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Volume IV, Issue 5, May 2008 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

LBSLBS isis herehere toto staystay

THE DARPA ROBOTIC RACE. AS SEEN BY NOVATEL®’S GNSS TECHNOLOGY.

We see the world in very precise terms. We can’t help it. It’s in everything we do. Like navigating vehicles through the 2007 DARPA robotic race—every 9,600,000 cm of it. With NovAtel’s ProPak®-V3 onboard, these unmanned vehicles were able to navigate long distances over challenging urban terrain. The ProPak-V3 provided consistent accuracy and fast reacquisition times, allowing for smooth performance even along the course’s most demanding sections.

Autonomous ground vehicle navigation is just one of many worldwide applications successfully utilizing NovAtel’s precise positioning products.

To learn more about the products that powered this application, navigate your way to novatel.com.

NovAtel’s precise thinking makes it possible.

1-800-NOVATEL (U.S. & Canada) or 403-295-4900 | Europe +44 (0) 1993 852-436 | SE Asia & Australia +61 (2) 8668 4073 | [email protected]

30273 NovAtel DARPA Ad Coordinates.indd 1 4/11/08 9:46:41 AM

1817 10th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3C 0K2 Telephone (403) 266-4094 Fax (403) 269-1140 Docket: 30273 Due Date: Apr.15.08 Insertion Date: May issue Client: NovAtel Description: DARPA ad Size: 7.833” x 11” +bleed Publication: Coordinates Magazine Colour: cmyk Designer: M.Coad Account Ex: A.Ennis Production: S.Hamel colophon and contents

In this issue Coordinates Volume 4, issue 5, May 2008

Articles

The potential of cell-based positioning for improving LBS Ma r k u s Ra y 6 Active RFID trilateration

for indoor positioning Gu e n t h e r Re t s c h e r , Qi n g Fu 10 Evolution of GPS Navigation in India Am i t Pr a s a d 17

Simulation of Galileo E5 Signal Fa n t i n a t o Sa m u e l e 18 GIS for lymphatic filariasis morbidity management and control M Pa l a n i y a n d i 24

Columns

My coordinates editorial 5 His coordinates s t e v e b r a z i e r 9 v i n e e t t a n e j a 16 s c o t t l o fg r e n 22 News g a l i l e o u p d a t e 15 gp s 29

i n d u s t r y 32 l b s 34 g i s 36 Mark your calendar m a y t o d e c e m b e r 38

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies a m i t p r a s a d , f a n t i n a t o s a m u e l e , g u e n t h e r r e t s c h e r , m a r k u s r a y , m p a l a n i y a n d i , q i n g f u , s c o t t l o fg r e n , s t e v e b r a z i e r , a n d v i n e e t t a n e j a ; and Bentley, HemisphereGPS, Magellan, Navcom, Novatel, Sanding, SatNav Technologies, South, Spirent, Wayfinder; and many others

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of cGIT that aims to broaden the Editor Bal Krishna cGIT, 11C Pocket A scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. SFS Mayur Vihar Phase III cGIT does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Owner Centre for Geoinformation Technologies Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors and advertisers in this magazine and may not Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 be held liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due Designer TSA Effects, www.tsa.in Fax +91 11 22632607 to the information provided herein. © cGIT, 2008. Reprinting with permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Printer Sonu Printer, B 82, Okhla Phase I, New Delhi, Email India. [information] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) [India] Rs.1,200 [editorial] [email protected] [Overseas] US$80 This issue of Coordinates is of 40 pages, including [advertising] [email protected] cover. [subscriptions] [email protected] Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of Centre for Geoinformation Technologies at A221 Mangal Web www.mycoordinates.org Apartments, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. mycoordinates

Ten on ten

It is a demonstration once again.

Rather, an assertion of capabilities and underlying pride.

ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C9, successfully launched ten satellites together, perhaps the highest payload ever.

Alongwith eight nanosatellites for international customers, there were two remote sensing satellites CARTOSAT-2A and Indian Mini Satellite (IMS-1).

ISRO remains a dominant player in international market for satellite launch.

However, when it comes to remote sensing satellites, it also has to compete with private international players.

The crucial issue then becomes, of accessibility and usability of data vis-à-vis other players.

