^- ¿Í?X^rt-hair¿d ;;::;:: CHARLOTTETOWN 80 ... . 170 3c. Rachilla long-haired. ALPHA 172 4a. Plant midseason to late, midtall ; no teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves ^rpp,^^,^!!., 4b. Plant late, midtall to tall ; no or few 'teeth'¿¿ ^^^^^^^M 170 lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves TJxKT^nxrj^^^j 4c. Plant late, midtall to tall ; few te¿th on literal "^^^""^^^^^ 172 HANNA -IT^ 2b. Awns semismooth.lemma nerves, several on marginal nerves J^íAJ.>í^A I74 3a. Numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few or OK AT ^^^^Xei'al on marginal nerves MüNSING íT. 3b. No teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few on mar- ^^'"^^^"^^ • • • • • 174 ginal nerves COMP\N4 IT^ " 3c. No or few teeth on lateral and marginal* lemma ' ^^^ nerves. 4a. Hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled ; rachilla long (4.7 mm.) VANCE -I^K. 4b. Hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled '; ° ° 2c. Awns smooth!""' '''"'' <'' """> ^^'"'™ «»"«^'^ 177 3a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. 4a. Snike dense SANäTTA ..„„ 4b. Spike lax !.. ! ! ! ! ! ! !.:::::;" ' ^VIUHN }r b. Glume awn more than pnnni +r. iûr.o-+v. «¿ r,i\,'^'^ üJ,. 179 3b. Glume awn more than equal'to length'of'glume REX 179

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF SPRING BARLEY GROWN IN MIDDLE WESTERN AND EASTERN STATES AND PROVINCES la. Spike six-rowed. 2a. Awn long on lemma. 3a. Awns rough. 4a. Glume awn 3, 2, or 1 times the length of glume FRANKLIN MALT 190 4b. Glume awn more than equal to length of "^^^ glume. 5a. Rachilla short-haired. Kernels blue. Plant very early; several teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few on marginal nerves OLLI 10-1 Plant midseason ; numerous teeth on lateral ' ' ^'^^ and marginal lemma nerves. Kernels long TRFRT Kernels midlong ^^T^J^'Í^' '«'C-' ï- '¿MT) lU O. A. C. 21 107 -- , , , MENSURY . , . . 107 Kernels blue or white. ^^ ' Plant midtall ; several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves ODESSA -loi Plant midtall to tall ; numerous teeth on * Kernel^wWte.''"'^ marginal lemma nerves... MANCHURIA (C. I. 2330) 107 Spike dense, erect to inclined MINSTURDI I 91 Spike lax, nodding. 1-4 Plant early to midseason, midtall ; kernels midlong KINDRED -, o. Plant midseason, midtall to tall ; kernels ^2* midlong to long MANCHURIA (C. I 7151) 107 Plant midseason to late, tall; kernels ' -^^' n^iiilong ODERBRUCKER 126 56 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page la. Spike six-rowed—Continued. , 2a. Awn long on lemma—Continued. 3a. Awns rough—Continued. ^v, ^ i „ 4b. Glume awn more than equal to length ot glume —Continued. 5a. Rachilla short-haired—Continued. Kernels white—Continued. Spike lax, nodding—Continued. „ , . Plant late, midtall to tall; î^^^^^^« p^,^..^.p . 129 midlong ^ tÂiuAiû 5b. Rachilla short- or long-haired. . ^"■"feTâ ^¿liês»':. !T:^.. f "'. • ^"^^^ M.NCH..,. (t.pe ^^^ PONTIAC 107 Few to numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, none to several on marginal ^^^ nerves BYNG . '. *. '. '. '. *. *. *• '. *. * ' *• ' 138 3b. Awns semismooth x^n^v^ 3c. Awns smooth. , ^ , ^, -. „.„^^ 4a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. TÂRROFP 140 5a. Rachilla short-haired BARBOFP 5b. Rachilla long-haired. Spike lax, nodding -DRYLAND 144 Plant early, midtall... •••••:•• r A7ORE 144 Plant midseason, midtall to tall ^t^^Xf 145 Plant late, midtall to tall. .... ••••;• • • • • • I'LUSH Spilœ very ^lax, nodding, occasionan^ BARBLESS .. 145 4b. Glume Iwn more' thkn ¿qu¿í *or'¿qual to length 150 of glume ji'ROSFiiiLJ 4c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. 5a. Rachilla short-haired. ^ ^ ^ .^^.„n . Plant early to midseason, short to midtall, ^^^ glume awns smooth ,. . • • • ....••. -I^^ÔND Plant midseason, short to midtall; glume ^^3 awns rough • TVORVRR '.".'.'.'.'. 153 Plant late, tall ; glume awns rough NOBARB Ob. Rachilla long-haired. MONTCALM 1^^^ Kernels blue Pr ^BRON 155 Kernels blue or white GLABRON Kernels white. , . . ,^, Collars closed; hairs on glumes restricted to midline, confined to bands, or ^^^ absent : ^^^^ Collars closed or open; hairs on glumes îhf gTumef . ^.'!^^ .^^"î"^' . !"'. .'.''.'^.^'•'¡'^ SHORT COMFORT 157 Collars closed or'open ;'ño ¿airs on glumes I59 or few hairs restricted to midlme. . -LHA.^ Collars closed, V-shaped or occasionally open; hairs covering the glumes or .159 sometimes confined to bands ...... • ^^^ Collars closed, V-shaped or open ; no hairs on glumes or hairs restricted to mid- ^^^^^ 159 Collars closed or'modified closed (fig. 19), occasionally V-shaped or open ; hairs ^gO on glumes confined to wide bands NEWAL Collars V-shaped, sometimes closed or open ; hairs on glumes restricted to midline, confined to narrow bands or 160 occasionally absent SIXTY DAY* ' '. 166 2b. Hood on lemma lb. Spike two-rowed. 2a. Awns rough. ^^ . , CH\RLOTTETOWN 80 170 3a. Rachilla short-haired VTVWA 172 3b. Rachilla long- or short-haired u.i.rÂ 3c. Rachilla long-haired. 4a. Plant midseason to late, midtall ; no teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on 172 marginal nerves V ' • \" l{. bTEiGUM 4b. Plant late, midtall to tall; no or few teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several ^n ^^2 marginal nerves HANNCMHÎN 2b. Awns smooth. 3a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. CJ.XT.TO^í 177 4a. Spike dense *. !'. ! ! ! ! ! *. !'. !'.'. *. !'. ! *. 11 SPA^ÍIN Ü l.*'.i 1 ! Ï. *.*.'. ! 179 3b^^Glume\wn^morê than êqûki 'to length of glume. REX 179 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 57

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF SPRING BARLEY GROWN IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN AREA AND ON THE PACIFIC COAST la. Spike six-rowed. ^^^® 2a. Kernels naked. 3a. Awn long on lemma HIMALAYA 108 3b. Hood on lemma NEPAL 108 2b. Kernels covered. 3a. Awn long on lemma, extending beyond tip of spike 1 to 3 times length of spike. 4a. Awns rough. 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Bachilla short-haired. Kernels blue. Basal leaf sheaths hairy WINTER TENNESSEE 108 Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Spike erect to Inclined. Plant very early to early ; spike short to midlong*^; collars closed. STEWART 109 Plant early ; spike short to midlong ; collars closed ATLAS 110 Plant early to midseason ; spike short to midlong; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped. C. I. 7008 110 Spike slightly nodding. Collars closed. Auricles white ; basal leaf sheaths green ; tip of awns green (yellow at maturity) ; plant midseason COAST 110 Auricles rarely purple-streaked ; basal leaf sheaths green or faintly purple ; tip of awns faintly purple; plant early to midseason STAVROPOL 112 Auricles frequently purple-streaked ; basal leaf sheaths green or purple ; tip of awns purple ; plant midseason RUFFLYN 112 Collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped BLUE 113 Kernels blue or white. Basal leaf sheaths hairy CALIFORNIA COAST 113 Basal leaf sheaths with or without hairs COMMON SIX-ROW 113 Kernels white. Spike truncate pyramidal CLUB MARIOUT 115 Spike parallel. Hulls wrinkled C. I. 7147 115 Hulls slightly wrinked to semiwrinkled. Spike dense; half of kernels with abortive rachillas C. I. 7153 117 Spike lax to dense ; no kernels with abortive rachillas TUNIS 117 Rachilla long-haired CALIFORNIA MARIOUT .. . 118 5b. Glume awn 3, 2, or 1 times length of glume. FRANKLIN MALT 120 5c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. Kernels blue. Basal leaf sheaths hairy BELDI GIANT 120 Basal leaf sheaths without hairs TREBI 121 Kernels blue or white ODESSA 124 Rachilla long-haired SCARAB , 131 4b. Awn semismooth. 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Plant early, short ; few to several teeth on lateral lemma nerves, none or few on marginal nerves FLYNN 1 132 Plant early, short to midtall ; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves. . FLYNN 132 5b. Glilume awn more than equal to (1 to 1^2 fîmes) length of glume. Plant early, short. Early growth semiprostrate to prostrate. . VAUGHN 134 Early growth erect to semiprostrate BEECHER 134 Early growth erect ARIVAT 136 Plant early, short to midtall ,,.,,, GLACIER 136 58 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Page la. Spike six-roweá—Continued. 2b. Kernels covered—Continued. ... 3a. Awn long on lemma, extending beyond tip of spike 1 to 3 times length of spike—Con. 4c. Awns smooth. 5a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. Rachilla short-haired. Basal leaf sheaths without hairs ; hairs on glumes confined to bands sometimes covering the glumes Lico 138 Rachilla long-haired. Basal leaf sheaths hairy ROJO l'±2 Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Spike dense, erect to inclined HERO 142 Spike lax, nodding FLYNN 37 144 5b. Glume awn more than equal or equal to length of glume. Hairs on glumes restricted to midline or confined to bands VELVON 148 Hairs on glumes restricted to midline or absent VELVON 11 148 5c. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume EzoND 150 3b. Hood on lemma. 4a. Glume awn equal to length'of glume. 5a. Basal leaf sheaths hairy. Plant midseason ; hoods elevated BELPORD 163 Plant midseason to late ; hoods sessile or elevated UNION BEARDLESS 163 5b. Basal leaf sheaths without hairs. Plant very early, midtall to tall ; hoods sessile or occasionally slightly elevated. .. . SIXTY DAY 166 Plant early to midseason, midtall ; hoods sessile or slightly elevated COLSESS 166 Plant midseason, midtall to tall ; hoods elevated HORSFORD 166 MELOY 3 168 4b. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume (sometimes the awn is replaced with a small hood) . '. WXVRRIOR 168 lb. Spike two-rowed. 2a. Awns rough. 3a. Rachilla short-haired HORN 170 3b. Rachilla long-haired. 4a. Plant midseason to late, midtall ; no teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves STEIGUM 172 4b. Plant late, midtall to tall ; no or few teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves HANNCHEN 172 4c. Plant late, midtall to tall ; few teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few to several on marginal nerves HANNA 174 2b. Awns semismooth. 3a. Numerous teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few or several on marginal nerves MUNSING 174 3b. No teeth on lateral lemma nerves, few on marginal nerves COMPANA 175 3c. No or few teeth on lateral and marginal lemma nerves. 4a. Hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled ; rachilla long (4.7 mm.) VANCE 175 4b. Hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled ; rachilla short (2.7 mm.) WHITE SMYRNA 177 2c. Awns smooth. 3a. Glume awn equal to length of glume. 4a. Spike dense SANALTA 177 4b. Spike lax . . SPARTAN 179 3b. Glume awn more than equal to length of glume. REX 179 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLLY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 59

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M o a s CM O a^ Wo)i 'u 1^ ^ < .E? CDa 02 . .02 ai Oí o > > g u ti ^ . . . a m ;H cu Cù fi CD >■ A ;H fcJDtt) fi ^ O sa a fi aS â 'S H >» S o u o; O) >■ © fi >■ >■ ^ o c; 4J oj o .5 (J) Oí «5 fl Ô cö-öna ft O O «^ ^ 'S ^ SJ3 w O) Ä ;-i <^ ;^ a «g ti. P c ^ . . fi S O . .£ 0 %'% Ü fi ^ Sa o +J fi CÖ . ^ fi O a.^ 8 "S) 'ô; ÍS -g Â t ^? í í a d ûP .2"ä S IB H i 1^0.So ^ fi^ o ^ Ö r3fi 5 ^ iíi^ í^ ä ^ " fite tf'¡3 5 Ö fi ctí ci o fi '^ O a.s:j r^ 3 F'bi CU a l5 ctí a 0) rj Oá -3 ---a O) a y. ® Ors O ü-O'O ctí S^fiS H fi^^S 4-> Oj o |H ií gëS3^^75a;a;a^ô-.- bc O—' ^ fi *-! 03 --30) Orí -0fi î? Ö 5r^ «Í o oj-^L^ a 0) P 0) fi o a a %^ ^ % I«! Cj .0 es d ta ß O) fi oi S3 a .•W, COCO a ^ gfi o o 'O© Q Q © 1 60 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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m fi Occasionally Purple None Sometimes faintly to twice. one-half length in relation to Glume awn do ...... do ...... do.... One and Twice . Twice Equal .... glume length c Ä^ 0 ""■' tß none. few. ...do... Many or ...do... Hairy.. ...do... None .. Few or

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ing to crease. 50-Û.Î do do do do Transverse crease Depression tend- Depression

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CCI Do Do Do eral and marginal. ginal. marginal. eral, none on few on marginal. Xi lateral, none to lateral and mar- None to few on lat- Varying number on Few to several on Numerous on lat- CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 61

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DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES The description, history, distribution, and synonymy of each variety in this bulletin are given below. The varieties are placed in two large groups, the first being for winter varieties and the second for spring varieties, and these groups embrace the same varieties included in the first two keys given above. The varieties in each group are arranged in the same order as they appear in the keys except for the 12 varieties that follow Tennessee Winter (type variety) and for the 6 varieties which follow Manchuria (type variety). In these two instances the varieties are quite similar in appearance to each other and to the type variety and it seemed best to group them together, at the beginning of each group. The description, history, distribution, and synonymy of each variety have been checked by interested individuals in the United States and in Canada. Insofar as was possible, the data for each variety were reviewed by the persons or institutions having a part in its production. The more important varieties are illustrated in figures 41 to 93. Two views of the spikes are shown for six-rowed varieties and one view for two-rowed varieties. The kernels are illustrated in dorsal and ventral views. In the six-rowed varieties one central and one lateral kernel is shown in each view.

WINTER VARIETIES TENNESSEE WINTER (Type Variety) Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned winter or composite winter barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to late, short to taU ; basal leaf sheaths hairy or without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles white to frequently purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 18 cm.; collars closed, sometimes open or V-shaped; basal rachis internode straight or curved; 2.5 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, with short- or long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy or waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple or purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple or purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short or long hairs; rachilla short- or long-haired; lemma yellow, sometimes faintly purple or purple, numerous or several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves and numerous or few to several teeth on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue or white, midlong to long, weight 31 to 42 mg. ; huHs slightly wrinkled to semiwrmkled. Tennessee Winter (type variety) embraces the most winter-hardy varieties known and for this reason isolated fields are frequently found in areas outside the principal winter barley region. The straw is moderately stiff, and differences in disease reaction are found. The seeds of some strains tend to have postharvest dormancy. , , * . -n. History.—^o exact history js available of winter barley in America. Derr (Í7) states the early colonists of Virginia and the Carolinas grew winter barley quite extensively, but no effort was made to improve it until about 1900, when the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station began breeding it and gave it the name Tennessee Winter. The variety was widely distributed and the name Tennessee Winter often has been used in a broad way to include other strains or types that are similar in appearance and growth habit. Prior to 1900 Tennessee Winter, or a variety similar to it, was grown in many isolated locali- CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1^45 65

ties from the Atlantic coast as far westward as the Mississippi River. During this period, State names commonly were attached to the variety being grown as, for example, Wisconsin Winter, Michigan Winter, Maryland Winter, Texas Winter. It is not known how many introductions of winter barley were made in the early history of this crop. There is evidence, however, that much of the barley of that period was a mixture of an indefinite number of strains, a condition that even today is found occasionally. In these mixed fields natural selection played its role, shaping the type to suit a particular set of conditions. In this way the winter-hardy strains of Kansas probably were evolved, and similarly, the semiwinter less hardy types of the Atlantic seaboard. The early improvement work with Tennesse Winter dealt largely with selecting types from it that were better suited to local conditions. In this work also natural selection played a leading role, as often the surviving plants from a severe winter were saved and tested for their usefulness. In many instances the types saved were morphologically identical with the parent variety, but, in addition, had some physiological or other advantage that made them useful for a particular section. Where such differences are known, they are indicated In the descriptions that follow ; otherwise it must be admitted that the varieties are very diíRcult to separate on morphological characters. The foreign origin of Tennessee Winter is thought to be in the Balkans- Caucasus region or in Chosen in eastern Asia. Certain barleys obtained from these areas are similar to the Tennessee Winter type grown in this country. These Old World areas lie near the 40° parallel, which also is about the northern limit of winter barley in the United States where a continental climate prevails. Distribution,—Tennessee Winter and its selections are grown throughout the main winter barley region and in isolated localities where the crop is cultivated.

WISCONSIN WINTER Description.—Wisconsin Winter is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety, except for these characters : Winter barley ; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 14 cm. ; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2.5 to 4 mm. long; rachis with short-haired edges ; spike slightly waxy ; awn tips sometimes faintly •purple; glume awn tips sometimes faintly purple; glumes covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral or marginal nerves ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 32 to 36 mg. Wisconsin Winter is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—y^isconsin Winter (C. I. 2L59) w^as obtained in 1905 by the United States Department of Agriculture from two sources in Texas, namely, B. G. McKle, at Bruceville, and C. D. Huges, at Sherman. Huges originally got his seed from La Crosse, Wis., in 1898, as Wisconsin Winter. The variety described here came from a selection made from this variety by J. W. Taylor at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va. This selection was released in 1922. Distribution.—There is no exact information on the distribution of this variety. Scattered fields of it no doubt are grown in the winter barley area where hardiness is a requirement.

MICHIGAN WINTER Description.—Michigan Winter is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters : Composite winter barley ; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple; auricles frequently purple-streaked; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 12 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long ; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips purple; glume awn tips purple ; glumes covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 35 to 39 mg. 672363°—46—5 66 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Michigan Winter is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. History.—Michigan Winter (C. I. 2036), according to Harlan and Martini (24)y originated as a plant selection from the Derr Winter variety. The selection was made by F. A. Spragg, of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. The Derr Winter was probably a Tennessee Winter type variety. The Michigan station distributed this variety in 1914. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and to a limited degree in Indiana and Michigan,

KENTUCKY 2 Description.—Kentucky 2 is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters: Winter barley; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 1 to 12 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips purple; glume awn tips purple; glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels blue, weight 35 to 40 mg. Kentucky 2 is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States. It has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Kentucky 2 (O. I. 6148) was produced at the Kentucky Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Lexington, by E. J. Kinney. It originated as a head selection from a plot of winter barley grown on the Kentucky station in 1924. Seed for the plot was obtained from the C. S. Brent Seed Co., of Lexington, Ky., in the fall of 1923. The source of the seed is unknown, but it is thought to have been of local origin. A number of selections were made from this plot and tested several years for hardiness and other characters. One of these selections proved to be quite early and winter-hardy. It was named Kentucky 2 and seed was increased in 1931 and released to farmers in 1935. Distribution,—Grown to a limited extent in Kentucky and Missouri.

OHIO 1 Description.—Ohio 1 is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters : Composite winter barley ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis • internode 2.5 to 4 mm. long ; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips green (yellow at maturity) ; glume awn tips green (yellow at maturity) ; glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves; kernels blue, weight 33 to 38 mg. Ohio 1 is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States. It has a moderately stiff' straw. HUtory.—Ohio 1 (C. I. 7072) was originated by the Ohio Agricultural Ex- periment Station at Columbus. In 1931 this station made a number of selections from a locally grown barley in the Miami Valley, and these were tested for a number of years until the number of lines was reduced to 3. These 3 lines were bulked and form the basis of Ohio 1. It w^as released to farmers in 1941. Distribution,—Grown in Ohio where the variety was released recently.

WOODWIN Description.—Woodwin is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters : Composite winter barley ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped; basal rachis internode straight. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 gj

sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. lon^?; rachis with short-haired edges* spike slightly waxy; awn tips green (yellow at maturity) ; glume awn, tips green (yellow at maturity) ; glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired- lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels blue' midlong, weight 33 to 36 mg. Woodwin is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a moderatelv stiff straw. - "^ fflsiori/.—pe history of Woodwin (C. I. 7033) is uncertain. It originated at the United States Great Plains Field Station at Woodward Okla where it was first grown under the name Manchuria. This was shown to be'an error hence the variety was named Woodwin. It was distributed to farmers in 1942' Distribution.—Grown on a small acreage in northwestern Oklahoma where the variety was released recently.

WARD Description.—Ward is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above ex- ^t^^ for these characters: Winter barley; plant midseason, midtall ; basal'leaf sheaths hairy, green; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes* green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. : collars closed; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips sometimes faintlv purple- glume awn tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes covered with short hairs ; rachilla short- haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves- kernels blue, midlong, weight 32 to 36 mg. Ward is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States It has a moderately stiff straw. ffisiori/—Ward (C. I. 6007) was obtained in 1931 by Edmund Stephens, of the United States Department of Agriculture, from the C. A. Hyatter farm at Quinlan, Okla. It is a local barley that had been grown in northwestern Okla- homa for many years It was tested at the United States Southern Great Plains Field Station at Woodward, Okla., by Edmund Stephens and later by V. C. Hubbard, who named and released it in 1936. Distribution,—Grown in western Oklahoma, the Panhandle of Texas and of Oklahoma, and in southwestern Kansas. Synonym.—Woodward Barley.

SCOTTISH PEARL Description.—^comm Pearl is similar to Tennessee AVinter type variety above except for these characters: Composite winter barley; plant midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; stems yellow at maturity - exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 1 to 15 cm'- collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved '2 5 to 4 ram. long; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips sometimes purple; glume awn tips sometimes purple; glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels blue, weight 33 to 36 mg. Scottish Pearl is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw History.—The history of Scottish Pearl (C. I. 277) is not clear It was first reported in tests by Stanton (58) when he grew it at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn Va., in 1913. It is a Tennessee Winter type, and its early history probably parallels that of this variety. DistriMtion.—Grown to a limited extent in West Virginia.

KENTUCKY 1 Description.—Kentucky 1 is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above except for these characters : W^inter barley ; plant midseason to late, midtall ' basal leaf sheaths without hairs, greeny upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity auricles rarely purple-streaked; stems yellow at maturity; exposed node¿ green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis with short-haired 68 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips green (yellow at maturity) ; glume awn tips green (yellow at maturity); glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 31 to 37 mg. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 41. Kentucky 1 is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States. It has a moderately stiff straw and is resistant to stripe and moderately so to mildew. History.—Kentucky 1 (C. I. 6050) was produced at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky., by E. J. Kinney. It originated as one of 500 head selections made in 1922 from local fields of winter barley of the Tennessee Winter type in Kentucky. These selections were tested for several years and the best one was named Kentucky 1. Seed of this strain was increased in 1931 and released to farmers in 1935. Distribution.—Grown extensively in the Ohio River Valley including the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Ten- nessee. There also is a smaller acreage on the Atlantic coast in Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland.