And when users say, they are happy, ISRO gets 10 on 10.

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

c h i e f a d v i s o r Muneendra Kumar PhD, Chief Geodesist (Retired), US National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, USA a d v i s o r s Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Dr Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Director of Geosciences, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE, Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

Coordinates May 2008 | 5 lbs Cell-based positioning for improving LBS Cell-based positioning technology can be used to provide valuable knowledge for LBS even in indoor environments

Markus Ray Most of today’s Location Based Services satellites is required for calculating reliable Human Centered Mobility (LBS) provide information based solely on positions. Hence, within buildings or in Technologies, Arsenal a users’ location, not taking into account narrow streets no or corrupt positioning research Vienna, Austria context knowledge about the user’s current data is available because of shadowing [email protected] situation and needs. This often results in effects. Most approaches for finding low-quality and inappropriate information stays of users are based on recurring GPS to the user. Hence, in order to provide dropouts like Ashbrook and Starner [4] user-oriented services, an improvement and Marmasse et al. [5]. To overcome of the response-quality of information such a heuristic approach, Nurmi and requests is required. Knowledge about Koolwaaij [6] have presented a GSM cell- the coordinates of places where the user transition method supported by GPS for regularly stays in her life combined with finding meaningful places. In contrast to semantics about such places can provide GPS, cell-based positioning technology is valuable knowledge for LBS. Zhou et al. also available within buildings or urban [2] state that “the discovery of a person’s areas and positioning data can be easily meaningful places involves obtaining the obtained by the GSM network using any physical locations and their labels for a mobile phone. A cell-based approach for person’s places that matter to his daily life clustering and predicting of mobile phone and routines”. This is in accordance with users’ routes based on a cell-transition Hightower et al. [3], who identified two graph has been presented by Laasonen [7]. needed steps for finding meaningful places of individual users: (1) finding physical locations of meaningful places and (2) Collecting cell-data assigning semantic information to those. In order to draw meaningful conclusions Two obvious meaningful places of persons about the motion behavior of individuals, are locations like ‘home’ or ‘work’, but the a sufficiently large amount of localization perception of meaningful places might also data is required. We have collected 250 include places where the user stays once 000 cell-based position measurements in a while (e.g.: visiting the grandparents from ten volunteers obtained during all three months). This article outlines a half a year of permanent observation methodology for finding and classifying using a constant sample rate of five places where the user regularly stays minutes. On average, 25 000 positions in her life, in the following denoted as have been obtained from each volunteer ‘prominent places’. A detailed description in cooperation with the biggest of this work has been published in [1]. Austrian mobile phone provider.

Most of the previous research for finding The volunteers agreed in providing prominent places has been done based their positioning data from July 2006 on the Global Positioning System (GPS). to December 2006 by signing a special GPS is available worldwide and in general contract regulating privacy issues. provides accurate position measurements. The volunteers had full control and Since GPS is a satellite based technology, transparency about the localization an unobstructed view to at least four activities via a SMS interface. It

6 | Coordinates May 2008 was possible for each volunteer to deactivate, activate and retrieve the status of localization by sending a SMS during the observation period.

Analyzing cell-data

The analysis is split into two steps. First we take the collected cell-data to find places where the volunteers’ spend most of her time. The found places are subsequently automatically annotated with semantics by labeling them with e.g. ‘home’ or ‘work’ (see also Figure 1) Figure 2: Geographic distribution of cells in urban areas compared to rural areas Finding prominent places the cell with the strongest signal is selected cells and links represent cell changes. Prominent places are defined as places by the mobile phone if acknowledged where the user spends most of her time. from the network. Both the mobile phone The individual cell network graph is used In general, such places will be mainly and the network can initiate a change to to calculate pairwise topological distances ‘home’ and ‘work’ locations. Hence, another cell at any time to ensure network between the potential cell-candidates using cells where one volunteer has been load balance and communication quality. the Dijkstra algorithm. Cell-candidates located more often than in others (using In our work, center-of-cell-coverage are grouped if the topological distance a constant sample rate) must correspond localization was supported by the mobile between them is lower or equal than to her prominent places. Cell-candidates phone provider: After requesting the a predefined number of links. Due to are therefore first identified by filtering current position of one volunteer, the network characteristics, it might happen out cells exceeding a high dwell time. network returns the center coordinates that not all expected cell-candidates (theoretical center of radio-frequency representing one prominent place are In some cases there is a one-to-one relation coverage) of the volunteer’s current cell. linked and therefore correct grouping between a cell candidate and a prominent Hence two cells available at one place will fail. To overcome this case, a further place. However, it often happens that one can have totally different coordinates approach is used to add missing cells to prominent place is assigned to multiple for positioning. In urban areas center-of- related prominent places by comparing cells: Each cell of a mobile phone network cell-coverage localization is much more time series of visiting frequencies. covers a defined area with radio signals accurate than in rural areas due to higher to provide mobile telecommunication geographical cell density (See Figure 2). The assumption that visiting frequencies of to the end-user. In order to prevent Grouping cell-candidates based on pairwise cell-candidates – which belong to the same communication lacks due to shadowing Euclidian distances would therefore in prominent place – should be drawn from a effects (e.g. caused by buildings), multiple general not produce meaningful results. similar underlying continuous distribution cells are sometimes used to cover one We have therefore developed an approach allows us to use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov area, leading to the above phenomenon. of an individual cell-network graph. test for grouping missing cell-candidates. If multiple cells are available in one area, Nodes of the cell-network graph represent If the hypothesis for this test – two samples have the same underlying distribution – is not rejected, then these cell-candidates are grouped. Finally all expected cell- candidates should be successfully grouped.

Classifying prominent places

After grouping is finished we can compute a sequence of prominent places ordered by visits through a work day based on the visiting frequencies. At the same time we can manually define a daily routine for such work days By comparing these two sequences we can label the computed prominent places Figure 1: Workflow of analyzing cell-data for finding (a) and classifying (b) prominent places for finally giving them semantics.

Coordinates May 2008 | 7 Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Austrian Mobile Phone Provider “mobilkom austria” by providing a web interface for obtaining cell-based positioning data for free. The author also thanks the volunteers for providing their position information over this long time period.

References • [1] Ray, M. and Schrom-Feiertag, H.: Cell-based Finding and Classification of Prominent Places of Mobile Phone Users, In: Proceedings 4th International Symposium Figure 3: Example for visualizing prominent places in GoogleEarth. Yellow rectangles on Location Based Services & indicate the composition of cell-based positions for prominent places. TeleCartography, November 2007 • [2] Zhou C., Frankowski D., Ludford Step-by-step, for each hour of day, the the end is reached (Here ‘unknown 1’ is P., Shekhar S. and Terveen L.: visiting frequencies of the prominent labeled as ‘spare time’). Once-classified Discovering Personally Meaningful places are compared and the prominent prominent places are not re-classified. Places: An Interactive Clustering place with the highest representation Approach, In: ACM Transactions is selected for the sequence. In order on Information Systems, Vol. 25, to avoid toggling in the sequence at Experimental results No.3, Article 12, July 2007 transition times of one prominent place • [3] Hightower J., Consolvo S., to another, smoothed distributions are The presented methodology has been LaMarca A., Smith I. and Hughes used for prominent place selections. validated by a 250 000 cell-based J.: Learning and Recognizing the positioning data set obtained during Places We Go, In: Proceedings A typical daily routine of a work day of a half year of permanent observation. of Ubicomp’05, 2005 an Austrian employee (All volunteers Eleven of twelve home locations • [4] Ashbrook D. and Starner, T.: Using are Austrian) is manually defined as (92%) and nine of ten work locations GPS to learn significant locations and • being at home (at night/early morning), (90%) have been found and correctly predict movement across multiple being at work (in the morning), classified (Two volunteers moved their users, In: Proceedings of Personal • being somewhere else (in the home during observation phase). Each and Ubiquitous Computing 7, 2003 afternoon/evening) and volunteer has validated the result based • [5] Marmasse N. and Schmandt • being at home (in the evening/night). on her provided cell-based positioning C.: Location-aware information data with respect to the correctness of delivery with commotion, In: From this daily routine three classes found and classified prominent places. Proceedings Second International of prominent places ‘home’, ‘work’ All found prominent places are close Symposium on Handheld and and ‘spare time’ are derived. Hence, to the real location. Geographical Ubiquitous Computing (HUC). the sequence which is to be compared accuracy of the found places mainly Volume 1927., Springer-Verlag, 2000 to the computed sequence is {‘home’, depends on the cell-network distribution • [6] Nurmi P. and Koolwaaij J.: ‘work’, ‘spare time’, ‘home’}. in the surrounding area and cannot be Identifying meaningful locations, influenced by the used method. Hence, Submitted to: Conference on For classification, the first element of the no quantitative validation about the Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: computed sequence is taken and labeled localization quality was performed. Networking and Services, 2006. with the first element of the manually • [7] Laasonen K.: Clustering defined sequence. By assuming the In Figure 3 is an example for visualizing and prediction of mobile user computed sequence is {‘unknown 3’, the results in Google Earth. This routes from cellular data, In: ‘unknown 2’, ‘unknown 1’, ‘unknown visualization was used to validate the Proceedings of the 9th European 3’} - ‘unknown3’ is labeled to ‘home’. results together with the volunteers. Conference on Principles and The same is done with the next element Practice of Knowledge Discovery (here ‘unknown2’ is labeled to ‘work’). The demonstrated grouping and in Databases (PKDD). Lecture Finally all other elements of the computed classification results are promising and Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol. sequence are classified as ‘spare time’ until can be used as basis for improved LBS. 3721. Springer-Verlag, 2005.