TENNESSEE WINTER (C. I. 6034) Description.—Tennessee Winter (C. I. 6034) is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety, except for these characters : Facultative winter barley ; plant midseason to late, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, faintly purple or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked; exposed nodes purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; rachis with short-haired edges ; spike waxy ; awn tips purple ; glume awn tips purple ; glumes covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, few to several on marginal nerves; kernels blue, weight 38 to 42 mg. Tennessee Winter (C. I. 6034) is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has moderately stiff straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—The history of Tennessee Winter (0. I. 6034) is not well known. It is one of the adapted forms of the Tennessee W^inter type of barley that has been grown on the Atlantic coast for a long time. The Virginia Seed Service has been instrumental in distributing seed for this variety. Distribution.—Grown on the Atlantic seaboard from Pennsylvania and New Jersey southward. TENNESSEE WINTER 52 Description.—Tennessee Winter 52 is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters : Composite winter barley ; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity; auricles white; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis with short-haired edges; spike slightly waxy; awn tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves ; kernels midlong, weight 32 to 37 mg. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 42. Tennessee Winter 52 is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. It is one of the most prolific stooling varieties in the Tennessee Winter group. It is quite susceptible to smut, stripe, and mildew. History.—Tennessee Winter 52 (C. I. 3543) originated as a plant selection from a field of winter barley near Knoxville, Tenn., made by H. V. Harlan of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1918. The selection was first tested at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va., and later at other experimental stations including the Tennessee station at Knoxville. At this latter station C. A. Mooers found the selection to be superior in stooling capacity and in yield. The Ten- nessee station released the variety in 1923. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Tennessee and to a limited extent in adjacent States. CLASSII'ICATION OF liAlU-KV VAKIi; TIKS GKOWX IN 1945 G9

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FIGURE 41.—Kentucky 1: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X5). 70 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEI'T. Ol' AGRICULTURE

FiGUBE 42.—Tennessee Winter 52: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4i^). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 71

PURDUE 21 Description.—Fnráne 21 is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters: Winter barley; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity; auricles purple-streaked; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 14 cm.; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, 2.5 to 3.0 mm. long ; spike slightly waxy ; awn tips and glume awn tips faintly purple; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves; kernels blue, weight 32 to 37 mg. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 43. Purdue 21 is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States. It has moderately stiff straw. History.—Furáue 21 (C. I. 4581) originated at Purdue University, La Fayette, Ind. It is a composite of six plants that survived the 1903-04 winter in a twentieth-acre plot seeded to Tennessee Winter obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture in 1903. The seed of this 6-plant composite was named Purdue 21 and first released to farmers in Indiana in 1921, but no large acreage was established. The variety was again released in 1939 and the present-day acreage traces to this seed. Distribution.—Grown to a very limited extent in Illinois and Indiana.

RENO Description.—Reno is similar to Tennessee Winter type variety above, except for these characters : Composite winter barley ; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, occasionally without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 1 to 12 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 4 mm. long ; spike slightly waxy ; awn tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn tips sometimes faintly purple; lemma yellow, with numerous teeth on lateral or marginal nerves ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 32 to 36 mg. Reno is one of the most winter-hardy varieties grown in the United States. It has a moderately stiif straw. History.—According to Clapp ^^ Reno (C. I. 6561) is not a pedigree strain, but is a bulk increase of an adapted strain of Tennessee Winter known as "Southcentral," from the farm of J. A. Johnson, of Hutchinson, Kans. The variety was increased by Walter C. Peirce, of Hutchinson, in cooperation with the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The first farm supply of seed was distributed in 1939 by Mr. Peirce after his increase field had been approved for certification. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Kansas, Missouri, and to a lesser extent in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, and southern Nebraska.

DAVIDSON Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned composite winter barley; early growth semiprostrate; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 12 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma avvm long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 37 to 43 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 44.

13 CLAPP, A. L. CERTIFIED WINTER BARLEY. TCans. Crop Improvement Assoc. News Bui, 11 (4). 1939. Manhattan, Kans. (Processed.) 72 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 43.—Piinlno 21 : Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4i/j). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 73

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FiGUBE 44.—Davidson : Spikos (XI) : korripls (X4i/{.). 74 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Davidson is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a stiff straw. Middle- ton and others (46) report it to be resistant to smut. History,—Davidson (C. I. 6373) is of hybrid origin coming from Composite Cross (C. I. 5461). This cross was made by H. V. Harlan and Mary L. Martini in 1927 and is described by Harlan and Martini {23} and by Harlan, Martini, and Stevens (26). Seed of this cross was sent to the North Carolina Agri- cultural Experiment Station in 1929. A number of selections were made from it in 1930 by G. K. Middleton, and after testing these for a number of years at the North Carolina stations, the selection numbered 11-15 was named Davidson and released to farmers in 1939. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in North Carolina.

BRIER Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 3 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal neryes, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 34 to 39 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Brier is a moderately winter-hardy variety, has a moderately stiff straw, and some resistance to mildew. History.—Brier (C. 1. 7157) is a selection from an unnamed variety of winter barley grown by Eugene Tuckwiller, a farmer in Greenbrier County, W. Va. The selection was made by the West Virginia Agriculfural^Experiment Station in 1934. It was tested by this station for a number of years and released in 1941. Distribution.—Grown on a limited acreage in West Virginia where it was released recently. POLAND Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned winter barley; early growth semiprostrate; plant midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed or open, occasionally V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 4 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 35 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Poland is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately weak to weak straw. It is moderately resistant to mildew and to scald. History.—According to Love and Craig (45), Poland (C. I. 6280) was first grown in this country by John Baron, a farmer near Auburn, N. Y. He obtained the seed from Mielsk, Poland, between 1930 and 1932, and, as far as is known, all the acreage in America is from this source. Distribution.—Grown on a small acreage in New York.

TENKOW Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate; plant midseason to late, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without h?^*rs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly w^axy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 75

drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 10 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis infernode straight or curved, 3 to 4 mm. long ; racliis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma• hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 41 to 45 mg. ; hulls - slightly wrinkled to semi wrinkled. Tenkow is moderately winter-hardy and has a moderately stiff straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—Tenkow (C. I. 646) is of hybrid origin, coming from the cross Tennessee Winter. X Hankow. The cross was made in 1905 by H. A. Miller, of the United States Department of Agriculture, who at that time was conducting cooperative barley experiments with the University of Maryland. H. B. Derr, also of the United States Department of Agriculture, made the selection from this cross which later was named Tenkow. The exact year of the selection is not known, but Tenkow was carried in the regular variety yield plots at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va., as early as 1911. The variety was released by the Oklahoma station in the fall of 1941. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Oklahoma and in northern Texas.

NEW MEXICO WINTER 1 Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2.5 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease; stigma hairy; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 44 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. New Mexico Winter 1 has a moderately weak straw and is moderately winter- hardy. History.—The history of New Mexico Winter 1 (C. I. 7065) is uncertain. It is a selection made from C. I. 4673 at the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, which supposedly was a winter barley obtained from Maryland. It was released to farmers in 1940. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in New Mexico.

CASCADE Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple at base; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves with depression at base : stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 34 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Cascade has a moderately stiff straw and a limited degree of winter hardiness. History.—Cascade (C. I. 7146) is of hybrid origin and came from Composite Cross (C. I. 5530). This cross was made by H. V. Harlan and M. L. Martini in 76 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1928, and seed of it was sent to the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in 1930. A number of selections were made from this cross by D. D. Hill at this station. These were tested at Corvallis over a period of* years and some were reselected to get greater uniformity. One of these reselections proved to be superior, was named Cascade, and released to farmers in 1945. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in western Oregon where the variety was distributed recently.

WINTEX Description,—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheatlis slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2.5 to 4 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 37 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 45. Wintex has a limited amount of winter hardiness and a moderately stiff straw. History.—Wintex (O. I. 6127) (reg." 9) is a head selection made in 1931 by I. M. Atkins, of the United States Department of Agriculture, from a field of winter barley grown by Will Smith near Dentón, Tex. The selection, along with about 100 others, was tested by Atkins in the cooperative work between the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture at Dentón. In 1934 the best selection, later named Wintex, was put into extensive tests at Dentón, and later also at other substations in the State. It was released to farmers in the fall of 1939. Distribution,—Grown extensively in Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi.

FINLEY Description,—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate; plant midseason to late, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 8 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2.5 to 4 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 38 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Finley has a limited amount of winter hardiness and a moderately weak straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History,—^The origin of Finley (0. I. 5901) is uncertain other than that it was obtained from T. C. Finley, of Ponder, Dentón County, Tex., and has heen carried in tests by the Texas stations in its original form without reselection. Early results showed it to be a satisfactory variety at the Dentón substation, and that station released it to farmers in 1931. Distribution,—Grown on a limited acreage in Texas.

14 Reg. refers to number registered through a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering and the American Society of Agronomy. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 77

FiGtJBE 45.—Wintex: Spikps (XI) ; kernels (xr>). 78 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FERGUSON Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 8 cm. ; collars closed or open, or occasionally V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 38 to 43 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Ferguson has a limited amount of winter hardiness and a moderately weak straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—Ferguson (C. I. 6498) was obtained by the Texas Agricultural Ex- periment Station from the Ferguson Seed Farms, Howe, Tex. It was first tested at Dentón substation in 1938. The variety is similar to Finley and Wintex. Distribution.—Grown on a limited acreage in Texas. Synonyms,-—^eveuaon Texas Winter, Texas Winter.

RANDOLPH Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate; plant very early, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 23 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, very nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes purple ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips sometimes purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla long, short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 30 to 40 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 46. Randolph is a winter-hardy variety and has a weak to moderately stiff straw. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. According to Middleton and others (46) it makes an extremely rapid growth when seeded in late summer, and is one of the best varieties to seed early for fall grazing. History,—^Randolph (C. I. 6372) is a selection from a local strain of North Carolina barley, made in 1930 by G. K. Middleton, of the North Carolina Agri- cultural Experiment Station, from a field of barley on the Piedmont Branch Station, Statesville. The selection was tested at the North Carolina Stations and released to farmers under the name Randolph in 1939. Distrihution,—Grown to a limited extent in North Carolina.

BULGARIAN Description,—Six-rowed rough-awned facultative winter barley î early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved, 2 to 5 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes one- CLASSTFUATION OÍ- BARLEY VAKIETIKS CUOWX IX 11-15

FIGURE 4C.—Uandolph: Spikes (XI) and kernels (X.")). 80 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

half to .two-thirds of the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, few to numerous on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy; kernels white, long, weight 44 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly Wrinkled to wrinkled. Bulgarian has a moderately stiff straw, and the seeds have a tendency to postharvest dormancy. It has a limited degree of winter hardiness. Historp.^Bulgarian (C. I. 521) is an introduced variety from Bulgaria obtained from the Bulgarian Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904. The United States Department of Agriculture received seed of it through the courtesy of the Field Columbian Museum. It was tested at several agricultural experiment stations and a small acreage became established in Utah. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in Utah, mostly in Juab County.

FAYETTE Description.—Bix-Yov^ed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles purple; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide- stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 12 cm.; collars closed, open, or V-shaped; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2 to 4 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 44 to 51 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Fayette has a limited amount of winter hardiness and a moderately weak straw. It is moderately resistant to mildew and leaf rust. The seeds have a tendency to postharvest dormancy. History.—The history of Fayette (C. I. 245) is uncertain. It was grown in the yield tests at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station at Stillwater under the name Manchuria as early as 1935. It is, however, not a Manchurian barley, and in order to forestall any confusion the variety was named Fayette by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, where the variety gave favorable results in tests. It was released by this latter station in 1945. Distrihution^-'^VOwn on a small acreage in Arkansas where it was released recently.

SANTIAM Description.—^x-rowed rough-awned composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2.5 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short- or long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, lough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short or long hairs ; rachilla short- or long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 35 to 41 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Santiam has a moderately weak to weak straw and is moderately winter- hardy. History.—^antiam (C. I. 6367) (reg. 15) is of hybrid origin, coming from Composite Cross (C. I. 5530), made by H. V. Harlan and M. L. Martini in 1928. Seed of it was sent to the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in 1930, CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 g]^

Where selections were made. After several years' tests the best selection was named Santiam and distributed to farmers in western Oregon in 1939 Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in western Oregon.

OLYMPIA Description.—^ix-roweá rough-awned winter barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant late, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple • upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 11 cm. ; collars closed, open, or occasionally V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding- lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough tips famtly purple; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered>with long hairs ; rachilla long- haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 38 to 40 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Olympia has a moderately stife straw and is moderately winter-hardy mstory.—Olympia (0. I. 6107) is an introduced variety from Germany It was received in this country by E. F. Gaines, of the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1931. The variety was tested at the station at Pullman and released to farmers in 1937. Distribution.—Gvowu to a limited extent in "Washington.

WINTER CLUB Description.—^ix-Yowed rough-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely ' purple-streaked ; leaves short, wide, upright ; flagleaves short, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 5 cm. (sometimes the spikes do not emerge from the boot) ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 4 mm long- rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike dense, short to midlong, truncate pyramidal, slightly waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough tips faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple • glumes half the length of the -iemma, covered with long hairs ; rachilla long- haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; stigma hairy • kernels white, long, weight 33 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 47. Winter Club has a stiff straw. It has some resistance to mildew and is a moderately winter-hardy variety. Historp.—According to Harlan and Martini (24) the history of Winter Club (C. I. 592) is unknown. It is an old variety in American agriculture. The first sample received by the United States Department of Agriculture came from G. A. Smith, of Lewiston, Idaho, in 1903. A record of 1907 from Nephi, Utah, states that barley of this variety had been grown there for 35 years and probably was introduced from California. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in the Pacific Northwest States of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and in Utah. It is sufficiently winter-hardy to survive most winters in these States. Synonyms.—White Winter, Utah Winter.

SMOOTH AWN 86 Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned composite winter barley ; early growth erect to semiprostrate; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, 672363*—46—6 gg TECHNICAL BUI-LETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

I ] 1

i» 11

FiuLUE 47.—Winter Club: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (XSV^). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 §3

ÄiÇf.^"^'' slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels ovLS/m^^^^^^ of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips faintly purple- glumeTvn enn«! to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes ffihè Sh of ^eZa with short, occasionally long hairs, restricted to midline or confined to C^^ 'ifZTT^'^'^^?''^ ^^''' ' ^'^^^^"^ short-haired, occasionaUy Sng-haired soml: Sil ^^^:^^^ P^rP^^^ ^^^^ral to numlrourtekTon t -f^ i nerves,™ none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base • stigma wrinkledwith few tohairs; semiwrinkled. kernels white, midlong,' weight & 32 totu o^39 lu^.,mg nuiihhuiîrsffiv siignny Smooth Awn 86 is moderately winter-hardy and has a moderately stiff straw According to Atkins and Dahms (7) it is resistant to green bugs It is moX Ä.T''*^^''^ t'^^^^^¿ "^^^^^^ ^«^^^' ^"^^ shallow-borne loose smut msiori/.—Smooth Awn 86 (C. I. 6268) is of hybrid origin and comes from the 7 w ^'^T ^ i^ennessee Winter X Smooth Awn). The c?oss was ma?e by W. Taylor, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in 192?1n the materialZ^^^Th^*^"" The variety ^^™ ^was ^^''^^"' released ^^- from^^^y^^^ Arlington ^^«^ ^^l^^t^^ Farm a^d in tested1939 the -' ¿ybríd"^""" Distribution,—Grown on scattered farms in Virtrinia Synonym.—U. S. 86.

SMOOTH AWN 88 Description.~î^-Yoweá smooth-awned facultative winter barley : early growth semiprostrate; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sh¿aths Äut hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or DuTnle at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves lon^' wide^looj^Sa^^ leaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity exposed nodls green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 20 cm.; collars cloLd or occasionally open; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2 to 3 mm long; rachis tough, without hairs on the edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel* slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in up¿er third of spike• lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple, sometimes deciduous; glume awns equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to narrow bands or restricted to midline; rachilla long- haired, abortive on 15 percent of kernels; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves with depression at base; stigma with few hairs; kernels white, midlong, weight 31 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. The hairs on rachilla and glumes in this variety are classified as long but tend to be shorter than in most varieties with long hairs. Smooth Awn 88 has a limited degree of winter hardiness and a moderately stiff straw. It is moderately resistant to mildew. n.^^f^''^'~~^J'''PrS'^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^' ^- ^^^^^ '^ ^^ ^ybî^ «^î^în and came from the cross Esaw X (Tennessee Winter X Smooth Awn). The cross was made by ^. Taylor, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1927 in the work at Arlington Farm, Eosslyn, Va. Seed of the most promising selections i^'^.ôî^'^ i^^^^ T^^ ^^"^^ ^^ ^^^ ^'^^t^ Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station m 1936, where they were tested by G. K. Middleton, and the most promising one. Smooth Awn SS, was released to farmers in 1945. Distribution.—Grown on a small acreage in North Carolina where it was released recently.

NASSAU DescrííJíion.—Six-rowed smooth-awned composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall, basal leaf sheaths hairy green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow to strongly purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping- flag- leaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple • distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 16 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open • basai rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long • rachis tough no 84 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE or few short hairs on the edges; spike la^c, mldlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma awns long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, but in a small percentage of cases equal to length of glumes, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs confined to narrow bands or restricted to midline ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 32 to 35 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Nassau is moderately winter-hardy and has a moderately stiff straw. It has some resistance to mildew. Jíisíorí/.—Nassau (C. I. 7022) is of hybrid origin coming from Composite Cross (C. I. 5530) made by H. V. Harlan and M. L. Martini in 1928. Seed was sent to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station in 1932 and H. B. Sprague made a number of selections from this cross at that station about 1937. These were tested for a number of years and the best one was named Nassau and distributed to New Jersey farmers in 1943. Distribution.—Gvown on a limited acreage in New Jersey, where it was released recently.

TEXAN Descrií)íion.—Six-rowed smooth-awned facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 2 to 14 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long, occasionally longer (up to 7 mm.) ; rachis tough, with few short hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at the tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple; glume awn twice the length ot glume, semismooth, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs confined to bands or restricted to midline; rachilla short-haired, occasionally abortive ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 40 to 42 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 48. Texan has only a limited amount of winter hardiness and a moderately weak to weak straw. At some stations it has been resistant to mildew, whereas at others it has been susceptible, indicating it may be resistant to some races of this c\ \ ^Píí Sí* History.—TexsLii (C. I. 6499) (reg. 14) is of hybrid origin coming from Composite Cross (C. I. 5530). This cross was made by H. V. Harlan and M. L. Martini in 1928, and seed of it was sent to the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1930. In 1933 I. M. Atkins, of the United States Department of Agri- culture, made a number of selections from this cross at the Dentón substation, Dentón, Tex. These selections were tested at that station and at others m Texas in the cooperative work between the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. One of these selections proved to be superior in yield at the Temple station located on the black lands m central Texas. This selection was named Texan and was distributed by the Temple station in 1941. Distribution,—Grown in Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi,

JACKSON 1 Descri^iion.—Six-rowed smooth-awned composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate to prostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leat sheaths without hairs or occasionally hairy, green or purple ; upper leaf sheatns waxy yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 16 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, no or few short hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, noa- CLASSIFICATION OK IIAKLEV VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 85

VU i]!» 1

FIGURE 48.—Texan : Spikes (XI) : kernels (XS'^.). 86 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE ding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, occasionally deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs confined to bands ; rachilla short-haired, occasionally abortive ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, few teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 41 to 44 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 49. Jackson 1 is a winter-hardy rariety but not quite so hardy as Jackson. It is slightly shorter than Jackson but stools more and has a moderately weak straw. It threshes more easily than Jackson. History.—Jackson 1 (C. I. 7045) comes from the cross Tennessee Winter 52 X Lion made at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station by N. I. Hancock in 1930. The variety was tested at the Tennessee station and released to farmers in that State in 1944. Earlier, in 1941, a selection from the same cross was released as Jackson. Distribution.^—Grown on a limited acreage in Tennessee where it was released recently.

JACKSON Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned composite Winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate to prostrate ; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow to faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike, 2 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough with few short hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs confined to bands or sometimes covering the glumes ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 36 to 40 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Jackson is a winter-hardy variety, is slightly taller than Jackson 1 but less prolific in stooling, and has a moderately weak straw. It is resistant to scald and shallow-borne loose smut and moderately resistant to stripe. History.—Jackson (C. I. 6569) comes from the cross Tennessee Winter 52 X Lion made at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station by N. I. Hancock in 1930. Jackson was tested at three Tennessee stations and released to farmers in that State in 1941. Another selection from the same cross was released as Jackson 1 in 1944. Distribution.—Grown in Tennessee and to a limited extent in Kentucky and Virginia.

MARNOBARB Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned composite winter barley ; early growth erect to semiprostrate; plant early, tall; basal leaf sheaths with or without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, no or few short or long hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short or long hairs confined to bands or restricted to midline; rachilla short- or long- haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels CI-ASSll-ICATIOX or lîAKLKY VAUIKIIKS CROWN ].\ 1945 87

t ■

FwuKK 4!).—Jackson 1 : Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 88 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE white or occasionally blue, midlong, weight 36 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 50. Marnobarb is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a stiff straw. It Is resistant to stripe. History.—Marnobarb (C. I. 6120) is a hybrid barley coming from the cross Velvet X Tennessee Winter. According to Rothgeb and Kemp (53) the cross was made by W. B. Kemp, of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1926. The Velvet parent used is itself a hybrid coming from the cross (Man- churia X Lion) X Luth. The early generations were grown and studied by W. M. Stuart, Jr. By 1932 five selections had been isolated for testing in larger plots. One of these was increased and released to farmers by the Maryland station in 1936. Originally the variety was called "Nobarb," but owing to prior use of this name in Canada, the present name "Marnobarb" was substituted in its place. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, Ala- bama, and, to a limited extent, in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Synonyms.—Maryland Smooth Awn, Nobarb. haired ; spike dense, short, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn

ESAW Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned winter barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, occasionally with hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white ; leaves short, wide, erect ; flagleaves short, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 10 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, edges short- short, extending beyond the spike about one-half of the spike length ; awns rough, deciduous ; glume awn half the length of glume, rough ; glumes one-third to one-half of the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, with numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base; stamens short (2.5 mm.) ; stigma hairy; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 28 to 34 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Esaw is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a stiff straw. It is resistant to mildew, covered smut, and to some races of shallow-borne loose smut. Atkins and Dahms (7) report it as being resistant to green bugs. History.—Esaw (0.1. 4690) is a selection made in 1923 from a plot of Nakano Wase (0. I. 754) by J. W. Taylor, of the united States Department of Agri- culture, at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va. It is believed Esaw originated as a field hybrid with Nakano Wase as one parent and an unknown variety a-s the other. According to Harlan and Martini (24) Esaw was distributed from the Arlington Experiment Farm in 1930 by the United States Department of Agriculture. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage.

WONG Description.—Six-rowed awnleted winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow,at maturity; auricles white; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 20 cm.; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long- haired edges; spike dense, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to Inclined ; lemma awns short, on central rows from 1 to 7 cm. long, on lateral rows from 0 to 3 cm. long ; awns rough ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with long hairs or occasionally with long hairs confined to wide bands; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; CLASSIFICATION OK BARLEY VAKIKTIKS GROWN' IN 1045 §9

)

FIGURE r.O.- .Manu.liurli: Spikes (XI); keriiols (X5). 90 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 35 to 43 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 51. Wong has a stiff straw and is moderately winter-hardy. Love and Craig (45) state it is highly resistant to mildew and this has been confirmed by other workers. Atkins and Dahms (7) report it as being resistant to green bugs. History.—Accoráing to Love and Craig (45) Wong (0. I. 6728) is a hybrid barley and was produced in China. It is the result of a cross between Orel and an unnamed variety that came from Szechwan Province in western China. The cross was made by Sheo W^ang, of the College of Agriculture of the University of Nanking, Nanking, China. H. H. Love observed selections of this cross while on a trip to China, and in 1934 brought back to Cornell University two of the most promising selections. Beginning in 1936 these selections were tested in the cooperative work between the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. The better of these two selections was named Wong and released to New York farmers in the fall of 1941. Distribution.—Grown in New York and Pennsylvania and to. a lesser extent in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Occasional fields also may be found in other States where winter barley commonly is grown.

NAKANO WASE Description,—Six-rowed awnleted winter barley; early growth erect; plant early, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, occasionally without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves short, wide, upright ; flagleaves short, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike dense, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn short on central rows (up to 2 cm. long), missing on lateral rows ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes one-third of the length of lemma, with long hairs covering the glumes or confined to wide bands ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes purple, hairs and numerous teeth on midnerve and on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base sometimes tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 25 to 32 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Nakano Wase is a non-wlnter-hardy variety. It has a stiff straw and some resistance to covered and shallow-borne loose smut and to mildew. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—Nakano Wase (C. I. 754) was introduced by the United States De- partment of Agriculture from Nîshigahara, Tokyo, Japan, in 1911. The seed of the variety was presented by Y. Kozai, Director, Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial University. According to Dr. Kozai, this variety was cultivated in the western part of his country from olden times and, though its origin is unknown, it may be supposed that it is the result of natural hybridization. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage. The variety and its hybrids have been used in breeding because of its awnless character and its disease resistance.

SUNRISE Description.--^ix-roweä awnletecTwinter barley; early growth erect; plant early, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, upright ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 18 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight 1.5 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike dense, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn short on central row (from 0 to 3 cm. long), missing on lateral rows ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes one-third of the length of lemma, covered with long hairs or occasionally with long hairs confined to wide bands; rachilla long-haired, occasionally abortive; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, hairs and numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, hairs and few to several teeth on midnerve, with transverse crease at base; CLASSIFICATION OF BARI.KY VAKIKTIKS GROWN' IN 1945 91

FiuLUK 51.—Wong: Spikes (XI) ; kuniel.s (XÔ). 92 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Stigma hairy ; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 28 to 32 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 52. Sunrise is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a stiff straw. It is resistant to mildew, covered smut, shallow-borne loose smut, and green bugs. History.—Sunrise (0. I. 6272) is a selection made in 1928 from a plot of Nakano Wase (0. I. 754) by J. W. Taylor, of the United States Department of Agriculture, at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va. It is believed the variety originated as a field hybrid with Nakano Wase as one parent and an unknown variety as the other. It is probable that some variety of the Tennessee Winter type was the other parent, as a number of varieties of this type were in the tests at Arlington in the years just prior to the time the selection w^as made that later was named Sunrise. The variety was tested widely in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, and was released in the latter State by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station from their Piedmont branch station in 1942. Distribution.—Grown extensively in North Carolina and Alabama and to a limited extent in Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia.

CALHOUN Description.—Six-rowed awnleted winter barley; early growth erect; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves short, wide, upright ; flagleaves short, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 12 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax to dense, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn short on central rows (up to 5 cm. long), missing on lateral rows ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn equal to the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes one-third the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to wide bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, short to midlong ; weight 26 to 29 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Calhoun has a stiff straw and only a limited amount of winter hardiness. It is resistant to mildew, stripe, and shallow-borne loose smut. History.—Ca-lhonn (C. I. 7120) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Nakano Wase 58 X Borun. The Nakano Wase 58 parent is a selection from Nakano Wase (C. I. 754) made by J. W. Taylor, of the United States Department of Agriculture, at Arlington Farm, Kosslyn, Va., and it is thought to have originated as a field hybrid. Borun was introduced from Chosen. The cross that resulted in Calhoun was made in 1935 by J. W. Taylor. Selections from the cross were tested at Arlington Farm and at the Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Md. In 1940, seed of a number of promising selections from several crosses were sent to the Marett Farm & Seed Co., at Westminster, S. C. Among these was a selection from the cross Nakano Wase 58 X Borun which showed unusual promise. It was named Calhoun and was released by the Marett Farm & Seed Co., to farmers in 1945. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in South Carolina where it was released recently.

AWNLESS Description.—Six-rowed awnless composite winter barley ; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles white ; leaves short, wide, upright ; flagleaves short, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 20 cm. ; collars open or closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike dense, short, truncate pyramidal, slightly waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awnless ; glume awn one-fourth to one-half of the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes; rachilla short, long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, hairs and several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, hairs and few to several teeth on marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease; CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 93

FiGxnîE 52.—Sunrise : Spikes (XI); kernels (X5). 94 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE stigma hairy ; kernels blue, short, weight 26 to 29 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 53. Awnless is a non-winter-hardy variety, has moderately stiff straw, and is resistant to mildew. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. It is the most awnless form of barley known. History.—AwnleBs (0. I. 5029) was introduced by the united States Depart- ment of Agriculture in 1929. It was collected by P. M. Zhukovsky, of the Bureau of Applied Botany, Leningrad, Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics, on his expedition in Turkey in 1927. The seeds were collected near Adana, Celecia, Turkey, in July and were introduced into this country through N. I. Vavilov, of the Bureau of Applied Botany, who requested them from Dr. Zhukovsky. The variety is described by Zhukovsky (65), and it is supposed to have come from Japan or eastern Asia originally. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage. It has been used to some extent in breeding.

MARETT AWNLESS 1 Description.—Six-rowed awnless composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, upright; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 22 cm.; collars closed or open; basal rachis internodes straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to slightly inclined; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike; lemma awnless; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to wide bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 32 to 36 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 54. Marett Awnless 1 is a non-winter-hardy variety. It has a moderately stiff straw and is resistant to mildew. The seeds have postharvest dormancy. History.—The history of Marett Awnless 1 (0. I. 7073) is somewhat uncertain. In 1936 the Marett Farm & Seed Co., of Westminster, S. C, obtained a small lot of barley seed from the United States Department of Agriculture at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va., from which the following year the company selected an awnless form. The seed of this form was increased and tested by this company and released under the name Marett Awnless 1 in 1940. The awnless character of this variety suggests that either Arlington Awnless or Nakano Wase may have played a part in its origin, as these two barleys were used extensively in the breeding work at Arlington Farm for some years prior to the time the Marett Farm & Seed Co. obtained the lot mentioned above. Distribution.—Grown in western South Carolina and to a limited extent in adjacent North Carolina and Georgia.

HUGA Description.—^ix-rowed hooded composite winter barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, green or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, about S mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma hooded ; hoods sessile or elevated, without appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, sometimes purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; racihilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 31 to 36 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 9y

FiGUBE 53.—^Awnless: Spikes (Xl) ; kernels (X5). 96 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 9Ü/, ü. S. UEPT. OF AÜRICULTURE

FIGURE 54.—Marett Awnless 1: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X5). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 97

Huga is a moderately winter-liardy variety and lias a moderately stiff straw. The seeds have postharvest dormancy. History.—nngsi (C. I. 6998) is of hybrid origin and comes from the cross Greece X Tennessee Winter Hooded. It was produced at the Georgia Agri- cultural Experiment Station, the cross having been made in 1928. It has produced more grain than other hooded varieties in tests at Experiment but has not outyielded the awned parent, Greece. It was released to farmers in Georgia by the Georgia station in 1942. Distribution.—Grown on a limited acreage in Georgia where it was released recently. NORTH CAROLINA HOODED 26 Description.—Six-rowed hooded facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, V-shaped, or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma hooded; hoods sessile or elevated with short appendage on middle lobe; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue or white, midlong, weight 32 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. North Carolina Hooded 26 is a winter-hardy variety and has a stiff straw. History.—nooáeá 26 (C. I. 7026) is a head selection made from a field of Tennessee Beardless 6 barley grown by W. B. Crawford, near Statesville, N. C. The selection was made by G. K. Middleton, of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, in 1930. It was tested by this station for a number of years and released to farmers in 1942. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in North Carolina where the variety was released recently.

MARETT HOODED 4 Description.—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; ñagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma hooded ; hoods sessile or elevated, with short appendage on middle lobe ; glume awn twice or three times the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of the lemma^ covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 35 to 41 mg. ; hulls wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 55. Marett Hooded 4 is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Marett Hooded 4 (C. I. 7074) is a pure-line selection from Tennessee Beardless. In 1930 the Marett Farm & Seed Co., of Westminster, S. C, purchased a lot of barley from the Knoxville Seed Co., Knoxville, Tenn., under the name of Tennessee Beardless. The following year the Marett Farm & Seed Co. grew this seed and noted its great variability, whereupon a number of selections were made from it. These selections were tested for a number of years, and the best one was distributed under the name Marett Hooded 4 in 1940. Distribution.—Grown in South Carolina. 672363'—46—7 98 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiCiUKK 5.").—Jlarett Hooded 4: Spikes (.XI) ; kernels (X.")). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 99

TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 6 Description.—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or slightly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, V-shaped, or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma hooded ; hoods sessile or elevated, with short hood appendages on middle lobe; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 30 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 56. Tennessee Beardless 6 is a winter-hardy variety and has moderately stiff straw. History.—Tennessee Beardless 6 (C. I. 2746) is one of the oldest hybrid barleys produced in America. It was produced by C. A. Mooers, of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, and came from the cross Tennesse Winter X a hooded spring variety, probably of the Horsford type. The variety was released to Tennessee farmers in 1915. Another selection from the same cross was released that same year as Tennessee Beardless 5. Distribution.—Grown extensively along the Atlantic coast from Pennsylvania and New Jersey southward, and in Tennessee, Arkansas, and southward. Synonyms.—Be'drdless 6, Tennessee 6, Tennessee Hooded 6, York Hooded.

MISSOURI EARLY BEARDLESS Description.—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs ; green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, 2.5 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lemma hooded ; hoods elevated, with short appendages on middle lobe ; glume awn twico the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal neryes, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 30 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 57. Missouri Early Beardless is a winter-hardy variety. The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. It has a moderately stiff to stiif straw. ifisior^/.—Missouri Early Beardless (C. I. 6051) originated as a mass selection from a lot of hooded winter barley purchased in the fall of 1931 by C. H. E. Walther, Boon ville. Mo., from A. J. Childs Mercantile Co., St. Louis, Mo. The seed received was labeled "Winter barley—-origin unknown," but was thought to have originated in one of the Southern States. In 1932 C. A. Helm, of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, inspected the field grown from this seed on Mr. Walther's farm and noticed that about 25 percent of the plants were short and early, while the others were tall and later in maturity. A large number of these early plants were harvested by hand and the seed bulked. This bulk seed was increased and distributed to Missouri farmers in 1934 under the name Missouri Early Beardless. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, southern Illinois, Kentucky, and to a limited extent in Tennessee. Synonym.—Early Beardless. 1 00 TKCHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiiiUKE 00.—Tennessee Beardless 6: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (XO). CLASSIFICATION OF BAKLFV VAKIKI'IKS CKOWN IN 1045 101

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FiGUBE 57.—iiissduri Early Beardless: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X5) 102 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TUCKER Description,—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, V-shaped, or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lemma hooded; hoods elevated with short appendages on middle lobe ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 31 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Tucker is a winter-hardy variety and has moderately stiff to stiff straw. It is resistant to mildew. History.—Tucker (C. I. 7039) is a selection made from an unnamed variety grown by Eugene Tuckwiller, a farmer in Greenbrier County, W. Va. The selection was made by the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in 1935. It was tested by this station for a number of years and released in 1941. Distribution.—Grown on a limited acreage in West Virginia where it was released recently.

TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 5 Description.—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or slightly purple at maturity; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2.5 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike; lemma hooded; hoods elevated, with short appendage on middle lobe; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, • weight 30 to 35 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. Tennessee Beardless 5 is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw. The seeds have postharvest dormancy. History,—Tennessee Beardless 5 (C. I. 3384) is one of the older hybrid barleys produced in America. It was produced by C. A. Mooers, of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, and came from the cross Tennessee Winter X a hooded spring variety, probably of the Horsford type. The variety was released to Tennessee farmers in 1915. Another selection from the same cross was released the same year under the name Tennessee Beardless 6. Distribution.—Grown along the Atlantic coast from Pennsylvania and New Jersey southward and in Tennessee, Arkansas, and southward. Synonyms.—Beardless 5, Tennessee 5, Tennessee Hooded 5, Brugh 76.

HOODED 16 Description.—Six-rowed hooded composite winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basai leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow to purple at maturity ; auricles white ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 18 cm. ; collars V-shaped, closed, or open ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired, edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma hooded ; hoods elevated, with a short appendage on middle lobe ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of the lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short- CLASSIFICATION OF BAULEV VAKIETIES GROWN IN 1945 103

FlGUEE 58.—Ircdell: t?pikes (XI) ; koniols (X5). 104 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE haired ; lemma yellow, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 32 to 36 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Hooded 16 is a moderately winter-hardy variety and has a moderately weak straw. It is resistant to all three species of smut. History.—Hooded 16 (C. I. 6574) is a selection from Tennessee Beardless 6, made by J. W. Taylor and M. N. Pope in 1931 at Arlington Farm, Rosslyn, Va. It has not been released for commercial production but has been used in breeding because of its smut resistance. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage.

IREDELL Description.—Six-rowed hooded facultative winter barley ; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 18 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma hooded : hoods elevated, with short appendages on middle lobe ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 30 to 36 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semi wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 58. Iredell is a winter-hardy variety and has a moderately stiff straw. Middleton . and others (46) state it has good resistance to loose smut {Ustilago nuda). The seeds have postharvest dormancy. History.—Iredell (G. I. 6571) is a head selection made from a field of Ten- nessee Beardless 6 barley grown by W. B. Crawford near Statesville, N. C. The selection was made by G. K. Middleton, of the North Carolina Agricultural Ex- periment Station, in 1930. It was tested at the North Carolina stations for a number of years and released to farmers in that State under the name of Iredell in 1940. Distribution.—Grown extensively in North Carolina.

SPRING VARIETIES MANCHURIA (Type Variety) Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly Avaxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 11 to 22 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2.5 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, with short- or long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper flfth of spike ; lemma awns long ; awns rough, rarely deciduous, tips purple; glume awn two to three times the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short or long hairs ; rachilla short-haired or long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves occasionally faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue or white, midlong to long, weight 24 to 34 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. History.—The history of Manchuria barley in America is rather extensive, as it is one of the early introduced varieties that has been grown successfully for a long time. The history which follows is that of a "type variety" (as described above) and not that of any of the numerous selections made from it during the 80 or more years the variety has been grown in this country. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 105

According to Harlan, Martini, and Pope (£5), there were two early introductions of this variety, both of which contributed to the Manchuria acreage in America. The first of these introductions was about 1861. Two years prior, however, a traveler brought to Germany a sample of barley from the Amur River district of Manchuria. About 1861 Herman Grunow, of Mifflin, Iowa County, Wis., while on a visit to Germany, obtained some of this seed, which he brought to America and grew first in 1862. W. W. Daniells, of the University Farm, Madison, Wis., received this barley from Dr. Grunow and grew it in 1872. For many years this was the best variety at the Wisconsin station. It was widely distributed to farmers in Wisconsin and at one time constituted a large part of the barley acreage in that State. The Wisconsin station sent seed to other stations, and it is the foundation stock from which selections were made elsewhere. A second introduction of Manchuria was made in 1889. According to Shaw and Zavitz (57), this barley, under the name "Mandscheuri," was "imported from Russia in 1889 and is probably the same as Mensury." The full history of this variety is not known. It was grown and distributed under the name "Mandscheuri," which is the German for Manchuria. Other variations of the spelling occurred later. It is not stated in the report whether the barley was imported direct from Russia or through Germany. In 1894 this variety was sent to the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at St. Paul, from which place it was received by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station at Fargo. It was soon grown by many seedsmen and was rapidly distributed to the various experiment stations and farmers in the upper Mississippi Valley. In common with the first introduction, this importation is thought to have come originally from Manchuria. The United States Department of Agriculture has a large collection of barleys obtained directly from Manchuria, and these are similar to the two introductions received in this country and to the selections made from them. Both of the early introductions were mixtures of an indefinite number of strains. The most apparent differences are blue and white aleurone color, long- and short-haired rachilla, differences in height, earliness, and regional adaptation. These differences form theibasis of the many selections which were made. Early American agronomists identified with the history of this variety are: R. A. Moore, of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison ; W. M. Hays, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul ; C. E. Saunders, Central Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and C. A. Zavitz, of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. These men, as pioneer barley breeders of America, paved the way for the generation that followed. Distribution.—While Manchuria, in its early introduced forms, was the pre- dominating variety in the Great Lakes region, the North Central States, and throughout most of Canada at the turn of the twentieth century and for a considerable time thereafter, only scattered fields of it can be found now in this territory. Synonyms,—There are a number of variations in the spelling of Manchuria. The following are some of the more common ones in use : Mensury, Manshury, Mansury, Mandscheuri, and Manchurian.

MANCHURIA (C. I. 2947) Description.—Similar to Manchuria type variety above, except it has a short- haired rachilla, and the kernels are blue and midlong. It has a moderately stiff straw. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 59. History.—Manchuria (C. I. 2947) (N. Dak. 2121) is a selection made from the first introduction of Manchuria into this country, as given above under Manchuria "type variety.'* From the standpoint of origin this variety was selected twice. The first selection was made at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901 from a lot of barley obtained from the Minnesota station desig- nated as Manchury Minnesota No. 6, which in turn had obtained it earlier from the Wisconsin station. Later the variety was reselected and this particular selection was advanced to the field plot tests and given the number N. Dak. 2121. It was first distributed to farmers in about 1920. Distribution.—Grown quite extensively in North Dakota. lOG TECHNICAL BULLKTIN 907, U. S. DKl'l'. UK AGRICULTURE

FiGUBE 50.—Manchuria (C. I. 29-tî) : Spikes (XI) ; liernels (X4). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 107

O. A. c. 21 Description.—Similar to Manchuria type variety above, except that the kernels are blue, midlong, and the rachilla is short-haired. It has a moderately stiff straw. History.^O. A. C. 21 (C. I. 1470) (C. A. 1086) is a plant selection made by C. A. Zavitz at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, from old Mandscheuri barley. It was selected from the second of the early introductions of Manchuria, as discussed above under Manchuria "type variety." It was released to farmers about 1910. Distribution.—O. A. C. 21 is the most widely grown variety in Canada covering the largest acreage in practically all Provinces. This variety, at one time, was grown to the exclusion of nearly all others, but with the introduction of smooth- awned or rust-resistant varieties, is gradually being replaced. In the United States it is grown to a limited extent in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Synonym.—Artie (this name was first applied to this variety about 1940 by the Rahr Malting Co., of Manitowoc, when it encouraged the production of this variety in northeastern Wisconsin).

MENSURY Description.—Similar to Mancnuria type variety above, except that the rachilla is short-haired and the kernels are blue and midlong. It has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Mensury (C. I. 4696) (C, A» 730) is a plant selection from old Mensury made by the Cereal Division, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario. It was distributed to growers in 1922. Other selections were made from the old Mensury at Macdonald College and the Ontario Agricultural College and grown under the general name of Mensury locally. The above was a distinct selection made at Ottawa and given fairly wide distribution in Canada ; others were local. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in the eastern Canadian Provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec and in the Province of Manitoba. Synonyms.—Ottawa 60, Chinese.

MANCHURIA (C. I. 2330) Description.—Similar to Manchuria type variety above, except the rachilla is short-haired and the kernels are midlong. It has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Msinchurisi (C. I. 2330) (Minn. 184) (reg. 1) is a selection out of the second of the early introductions of Manchuria into this country, as given above under Manchuria "type variety." The selection was made at the Minne- sota Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901 from the unselected stock carried as Minnesota No. 105. It was first tested in plots in 1915 and used as a standard variety, commencing in 1918. It produced higher yields than the parent stock from which it was selected and was distributed in 1918. Distribution.—Gvown to a very limited extent in Minnesota.

MANCHURIA (C. I. 7151) , Description.—^Similar to Manchuria type variety above, except the rachilla short-haired, and the kernels are white and somewhat longer and larger. It is included in this bulletin as an example of the white-kerneled type of Manchuria barley. It has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Manchuria (C. I. 7151) is a head selection from the first of the original Manchuria introductions made into this country. The selection was made by G. A. Wiebe, of the United States Department of Agriculture. It has not been distributed. : : : :r:: o: ,. I)isinöwiiÖ/i.--There is no Commercial acreage.

/■■/""''''■;.■'•■•:':•;'•''■'--■■■■■ PONTIAC ■ ■"■ . Description.—Similar to Manchuria type variety" above, except it has miaiong kernels? TLt has a moderately stift* straw. 108 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

History.—FontiSLC (C. I. 4849) (C. A. 1114) is a plant selection made from Mandscheuri at Macdonald College, Quebec. It was released in 1938. Distribution,—Grown in Quebec.

HIMALAYA Description.—Six-rowed, rough-awned, naked spring barley; early growth erect ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or slightly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles white ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or slightly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 8 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, occasionally curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, slightly waxy, parallel, nodding ; lemma awn long ; awns rough ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough ; glumes one-third to one-half of the length of the lemma, with long hairs in wide bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, with numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, short to midlong, weight 30 to 38 mg. History.—^According to Harlan, Martini, and Pope (25), Himalaya (C. I. 620) was introduced into this country on several occasions. Similar-appearing barleys are known to be common in central Asia and the higher altitudes of northern India, and the importations into this country are thought to have come from this general area. It has given higher yields than other naked sorts and is one of the oldest types of barley grown in America. It probably has been released at various times and from several stations or agencies. Distribution.—Grown on scattered farms throughout the United States and Canada, but found most frequently in mountainous areas. Synonyms,—Guy Mayle, Blue Bald.

NEPAL Description.—Six-rowed hooded naked spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths waxy ; auricles white ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green ; distance flagleaf to spike 2 to 6 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, slightly waxy, parallel, erect to inclined ; lemma hooded ; hoods sessile, with short appendages on middle lobe ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough ; glumes half the length of the lemma, covered with long hairs; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, with numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves; stigma hairy; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 29 to 35 mg. History.—According to Harlan, Martini, and Pope (25), Nepal (C. I. 595) is one of the oldest types of barley grown in the United States. It is thought to have originated in Nepal, India, where it was first noticed by Europeans in 1839. This variety has been tested at one period or another at nearly all agricultural experiment stations in the United States, and at most of them it was among the lowest in yield. The variety has been used for breeding chiefly as a source of the hooded character. Distribution.—Grown on scattered farms throughout the United States and Canada, but found most frequently in mountainous areas. Synony^ns.—White Hull-less, Giant White Hull-less, Ideal Hull-less, Colossal Hull-less.

WINTER TENNESSEE Description.—^ix-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 13 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 109 faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 46 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. This variety has a moderately stiff straw. History,—The history of Winter Tennessee (0. I. 4633) is not certain. It was selected by B. A. Madson, of the California Agricultural Experiment Station, and distributed in 1916. It is thought by the California authorities to be a selection of one of the Coast types. It is not a true winter barley and is quite dissimilar from the true Tennessee Winter grown in the Southeastern States. At one time seed of the true Tennessee Winter variety was brought to California, but it proved to be unadapted to that State and none of it is grown there at the present time. It was in connection with this abortive attempt to introduce the true Tennessee Winter barley into California that the name became attached to another type of barley which in all respects is similar to the Coast type. Distribution.—Gvovin to a limited extent in California and less so in Oregon. Synonyms.—Coast, Tennessee Winter.

ATSEL Description.—Six-Toweá, rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant very early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely or frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 13 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 2.5 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lateral kernels tending to overlap at the tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma ; covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral nerves, few to several on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 47 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Atsel has a moderately stiff straw. The seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. History.—Atsel (C. I. 6250) is a plant selection made from a commercial lot of Atlas grown on the University Farm at Davis, Calif., in 1933. The selection was made by G. A. Wiebe, of the United States Department of Agriculture, and Is one of the earliest maturing varieties of barley known. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage. The variety ÎS useful as a parent in breeding because of its earliness.