8 | Coordinates May 2008 “It is difficult to discern an all-encompassing trend in Asia” Steve Brazier is the President & CEO of Canalys on trends and challenges in navigation market

What are the key market We think there is significant market segments you focus on? potential for mobile navigation in India. It is a unique market because smart Canalys was formed 10 years ago, and phones with integrated GPS arrived there we now have a range of services covering before PNDs, a reversal of the situation Steve Brazier is the President & CEO of various market segments. These include our in Western Europe, the US and China. Canalys - the fast-growing think-tank Mobile services, which comprise Mobile We believe that there is a burgeoning that provides research and analysis of Navigation Analysis and Smart Mobile opportunity for navigation on both trends in global high technology markets. Device Analysis, which track and study the smart phones and PNDs, and we will Canalys delivers its highly-valued analysis worldwide markets on a quarterly basis. be talking about our forecasts for India through continuous services, consulting We have more recently added Business at our forthcoming Canalys Navigation projects, reports and custom presentations. and Consumer Mobility Analysis services. Forum event in Bangalore this month. Steve’s work spans the full range of the Canalys also has global services focused Location-based services are not really company’s specialisation areas, including on the Enterprise market, which look at established yet in India, but the advent mobile devices, PCs, security, networking, security, IPTV, unified communications of GPS devices and increasing consumer servers, storage, fixed and mobile telephony and networking, and on the Consumer education around turn-by-turn navigation and the digital home. He has led Canalys to market, covering digital entertainment. The will change this. Still, there is a lot of make it one of the most respected analyst name of the company is actually derived work to be done to find revenue-generating firms working in the field of technology from the Latin word for channels, the core business models for location-based convergence, by operating across the focus of our research, so underpinning services. There are endless decisions to be boundaries that sit between the IT, telecoms all of our work is our go-to-market made about end-user education, pricing, and consumer electronics industries. expertise. Additionally, the company has and partnerships between software and a significant consulting division taking on hardware vendors and service providers. bespoke projects across all of these areas. difficult to discern an all-encompassing trend. There are highly developed markets, Could you highlight such as Korea and Japan, which have What is your opinion about key differences in the their own local vendors, and then there the trends and challenges navigation market in is China and India, which have been in the navigation market? Europe, the US and Asia? identified as critical emerging markets. The Oceania countries are also at Navigation has proved to be one of our Western Europe already has an established various stages of development as well. most exciting areas of research since we mobile navigation market, which emerged started officially tracking the market back from the trend of bundling PDAs with in 2004. The sector has been growing Bluetooth GPS receivers and software. What is the common thread to aggressively during this period and it has The market is still growing, and there the Canalys Navigation Forum been great to see how this growth has are even further opportunities to come 2008, spread across four now spread to APAC and the Americas. out of Central and Eastern Europe, the venues in three continents? One of our challenges is tracking all Middle East and Africa, which are all the different types of solutions, be they still developing markets. In the US the The common thread is about establishing hardware or software; smart phones, big impact has come around the Black a premier independent meeting place for PNDs or PMPs; perpetual or subscription; Friday period, which is the first shopping those involved in the navigation industry in and ensuring that our definitions and day after Thanksgiving. In 2006 and each region. It is about discussing market databases will robustly handle them. 2007 certain vendors really developed growth, progression and challenges. deals and special offers that helped swell We hope to continue to consolidate our volumes and educate the market. Hitting position as the industry’s leading provider How do you see the market certain prices points has really driven of research, which in turn will contribute potential for satellite the market forward, though pressure on to the planning, forecasting and analysis navigation in India? margins is more intense than ever. Asia of future opportunities for growth and is such a fragmented market that it is expansion in mobile navigation.