STEWART Description.—SiX'TOweá, rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant very early to early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 15 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple : glumes half of the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short- haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong, to long, weight 42 to 48 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. This variety can be distinguished from Atlas because of its earlier maturity. Shands and Arny (55) report it as resistant to stripe. History.—Stewart (C. I. 6112) originated as a plant selection from a field of Coast barley in Stanislaus County, Calif., in 1916. The selection was made because of its earliness by Mr. Stewart, who increased the seed and distributed it locally. Distribution,—There is a small acreage in California. Synonym.—Early Harvest. lio TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ATLAS Description.—Six-rowed, roiigli-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, upright; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 20 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 43 to 49 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 60. ,, Atlas has a stifC straw. Shands and Arny (55) report it to be resistant to stripe when tested in Wisconsin to cultures of the organism used there. In California, however, the variety is considered to be fully susceptible to this disease. History.—According to Wiebe (61) and Harlan and Martini (24), Atlas (C. I. 4118) is a pure-line selection made from Coast, the original barley introduced by the Spanish settlers (see history under California Coast). The selection was made by H. V. Harlan and V. H. Florell in 1917 and tested under selection No. 276B for a number of years. It \väs first distributed to farmers in the fall of 1924. Distrihution.—Grown extensively on the Pacific coast in California and to a lesser extent in Washington, Oregon, and Utah.

Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short ; basal leaf isheaths; without hairs¿, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves'long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow; numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 45 to 50 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. C. I. 7008 has a stiff straw^ History.—C. I. 7008 is a selection from Composite Cross (C. I. 5461). For a history of this Composite Cross see Harlan, Martini, and Stevens (26). A por- tion of the bulk seed of an early génération of this cross was sent to Moscow, Idaho, where it was grown in bulk until 1935." In the spring of that year'seed was sent to the Aberdeen substation, Aberdeen, Idaho, where it was space- planted. Selections (Fg) were made from this seeding in the summer of 1935 by H. V. Harlan, M. L. Martini, G. A. Wiebe, and J. K. Harlan. These were tested for a number of years at Aberdeen in the cooperative work of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and the united States Department of Agri- culture, and the one that proved to be superior was accessioned as C. I. 7008, and is being increased for distribution. j -; Distribution,—Seed of this variety is being ^creased for distribution in 1946.

.' -COAST ■ y.. -M- l-:r. ...,.., I ,.y Description.'^Six-roweá rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles wählte ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 14 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 2.5 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short to CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 111

.■171 • ■' >

FiGUKE 60.—Atlas: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 112 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding ; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips green, yellow at maturity, rough ; glume awn equal to length of glume, tips green, yellow at maturity ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 45 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled or semiwrinkled. Coast has a moderately weak straw. History.—Coast (C. I. 690) has the same general history as California Coast, except that it appears to have been reselected at some stage because it shows less variation than the original Coast. It is more uniform in such characters as density of spike, kernel color, heading date, plant height, etc. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in California, Oregon, and Washington.

STAVROPOL Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 14 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 46 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. ' Stavropol has a moderately weak straw. History,—^According to Swanson and Laude (59), Stavropol (C. I. 2103) was introduced into Ellis County, Kans., from Russia by the German-Russian immigrants between 1872 and 1880. Its more remote origin is believed to be North Africa. Stavropol was the most important variety grown in western Kansas for more than 50 years and is among the high-yielding varieties at the Fort Hays Branch Station. According to Harlan and Martini (24), a similar barley was obtained by M. A. Carleton, of the United States Department of Agriculture, from near Stavropol, Russia, in August 1900. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in western Kansas. Synonyms,—^Kansas Common Six-rowed, Hog Barley, Feed Barley.

RUFFLYN Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles frequently purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 2.5 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 37 to 49 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Rufllyn has a moderately weak straw. History.—Rufliyn (C. I. 6374) is a selection from Flynn made by O. E. Barbee, of the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, about 1924. The selection was entered in the nursery in 1925 and named Rufílyn in 1939 when it was released to farmers. Distribution,—Grown in Washington on a limited acreage. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 113

BLUE Description,—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 14 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short- haired" edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral nerves and several to numerous on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels blue, long, weight 38 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semi wrinkled. Blue has a moderately weak straw. History.—The history of Blue (C. I. 1247) is not certain. It is thought to be of North African origin as it resembles the Coast type barleys. The Wash- ington Agricultural Experiment Station obtained the variety in 1914 from the G win ranch at Pullman, Wash., and later released it to farmers in that State. Distribution,—Grown to some extent in Washington.

CALIFORNIA COAST Description.—Six-rowed, rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles sometimes purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity, sometimes with snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 2.5 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue or white, long, weight 42 to 49 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 61. California Coast has a moderately weak straw. History.—According to Hendry (34), California Coast (C. I. 6115) was introduced by the early Spanish settlers. Hendry examined adobe bricks taken from early historic buildings in Mexico, Arizona, and California and found barley seeds and other plant parts that are similar to the Coast variety grown in California today. The earliest record on barley furnished by these bricks is in 1701 at the Mission San Cayetano del Tumacacori in southern Arizona. The first record in California is in 1771 at Jolon in Monterey County in the mission of San Antonio de Padua. The more remote origin of this variety is undoubtedly North Africa. Distribution.—Grown occasionally on fields on the Pacific coast and in the intermountain area. Synonyms.—Common, California Feed, Bay Brewing,

COMMON SIX-ROW Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant .early to midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths with or without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles sometimes purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 14 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 2.5 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short' 672363*—46—8 114 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fipiJP

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FiGUitE 61.—California Coast: Spikes (XI); kernels (X4j. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 HQ

ífií?^' occasionally abortive; lemma yellow, nerve.«^ sometimes purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; äSma Wv kernels blue or white long, weight 41 to 46 mg ; hulls semiwrinkled ^' Common Six-Iiow has moderate to weak straw wnimieu. History,~Common Six-Row (C. I. 4625), according to Bartel (11) has essentially the same history as the original Coast variety grown on the PaciEc coast It was undoubtedly a part t)f the same early movement oTbarleyt¿to this country that accompanied the Spanish settlers. This fact is shown bv Hendry [34) in his studies on the adobe brick of old historic builSs in Arizona. In these he found barley seeds which are similar to the Common S^ffiT'' '^' ^ """'" '''^^'' ""'^'^ ^^ ''''' ^^'-'^^^ '' undou^X Distribution.—Qvowu on occasional farms in Arizona.

CLUB MARIOUT Description.—^ix-roweá, rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect to semiprostrate; plant early, short; basal leaf sheaths Without hai^^green or purple; upper eaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles white or purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long vvide! occasionally curled; stems yellow at maturity, sometimes with snaky neck- exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 18 cm ' collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough with short-haired edges ; spike lax to dense, short, truncate pyramidal slightly waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike« lemma awn long; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves with transverse crease at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long weight 46 to 55 mg ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in ngure t)¿!. Club Mariout has a weak straw. The seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. ^ History.—Club Maviont (C. I. 261), according to Harlan and Martini (24) was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture from the ir^ ngated sections of Lower Egypt in 1903. In 1904 the seed was distributed to the and Western States and, according to Hendry (33), the first planting in California was made at Yuba City in December of that year. The first impres- sion made by it in California was so unfavorable that it was discarded as being without promise in this State and unworthy of further trial. The variety was grown commercially in Wasco County, Oreg., as early as 1917. In 1919 a carload of seed of this barley was purchased from a Wasco County farmer . ^ 1 ®. ä^^^ County Farm Bureau, Willows, Calif., and the present acreage m that State is from this seed. The variety also showed promise in the Great Flams area and the commercial acreage there dates from about 1932 when it was distributed in the Colorado-Kansas area. Prior to about 1920 the name Mariout was used for this variety as well as if^x^oS.^^^^^*^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ California Mariout. In order to avoid confusion C. I. 261 was named Club Mariout and C. I. 1455, California Mariout Distribution.—There are two important areas where this variety is grown in the United States. One is on the Pacific coast where the variety is grown extensively in California and less widely in Oregon. The other area is in the Great Plains where it is grown in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska, where these States adjoin each other. Synonyms.—mLvUmt, Goiae« Mariout, Oregon Mariout

f -■_.;' c. I. 7147 Description.—f^iX'Towed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason to late, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked • leaves long, wide, upright; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity! sometimes with snaky neck; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 10 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. I 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiouBE 62.—Club Mariout : Spikes (XI) ¡kernels (X3i^). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 117 long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax to dense, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 41 to 46 mg. ; hulls wrinkled. C. I. 7147 has a stiff straw. History.—C. I. 7147 is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Good Delta X Everest. The cross was made by Harlan and Martini at Sacaton, Ariz., in 1928. This cross is one of the many which were used to make Composite Cross (C. I. 5461) as described by Harlan, Martini, and Stevens (26). The cross was grown in bulk at the Aberdeen substation, Aberdeen, Idaho, until the eighth generation in 1935 when a number of selections were made from it by H. V. Harlan, M. L. Martini, G. A. Wiebe, and J. R. Harlan. These were tested for a number of years at the Aberdeen substation in the cooperative work between the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agricul- ture. One of these selections proved to be superior and was accessioned as C. I. 7147. Distribution,—Seed is being increased of this variety for distribution in 1946.

c. L 7153 Description.—^ix-roweó. rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves with hairs on both sides, long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 8 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike dense, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired, abortive in 50 percent of kernels; lemma yellow with purple nerves, numerous teeth on lateral nerves and several on marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; stigma hairy; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 35 to 40 mg.; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. C. I. 7135 has a stiff straw and sparse foliage. History.—C. I. 7153 is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Minia X Golden Pheasant. The cross was made by Harlan and Martini at Sacaton, Ariz., in 1928. This cross is one of those that was used to make Composite Cross (C. I. 5461) as described by Harlan, Martini, and Stevens (26). The cross was grown in bulk at the Aberdeen substation, Aberdeen, Idaho, until the eighth generation in 1935 when a number of selections were made from it by H. V. Harlan, M. L. Martini, G. A. Wiebe, and J. R. Harlan. These were tested for a number of years at the Aberdeen substation in the cooperative work between the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States De- partment of Agriculture. One of these selections proved to be superior and was accessioned C. I. 7153. Distribution.—Seed is being increased of this variety for distribution in 1946.

TUNIS Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect to semiprostrate; plant early, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple- streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally slightly curled ; stems yellow at maturity with tendency to snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short- haired edges ; spike lax to dense, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, long, weight 42 to 56 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. 118 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Tunis has a moderately weak straw and according to the Texas authorities has displayed a marked resistance to leaf rust. The seeds have postharvest dormancy. History.—Tunis (0. I. 1383) is of North African origin and was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1919. The seeds were presented by Rachel Severin, La Reole, Gironde, France. For many years the variety was tested under the name Orge de Staf Tunisie (Staf barley from Tunis). The Texas station in cooperation with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases tested this variety in lower Texas and found it to be suited to that area. It produced high yields and grain of good quality and displayed a marked resistance to leaf rust. The name Tunis was adopted for this variety in 1943 at the time it was released to farmers. Distribution.—Grown on a small acreage in lower Texas where it was released recently.

MINIA Description,—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity, sometimes with snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 10 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, long, weight 46 to 55 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Minia has a weak straw and the seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy. History.—Minia (C. I. 3556) was introduced by H. V. Harlan from Minieh, Egypt, in 1923. The original variety was composed of several types and Minia (C. I. 3556) is a pure-line selection from this variety. In Egypt the variety was grown under canal irrigation. Minia has shown good combining ability in crosses with other varieties, as shown by Harlan, Martini, and Stevens (26). Distribution,—'There is no commercial acreage.

CALIFORNIA MARIOUT Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, upright ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity with snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 8 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved or straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, not waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes two-thirds of the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes, hairs numerous at base, wanting or nearly so, at tip; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 42 to 51 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 63. California Mariout has a moderately weak to weak straw. ífisíori/.—California Mariout (C. I. 1455) was obtained by G. W. Hendry (33) from E. Clements Horst Co., of San Francisco, Calif., in 1905, who in turn obtained it from their London oflice. Hendry tested the variety for a number of years and in 1912 released it to farmers near Davis, Calif. The variety did not gain prominence until about 1920. According to Harlan and Martini (24)y California Mariout originally came from Egypt where it is grown by Arab farmers along the Mediterranean without irrigation and with a rainfall of about 8 inches. Prior to about 1920 the name Mariout was used for this CLASSIFICATION OF ÜAKLKY VARIKTI KS ÜKÜWN IN 1945 Xld

\ !

; 1 ' hi) . ' i ■ : : ,» 1.1 II-

FiGUBE C3.—California Mariout: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (XS'/o). 120 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

variety, as well as for the variety now called Club Mariout. In order to avoid confusion C. I. 1455 was named California Mariout and C. I. 261, Club Mariout. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in the Imperial Valley in California and in Arizona. Synonym.—Mariout.

FRANKLIN MALT Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plaßt midseason, tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity with tendency to snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 18 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn three, two, or one times the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white or blue, midlong to long, weight 30 to 37 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Franklin Malt has a moderately stiif straw and the seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. History.—According to Swanson and Laude (59) Franklin Malt (C. I. 5915) is a farmer's introduction that became established in the Colby-Goodland section in northwestern Kansas about 1920 and by 1922 was grown more extensively than Stavropol. It nearly disappeared from production, however, during the long drought period 1933-40. Franklin Malt probably had its origin in Man- churia, as it somewhat resembles varieties obtained from there. It probably is more tolerant to summer heat and drought than is Manchuria and in this respect it is similar to Odessa. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in northwestern Kansas. Synonym,—^Malt.

BELDI GIANT Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf . to spike 0 to 10 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough, but with tendency to be brittle occasionally, with short-haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips faintly purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 40 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Beldi Giant has a moderately weak straw. History.—The history of Beldi Giant (0. I. 2777) is not clear. Harlan and Martini {24) state that it was obtained from the California Agricultural Ex- periment Station by the United States Department of Agriculture about 1913 under the name of Beldi. It differed so materially from the Beldi then grown by the Department that H. V. Harlan made a selection of it, renamed it Beldi Giant, and sent it to a considerable number of western stations. It was later distributed to farmers by the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923. The variety from which Beldi Giant was selected is probably an introduction from North Africa. The word "Beldi" is most likely a corruption of the Arabic term for "village," or, in other words, Beldi probably means ♦'common" barley, which varies in type from place to place in North Africa. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Washington. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 121

OLLI Descrípfíon.—Sîx*rowed, rough-awned, spring barley; early growth erect; plant very early, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, open, or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2.5 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges short-haired ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at ftp of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple, deciduous ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several teeth on lateral nerves, few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong, weight 25 to 32 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown m figure 64. The kernels of some commercially grown lots of Olli are blue or white mixed. At many experiment stations apparently a pure line is grown, however, which is blue. Olli has a moderately stiff straw. It has been used as a parent in breeding, chiefly for its earliness and malting quality. Histon.- ^\ (CJ. 6251) (C. A.^« 739) is a plant selection from a hybrid variety intrcluced from the experimental station at Jokionen, Finland. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in the northern districts of the Provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. TREBI Description.-—^ix-YOWQá, rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 1 to 11 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges short-haired ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves occasionally faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression tending to crease at base : stigma hairy ; kernels blue, long, weight 33 to 45 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 65. Trebi is resistant to deep-borne loose smut and also to stripe, according to Shands and Arny {55), The straw is moderately stiff. The teeth on the lemma nerves are less well developed on this variety when it is grown in the humid climate of the North Central States. History.—Trebi (G. I. 936), according to Harlan and Martini (24) and Harlan, Martini, and Pope (25), is a plant selection from a bulk lot of barley obtained from the south shore of the Black Sea in Asiatic Turkey. The bulk lot of seed was introduced in 1905 by Frank Benton, of the Bureau of Entomology, through the Ofl^ce of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, who obtained it from Dem. Ch. Papathopoulos of Samsoun, Asiatic Turkey, who in turn got the seed from Trebizond, Asiatic Turkey. The name for the variety was derived from this latter city. In its native area the variety is said to be of superior quality; not used as a forage crop, and the grain exported for use in the manufacture of beer, being especially suited for this. The selection now known as Trebi was made by H. V. Harlan in 1909 in the cooperative breeding work of the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases and the Minnesota Agricultural Ex- periment Station. In 1913 Trebi was sent to Aberdeen, Idaho, and tested for a number of years in comparison with other varieties in cooperative tests of this Division and the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. The variety showed exceptional yielding ability and was released from Aberdeen, Idaho, in 1918. Distribution.—Grown extensively over a wide area that includes the States of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and the Canadian Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. i»C. A. refers to Canadian accession number here and on succeeding pages. 122 TIKHMCAL BVT.r.FTTN 007, V. S. DF.PT. Or AGRICULTURE

1Í

FKiiiiE t;4.~011i: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4Vj). CLASSIFICATION OV BAKLKY VAKlJiTlKS GKinVN IN 1945 123

Slf ' Wi

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FiGt-KE 65.—Trebi: Spikps (XI) ; kprnpli? (X4). 124 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ODESSA Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long ; awns rough, sometimes deciduous, tips faintly purple ; glume awn two to three times the length .of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma ; covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue or white, midlong, weight 26 to 36 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 66. Odessa has a weak straw, and the seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. //isiori/.—Harlan and Martini (g.^) state that Odessa (C. I. 182) is similar to Manchuria in many ways but is more tolerant to summer heat and probably to drought. It is obviously an importation from south Russia. It was grown in the test plots at Ottawa, Canada, in 1890. The United States Department of Agriculture obtained it from Ottawa in 1902 and later sent the barley to a number of experiment stations. The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station tested it for a number of years and released it to farmers in 1914. Distrihution.—Grown extensively in South Dakota and to a lesser extent in neighboring States.

MINSTURDI Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or slightly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 15 cm. ; collars closed or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges ; spike dense, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, with numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 29 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Minsturdi has a stiff straw. History.—Minsturdi (C. I. 1556) (reg. 2) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross South African X Manchuria. The South African parent used is a club-type variety similar to the Winter Club variety grown occasionally in the West. The cross was made in 1909 in the cooperative breeding work between the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Minsturdi was last selected in 1914 and was released to farmers in 1922 by the Minnesota station. Distrihution.—Grown on scattered farms in Minnesota.

KINDRED Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; uppei' leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple- streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved 3 to 6 mm. long » rachis tough, edges short-haired; spike lax, midlong, xjarallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 125

FiGUEE 66.—Odessa: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X5). 126 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

awns rough, rarely deciduous, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves occasionally faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 25 to 32 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 67. Kindred is resistant to stem rust and has a weak straw. History.—Kindred (C. I. 6969) is a plant selection made in 1935 by S. T. Lykken on his farm near Kindred, N. Dak. The selection w^as made from a field of Wisconsin Pedigree 37 that was badly damaged by stem rust. The plant selected was free from this disease and subsequent tests have confirmed its resistance. The original plant had 18 seeds. These were carefully planted in Mr. Lykken's garden the following year, and the present commercial acreage all traces to this one plant. Kindred is very unlike the variety in which it was found. The commercial acreage dates from about 1942. Distribution.—Grown in North Dakota and to a limited extent in adjacent Minnesota. Synonym.—"L" Barley.

ODERBRUCKER Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason to late, tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; nodes purple or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally V-shaped or open ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, about 3 mm."long; rachis tough, with short- haired edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lenima awn long ; awns rough, sometimes deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of the glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of the lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 25 to 33 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 68. Oderbrucker has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. History.—The history of Oderbrucker (0. I. 4666) is given by Harlan and Martini (24) as follows: "Oderbrucker was originally a variety identical with or similar to the Manchuria. As with the latter variety, it consisted of a large number of strains, both blue and white. The report in the old Government records of 1865 states: 'This variety is grown very extensively on the low, formerly swampy lands of the Valley of the Oder, but which were drained during the reign of Frederick the Great.' An importation by the Federal Govern- ment apparently never reached the farmers. In 1889, however, the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph [Canada] received this barley from Germany and later sent it to the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. It was widely distributed by the Wisconsin station and most of the improvement was made at that place. In 1908 R. A. Moore and A. L. Stone of Madison released Wisconsin Pedigree 5 and Wisconsin Pedigree 6. Both of these were selections of Oderbrucker." A further selection, Oderbrucker Pedigree 5-1, was made by B. D. Leith at the Wisconsin station in 1917, and most of the present acreage traces to this source. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Wisconsin, Michigan, and northern Illinois. Synonyms.—^Wisconsin Pedigree 5, Pedigree 5, Wisconsin 5.

CHEVRON Description.—Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant late, midtall to tall, about 2 inches taller than Peatland; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles sometimes purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping and more so than in Peatland; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes purple or green ; distance flagleaf to spike 2 to 15 cm. ; collars CLASSIFICATION OK BARLEY \ARIKTIKS GROW.N IX 1945 127

M i FlGUKE 67.—Kindred : Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 1 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiGLKK 00.—Oilerbrucker: «iiikes (XI); keruels (X-iVi). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 129 closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges short-haired ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple, sometimes deciduous; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 25 to 30 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. According to Shands (56), Chevron has relatively high resistance to scab and is resistant to stem rust and mildew. Shands and Arny (55) report it as being resistant to stripe. It has a stiff straw and is similar to Peatland, except in being somewhat taller, a little later, and more resistant to scab, mildew, and stripe. History.—Chevron (C. I. 1111) is a selection made from a bulk lot of barley, received in 1914 from Switzerland. The seed was presented by Albert Volkart, of the Swiss Seed Experiment Station, to the American consul, David F .Wilber, and came from Vorrenwald Eich, Canton Lucerne, Switzerland. It was described as "Four-row^ed spring barley (unimproved domestic variety)." In 1916 a plant selection was made from the bulk lot at Chico, Calif., by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases and the name Chevron was given to this selection in 1918. The variety Peatland is a second selection made from the same original bulk lot. Since Chevron was found to be resistant to stem rust and to some extent also to scab, a further attempt was made to get more seed of the original type from Switzerland. This attempt was a failure as only two-rowed types were obtained. Chevron has not been released to farmers. It is being used extensively in breeding as a source of disease resistance. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage.

PEATLAND Description.—Six-rowed rough-a wned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant late, midtall to tall, about 2 inches shorter than Chevron; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping but less so than in Chevron ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple or green; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 14 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved or straight, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges short-haired; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper half of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns rough, often deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 24 to 30 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 69. Peatland is resistant to stem rust and has a stiff straw under most conditions. It is similar to Chevron except in being somewhat shorter, in height, earlier, and less resistant to mildew, scab, and stripe. History,—^Peatland (C. I. 5267) is a selection made from a bulk lot of barley received in 1914 from Switzerland. The seed was presented by Albert Volkart, of the Swiss Seed Experiment Station, to the American consul, David F. Wilber, and came from Vorrenwald Eich, Canton Lucerne, Switzerland. In Switzerland it was described as an unimproved four-rowed domestic spring barley. In 1916 a single plant selection was made from this bulk lot at St. Paul, Minn., in the cooperative breeding work between the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. It was tested by the Minnesota station and found to be particularly well-suited to peat land, and this characteristic suggested its present name, Peatland. The variety Chevron is a second selection from the same original lot. Since both Peatland and Chevron were found to be resistant to stem rust and to some extent also to scab, a further attempt was made to get additional seed of the original type from Switzerland. This attempt was a failure, as only two-rowed types were obtained. The variety was released in 1926. Distribution.—The variety is grown to a very limited extent in Minnesota, Iowa, and on the gray wooded soils of northern Alberta. 672363« 130 IKC IINU Al. niLI.ETIX 907, U. S. DEI'T. OF AGRICULTURE

/ i r III

FuirKK «y.—Peatlana : Spikes (XI); kernels (X3V¿). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 I3I

CARTONS Description.-Six-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth ereot • nlnnf midseason to late midtall to tall; basal leaf sheathsTthfut hairs grœn oí purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at mltur^tv- auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping fllaeiêsW learffiolXr to spike 8 torr/l"i"*",f'^-= 18 cm.; collars closed,^^T"^ open, '¿<1- or &intinur^lerdttanceV-shaped; basal rachis Inter- Aaf: node straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long f rachis tough, "^th short haLd or occasionally long-haired, edges; spike lax, short to midl(^ng parallel slteht^v waxy nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper Xrd of spike- êmma awn long; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly puíple, sometimes detíduoiS gmmesiiZLZvr^f half the i*^^„flength of ï.''^*'^^the lemma, ^^'^"«' covered ™"¿' with «ps%%iow short hairs orfeLtirpmpte or occasionallv ; with long hairs ; rachilla short-haired or occasionally long-haired • le¿ma veHow nerves sometimes faintly purple, few to numerous teeth on lateralTervesnoM to several on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma ha^rylkemell C.ZZ^^â midlong, weight 24 to 33 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrSd thff^lTJî? ^ îôderate to weak straw. It has some resistance to stem rust that IS, certain plants are resistant whereas others are susceptible iinsiand.En^Cd^-öthefthan^?hiî''?^ other than this the history /^- ôf P^^the variety ^'^^ obtainedis uncertain from TheGartons. seed abouT'lOSr' "" "^'"'"^'••^'^1 >«t ^'^''^h became established on farras in ¿anitoba ..î^^^'^^^fion-—Grown to a very limited extent on the Portage Plains in Man- itoba ; Its acreage is being replaced by newer varieties.

DORSETT flcíorípííoM.—Slx-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect • niant early short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths vvithouthairí.g^^n^pp^^^^^^^ l^tîl^^ ^''^^"î "^^""^J y,^"°^ •"■ sometimes slightly black at maturity ^auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long wide stems yellow or sometimes slightly black at maturity; nodes sliStlVpurnro? Vr^^ distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 15 cm. ; collars closed? StonaOy^Ôpen-^b^sai hrmïl'"^^/r?^ '*,,™^'!î' 'Í''"* 2 mm. long; rachis tough but tending to be brittle, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel slightlv wax^ black, nodding; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma a^n long; awns rough, sometimes deciduous, slightly purple at tip durkS eiriv ripening stage, turning black at maturity; glume awn twice the ength of glume rough, slightly purple at tip during early ripening stage, turntng black at maturity; glumes half the length of the lemma, wtth lon¿ hairs Confined to wide bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired ; lemma black with numerous teeth on lateral nerves and few to several on mkr^n^wUh dCes- sion at base; stigma hairy; kernels black but with blue aleurone ¿oTor sho?t to midlong, weight 29 to 35 mg. ; hulls semlwrinkled It has a moderately stiff straw and Shands and Amy (55) report it as beins DÄtThf'iJ".'*''/^.^- Unpublished data at the Wisconsin station show Dorsett to be resistant to most forms of smut and moderately so to mildew The seeds tend to have postharvest dormancy Äisiorj/.—Dorsett (C. I. 4821) was introduced from Manchuria in 1926 by P H. Dorsett, agricultural explorer. United States Department of Agriculture II '^"1*'^*'^^°^^ *™'" ^^^ experimental field of the Chinese Eastern Railway through F. F. Terentieflf, director of the land department. In Manchuria it was known locally as "Feng tien hei" (black barley of Mukden). It has been used m breeding because of Its disease resistance. Distribution.—There is no commercial acreage.

SCARAB Bescripiio».—Slx-rowed rough-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple- upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles white- leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars 132 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE closed, sometimes V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike dense, short, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to wide bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, several teeth on lateral nerves, no or few teeth on marginal nerves with transverse crease at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong, weight 38 to 44 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Scarab has a moderately stiff straw. It has been used in breeding because of its "leafy" character. .^. . r.,. History,—^csLVSih (0. I. 995) was introduced from Russia in 1914. The seeds were presented by Robert Regel, Bureau of Applied Botany, St. Petersburg, Russia. Scarab was grown in preliminary tests in 1915 at Arlington Farm, Rossyln, Va., and at St. Paul, Minn. Later it was tested at the Arizona Agricul- tural Experiment Station by A. T. Partei, of the United States Department of Agriculture, and found to be a very stiff-strawed leafy variety suitable for pasture. It was released to farmers in 1941. It has been used extensively In the breeding of pasture barleys at that station. Distribution,—^There is a small acreage in Arizona.

FLYNN 1 Description.SiX'YOweá semismooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, narrow, drooping; flagleaves long, narrow, sometimes curled; stems yellow or purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 18 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with few long or no hairs on edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns semismooth, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 40 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, long, weight 38 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 70. Flynn 1 has a moderately stiff to stiff straw, and the seeds have considerable postharvest dormancy. History.—Flynn 1 (C. I. 5911) came from the cross Club Mariout X Lion. According to Harlan and Martini {2/f) the cross was made at St. Paul, Minn., by H. V. Harlan in the cooperative work between the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. A number of selections from this cross were sent to several western stations. Further selections were made at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station at Moro, Oreg. One of these, named Flynn, proved to be a good variety and was distributed to farmers. The variety was reselected at Moro in 1923 and 1924 and two of these selections, Flynn 1 and Flynn 37, are now being grown commercially, the former on the Great Plains and the latter in Oregon. Accord- ing to Swanson and Laude (59), Flynn 1 was received by the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station, Hays, Kans., from the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, in 1931, and after careful study was found not to differ from the original Flynn, grown previously since 1922, except for purity of smooth awns. Flynn 1 was distributed from the Fort Hays station in 1933, and the Great Plains acreage of this variety traces to this source. Distribution.—Grown extensively in northwestern Kansas and eastern Colorado, and to a limited extent in southwestern Nebraska.

FLYNN Description.—Six-rowed, semismooth-awned, spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple- CLASSIFICATION OK HAUI.KY \ AkI KTIKS (IKdWX 1\ 1945 133 f Till 'i

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FiGUKE 70.—Flynn 1: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 134 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Streaked; leaves long, narrow, drooping; flagleaves long, narrow, sometimes curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 14 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns semismooth, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with long hairs or confined to wide bands ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 25 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 38 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Flynn has a moderate to stiff straw, and the seeds have considerable postharvest dormancy. History.—Flynn (C. I. 1311) came from the cross Club Mariout X Lion. According to Harlan and Martini (24) the cross was made at St. Paul, Minn., by H. V. Harlan in the cooperative work between the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. A number of selections from this cross were sent to several western stations. Further selections were made at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station at Moro, Oreg. One of these was named Flynn and distributed to farmers in the early 1920's. _ . ^ ^ Distribution,—Grown on scattered farms in the Columbia Basin District of Oregon. It now has been nearly replaced by Flynn 37, a selection from this variety which has smoother awns, VAUGHN Description.—Six-rowed, semismooth-awned, spring barley ; early growth semiprostrate to prostrate; plant early, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, narrow, drooping ; ñagleaves long, narrow, sometimes curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 12 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, edge with moderately numerous long hairs ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, inclined to slightly nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns semismooth, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn 1 to 11/2 times the length of glumes, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired, abortive on 35 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 42 to 51 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 71. Vaughn has a stiff straw. The kernels occasionally are skinned in threshing, as the hulls are less firmly attached to the caryopsis in comparison with other California varieties. The seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. History.—Accoraing to Harlan and Martini (24), Vaughn (C. I. 1367) is of hybrid origin, coming from the cross Lion X Club Mariout. The hybrid was made by H. V. Harlan in the greenhouse at Rosslyn, Va., in the winter of 1912- 13. The first and second generations w^ere grown at the University of Minnesota in the cooperative work with the United States Department of Agriculture. One of the selections from this hybrid was named Vaughn and sent to Moro, Oreg., in 1916. It was included in the nursery at Davis, Calif., in 1922. The first yield test at Davis was made under the supervision of V. H. Florell in 1924 in the cooperative work of the California Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. The variety was released in California in 1926. Vaughn was tested also in Arizona but at a later time ; it proved to be a good variety and was released in 1935. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Arizona and to a small extent in California.

BEECHER Description.—Six-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect to semiprostrate ; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple- CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 135

W FiGUKE 71.—Vaugliii: Spikes (XI); kernels ^X4). 136 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, sometimes curled ; stems yellow at maturity with tendency to snaky neck ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long ; awns semismooth, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awn 1 to 1% times the length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 20 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 42 to 54 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Beecher has a stiff straw. History.—Beecher (C. I. 6566) (reg. 12) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross Atlas X Vaughn, made by V. H. Florell in 1927 at Davis, Calif., in the cooperative breeding work between the California Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and the United States Department of Agriculture. Florell made a number of selections from this cross which were sent to a number of the Great Plains stations in 1934. At the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Akron, the selections were tested for a number of years ; one proved to be superior and was released to farmers under the name of Beecher in 1940. Distribution.—Beecher is grown to a limited extent in that section of the Great Plains where the States of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas adjoin each other.

ARIVAT uescription.—Six-rowed, semismooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early, short; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, sometimes curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awns long; awns semismooth, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glume awns 1% to 2 times the length of glumes, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to wide bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long- haired, abortive on 30 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral nerves and several to numerous on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 42 to 52 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown In figure 72. Arivat has stiff straw. History.—Arivat (C. I. 6573) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross Atlas X Vaughn, made in 1927 by V. H. Florell at Davis, Calif., in the cooperative breeding work between the California Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. A number of selections from this cross made by Florell were sent to the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station at Tucson in 1934. One of these proved to be superior and was released to farmers under the name of Arivat in 1940. Distribution.—Grown extensively in Arizona and on a small acreage in California. GLACIER Description.—Six-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; Tipper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide, sometimes curled; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns semismooth, tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn 1 to 1^/^ times thé length of glume, rough, tips sometimes CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 194Ó 137 Pliipii I

FiGURK 72.—Arivat: Spikis (XI) ; kernels (X4). 138 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 45 percent of kernels; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, long, weight 45 to 54 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Glacier has a moderately stiff to stiff straw and according to Litzenberger (U) is resistant to covered smut. íTisíor^/.—Glacier (C. I. 6976) (reg. 16) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross Atlas X Vaughn made by V. H. Florell in 1927 at Davis, Calif., in the cooperative breeding work between the California Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and the United States Department of Agriculture. Florell made a number of selections from this cross, which were sent to Montana in 1935. The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station tested these selections for a number of years in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture and in 1943 the best one was released under the name of Glacier. Distribution.—There is a limited acreage in Montana where the variety was released recently.

BYNG Description.—Six-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles strongly purple; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed nodes purple; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm.; collars closed, occasionally open; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges long-haired ; spike lax, long, parallel, waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns semismooth, tips purple, rarely deciduous ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in wide bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long- haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several to numerous on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 29 to 37 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 73. Byng has moderately weak to weak straw. History.—Byng (C. I. 6089) (C. A. 1096) originated from the progeny of the cross (Michigan 31604 X-Common Six-Rowed 4307 M.C.) X Mensury 32 M.C. The Michigan 31604 parent is a black smooth-awned variety similar to Lion, while the other two parents are of the Manchuria type. The cross was made at Macdonald College, Quebec. It was released in 1939. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in eastern Canada.

LICO Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, few short or no hairs on edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tips of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs confined to bands or sometimes covering the glumes ; rachilla short-haired, abortive on 5 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma moderately hairy; kernels white, midlong to long, CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 l'¿{)

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FiGUKE 73.—liyng: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 140 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE weignt 39 to Í6 mg. ; hulls sllgïïtly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 74. Lico has a moderately stiff straw and is susceptible to loose smut. History.—Lico (C. I. 6279) (reg. 13) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Coast X Lion. The cross was made in 1922 by D. W. Robertson, and a number of promising selections from it were tested at the Colorado Agricultural Ex- periment Station at Fort Collins. The best of these was named Lico and released to farmers in 1937. DistriMtiQn.—GvQwu iu Colorado and to a limited extent in Wyoming.

BARBOFF Description,—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved, 3 to 5 mm. long ; rachis tough, without hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awns long ; awns smooth, tips faintly purple ; glume awns equal to length of glumes, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with hairs restricted to midline or confined to bands ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes purple, none to few teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 37 to 43 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Barboff is similar to Nobarb and differs from it in having a shorter, stronger straw, larger plumper grain, shorter glume awns, and in being a little earlier in maturity. History.—BsiYhoñ (C. I. 7148) (C. A. 1143) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross O. A. C. 21 X Lion, made in 1921 at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Two selections from this cross have been named and distributed. The first was called Nobarb and is described below. Barboff, the second selection, was released in 1942. Distribution.—Grown to a very limited extent in central Ontario. May be expected to replace Nobarb. Synonym,—Nobarb II, LION Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple or frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide, sometimes slightly curled ; stems yellow, tending to be black at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 13 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight or curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with no or few long hairs on the edges : spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, black, waxy, erect to inclined ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, rarely deciduous, tips purple, later turning black; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple, later black; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma black, none to few teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs; kernels black, but aleurone color blue, midlong, weight 40 to 49 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Lion has a moderately stiff straw, and, according to Shands and Arny {55), is resistant to stripe. . -,. History—Lion (C. I. 923) is an introduction from southern Russia. According to Harlan and Martini (2^) the United States Department of Agriculture received a black six-rowed barley from Taganrog, Russia, in 1911. A small plot of it was grown at St. Paul. Minn., in 1912, in the cooperative experiments of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Both smooth- and rough-awned types were present. H. V. Harlan made a number of selections, one of which. Lion, was distributed to many experiment stations and has been used extensively in crosses because of its smooth awns. Nearly all of the smooth-awned varieties produced in the CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 141

FiGURK 74.—Lico: Spikes (XI) : kernels (X4). 142 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

United States and Canada have received their smooth awn character directly or indirectly from this variety. Lion was released to Michigan farmers in 1918 under the name of Black Barbless, but it never was a popular variety. Distribution.—There is no known commercial acreage.

ROJO Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths hairy, purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple- streaked; leaves long, narrow, drooping; flagleaves long, narrow, occasionally curled; stems yellow at maturity with tendency to snaky neck; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with no or very few long hairs on edges ; spike lax to dense, short to midlong, parallel, w^axy, slightly nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma aw^n long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glumes, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted to midline or confined to bands ; rachilla long-haired, occasionally abortive ; lemma yellow, nerves strongly purple or frequently red, pigmentation is so heavy that at ripening the kernels under certain conditions appear to be gray, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels wählte, midlong to long, weight 41 to 50 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Rojo has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Rojo (C. I. 5401) is a selection from Composite Cross (C. I. 4116) made by H. V. Harlan at the Aberdeen substation, Aberdeen, Idaho, in 1929. The Composite Cross from which it was selected was made over a period of years (1917-21) by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. In 1931 a number of selections from this Composite Cross, including the one later on named Rojo, were sent to Davis, Calif. Here they \¥ere tested by G. A. Wiebe and later by C. A. Suneson in the cooperative work between the California Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. In these tests Rojo proved to be a superior variety and w^as released to California farmers in 1943. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in California where the variety has recently been released.

HERO Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect to semiprostrate ; plant early to midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple ; leaves long, narrow, drooping ; flagleaves long, narrow, often curled ; stems yellow or purple at maturity, sometimes with snaky neck ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 12 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, with few long or no hairs on edges ; spike dense, short, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips strongly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips strongly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted to midline or confined to bands or without hairs; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves strongly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma moderately hairy; kernels white, long, weight 39 to 51 mg.; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 75. Hero has a weak straw. History.—Hero (C. I. 4602), according to Harlan and Martini (24), comes from the cross Lion X Club Mariout made by H. V. Harlan in the greenhouse at Rosslyn, Va., in 1912. Two generations of progeny of this cross were grown at St. Paul, Minn., in cooperation between the United States Department of Agriculture and the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Sever# plant selections were made there and sent to experiment stations in the West, including Chico, Calif., in 1915. The variety was grown at Chico until 1921 and in 1922 was named Hero. Later W. W. Mackie, of the California Agricultural Experi- ment Station, reselected the variety at Davis and distributed it to California farmers in 1924. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in California. CLASSIKICATIÜN OF BARI.F.Y VAKIKTIF.S GROWN IN 1945 143

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FiGUBE 75.—Hero; Spikes (XI) : kernels (X-1). 144 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FLTNN 37 Description.—Six-rowed, smooth^awned, spring barley; early growth semiprostrate ; plant early, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, narrow, drooping ; flagleaves long, narrow, sometimes curled ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode straight, about 2 mm. long ; rachis tough, few long or no hairs on edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted to midline or confined to bands; rachilla long-haired, abortive on 25 percent of kernels; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves and none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 41 to 48 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Flynn 37 has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. The seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. History.—Flynn 37 (C. 1. 5918) came from the cross Club Mariout X Lion. According to Harlan and Martini (24), the cross was made at St. Paul, Minn., by H. V. Harlan in the cooperative work between the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. A number of selections from this cross were sent to several western stations. At the Sherman Branch Experiment Station at Moro, Oreg., further selections were made, and one of these named Flynn proved to be a good variety and was distributed to farmers. It was reselected at Moro in 1923 and 1924 and two of these selections, Flynn 1 and Flynn 37, are now being grown commercially, the former on the Great Plains and the latter in Oregon where it was released in 1941. Distribution.—Grown in Oregon in the Columbia Basin section.

DRYLAND Descnpfion.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without liairs ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow on purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 10 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved, 4 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, with few long hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, paralpl, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 15 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow with purple nerves, with several teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 28 to 35 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled. Dryland has moderately stiff to stiff straw and has shown considerable drought resistance under South Dakota conditions. ¿Tisior^/.—Dryland (C. I. 5673) is of hybrid origin, coming from the cross (Odessa X Club Mariout) X (Lion X Manchuria). The variety was produced by ÈÎ. S. McFadden during the time he was in the seed-producing business In South Dakota. It was first distributed to farmers in 1927. Distribution,—Gvown to a limited extent in central and western South Dakota.

GALORE Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 6 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped; basal rachis internode curved, 3 to 6 mm. long, sometimes longer (up CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 145

to 10 mm.) ; rachis tough, no or few long hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips faintly purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to narrow bands or restricted to midline; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 33 to 37 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 76. This variety has a moderate to stiff straw. History.—Galore (C. I. 7150) (C. A. 1126) was produced at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, Ontario. It was selected from the progeny of the cross (O. A. C. 21 X Lion) X O. A. C. 21, and was released to growers in 1943. Distrihution.—Grown on a limited acreage in western Ontario where it was released recently.

PLUSH Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 20 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved or straight, 3 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, with few long hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple; rarely deciduous ; glume awn equal to the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands ; rachilla long-haired, occasionally abortive ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels wliite, short to midlong, weight 25 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 77 Plush has a moderate to stiff straw. The hulls are less firmly attached to the caryopsis than in other commonly grown varieties like O. A. C. 21, Manchuria etc History,—Flush (C. I. 6093) (C. A. 1106) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross Lion X Bearer, and originated at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Brandon, Manitoba. The Bearer parent used came from the cross Blue Long Head X Gordon made in 1903 at the Experimental Farm at Ottawa. Gordon also is a hybrid, its parents being Baxter's Six-Row and Duckbill. The final cross from which Plush originated was made by S. J. Sigfusson at the Brandon station. Plush was released to growers in 1938. Distribution--Gvown extensively in Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, and to a limited extent in North Dakota and Minnesota.

WISCONSIN BARBLESS Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring oarley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 18 cm., under adverse conditions the spikes may fail to emerge from the boot ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode curved 4 to 12 mm. long; rachis tough, without hairs on edges; spike very lax, long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding, a small percentage of spikes are tweaked; lateral kernels overlapping in upper two-thirds of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, appressed, rarely deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn equal to the length of glumes, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with very few long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, and none on marginal nerves, with depression tending to crease at base ; stigma with few hairs ; 672363''—46—10 14fi TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEl'T. OK AGRICULTURE

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FiuuKK 76.—Galore: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). CLASSIFICATION OF HAKI.KV V AUlKTi Fr. CKOWN IN 1945 147

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FIGURE 77.—Plush: Spikes (XI); kpi-nols (X4Vj). 148 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE kernels white, short to mîdlon^r, weight 26 to 36 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 78. Wisconsin Barbless has a moderately stiff straw. Shands and Arny (55) report it as being resistant to stripe. The hulls are less firmly attached than in other varieties, as Oderbrucker or Manchuria. ffisior^/.—Wisconsin Barbless (C. I. 5105) (reg. 11) was produced by B. D. Leith, of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, at Madison. It came from the cross Oderbrucker X Lion made in 1917 and was released to farmers in 1929. The Oderbrucker used in this cross was Wisconsin Pedigree 5. Originally two selections were released from this cross, Wisconsin Pedigree 38 (later named Wisconsin Barbless) and Wisconsin Pedigree 37. The selections are very similar and during the years since their release the former selection (Wisconsin Barbless) became established on farms to the exclusion of the latter. Distribution.—Grown extensively in the upper Mississippi Valley in Wis- consin, Minnesota, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and in the Canadian Province of Manitoba. There is a second and smaller area in the New England States and in New York and Pennsylvania. Synonyms.—Feûigvee 38, Wisconsin Pedigree 38, Wisconsin 38, "38," Barbless, Number 38. VELVON Description.—^ix-rowed, smooth-awned, spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles frequently purple- streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, or curved, 2 to 5 mm. long ; rachis tough, no hairs or few short hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to or twice length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs restricted to midline or confined to bands ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, few or no teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 41 to 49 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Velvon has a moderately stiff straw and is somewhat resistant to covered smut and deep-borne loose smut. Shands and Arny {55) report it as moderately rpsistant fo strine. History^-According to Woodward and Tingey (6)), Velvon (C. I. 6109) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross Colorado 3063 X Trebi. (Colorado 3063 originated from the cross Coast X Lion.) The cross was made in 1930 by R. W. Woodward in the cooperative work between the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture at Logan, Utah. Selec- tions from this cross were tested for a number of years in Utah and the best one was named Velvon and distributed to farmers in 1935. More recently, Velvon has been reselected and lines have been isolated that are superior in smut resistance and have fewer sterile florets. The best of these lines were bulked and released as Velvon 11. ^ 4. T .4.^/1 Distribution.—Gvown extensively in Utah and southern Idaho and to a limited extent in Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.

VELVON 11 Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally curled ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 18 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis mternode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 4 mm. long, occasionally longer (up to 10 mm.) ; rachis tough, no or few short hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping at tip of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple; glume awn equal to or twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs, restricted to midline or sometimes without hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, none to few teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with CLASSIFICATIOX Of BAKLEV VAKIKTIKS GROWN I.N 1945 14U

FiGUBE rS,—Wisconsin Barbless: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X5). 150 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE depression at base; stigma with few hairs; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 41 to 47 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 79. Velvon 11 has a somewhat weaker straw than Velvon (C. I. 6109). It is resistant to the forms of covered smut and deep-borne loose smut found in Utah. History.—YelYon 11 (C. I. 7088) is a composite of 14 lines selected from Velvon (C. I. 6109), which were superior for smut resistance and in having fewer sterile florets. The original Velvon (C. I. 6109), from which the selections were made, came from the cross Colorado 3063 X Trebi, the former parent originating from the cross Coast X Lion. Both Velvon and Velvon 11 were produced by R. W. Woodward in the cooperative w^ork between the Utah Agri- cultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture at Logan, Utah. The selections that make up Velvon 11 were the best of some 300 made in 1938. Velvon 11 is quite similar in yield and appearance to the original Velvon from which it was selected, and it is intended that it replace the acreage of the older variety, because of its greater smut resistance and fewer sterile florets. It was released for this purpose in 1943. Distributioiu—There is a small acreage in Utah where the variety was released recently.

PROSPECT Descnpííow.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles strongly purple; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 13 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 4 mm. long, occasionally longer (up to 8 mm. ) ; rachis tough, none or few long hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth (in occasional spikes semismooth), tips purple, sometimes deciduous ; glume awn equal to or twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands, restricted to midline or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, teeth on lateral and marginal nerves varying from none to numerous, with depression at base ; stigma with very few hairs ; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 35 to 40 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 80. Pr yspect has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Frosvect (C. I. 6339) (C. A. 1140) originated as a natural cross of Black Barbless X Albert. It was found in 1924 by H. J. Kemp at the Experi- mental Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and was distributed in 1939. Distrihution.—Grown largely in southern Saskatchewan in semiarid areas. Synonym,—Sans Barb 2.