Coordinates May 2008 | 9 positioning Active RFID trilateration for indoor positioning

Guenther Retscher l t e r n a t i v e location methods for of tags; i.e., passive, active and semi- Ass.-Prof, Institute of Aabsolute positioning in areas where no passive tags. Passive RFID tags do not Geodesy and Geophysics, GNSS position determination is possible have their own power supply and the Vienna University due to obstruction of the satellite signals read range is less than for active tags, of Technology are needed in mobile positioning. Active i.e., in the range of about a few mm up to [email protected] RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) can several meters. Active RFID tags, on the be used also for position determination, other hand, must have a power source, although the system was not only and may have longer ranges and larger developed for positioning and tracking but memories than passive tags. Many active Qing Fu mainly for identification of objects. Using tags have practical ranges of tens of Research Assistant, RFID in positioning, different approaches meters, and a battery life of up to several Institute of Geodesy can be distinguished, i.e., cell-based years. Another advantage of the active and Geophysics, Vienna positioning if the RFID tags are installed at tags compared to the passive tags are that University of Technology active landmarks (i.e., known locations) in they have larger memories and the ability [email protected] the surroundings, trilateration if ranges to to store additional information (apart the RFID tags are deducted from received from the tags’ ID) sent by transceiver. signal strength (RSS in RFID terms) For these reasons, the applications values and location fingerprinting where described in this paper make use of active the measured signal power levels are used RFID tags with a frequency range of directly to obtain a position fix. Using Cell 865.6-867.6 MHz. Further information of Origin (CoO) the achievable positioning about the underlying technology can accuracy depends on the size of the cell be found in e.g. Finkenzeller (2002). and is therefore usually several metres up to 10’s of metres using long range RFID To employ RFID for positioning and equipment. Higher positioning accuracies tracking of objects, one strategy is to can be obtained using trilateration install RFID readers at certain waypoints and fingerprinting. In this paper the (e.g. entrances of buildings, storage use of trilateration is investigated. rooms, shops, etc.) to detect an object when passing by. For that purpose an RFID tag is attached to or incoporated Background of active RFID in the object. This concept is employed and positioning concepts for example in theft protection of goods in shops and in warehouse management Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and logistics. A second approach for is an automatic identification method. using RFID in positioning would be to A RFID system consists of a tag, a install RFID tags at known locations (e.g. reader and an antenna. The tag is a at active landmarks) especially in areas transponder that can be attached to or without GPS visibility (e.g. in tunnels, incorporated into a product, animal, or under bridges, indoor environments, person for the purpose of identification etc.) and have a reader and antenna using radiowaves. The reader (i.e., a installed in the mobile device carried by transceiver) is able to read the stored the user. When the user passes by the information of the tag in close proximity. tag the RFID reader retrieves its ID and RFID tags contain antennas to enable other information (e.g. the location). them to receive and respond to radio- frequency queries from an RFID In the case of cell-based positioning, transceiver. There are various types i.e., Cell of Origin (CoO), the maximum