EZOND Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple ; auricles frequently purple- streaked ; leaves long, w-ide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, sometimes curled ; sterpf yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 12 #1. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 5 mm. Ibhg ; rachis tough, few short or no hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips faintly purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, smooth, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs restricted to midline or confined to narrow bands ; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, none or few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 37 to 43 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Ezond has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Bzond (C. I. 6265) is of hybrid origin, coming from the cross (Lowden X Trebi) X Trebi. Lowden is a smooth-awned segregate of Bay Brewing X Lion, The original cross was made by G. A. Wiebe in 1923 at Aber- CLASSIFICATION OF BAKI.KV VAKIKTIKS GROWN IN 1945 151

riGUKt; 7Ü.—Velvon 11: Spikes (XI) ; korncla (X-1). 152 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DKI'T. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 80.—Prospect: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 153

deen, Idaho, in the cooperative work between the Idaho Agricultural Experiment fetation and the United States Department of Agriculture. The following year the Fi was backcrossed to Trebi. Later nine selections from this backcross were bulked to form Ezond (C. I. 5064). It was tested at a limited number of experiment stations where it produced high yields but varied considerably as to smoothness of awn. In 1931 Harland Stevens grew a large number of selections trom this variety at the Aberdeen substation in order to improve its awn characters. A single selection finally was kept, accessioned as O. I. 6265, and distributed to a number of experiment stations in 1937, the name Ezond beins retained. It was released to farmers in Nebraska in 1942. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Nebraska.

TREGAL Description,—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect* plant midseason, short to midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 18 cm. ; collars closed ; basal raoliis internode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 6 mm. or occasionally longer (up to 10 mm.) ; rachis tough with many or few short hairs on edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike; lemma awii long; awns smooth, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs restricted to ' midline, confined to bands or covering the glumes or without hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves purple, number of teeth on lateral and marginal nerves varying from none to many, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs; kernels white, midlong, weight 27 to 37 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 81. In tests conducted by R. G. Shands at Madison, Wis., Tregal was found to be resistant to loose smut. Ustilago nuda. It has a moderately stiff to stiff straw History.—Tregal (C. I. 6359) is from the cross Trebi X Regal, the latter variety being a smooth-awned segregate from the cross (Lion X Manchuria) X Manchuria produced at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. The Tregal cross was made in 1931 by G. N. Geiszler at the North Dakota Agricul- tural Experiment Station, who also made the early selections. Later L. R. Waldron reselected the hybrid material and conducted the early nursery yield tests. Tregal was first released in North Dakota in 1943, but this seed was not entirely uniform in type, there being some variation in the smooth and rough awn character and in the type of rachilla hairs. Recently the variety was purified and now is pure for smooth awns and short rachilla hairs. The release of this latter type of seed dates from 1945. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in North Dakota and to a lesser degree in adjacent Minnesota.

NOBARB Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles white or rarely purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; fiagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 18 cm. ; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved 3 to 5 mm. long; rachis tough, few short or no hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper fourth of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips faintly purple, sometimes deciduous ; glume awn 1% to 2 times the length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with short hairs in bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 35 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Nobarb has a moderately stiff straw. History.—ISioharh (C. I. 6335) (C. A. 1022) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross O. A. C. 21 X Lion, made in 1921 at the Ontario Agricultural College. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Two selections from this cross have been named and 154 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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FiGVBE 81.—Tregal: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X-l'/j). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 155

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MONTCALM Description.—Slx-rowea smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect- plant midseason to late, tall; basal leaf sheaths without haiís, green • uppe^ leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles White or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow 12 toris'cm'• 18 cm., ^níífrfcollars closed; T^^f T""]basal "'rachis í^'''^'^ internode P^''^'^ curved,= ^'«t^"^^' sometimes A^gleaf straightto spike 2.5 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, few long hairs on edges; spike lax short to fourthSÍfríh^nV^'^'t""'; of spike; lemma '"^^"^ awn ^^"^' long; '^°*^'^'°^' awns smooth, ^'^^^-•^l tips «^e ™purple;*^!« ôverîapping glume awn in twoupper to IZ.*™''^/^ '^l^"" ^^ ^'""'''' '■°"^^' t'P*^ PU'-Ple; glumes half the lengTh o? haZfl'Trnmrf T""' ""'''"^'^ *° "^"^^^ ""^ ^"^•^'•'"S '""^ Sl'^'^es; rachilla long, wh .; ,T , '^®"°'^' ''•''■''^^ sometimes faintly purple, several to numerous ^ndw. *^'^^ ""^'r' """"^ ^''/^^ ""^ ^^"^Si^^l '^^"es, with depression at base tending to crease; stigma with few hairs; kernels blue, midlong, weight 24 to 35 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in flgure82 It has a moderately stiff straw. "suie o^. m-siori/.-Montcalm (C. I. 7149) (C. A. 1135) is of hybrid origin and came from the cross (Michigan 31604 X Common Six-Rowed 4307 M C ) X M^^d scheuri 1807 M. C The Michigan 81604 parent is a black smooth-awned variety similar to Lion, while the other two parents are of the Manchuria tvpe It was produced at Macdonald College, Quebec, and released in 1945 Distnbution.-The variety was released in 1945 for the areas where O A C this var-It/''°'^°' ^^ " ^^^ agronomic and malting characters very similar to

GLABRON Descnphon.-Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect- plant midseason to late tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, grœn or purpte upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity^- auricles wh te to frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves loT- wide stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity; exposed S¿des green «""¿ùrpt: distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 18 cm.; collars closed, occasionally open or V-shaped ; basal rachis internode curved 2 to 5 mm. long rachis tough wfthout fXl.r,.*''^ f^^'' ^^'^^ ^''^' "'''^^«"S to long, parallel, slightly waxy, Jdding- lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike; lemma awn long awn-^ smooth sometimes deciduous, tips purple; glume awn twice tL length of'glume rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with VCTV ftTj?-^^ ''''r i^^t'-i'^t«^ to 'n'dline; rachilla long-haired; lemma yeUow nerves faintly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marS nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few ha rs; kernels blue w wh^te midlong, weight 28 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrlnklel ' Crlabron has a moderately stiff straw. The hulls are less firmly attached than n other varieties like Oderbrucker or Manchuria. Shands and A^yT//) report It as being moderately resistant to stripe. ^ m«ior^.--GIabron (C. I. 4577) (reg. 5) comes from the cross (Lion X Manchuria) X Manchuria. According to Harlan and Martini (2^) and Hayes (31) this variety was produced in the cooperative work between the Minnesota Ar"» w'x?^^*''''"^''* ^*^"r ^"«^ ^^^ U"'ted States Department of Igrf- culture. H. V. Harian crossed Lion on Manchuria about 1912 and isolated some ?rn1 ;nT^^ segregates These were tested at the Minnesota station and found to be susceptible to spot blotch. As a result of these tests the better smooth-awned segregates again were crossed to Manchuria, a variety rather resistant to this disease. These crosses were made in 1917 knd Glabron origi- imted^from one of them. Glabron was distributed from the Si^nnisota station öwin&MMon.—Grown only on occasional farms, chiefly in Minnesota and Iowa. 1 ')ß TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEI'T. OF AGRICULTURE

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FIGURE 82.—Moiitcaliu : Spikes (XI) ; kerneis (X-1). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 157

MARS Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short to midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles white to frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, upright ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 8 cm. ; collars closed, basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough but tending to be brittle, no or few long hairs on edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, sometimes deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted to midline, confined to bands or without hairs ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, none to several teeth on lateral nerves, none on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, short, weight 22 to 28 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 83. Mars has a stiff straw and is resistant to stem rust. Shands and Arny (55) report it as being resistant to stripe. History.—Mars (C. I. 7015) is a selection from the cross Minnesota 462 X Peatland. The Minnesota 462 parent is a smooth-awned segregate of hybrid origin coming from the cross (Lion X Manchuria) X Manchuria, while the Peatland parent was introduced from Switzerland. The cross was made in 1931 by LeRoy Powers, of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, at St. Paul. Powers also grew the early generations of the cross, using the pedigree method. In 1935 P. II. Immer assumed charge of the barley work at that station and made a number of selections from this cross, which were tested in rod-row trials at four locations in the State, commencing in 1938. In 1941 the most promising selections were placed in the field-plot tests at six stations in the State. In 1944 the best selection was named Mars and was released to growers by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in 1945. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in Minnesota where the variety was released recently.

SHORT COMFORT Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple- streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 3 to 15 cm. ; collars closed or open ; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, about 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, edges long-haired ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, erect to slightly nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spikes; lemma awn long; awns smooth (tendency to be semismooth occasionally), rarely deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, long hairs confined to wide bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral nerves and several on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white, midlong, weight 34 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Short Comfort has a moderate to stiff straw. History.—Short Comfort (C. I. 5907) comes from the cross (Manchuria X Lion) X Luth. According to Harlan and Martini (24) and Hayes (31)^ the breeding of this variety was carried out in the cooperative work of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agri- culture. The objectives were to produce a high-yielding, smooth-awned, disease- resistant barley for Minnesota. The Luth parent used is a plant selection of Manchuria made by H. V. Harlan in southeastern Minnesota. The Minnesota station sent two selections of this cross to the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. T. A. Kiesselbach found one of these to be shorter than the other under Nebraska conditions and he distributed it to farmers as Short Comfort in 192T. Distrihution.—Grown on a small acreage in Nebraüilta. Synonym.—Comfort. 158 TECHNICAL UULLETIX 907, I'. S. DEl'T. OV AGKICULTUKE

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I FiauKK 83.—Mars: Spikes (XI) : kernels (X4VJ). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 159

TITAN Description.r-ßix-rowed sinooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midséasbíí to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheathfe slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple; auricles white or rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes faintly purple to purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 18 cm.; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode curved 3 to 5 mm. long ; rachis tough, no or few long hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike; lemma awns long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with few long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, few teeth on lateral, none to few teeth on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 27 to 33 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled. Titan has a moderately stifi straw. Shands and Arny (55) report it to be resistant to stripe. History.—Titan (C. I. 7055) (G. A. 1118) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Trebi X Glabron, made at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. It was released to growers in 1943. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in the drier areas of the western Canadian Provinces where it was released recently. It may be expected to replace the Prospect variety in these areas. Synonym.—Alberta 8. BAY Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles white, occasionally purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; ñagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, V-shaped, or occasionally open ; basal rachis internode curved, 2 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral kernels overlapping in upper half of spike; lemma awn long; awns smooth, appressed, sometimes deciduous, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with long hairs, or sometimes with long hairs confined to bands ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma moderately hairy; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 24 to 33 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. This variety has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. History.—Bay (C. I. 7113) was produced at the Michigan Agricultural Ex- periment Station, from the cross Minnesota 450 X Spartan. Both parents are of hybrid origin, Minnesota 450 coming from the cross (Manchuria X Lion) X Sandrel and Spartan from Michigan 2-rowed X Black Barbless. The final cross In the breeding of this variety was made in 1926, and the progeny was tested for yield and other characters, commencing with 1933. In 1939 the variety was first tested at several places in the State in addition to East Lansing. Prior to its release the variety was purified by the head-row method, and at the same time all inferior lines were discarded. The remaining lines, 24 in number, were bulked, and these form the basis of the variety as released in 1945. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in Michigan, where the variety was released recently. REGAL Description.—Six-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles white or purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 10 to 20 cm.; collars closed, V-shaped, or open; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 3 to 4 mm. long ; rachis tough, no or very few long hairs on the edges ; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding ; lateral 160 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE kernels overlapping in upper third of spike"; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn twice the length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or with few long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, few to several teeth on lateral nerves, none or few on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma with few hairs; kernels white, short to midlong, weight 31 to 37 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in fiffure 84 Regal has a moderately stiff to stiff straw and, according to Shands and Arny (55), is resistant to stripe. ^ ^ ». .^ . . History!—-Regal (0. I. 5030) (0. A. 742) (reg. 7) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross (Manchuria X Lion) X Manchuria. According to Harrington (28) 20 unnamed hybrids from backcrosses of Manchuria X Lion on Manchuria, made at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station by H. K. Hayes and his coworkers, were received by the University of Saskatchewan from the Minnesota station in 1924. The hybrids were all smooth-awned and in general appearance resembled Manchuria. After 3 years of comparative tests all the smooth-awned hybrids except one were discarded. This selection was outstanding for yield and vigor, and after purification by mass selection, it was named Regal and distributed to farmers in 1931. ^ , , ^ , . ..^„ Distrmition.—Grown in scattered fields throughout Saskatchewan but chiefly in the central district. NEWAL Description.—^ix-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, upright; fiagleaves long, wide • stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 5 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes modified closed or open (fig. 19), occasionally V-shaped or open; basal rachis internode curved, sometimes straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, few long or no hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper third of spike; lemma awn l^?^^-' ^XnfTÄ tins faintly purple, sometimes deciduous ; glume awn twice the length of glunae, rough! tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma with long hairs confined to wide bands; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, few to numerous teeth on lateral nerves, few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs; kernels white, midlong, weight 33 to 40 mg. ; hulls sliffhtlv wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 85. Newel has a moderate to stiff straw. According to Aamodt and Johnston (6) it is susceptible to loose smut and moderately so to covered smut. Shands and Arny (55) report it as moderately resistant to stripe. History--^ewÀ (O. I. 6088) (C. A. 1089) came from the cross (Manchuria X Sx O A. A ¿^ According to Aamodt and Johnston (6), it was developed at the University of Alberta from a cross made in 1919 between a white six-rowed, smooth-awned selection of the cross Manchuria X Lion, Xtairled from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the well- Siown six-rowed, rough-awned variety O. A. C. 21. The variety was released Distribution,—Grown extensively in Alberta.

VELVET Description.—^i^-vowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faîntly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purp e at maturity; Sles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; fiagleaves Lng wide; stems yellow or faintly purple; exposed nodes purple; distance flagleaf to spike 8 to 18 cm. ; collars V-shaped, sometimes closed or open ; basal racWs intonode curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, very few long or no hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lateral kernels overlapping in upper half of the spike; l^^if^,^^^^,,l^;jf^,™ smooth, rarely deciduous, tips purple; glume awn twice the length of glume rS tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs restricted ïomidline or confined to narrow bands, or occasionally without hairs; rachilla CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARTETIFS GROWN IN 1945 1 ßl

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FiouBE 84.—Regal: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X4). ]Ci'2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

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l^^'fif'"'^'^' lemma yellow, nerves purple, several teeth on lateral nerves, none to few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma with few hairs tnZt]Ll^^'\^^^''^ to midlong, weight 25 to 32 mg., hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 86 Velvet has a moderately stiff straw. v^'fnn?-v^/^Tf ^? ^- ^252) (reg. 4) originated from the cross (Manchuria X Lion)^ X Luth. According to Harlan and Martini (24) and Hayes (31) this variety was developed in the cooperative work of the Minnesota Agri- cultural Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture Manchuria was crossed on Lion by H. V. Harlan in the Washington D C * greenhouse m 1Ö12-13. Smooth-awned segregates were isolated from this cross and tested at the Minnesota station. None of these seemed superior, and .^t the request of H. K Hayes, one of the segregates was crossed on Luth (a Manchuria selection) by Harlan in 1917 at Aberdeen, Idaho, and the P\ was grown in the ^r.T^'l'î?^ ""^ Rosslyn, Va., in 1917-18. Subsequent generations were grown at the Minnesota station in a special disease nurserv where they were tested for resistance to spot blotch in cooperation with station pathologists Velvet was selected under these conditions. It was released in 3926 Distribution.—Qrov^n to a limited extent in Minnesota, " South Dakota Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, and Maine, and in the eastern Canadian Provinces.

BELFORD Description.—Six-rowed,~hooded, spring barley; early growth erect* plant midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths markedly hairy, green or faintly purple • upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles white- leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity exposed nodes green ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 20 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy^ erect to inclined; lemma hooded; hoods elevated, without appendage on middle lobe- glume awn equal to length of glume, rough ; glumes half the length of lemma', covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairv; kernels blue, long, weight 34 to 46 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Belford has a moderately weak straw. History.—Boilfova (C. I. 7060) was developed at the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station by O. E. Barbee from a cross made in 1933 between Beldi Giant and Horsford. Plant selections were made in the early generations, and in 1937 a total of 32 F5 rows were grown from which the most'uniform progenies were harvested in bulk and grown in nursery tests in 1938. The selection which later was named Belford was advanced to field plot tests in 1940, and in 1941 and 1942 small fields of Belford were grown by cooperating farmers for observation and increase. The following year, 1943, the variety was distributed generally to farmers. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in Washington where the variety was released recently.

UNION BEARDLESS Description.—Six-rowed hooded spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths hairy, green or purple;' upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 18 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short- haired edges ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma hooded; hoods sessile or elevated, without appendages on middle lobe or with a very short one; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base tending to crease ; stigma hairy ; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 31 to 42 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 87. Union Beardless has moderately stiff straw. The seeds have a postharvest dormancy. 104 TECHNICAL liULLETlX 907, U. S. DEl'T. OF AGRICULTURE

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FiGVKE 8G.—Velvet: Spikes (XI) I kernels (X4¿.. CLASSliaCATlON Ul- liAKLEY VAKIETIKS CUOWN IN 1945 1 (j,")

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FIGURE 87.—Union Beardless: Spikes (XI) ; kernels (X3Vj). 166 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

History.—Union Beardless (C. I. 5976) is one of the early hybrid barleys in America. It was produced by Robert Withycombe at the Eastern Oregon Livestock Branch Experiment Station at Union. There is no exact record of the varieties used as parents, but the cross was between a blue-awned variety and a white-hooded one. The variety was released in 1910. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Oregon, Idaho, and Arizona.

SIXTY DAY Description.—^ix-rowed hooded spring barley; early growth erect; plant very early, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 30 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lemma hooded, hoods sessile, occasionally slightly elevated, without appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered T/ith short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels blue, midlong, weight 27 to 39 mg. ; hulls semi wrinkled. Sixty Day has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. mstory.—Sixty Day (C. I. 5031) (0. A. 782) is a plant selection made from Sixty Day (Success) at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatche- wan. It was distributed to growers about 1926. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Saskatchewan as a means of combating wild oats. Synonyms.—Sol, Success. COLSESS Description.—Six-rowed hoodea spring barley; early growth erect; plant early to midseason, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles purple- streaked ; leaves long, wide, upright; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or faintly purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 20 cm. ; collars closed, occasionally open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, slightly nodding; lateral kernels tending to overlap at tip of spike ; lemma hooded ; hoods sessile or slightly elevated, without appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips faintly purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 28 to 39 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 88. Colsess has a moderately stiff to stiff straw, and the seeds have a tendency toward postharvest dormancy. History.—Colsess (O. I. 2792) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Coast X Success. According to Robertson and Kezer {52), the cross was made in 1911 by D. W. Frear, of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, who also grew the progeny of the first two generations. From 1914 to 1925 selections were made and tested by members of the agronomy staff of the Colorado station. During this period (1920) the final selection (30-0-2-5-x) was made, which later was named Colsess. The variety was released in 1925. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in Colorado, Wyoming, and Sas- katchewan. In Colorado it is grown principally on irrigated land where it is used as a companion crop for alfalfa and red clover, and for hay. In Saskatche- wan it is grown for the control of wild oats.

HORSFORD Description.—Six^wed hooded spring barley ; early growth erect ; plant midseason, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles white; leaves CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VAKIETIES GKOVVN IN 1945 167

FlGL-RK 88.—Colsoss: Spikes (XD ; korncls (X4Vj). 168 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 22 cm.; collars closed; bai^l rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough; edges short-haired ; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma hooded; hoods elevated, without appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stigma hairy; kernels blue, long, weight 37 to 45 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels shown in figure 89. Horsford has a moderately stiff to stiff straw. History.—According to Harlan and Martini (24) the variety Horsford (C. I. 1775) includes a number of similar barleys of separate origin. The first of these was produced by F. H. Horsford, of Charlotte, Vt., in 1879 or 1880 It was a cross of Nepal on one of the common six-rowed bearded barleys of the Eastern States. Similar crosses were made later, and field hybrids of Nepal are not uncommon. Horsford is the first known hybrid barley to be produced in America. The exact time of its release is not known, but it is likely that the variety was grown by farmers soon after it was produced. Distribution.—Grown in Washington and to a lesser extent in western Montana. Synonyms.—Success, Success Beardless, Beardless, Great Beardless.

MELOY 3 Description.—^ix-rowed hooded spring barley : early growth erect ; plant midseason, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leafsheaths slightly waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles white; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green ; distance flagleaf to spike 12 to 20 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined ; lemma hooded ; hoods elevated, without appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels blue, long, weight 35 to 44 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Meloy 3 has a moderately stiff straw. ,^ .r -.H^/,N «.X. History.—Meloy 3 (0. I. 4656) is a selection from Meloy (C. I. 1176). The latter was originally obtained by D. E. Stephens, of the Sherman Branch Ex- periment Station, Moro, Oreg., from a farmer near Moro named George Meloy. The origin of Meloy's barley is not known for certain, but it probably is the result of a field hvbrid with Coast as one of the parents. The barley was badly mixed with awned types and with wheat when first received. It was carefully rogued and tested for yield at the Moro station. It was named Meloy and released to farmers about 1916. This introduction attained a nominal acreage in Oregon but is no longer grown today. In 1919 a number of selections were made from Meloy (C. I. 1176), which was then shown to be somewhat variable in type. These selections were tested for a number of years at Moro. Selection 3 proved to be superior and was accessioned C. I. 4656. It was released in 1927 as Meloy 3. This new selection has now replaced all the acreage formerly planted to Meloy (C. I. 1176). Distribution.—Grown in Oregon where it is used primarily as a hay crop.

WARRIOR Description.—mX'Yowed hooded spring barley; early growth erect; plant early, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally slightly curled ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 15 cm. ; collars closed, sometimes open ; basal rachis internode straight, 1 to 2 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, short to midlong parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma hooded; hoods sessile, with no appendage on middle lobe or with a very short one; glume awn twice the CI.ASSll-ICATION OK BARLEY VAKIKTIKS GROWN IN 194.Í 1 GO

FIGURE 80.—llorsford : Sptkes (XI) ; kernels (X4). 170 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE length of glume, occasionally transformed into hoods, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short- haired; lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels blue, midlong to long, weight 32 to 38 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 90. Warrior has a stiff straw, and according to Shands and Arny (55) is resistant, to stripe. History.—WsLrrioY (C. I. 6991) (C. A. 1144) is of hybrid origin, and according to Harrington (29), comes from the cross Trebi X Colsess, made in 1930 by J. B. Harrington at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatche- wan. It was distributed in 1943. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in Saskatchewan where the variety was distributed recently. HORN Description.—Two-rowed rough-awned sprmg barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 2 to 15 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved, occasionally straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple, rarely deciduous ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs ; rachilla short-haired ; lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, no teeth on lateral or marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stamens in central floret about 4 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets about 0.4 mm. long without pollen; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong, weight 38 to 47 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Horn has a moderately stiff straw. Historp.—Uovn (C. I. 926), according to Harlan and Martini (24), is a plant selection made in 1909 by H. V. Harlan from parental material obtained at the Paris Exposition in 1900 from the Austrian exhibit. The selection was made at St. Paul, Minn., in the cooperative work between the University of Minnesota and the United States Department of Agriculture. The variety was tested at a number of western stations, and was probably first released in Wyoming. Distrihution.—Grown to a limited extent in Montana and Wyoming. In recent years its acreage is being replaced largely by the new variety, Compana.