10 | Coordinates May 2008 range of the RFID tag defines a cell of of the signal strength which depends on of the order p in the form of circular shape in which a data exchange the number of floors between the RFID between the tag and the reader is possible. tag and RFID reader in the building. Using active RFID tags the positioning accuracy therefore ranges between a In the case of RFID the used parameters where few meters up to tens of meters. In our might be different to those in equation (1). d is the distance to the RFID tag in [m], approach the maximum range of the In order to find out the suitable parameters s is the measured signal strength in [dBm] signal can then be set at around 20 m. for a RFID system, a new simplified and a p are the unknown coefficients of Higher positioning accuracies can be equation using 3 fixed parameters as the polynomial function, can be used obtained using trilateration if the ranges given in equation (2) can be employed: to describe the relationship between to several tags are determined and are the signal strength and the distance. used for intersection. For 3-D positioning The unknown coefficients a p can be range measurements to at least three computed using a least squares fit if the tags are necessary. The ranges from the where signal strength s is measured along a a antenna of the reader to the antenna of 0 and a1 are coefficients found baseline at n known regular distances. the tag is deduced from the conversion during calibration using measurements Then there are n equations with p + 1 of signal power levels into distances. on a known baseline.

Then the parameter Signal strength to distance conversion for RFID range is an deduction in trilateration unknown coefficient that includes the fixed carrier frequency and the number To transform the measured signal strength of floors in the building and is from the RFID tag into a range between the range power loss coefficient. These the tag and the reader a conversion model unknown paramters can be determined has to be employed. This conversion using a calibration on a known baseline can be performed using a radio wave inside the building. Then the distance propagation model. Such a model is d between the RFID tag and the RFID an empirical mathematical formulation reader can be obtained from equation (3): for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. Such models typically predict the path loss along a with the coefficients a0 1 link or the effective coverage area of a b0 = − b = a 1 a transmitter. For indoor environments one 1 and 1 . usable model is the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) Indoor For further improvement of the accuracy Location Model (Wikipedia, 2008) that of the logarithmic approximation, the estimates the path loss inside a room or exponent in equation (3) can be extended a closed area inside a building delimited by a polynomial function of order p as by walls of any form. It assumes a described in the following equation: logarithmic relationship between the measured RSSI and the range from the transmitter. Mathematically the ITU-R model (Ranvier, 2004) can be described by where p is the order of the polynomial b b function, 0 , b1 , b2 , …, p are the coefficients of the polynomial function where determined from a calibration. sT is the total signal strength in [dBm], fc is the carrier frequency in [MHz], Apart from using a logarithmic n is the signal strength exponent, relationship between the signal strength Figure 1. An example of a cell-based d is the range between the RFID tag and and the distance also the use of a positioning concept in outdoor areas of the RFID reader in [m] and linear regression was investigated. For the city of Vienna in conjunction with the s (n ) f f is the floor penetration factor that purpose a polynomial function trilateration concept for indoor areas

Coordinates May 2008 | 11 unknowns (where n must be > p + 1). station The possible order p of the polynomial ‘Karlsplatz’) to an function depends on the number of University building available signal strength observations n was selected (see and the desired level of approximation. Figure 1). Three RFID tags were From previously conducted tests (see installed at the Retscher and Fu, 2007a) it could be entrance of the seen that the mean of the residuals is underground larger using the logarithmic model than station ‘Karlsplatz’ for the simple polynomial fit for the (indoor area). signal strength to distance conversion Along a road in trilateration. For this reason, the between the simple polynomial model provides underground a more accurate fit to the distance station and the Figure 3. Polynomial model approximation for one baseline data as the logarithmic model. university building in the entrance of the underground station ‘Karlsplatz’ (‘TU Vienna’ in If several RFID tags are located in the Figure 1; outdoor area) seven tags were user with a higher precision. installed on buildings along the way. For a conversion of the measured Additionally, three signal strength into a range a so called tags were installed calibration was carried out in the at the building’s indoor environments in order to get the entrance (indoor area). coefficients of the polynomial model Each circle indicates described in equation (5). Figure 2 a different cell. shows the installation of the tags in the entrance of the underground station In the experiment ‘Karlsplatz’ as an example. For the cell-based positioning conversion of the signal strength into a has been applied in range a calibration along three baselines outdoor areas as an from the RFID tags has been performed alternative to GPS to obtain calibration parameters of a positioning. As the characteristic curve for each line. accuracy of cell-based Figure 2. Location of the RFID tags at the entrance of the positioning generally Figure 3 shows the polynomial model underground station ‘Karlsplatz’ used for trilateration depends on the size approximation with an order of p = 3 of the distinguishable and their resulting coefficients for one surrounding environment the current cells, the achievable positioning of the three baselines in the underground position of the RFID reader can be accuracies might not be sufficient for station ‘Karlsplatz’. For each baseline obtained using trilateration. Then the indoor areas. deduced distances to at least three Ranges from the RFID tags are needed to calculate a 2-D RFID tags location position fix with intersection and an have been achieved unknown scale factor which takes the up to around 20 m. difference between the deduced ranges In the indoor area to the RFID tags and the reference point mostly higher system into account. If more than three positioning distances are available, the position fix accuracies are can be calculated using a least squares required. Therefore adjustment (see Retscher and Fu, 2008). several RFID tags have been installed in the Field test setups and results transition zones between outdoor For testing our approach the path from a to indoor to be Figure 4. Results of trilateration for the static test points in public transport stop (i.e., underground able to locate the the entrance of the underground station ‘Karlsplatz’