CHARLOTTETOWN 80 Description.—Two-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple: Tipper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 14 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved, 2 to 3 mm. long ; rachis tough, with short-haired edges; spike lax, long, parallel, waxy, nodding; lemma awn long ; awns rough, tips purple, deciduous ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with short hairs; rachilla short-haired; lemma yellow, few to several teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stamens in central florets about 3.5 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets 0.6 to 0.7 mm. long without pollen, or 2.0 mm. long with good pollen; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong, weight 34 to 43 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to w^rinkled. Charlottetown 80 has a moderately stiff straw. History.—According to Harlan, Martini, and Pope (25), Charlottetown 80 (C. I. 2732) (C. A. 817) is a selection from Old Island Two-Rowed made by J A Clark, Superintendent of the Experimental Farm, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. The Old Island Two-Rowed has been grown on Prince Edward Island for many years. It consists principally of Chevalier types but also contains a much taller barley with a dense spike. Mr. Clark selected one of the Chevalier types that had a tendency to drop its awns at maturity. Old Island Two-Rowed undoubtedly was brought there from England. CLASSll-lCATION OÍ- ItAKLliV VAKIKTIKS CROWN IN I'HS 171

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FiGUBE 00.—WuiTior: Spikes (XI); keniols (X4). 172 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Distribution.—Grown very extensively in the Province of Prince Edward Island where the variety originated, and to a somewhat lesser extent in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. ALPHA Description.—Two-rowed rough-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow to strongly purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 7 to 20 cm.; collars closed, occasionally open; basal rachis internode straight, sometimes curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long- or short-haired edges; spike lax, long, parallel, waxy, nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, occasionally deciduous, tips purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with long or short hairs; rachilla long- or short-haired (about two- thirds long-haired and one-third short-haired) ; lemma yellow, nerves purple, several to numerous teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets 3 to 3.5 mm. long containing good pollen, stamens in lateral florets 0.3 to 0.5 mm. long without pollen; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong, weight 39 to 43 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spike and kernels are shown in figure 91, ^. Alpha has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Al])hei (0. I. 959) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Manchuria X Champion of Vermont. Harlan and Martini (24) state the original selection was made by H. V. Harlan at St. Paul, Minn., in cooperative work of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the United states Department of Agriculture. It was sent to Ithaca, N. Y., in 1913, and from there distributed to farmers in 1921 through Cornell University, with the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. ^ . ^^ ^^ -c. i i Distribution.—Grown extensively in New York and in the New England States and to a lesser degree in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

STEIGUM Description.—Two-vowed rougn-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant midseason to late, midtall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or strongly purple at maturity; auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; flagleaves long, wide, occasionally slightly curled; stems yellow or purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 20 cm. ; colar s closed; basal rachis internode curved, 3 to 4 mm. long; rachis tough with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple, awns sometimes deciduous; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length ot lemma, covered with long hairs; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, neiyes purple no teeth on lateral nerves, few to several on marginal nerves with depression at base; stamens in central florets about 3 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets about 0.5 mm. long without PoJlt^'J/llf ^HnïiPrl' kernels white, midlong, weight 36 to 46 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Steigum has a moderately weak to weak straw. v.avio^ History.—^teignm (C. I. 907) is a selection made in 1909 from a bailey obtained at the" Paris Exposition in 1900, but which originally came from Japan The original name of the variety was Striegum but this was changed to Steigum when the selection was made. The selection ^as made m the cooperative work of the Minnesota Agricultural experiment Station and the united States Department of Agriculture. It was tested at the Dickinson substation, Dickinson, N. Dak., and released from there in -L935 nnkota Distribution.-Grown on scattered farms in southwestern North Dakota.

HANNCHEN Description.-Two-Yoweû rough-awned spring barley; ?arlygiwth erect; plant late, midtall to tall: basa: leaf sheaths without hairs, strongly purple upper leai sheathb waxy, yellow or purple at maturity, auricles heavily CLASSIFICATION OF BAKLKY VAKIKTIES GROWN IN 1945 173 i

I'liiLKK Ul.—.1, Ali)lia: Spike (XD: kernels (X4). ZÍ, Ilunncheu: Spike (XI t ; kernels (X4). 174 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE purple-Streaked ; leaves long, narrow, drooping ; fiagleaves long, narrow ; stems yellow or purple at maturity; exposed nodes purple; distance flagleaf to spike U to 10 cm., sometimes spike remains in boot ; collars closed ; basal rachis mternode curved, 2 to 4 mm. long; rachis tougli, edges long-haired; spike lax, long, parallel, waxy, nodding; lemma awn long; awns rough, tips purple, sometimes deciduous ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rougtf, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, covered with long hairs ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, none or few teeth on lateral nerves, few to several teeth on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stamens in central florets 3.0 to 8.5 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets about 0.5 mm. long without pollen; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 32 to 45 mg. ; hulls wrinkled. Spike and kernels are shown in figure 91, B. Hannchen has a moderately stife straw and, according to Shands and Arny (55), is somewhat resistant to stripe. History.—TL^xmohen (C. I. 531), according to Harlan and Martini (^4), came from a plant selection made from Hanna at the plant-breeding station at Svalöf, Sweden. It was introduced into the United States by the Department of Agriculture in 1904. It was distributed to a large number of experimental stations and the variety was in the hands of farmers about 1908. Distribution.—Grown throughout the Rocky Mountain area, the Pacific coast, and in the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan. In the United States it is most intensively grown in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, in the Palouse district of Washington and Idaho, and in the Tule Lake district in northern California and adjacent Oregon.

HANNA Description.—Two-rowed rough-awnea spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles white or purple- streaked; leaves long, wide, drooping; fiagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance fiagleaf to spike 0 to 10 cm.; collars closed; basal rachis internode straight or curved 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, waxy, nodding; lemma awn long: awns rough, tips purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in wide bands ; rachilla long-haired ; lemma yellow, with purple nerves, with few teeth on lateral nerves, several on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stigma hairy; kernels white, midlong, weight 35 to 40 mg. ; hulls wrinkled. Hanna has a moderately stiff straw. History.—Hanna (C. I. .226) has been introduced into this country at several different times. The one described here is thought to be typical for this variety. The first record of its introduction by the United States Department of Agriculture shows it was received in 1901 from Kwassitz, Moravia, Austria. It was widely tested at experiment stations in this country, but was not outstanding in yield of grain. It is not known when it was released to growers. There probably were several attempts to establish commercial acreages. Distribution.—A limited acreage of it is reported in northern Idaho.

MUNSING Description,—^Two-rowed semismooth-awnea spring oarley; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, narrow, upright ; fiagleaves long, narrow ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 8 cm. ; sometimes the spike does not emerge from the boot ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved, 2 to 5 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, faintly purple, nodding ; lemma awns long; awns semi smooth, tipfr' purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in bands ; rachilla long-haired, occasionally abortive ; lemma yellow with a purple tinge, especially noticeable in the vicinity of the nerves, numerous, teeth on lateral nerves, few or several on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets about 3 mm. long containing good pollen, in CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 175 lateral florets 0.3 to 0.5 mm. long without pollen ; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white (because of pigmentation of the lemma, the kernels often have a blue or gray appearance), midlong to long, weight 37 to 45 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Munsing has a moderately weak straw. History,—Munsing (C. I. 6009) is a selection made in 1920 from a plot of Blackhull (C. I. 878) by F. A. Ooffman, of the United States Department of Agriculture, at the United States Dry Land Field Station, Akron, Colo. It is believed the selection originated from a field cross of Blackhull X White Smyrna. The selection was tested for a number of years by J. J. Curtis and others at Akron ; and later in the Great Plains Uniform Nursery conducted between the United States Department of Agriculture and the State experiment stations. In these tests it proved superior in yield and subsequently was released from the United States Dry Land Field Station in 1944. Distribution.—There is a small acreage in eastern Colorado where the variety was released recently. COMPANA Description.—Two-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; auricles rarely purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, drooping ; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 1 cm., very often the spikes do not emerge from the boot ; collars clo^ied ; basal rachis internode curved, occasionally straight, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, erec^; to inclined; lemma awn long; awns semismooth (tending to be rough at some locations), tips sometimes faintly purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips sometimes faintly purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in bands or covering the glumes ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 30 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, no teeth on lateral nerves, few on marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets 3.0 to 3.5 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets 0.8 mm. long without pollen ; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 40 to 59 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spikes and kernels are shown in figure 92, A. Compana has a moderately weak to weak straw and ' according to Litzen- berger (44) is drought-resistant and is less attacked by grasshoppers than other commonly grown varieties. On nonirrigated lands it averages 2 to 4 pounds heavier in test weight per bushel than Trebi or Glacier. History.—Compana (C. I. 5438) (reg. 10) is a selection from Composite Cross (C. I. 4116) made by H. V. Harlan at the Aberdeen substation, Aberdeen, Idaho, in 1929. The Composite Cross from which it was selected was developed by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. The variety was released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1941 to replace Horn on nonirrigated lands of the State. Distribution.—Since its release Compana has become the leading variety in Montana. There also is a small acreage in Wyoming.

VANCE Description.—Two-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect ; early to midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, purple ; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity: auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves short, narrow, upright; flagleaves short, narrow ; stems yellow or faintly purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance ftasrleaf to spike 0 to 2 cm. ; very often the spikes do not emerge from the boot ; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved, 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long ; awns semismooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in bands; rachilla long (about 4.7 mm.), long-haired: lemma yellow, nerves sometimes faintly purple, no or few teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets 3.0 to 3.5 mm. long con- [<(j TECHNICAL BULLETIN 9U7, U. S. DEi"T. Ul' AGRICULTURE

FiciURE 02.—yl, Compana: Spike (XI): kernels (X4)'. B, Sanalta: Spike (XI) ; kernels (X4). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 177

taining good pollen, in lateral florets 0.5 mm. long without pollen; stigma moderately hairy ; kernels white, midlong to long, weight 44 to 51 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Vance has a moderately weak straw and is resistant to stripe, according to Shands and Arny (55). History,—Vance (C. I. 4585) is a selection made in 1920 from Smyrna (C. I. 2642) by F. A. Coffman, of the United States Department of Agriculture, at the united States Dry Land Field Station, Akron, Colo. It was released to farmers from the station at Akron in 1929. Distribution.—Grown to a limited extent in eastern Colorado on dry land. Synonym.—Vance Smyrna.

WHITE SMYRNA Description.—Two-rowed semismooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect ; plant early to midseason, short ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or faintly purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow at maturity; auricles rarely purple-streaked; leaves long, narrow, upright; flagleaves long, narrow, occasionally slightly curled; stems yellow at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 0 to 3 cm., very often the spikes do not emerge from the boot; collars closed; basal rachis internode curved 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long; awns semismooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple ; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs in bands, or covering the glumes ; rachilla short (about 2.7 mm.), long-haired, abortive on 15 percent of kernels ; lemma yellow, no teeth on lateral nerves, few or none on marginal nerves, with depression at base ; stamens in central florets about 4.0 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets 0.5 mm. long without pollen ; stigma hairy ; kernels white, long, weight 46 to 55 mg. ; hulls slightly wrinkled to semiwrinkled. White Smyrna has a weak to moderately stiff straw. History.—White Smyrna, according to Harlan and Martini (24), was first received by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1901, through George C. Roeding, of Fresno, Calif., who obtained it from B. J. Agadjanian, of Smyrna, Asia Minor. It was sent to many experiment stations and, at some of these, selections were made. White Smyrna (C. I. 910) is one of these selections that is typical of the original variety. The exact date this variety was released to farmers is not known. Distribution.—Grown in eastern Idaho and western Wyoming and on isolated farms on the Great Plains.

SANALTA Description.—Two-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant late, midtall to tall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green ; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple-streaked ; leaves long, wide, upright; flagleaves long, wide; stems yellow or purple at maturity; exposed nodes green or purple; distance flagleaf to spike 9 to 16 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode straight, 1.5 to 2.0 mm. long ; rachis tough, with long-haired edges; spike dense, midlong, parallel, waxy, erect to inclined; lemma awn long; awns smooth, tips purple; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to bands or covering the glumes; rachilla long-haired; lemma yellow, no teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with transverse crease at base ; stamens in central florets 3.0 to 3.5 mm. long containing good pollen, in lateral florets 0.5 mm. long without pollen ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 44 to 51 mg.; hulls slightly wrinkled to wrinkled. Spike and kernels are shown in figure 92, B. Sanalta has a moderately stiff straw. ffisiori/.—Sanalta (C. I. 6087) (0. A. 1088) came from the cross Smooth Awn X Duckbill and was produced at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. It was released in 1940. Distribution.—Grown in small areas scattered throughout Canada, becoming popular in Manitoba and Alberta. 672363°—46—12 178 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FiouBE 03.—A, Spartan: Spike (XI): kernels (X4). R, Rex: Spike (Xt) kernels (X4). CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 179

SPARTAN Description.~Two-rowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect; plant early, midtall ; basal leaf sheaths without hairs, green or purple; upper leaf sheaths waxy, yellow or purple at maturity ; auricles frequently purple- streaked ; leaves long, narrow, drooping ; flagleaves long, narrow ; stems yellow or purple at maturity ; exposed nodes purple ; distance flagleaf to spike 4 to 14 cm. ; collars closed ; basal rachis internode curved 2 to 3 mm., occasionally longer (up to 10 mm.); rachis tough, sometimes faintly purple, no or few long hairs on edges ; spike lax, midlong, parallel, waxy, nodding ; lemma awn long ; awns smooth, tips purple ; glume awn equal to length of glume, rough tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, without hairs or Avith long hairs restricted to midline ; rachilla long-haired, abortive in 7 to 8 percent of kernels • lemma yellow, nerves faintly purple, without teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets about 3 mm long containing good pollen, in lateral florets 0.3 to 0.5 mm. long without pollen • stigma with few hairs; kernels white, midlong, weight 42 to 53 mg. ; hulls semiwrinkled to wrinkled. Spike and kernels are shown in figure 93 A . Spartan has a stife straw and Shands and Arny (55) report it as being bulh¿Í ''^^'^^^""^ ^"^ ^^^'^^' ^^ threshes easily and has a high test weight per History.-^jâvtan (C. I. 5027) (reg. 6) is a hybrid barley coming from the cross Michigan Two-Rowed X Black Barbless. According to Hayes (S2) the cross was made in 1916 by F. A. Spragg, of the Michigan Agricultural Ex- periment Station, who also grew the early generations. In 1920 a number of selections wei^ made and these were tested by E. E. Down, H. M. Brown, and i¿9?* ,^ ^ ^^"''^ station. Spartan was released to Michigan farmers in .d^ntî 1 fh^?^^ a popular variety in that State. Later it proved to be adapted to the Great Plains and a large acreage of it is grown there. Distnbution.-Gvown extensively in Nebraska, Colorado, Iowa, and South Dakota, and to a lesser extent in North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Kansas There also is a moderate acreage in Indiana and in Michigan, where the variety was first released. wnî«

REX Description.—Two-vowed smooth-awned spring barley; early growth erect• plant midseason to late, midtall to tall; basal leaf sheaths without hairs' purple; upper leaf sheaths slightly waxy, yellow or purple at maturity;' auricles frequently purple-streaked; leaves long, narrow, drooping; flagleaves long, narrow; stems yellow or purple at maturity; exposed nodes purple; dis- í^fL 9^^^ ^ '^1^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^•' ^^"^"^ ^^^^^^; basal rachis internode cuived 2 to 3 mm. long; rachis tough, no or few long hairs on edges; spike lax, midlong to long, parallel, slightly waxy, nodding; lemma awn long awns smooth, tips purple, rarely deciduous ; glume awn ly^ to 2 times the length of glume, rough, tips purple; glumes half the length of lemma, with long hairs confined to narrow bands or restricted to midline; rachilla long-haired- lemma yellow, nerves purple, no teeth on lateral and marginal nerves, with depression at base; stamens in central florets about 3 mm. long containing good pollen, in ateral florets 0.5 to 1.0 mm. long without pollen or 2 mm. long with good pollen ; stigma with few hairs ; kernels white, midlong, weight 42 to 48 mg • hulls semiwrinkled. Spike and kernels are shown in figure 9S B Rex has a stiff straw. History.-Rex (C. I. 6618) (C. A. 1113) (reg. 8) is of hybrid origin coming from the cross Velvet X Hannchen and was produced at the university of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, by J. B. Harrington. It was released in j.yot/. Distribution.—Grown on scattered farms throughout Saskatchewan but chiefly in the central and south-central districts. ' X80 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LITERATURE CITED

1940 THE TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF HORDEUM L. SECT. CEREALIA ANDS. Symb. Bot. UpsaL v. 4, (2), 156 pp., illus. (2) - ■ 1941 THE CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSPECIES AND VARIETIES OF HORDEUM sATivuM JESSEN. (Extracts from the paper on barley by A. A. Orlov, published in Russian in Flora of Cultivated Plants II, 447 pp. illus. 1936, Moscow-Leningrad.) Fedde Repertorium 50: 1-18.

1943. PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF CLTI^TIVATED PLANTS. Chron. Bot. 7: 375-378. (4) and WIEBE, G. A. -ntr i, A^«^ 1945. IRREGULAR BARLEY, HORDEUM IRREGULäRE, SP. NOV. Wasn. Acaa. Sei. Jour. 35: 161-164, illus. (5) WIEBE, G. A., and DICKSON, A. D. 1945 ASH CONTENT OF BARLEY AWNS AND KERNELS AS INFLUENCED BY LO- CATION, SEASON, AND VARIETY. AlUOr. SOC. AgrOU. JOUT. oil 583-586. ((\) AAMODT. O. S., and JOHNSTON, W. H. (b) ^™T' ;,^^-^ ^ PEOMISING NEW SMOOTH-AWNED VARIETY OF BARLEY FOR ALBERTA. Alberta Univ., Col. Agr. Cir. 18, 19 pp., illus. (7) ATKINS, I. M., and DAUMS, R. G. .^^.^.^ TT «5 1945 REACTION OF SMALL-GRAIN VARIETIES TO GREEN BUG ATTACK. U. fe. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 901, 30 pp., illus. (8) ATTERBERG, A. ^^^^^^^^ ^^ KORNVAROR. Tidskrift for Laudtmau Arg. 1888: 162-166.

^^^ 1899. DIE VARIETÄTEN UND FORMEN DER GERSTE. JOUr. f. LaudW. 47 : 1-44. (10) ß™^^^^i^l._,^,^,^ jn Flaksberger, K. A., Antropov, VI Antropov VF., and others, Guide for Identifying Grains. Ed. 4, 416 pp.', illus. [In Russian.] Moscow-Leningrad.

(11) BARTEL,^A.J^ ^^^^^ VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS FOR SOUTHERN ARIZONA. Ariz. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 191, 21 pp., illus.

(12) BELL, G D f^ ^^^ IDENTIFICATION OF SOME TWO-ROW VARIETIES 1938. ^''^^'^^^¡l^fl^^^^^ I^ OREAT BRITAIN, INCLLTDING A DESCRIPTION OF THE USE OF GRAIN AND VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS FOR THIS PUR- POSE. Ztschr. f. Zucht., Reihe A, Pflanzenzüch. 22:81-146, illus.

(12a)BERGAL, P., and FRIEDBERG, L. , ^^.^mr Ann dps 1940 ESSAI D'IDENTIFICATION DES ORGES CULTIVEES EN FRANCE. AUU. UeS Epiphyt. et de Phytogénét. 6: [157]-306, illus. ^^^^ ^S NÄGRA BOTANISKA IAKTTAGELSER ^^RANDE VART INHEM^^^^^^ KORN. Allmänna Svenska Utsädesfor. Tidskr. (Sveriges Utsa- desför. Tidskr.) 2: 14-21, illus.

1893. RENODLING AF ETT ANTAL KORNFORMER MED »I^^^'^ ^^^.^i^Jf^^ '^^.^^^ TECKEN. Allmänna Svenska Utsädesfor. Tidskr. (Sveriges Utsä- desfor. Tidskr.) 3: 20-25, 60-73, 102-114. (15) ßR^^» ^'^^^ ^^^ UNTERSCHEIDUNG DER ZWEIZEILIGEN GERSTE—HORDEUM DisTicHUM—AM KORNE. [61] pp., Hlus. Jena. (Inaug. Diss.) (16) COWAN,1936. VARIETIES P. R. OF BARLEY GROWN IN CANADA. Cauad.r^ A bOC.a rn^^T.lecn. Agr. A O-T Rev. 11, pp. 111-114, illus. il7^ DERR H B 1912. WINTER BARLEY. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 518, 18 pp., illus. (18) DOLL, J. C. ^ w ^ Twr 1843. RHEINISCHE FLORA. 832 pp. Frankfurt a. M. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 181

(19) HATXER, A. DE. 1776. GENERA SPECIES ET VARIETATES CEREALIUM. In Novi Comm. SOC. Reg. Sei. Gott., t. 6, pp. 1-22, illus. (20) HARLAN, H. Y. 1914. SOME DISTINCTIONS IN OUR CULTIVATED BARLEYS WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR USE IN PLANT BREEDING. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 137, 38 pp., illus. (21) 1918. THE IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF BARLEY. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 622, 32 pp., illus. (22) 1920. DAILY DEVELOPMENT OF KERNELS OF HANNCHEN BARLEY FROM FLOWER- ING TO MATURITY AT ABERDEEN, IDAHO. Jour. Agr. ReS. 19 : 393- 429, illus. (23) and MARTINI, M. L. 1929. A COMPOSITE HYBRID MIXTURE. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. 21: 487- 490. (24) • and MARTINI, M. L. 1936. PROBLEMS AND RESULTS IN BARLEY BREEDING. U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- book 1936: 303-346, illus. (25) MARTINI, M. L., and POPE, M. N. 1925. TESTS OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN AMERICA. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1334, 219 pp., illus. (26) MARTINI, M. L., and STEVENS, H. 1940. A STUDY OF METHODS IN BARLEY BREEDING. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 720, 26 pp., illus. (27) and POPE, M. N. 1923. WATER CONTENT OF BARLEY KERNELS DURING GROWTH AND MATURA- TION. Jour. Agr. Res. 23: 333-360, illus. (28) HARRINGTON, J. B. 1937. REGAL, A NEW BARLEY WITH SMOOTH AWNS. Saskatchewan Univ., Col. Agr. Ext. Bul. 77, 4 pp., illus. (29) 1942. BARLEY VARIETIES AND THEIR PRODUCTION. Saskatchewan Univ., Col. Agr. Ext. Bul. 99, 8 pp., illus. (30) HARRISON, T. J. 1929. CANADIAN BARLEY, OFFICIAL GRADES, VARIETIES, METHODS OF CULTI- VATION . . . The Canad. Wheat Pool, Winnipeg, Man., Canada. 32 pp., illus. (31) HAYES, H. K. 1926. BREEDING IMPROVED VARIETIES OF SMOOTH-AWNED BARLEYS. JOUR. Hered. 17: 371-381, illus. (32) 1930. BARLEY VARIETIES REGISTERED, III. Auier. Soc. Agrou. Jour. 22: 1040. (33) HENDRY, G. W. 1919. MARIOUT BARLEY : WITH A DISCUSSION OF BARLEY CULTURE IN CALI- FORNIA. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 312, pp. [56J-109, illus. (34) 1931. THE ADOBE BRICK AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE. Agr. Hist. 5: 110-127. (35) HEUZE, G. [1872.] LES PLANTES ALIMENTAIRES, t. 1, 576 pp., illus. Paris. (36) HITCHCOCK, A. S. 1935. MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. U. S. Dept. AgF. Misc. Pub. 200, 1040 pp., illus. (37) JESSEN, C. F. W. 1855. SAMENKATALOG DES ELDENAER BOTANISCHEN GARTEN. (38) JOHNSON, I. J., and âBERG, E. 1943. THE INHERITANCE OF BRITTLE EACHIS IN BARLEY. Amer. SoC. AgrOH. Jour. 35: 101-106. (39) KÖRNICKE, F. 1885. DIE ARTEN UND VARIETÄTEN DES GETREIDES. lU KÖmicke, F., Unct Werner, H., Handbuch des Getreidebaues. Bd. 1, 470 pp., illus. Berlin. (40) LAMARCK, C. DE. 1778. FLORE FRANÇAISE. V. 3. Paris. 182 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(41) LiNNAEi [LINNAEUS], C. 1748. HORT us upSALiENsis. t. 1, 306 pp., illus. Stockholmiae. (42) 1753. SPECIES PLANTABUM. t. 1, 560 pp. Holiiiiae. (43) 1754. GENERA PLANTARUM. Ed. 5, 500 pp. Holmiae. (44) LiTZENBERGER, S. C. 1944. COMPANA AND GLACIER BARLEYS : TWO NEW VARIETIES FOR MONTANA. Mont. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 422, [18] pp., illus. (45) LOVE, H. H., and CRAIG, W. T. 1943. WONG, A WINTER BARLEY FOR NEW YORK. N. Y. ( Cornell ) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 796, 15 pp., illus. (45a)LuDLAM, F. S., and OWEN, C. H. 1945. IDENTIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES BY KERNEL CHARACTERS. Bd. Grain Commrs. Canad., 38 pp., illus. (46) MIDDLETON, G. K., CHAPMAN, W. H., MCMILLEN, B. W., and others. 1942. WINTER BARLEY IN NORTH CAROLINA. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 336, 19 pp., illus. (47) NEERGAARD, T. B. VON. 1889. BESTÄMNING AF KORNETS VARIETETER OCH SORTER EFTER PÂ KÄRNORNA BCFiNTLiGA KÄNNETECKEN. Allmänna Sveuska Utsädesför. Tidskr. (Sveriges Utsädesför. Tidskr.) Ärsberättelse for 1888, pp. 54-62. (48) NEVSKI, S. 1934. In Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Asiae Mediae ab Universitate Asiae Mediae editum. Fase. XXI-XXIII. Acta Univ. Asiae Mediae. Ser. Vlllb, Botánica, Fase. 17, [94] pp. Taschkent. (49) ORLOV, A. A. 1936. BARLEY—HORDEUM L. In Antropov, V. I., Antropov, V. F., Mordvin- kina, A. I., and Orlov, A. A., Flora of Cultivated Plants ii. Ce- reals, Rye, Barley, and Oats. Lenin Acad. Agr. Sei. U.S.S.B. Inst. Plant Indus., 447 pp., illus. Moscow-Lenningrad. [Trans. Rus- sian.] (50) PERSOON, C. H. 1805. SYNOPSIS PLANTARUM. Pars Prima., 546 pp. Paris. (51) POPE, M. N. 1945. ASH CONTENT OF BARLEY PLANT PARTS W^HEN GROWN ON TWO DIF- FERENT SOILS. Amer. Soc. Agron. Jour. 37: 582-583. (52) ROBERTSON, D. W., and KEZFR, A. 1925. COLSESS BARLEY. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 303, 11 pp., illus. (53) RoTHGEB, R. G., and KEMP, W. B. 1938. WINTER BARLEY IN MARYLAND. Md, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 416, pp. 239-257, illus. (54) SHANDS, H. L. 1937. BARLEY AND MALT STUDIES. III. THE DETERMINATION OF KERNEL WEIGHT. Cereal Chem. 14: 532-539, illus. (55) and ARNY, D. C. 1944. STRIPE REACTION OF SPRING BARLEY VARIETIES. Phytopathology 34: 572-585. (56) SHANDS, R. G. 1939. CHEVRON, A BARLEY VARIETY RESISTANT TO STEM RUST AND OTHER DISEASES. Phytopathology 29: 209-211. (57) SHAW, T., and ZAVITZ, C. A. 1892. EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRING GRAINS. Ontario Agr. Col., Expt. Sta. Bul. 71, 8 pp. (58) ST ANTON, T. R. 1916. CEREAL EXPERIMENTS IN MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. U. S. Dopt. Agr. Bul. 336, 52 pp., illus. (59) SwANsoN, A. F., and LAUDE, H. H. 1943. BARLEY PRODUCTION IN KANSAS. Kaus. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 318, 38 pp., illus. (60) Voss, A. 1885. VERSUCH EINER NEUEN SYSTEMATIK DER SAATGERSTE. Jour. f. Laudw. 33: 271-282. CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 183 (61) WiEBE, G. A. 1933. BARLEY VARIETIES OF CALIFORNIA. Inst. Brewing Jour. 39: 242-248,

(62) COWAN, P. R., and REINBACH-WELCH L 1944. YIELDS OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, ,^ov ,,. 1937-41. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 881, 83 pp. (63) WiGGANS, R. G. 1921. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE CULTIVATED VARIETIES OF BARI EY N Y /^^x TTT (Cornell) Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 46, pp. 365-456, illus (64) WOODWARD, R. W., and TINGEY, D. C. 1940. VELvoN, A NEW SMOOTH-AWNED BARLEY. Utah Agr. Expt Sta Bul 293, 11 pp. (65) ZHUKOVSKY, P. M. 1928. AWNLEss SIX-ROWED BARLEY FROM CELECIA. Trudy Prikl Bot Genet, i Selek. (Bul. Appl. Bot, Genet,, and Plant Breeding)' 19(2) : 67-68, illus. [In Russian. English summary, p. 68 ] 184 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE INDEX TO VARIETY AND SYNONYM NAMES, TYPE, AND PRINCIPAL USE [Recognized names for varieties are in capitals, varietal synonyms in capitals and lower case]

Principal use : Page No. Type : Commer- Winter cial (C) ; Variety or Recognized C.I. Station No. (W), breeding synonym name for No. spring (B).; De- synonym (S) special Keys scrip- interest tion (S)

Alberta 8.. TITAN * i 55, 56, 59 172 ALPHA ^ ^_ 959 A.rtic O. A. C. 21 54, 57,63 136 ABIVAT .. 6573 Moscow 19 S c 4118 S c 52, 57, 62 110 ATLAS ... BS 52 109 ATSEL ... 6250 S 52 92 AWNLESS 5029 w BS Barbless WISCONSIN BARBLESS , C. A. 1143 54, 56, 60 140 BARBOFF ... 7148 54, 56, 61 159 BAY 7113 Mich. 128 Bay Brewing CALIFORNIA COAST . .. Beardless . . HORSFORD . Beardless 5. TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 5 Beardless 6. TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 6 6566 Moscow 9 54, 57, 63 134 BEECHER . . 57, 62 120 BELDI GIANT 2777 53, 7060 Wash. 3399 54, 58, 62 163 BELFORD ... 53, 57, 63 113 BLUE 1247 Blue Bald. . HIMALAYA 7157 W. Va. W 51 74 BRIER 1-34-127 Brugh 76.. TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 5 51 78 BULGARIAN . 521 W c 6089 C. A. 1096 S c 54, 56, 61 138 BYNG 52 92 CALHOUN . . 7120 w c CALIFORNIA 53, 57, 63 113 COAST .... 6115 California CALIFORNIA Feed. COAST . .. CALIFORNIA 1455 S c 53, 57, 63 118 MARIOUT . . 51 75 CASCADE ... 7146 Oreg. 66 w c CHARLOTTE- 2732 C. A. 817 c 55, 56, 59 170 TOWN 80. . 53 126 CHEVRON .. 1111 B Chinese . ... MENSURY 52,57 110 C. I. 7008 .. 7008 36 Ab. 6127 c 7147 36 Ab. 5652 c 53,57 115 C. I. 7147 . . 53,57 117 C. I. 7153 . . 7153 36 Ab. 2568 c CLUB MARI 261 c 53, 57, 63 115 OUT 52, 57, 62 110 COAST 690 c Coast WINTER TENNESSEE Colossal Hull-less NEPAL ' "¿5,'58,'62 '"ièè COLSESS . 2792 Comfort . SHORT COM- FORT Common . CALIFORNIA COAST . .. COMMON 53, 57, 63 113 SIX-ROW . . 4625 c 5438 c 55, 58, 59 175 COMPAñA . . 51 71 DAVIDSON .. 6373 N. C. 11-15 W c 4821 S B 53 131 DORSETT ... 54, 56, 62 144 DRYLAND .. 5673 s C Early Beard- MISSOURI EARLY BEARDLESS Earlyjtuany Har- vest I STEWART CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 185

INDEX TO VARIETY AND SYNONYM NAMES, TYPE, AND PRINCIPAL USE—Continued Principal use : Page No. Type: Commer- Winter cial (C) ; Variety or Recognized C.I. Station No. (W), breeding synonym name for No. synonym spring (B) ; De- (S) special Keys scrip- interest tion (S)

ESAW ...... i .. 4690 w S 51 88 EZOND 6265 s C 54, 56, 58, 63 150 FAYETTE ... 245 w c 51 80 Feed Barley. STAVROPOL . FERGUSON .. 6498 Tex. 24933 w c 51 78 Ferguson Texas Win- ter FERGUSON . FiNLEY .... ■59ÓÍ 'Tex.' 12576 w ■ " "c " ' 5Í 76 FLYNN .... 1311 c 53,57 132 FLYNN 1.... 5911 s c 53, 57, 63 132 FLYNN 37 .. 5918 s c 54, 58, 63 144 FRANKLIN MALT .... 5915 s c 53, 55, 57, 63 120 GALORE 7150 *C.* *Â.* Ï126 s c 54, 56, 61 144 GARTONS ... 7016 C. A. 1134 c 53,56 131 Giant White Hull-less .. NEPAL .... s GLABRON ... 4577 Minn. 445 s * " c * * * 54, 56, 60 155 GLACIER . .. 6976 Moscow 33 c 54, 57, 63 136 Golden Mar- CLUB iout MARIOUT . Great Beard- less HORSFORD . Guy Mayle. HIMALAYA . s HANNA .... 226 s " ■ * c ' " 55,58 174 HANNCHEN . 531 s c 55, 56, 58, 59 172 HERO 4602 s c 54, 58, 63 142 HIMALAYA . 620 s es 52, 57, 59 108 Hog Barley. STAVROPOL . HOODED 16 . 6574 w B 52 102 HORN 926 s c 55, 58, 59 170 HORSPORD .. 1775 s c 55, 58, 62 166 HUGA 6998 Ga. H398- w c 52 94 1-2-11-4 Ideal Hull- less NEPAL .... IREDELL . . . 6571 N. C. 1-23 w c 52 104 JACKSON ... 6569 Tenn. w c 51 86 B5-9(S) JACKSON 1 . 7045 Tenn. w c 51 84 7B2-42 Kansas Com- mon Six- rowed .... STAVROPOL . KENTUCKY 1 6050 w c 51 67 KENTUCKY 2 6148 w c 51 66 KINDRED ... 6969 s c 53, 55, 60 124 "L" Barley. KINDRED *. ! Lico 6279 F. C. 1110 s c 54, 58, 63 138 LION 923 s B 54 140 Malt FRANKLIN MALT ...... MANCHURIA (type variety) s c 53, 56 104 MANCHURIA. 2330 Minn. 184 s c 53, 55, 59 107 MANCHURIA. 2947 N. Dak. s c 53, 55, 59 105 2121 MANCHURIA. 7151 s s 53, 55 107 Manchurian MANCHURIA. Mandscheuri MANCHURIA. Manshury . . MANCHURIA. Mansury . .. MANCHURIA. MARETT AWN LE S s 1 7073 w c 52 94 MARETT HOODED 4.. 7074 w c 52 97 Mariout . .. CALIFORNÍÁ* MARIOUT . Mariout ... CLUB MARIOUT . MARNOBAEB. • •. 1 éÍ2Ó Md. 13-6 w c 51 86 186 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE INDEX TO VARIETY AND SYNONYM NAMES, TYPE, AND PRINCIPAL USE—Continued Principal use : Page No. Commer- Winter cial (C) ; Recognized C.I. Station No. (W), breeding synonym name for NO. spring (B); De- synonym (S) special Keys scrip- interest tion (S) jyj^Rg 7015 Minn. 11-31^5 S C 54, 56, 60 157 Maryland Smooth MARNOBARB. MELOY 3. . . 4656 S C 55, 58, 62 168 MENSURY . . 4696 C. A. 730 s C 53, 55, 59 107 Mensury . . . MANCHURIA. MICHIGAN WINTER . .. 2036 w c 51 65 MINIA 3556 s B 53 118 MINSTURDI . 1558 Minn. 439 s c 53, 55, 60 124 MISSOURI EARLY 6051 Mo. B288 w C 52 99 MONTCALM . 7149 C. A. 1135 s c 54, 56, 60 155 MTTNSTNíT 6009 s c 55, 58, 59 174 NAKANO WASE . . . 754 w BS 52 90 NASSAU 7022 N. J. w c 51 83 WB6-68 NEPAL .... 595 s es 52, 57, 59 108 NEWAL 6088 * C.* A." Ï089 s c 54, 56, 61 160 NEW MEXICO WINTER 1 . 7065 w c 51 75 6335 'C.' A.' 1022 s c 54, 56, 60 153 Nobarb .... MARNOBARB. Nobarb II. . P»ARBOFF . . NORTH CAR- OLINA HOODED 26 7026 N. C. 1-26 w c 52 97 Number 38. . WISCONSIN BARBLESS . O. A. C. 21. 1470 C. A. 1086 s c 53, 55, 59 107 ODER- 4666 Wis. Ped. s c 53, 55, 60 126 BRUCKER. 5-1 ODESSA .... 182 s c 53, 55, 57, 59 124 OHIO 1 7072 w c 51 66 OLLI 6251 C. A. 739 s c 53, 55, 59 121 OLYMPIA . . 6107 Wash. 2799 w c 51 81 Oregon Mar- CLUB iout. MARI OUT . Ottawa 60. . PEATLAND .. 5267 Minn. 452 s '"*c 53, 56, 60 129 Pedigree 5. . ODER- BRUCKER . Pedigree 38. WISCONSIN BARBLESS . PLUSH .... 6093 C. A. 1106 s G 54, 56, 61 145 POLAND .... 6280 w c 51 74 PONTIAC ... 4849 *C.' A." 11Ï4 s c 53, 56, 60 107 PROSPECT .. 6339 C. A. 1140 s c 54, 56, 61 150 PURDUE 21.. 4581 w c 51 71 RANDOLPH , 6372 N. C. 1-68 w c 51 78 REGAL 5030 C. A. 742 s c 54, 56, 61 159 RENO 6561 Kans. 7178 w c 51 71 REX 6618 C. A. 1113 s c 55, 56, 58, 59 179 ROJO .. 5401 Calif. 1017 s c 54, 58, 63 142 RUFFLYN .. 6374 Wash. 2356 s c 53, 57, 62 112 SANALTA ... 6087 C. A. 1088 s c 55, 56, 58, 59 177 Sans Barb 2 PROSPECT . SANTIAM . .. 6367 Oreg. 36 w c 51 80 SCARAB 995 s c 53,57 131 SCOTTISH PEARL .... 277 w c 51 67 SHORT COM- FORT 5907 Nebr. 104 s c 54, 56, 61 157 SIXTY DAY 5031 C. A. 782 s c 55, 56, 58, 59 166 SMOOTH AWN 86 . . 6268 w c 51 81 SMOOTH AWN 88 . . 7028 w c 51 83 Sol SIXTY DAY. SPARTAN ... 5027 Mich. 68 " s c 55, Sè, 58, 59 Í79 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 187

INDEX TO VARIETY AND SYNONYM NAMES, TYPE, AND PRINCIPAL USE—Continued Principal use : Type : Commer- Page No. Winter cial (C) ; Variety or Recognized C.I. Station No. (W), breeding synonym name for No. spring synonym (B); De- (S) special Keys scrip- interest (S) tion

STAVROPOL . 2103 S C 52, 57, 62 112 STEIGUM . .. 907 S C 55,56,58 172 STEWART 6112 S C 52,57 109 Success ... ilORSFORD ! Success ... SIXTY DAY. Success Beardless . HORSFORD . SUNRISE . .. 6272 w c 52 90 TENKOW . .. 646 w C 51 74 TENNESSEE BEARD- LESS 5 ... 3384 w c 52 102 TENNESSEE BEARD- LESS 6 . . 2746 w c 52 99 Tennessee TENNESSEE * Hooded 5. BEARDLESS 5 Tennessee TENNESSEE Hooded 6. BEARDLESS 6 TENNESSEE WINTER (type variety) w c 51 64 TENNESSEE WINTER 6034 w c 51 68 Tennessee WINTER' Winter. TENNESSEE TENNESSEE WINTER 52 3543 w c 51 68 Tennessee 5. TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 5 Tennessee 6. TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 6 TEXAN *é499 Tex.' *28'3'4'8' "w" 51 84 Texas Win- " "c '" ter FERGUSON . TITAN .... ' 7Ó55 C.' A.' 'I'l'l's* " s * ¿ ■ • • 54, 56, 61 159 TREBI . 936 s c 53, 55, 57, 62 121 TREGAL 6359 N. Dak. s 54, 56, 60 30036 c 153 TUCKER ... 7039 W. Va. w c 52 102 1-35-274 TUNIS 1383 s 53, 57, 63 117 UNION c BEARDLESS 5976 s c 54, 58, 62 163 U. S. 86 SMOOTH AWN 86 . . Utah Winter WINTER CLUB VANCE .... '4585 ■ "s " ' * "c " Vance Smyr- 55, 58, 59 175 na VANCE .... VAUGHN ... ■Í367 's ' ' * c ■ ■ * * ' 54," 57,' éá *"Í34 VELVET .... 4252 Minn.'447' s c 54, 56, 61 160 VELVON .... 6109 s c 54, 58, 63 148 VELVON 11.. 7088 s c 54, 58, 63 148 WARD 6007 w c 51 67 WARRIOR ... 6991 C. A. 1144 s White Hull- c 55, 58, 63 168 less NEPAL WHITE SMYRNA . . 910 s c 55, 58, 59 177 White Win- WINTER* ter. CLUB WINTER CLUB 592 w c OÍ o± WINTER TENNESSEE s c 52, 57, 62 108 WiNTEX ... 6127 1 Tex. 23258 1 w c 51 76 188 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE INDEX TO VARIETY AND SYNONYM NAMES, TYPE, AND PRINCIPAL USE—Continued Principal use : Page No. Type: Commer- Winter cial (C) ; Variety or Recognized C.I. Station No. (W), breeding synonym name for No. spring De- synonym (S) sÄ Keys scrip- interest tion (S)

WISCONSIN 5105 Wis. Pedi- S C 54, 56, 61 145 BARBLESS. gree 38 Wisconsin ODER- Pedigree 5. BRUCKER . Wisconsin WISCONSIN Pedigree 38. BARBLESS . WISCONSIN WINTER . . 2159 W C 51 65 Wisconsin 5 ODER- BRUCKER . Wisconsin 38 WISCONSIN BARBLESS . 6728 w C 52 88 Woodward Barley . .. W^ARD WOODWIN .. 7033 w C 51 66 York Hooded TENNESSEE BEARDLESS 0 "38" WISCONSIN BARBLESS . 1 1 1 1 1 CLASSIFICATION OF BARLEY VARIETIES GROWN IN 1945 189

CHARACTER INDEX Abortive rachilla, 46. Glume awns, 14. Adherence of hulls, 46. anthocyanin, 37. Aleurone, color, 47. length, 31. Anthers, 35. roughness, 31. Anthocyanin in— smoothness, 31. auricles, 21. Glumes, 30. awns, 37. attachment, 40. glume awns, 37. hairs, 30. leaf sheaths, 21. length, 30. lemma nerves, 15. width, 40. stem, 24. Growth— Attachment of— early, 18. glumes, 40. spring and winter, 16. kernels, 48. Hairiness of— Auricles, 12, 13. leaf sheaths, 20. anthocyanin, 21. rachis edges, 28. shape, 13, 21. stigma, 35. size, 13, 21. Hairs on— Awnless, 34. glumes, 30. Awns, 31. lemma, 42. anthocyanin, 37. rachilla, 46. deciduousness, 38. rachis edges, 28. length, 31. Heading date, 19. persistence, 38. Height of plants, 23. roughness, 34. Hoods, 34. smoothness, 34. middle lobe, 40. twisting, 40. Hordeiim, 4. width, 40. distichum, 5. Awns on glumes, 31. irreguläre, 6. Basal rachis internode, 29. vulgäre, 5. length, 29. Hulls, 45. shape, 29. adherence, 46. Base of lemma, 43. thickness, 46. Brittleness of— wrinkling, 45. neck, 40. Identification of threshed grain, 49. rachis, 28. Insect attacks, reaction, 20. Caryopsis, 15, 16. Intermedium barley, 5. color, 47. Irregular barley, 6. Collar, 12. Kernels, 15. shape, 24. attachment, 48. Color of— cheeks, 48. aleurone, 47. color, 45. caryopsis, 47. covered, 40. kernels, 45. length, 41. leaves, 22. naked, 40. lemma, 45. overlapping of lateral, 26. palea, 45. rachillate lateral, 40. pericarp, 45. shape, two-rowed, 41, 42. Covered kernels, 40. shape, six-rowed, 41, 42. Deciduous awns, 38. twisted, 41, 42. Deciduous lemma, 40. ventral crease, 48. Deficiens barley, 6. weight, 48. Density of spike, 26. Leaf sheaths, 12. Disease reaction, 19. anthocyanin, 21. Distance flagleaf to spike, 24. hairiness, 20. Dormancy of seed, 20. Early growth, 18. waxiness, 22. Flagleaves, 22. Leaves, 12. distance from spike, 24. color, 22. - shape, 22. number of, 22. size, 22. roughness, 22. Floret, 15. size, 22. Germ length, 48. waxiness, 22. 190 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 907, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lemma, 15. Shape of—(Continued.) base, 43. collar, 24. color, 45. flagleavfes, 22. deciduous, 40. kernels, two-rowed, 41, 42. hairs, 42. kernels, six-rowed, 41, 42. nerves, 15. ligules, 12, 21. teeth, 42. neck, 24. Length of— rachis, 27. awns, 31. rachis internodes, 27. basal rachis internode, 29. spike, 26. germ, 48. Shattering, 39. glume awns, 81. Size of— glumes, 30. auricles, 13, 21. kernels, 41. flagleaves, 22. rachilla, 47. leaves, 22. spike, 26. ligules, 12, 21. Ligules, 12. Six-rowed barley, 26. shape, 12, 21. Smoothness of— size, 12, 21. awns, 34. Middle lobe of hoods, 40. glume awns, 31. Mixed characters, 48. Spike, 13. Naked kernels, 40. density, 26. Neck— distance from flagleaf, 24. brittleness, 40. length, 26. shape, 24. nodding, 27. Nodding of spike, 27. shape, 26. Nodes, 23. tweaked, 38. Number of leaves, 22. waxiness, 37. Number of sterile spikelets, 37. Spikelet, 14. Overlapping of lateral kernels, 26. number sterile, 37. Palea, 15, 48. Spring or winter barley growth, 16. color, 45. Stainability, 47. Pericarp, 16. Stem, 12. color, 45. Stem, anthocyanin, 24. Persistent awns, 38. Sterile spikelet, 37. Plant height, 23. Stigma, 15. Rachilla, 15, 16. hairs, 35. abortion, 46. Strength of straw, 23. hairs, 46. Teeth on lemma, 42. length, 47. Thickness of hulls, 46. Rachillate lateral kernels, 40. Threshability, 39. Rachis— Threshed grain identification, 49. brittleness, 28. Time of heading, 19. shape, 27. Toughness of rachis, 28. toughness, 28. Tweaked spike, 38. internodes, 27. Twisted awns, 40. internodes, shape, 27. Twisted kernels, 42. Roots, 11. Two-rowed barley, 26. Rachis edges, hairs, 28. Ventral crease on kernel, 48. Reaction to— Waxiness of— disease, 19. leaf sheaths, 22. insect attacks, 20. leaves, 22. Roughness of— spike, 37. awns, 34. Weight of kernels, 48. glume awns, 31. Width of— leaves, 22. awns, 40. Seed dormancy, 20. glumes, 40. Shape of— auricles, 13, 21. Winter hardiness, 19. basal rachis internode, 29. Wrinkling of hulls, 45.

i:^ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1946—672363

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 35^