12 | Coordinates May 2008 NAVIGATE ON-LINE OR WITH MAPS PRELOADED ON YOUR PHONE. WAYFINDER HAS IT ALL.

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Coordinates May 2008 | 13 different coefficients are obtained, can be considered because the signal strengths of different as an outlier as the tags were influenced differently by deviations of the the objects in their surroundings. The other points are mean values of the residuals of all the much smaller.w polynomial approximations are nearly zero and their standard deviations In the second are also almost zero. This means that kinematic test the a good approximation with the used reader was carried polynomial model is achieved. The trend from the middle of the polynomial fit is very similar. The of the entrance of measurements have been performed at the underground night with no people walking around. station ‘Karlsplatz’ to the middle of Two sorts of test were carried out in tag 50 and 51 Figure 5. Results of trilateration for the kinematic test in the total. In the first test the signal strength (from right to left entrance of the underground station ‘Karlsplatz’ (the determined measurements were performed static in Figure 2) over a location is shown in seconds s from the start of the measurements) over a time span of around one minute on distance of around the same points used in the calibration, 14 m. Unlike the measurements in the point interval of 2 m. The resulting mean since we know the true location of first test, in this test every point was value of the residuals in the conversion these points. In the second test the user measured only for a few seconds. Figures of the signal strength into a distance is was walking continuously inside the 5 shows the positioning results. It can be nearly zero (i.e., below ± 2*10-11 m) test area either from the entrance to the seen that the trend of the trajectory can using a polynomial model with an order center of the test area or vice versa. be correctly determined. The positioning of p = 3. These polynomial models were accuracy was in the range of ± 2 to 3 m. then used for the deduction of ranges The positioning results of the static test to the tags for the location of points in for the entrance of the underground station static and kinematic tests. In the static ‘Karlsplatz’ are shown in Figure 4. Table Conclusion and outlook test the test points were located with 1 shows the deviations in the X- and an accuracy of better than ± 0.35 m in Y-coordinates (dX and dY) from their true This paper addresses the investigation of X-direction and ± 1.44 m in Y-direction. location and the radial deviation dr for all RFID trilateration for indoor positioning. In the kinematic tests lower accuracies in test points. In average the radial deviation At first some background of RFID was the range of ± 2 to 3 m were achieved, but is only 0.32 m with a standard deviation of introduced. On this basis it was deduced the trend of the moving user was always ± 0.40 m. The maximum deviation of one how the measured signal strength can be determined correctly. The achieved point was 0.34 m in the X-coordinates and converted into a distance. The converted positioning accuracies have proven that -1.44 m in the Y-coordinates. This point distances could be used for determining RFID trilateration can be successfully the position of the employed in a small range to the tags. Table 1. Deviations in the X- and Y-coordinates (dX and dY) from reader by means their true location and the radial deviation dr of the static test of trilateration. In the future, we will perform points in the entrance of the underground station ‘Karlsplatz’ Finally, the more experiments to improve approach was the polynomial models for signal Point Nr. dX [m] dY [m] dr [m] tested in a test strength to distance conversion. At B11 -0.23 -0.31 0.39 environment the same time the algorithms will be B12 -0.15 0.14 0.20 near the Vienna tested in a larger and complicated B13 0.11 -0.05 0.12 University of environment and with more tags. B14 0.02 -0.12 0.12 Technology. B21 0.04 0.05 0.07 B22 -0.19 -0.28 0.34 For the signal Acknowledgements B23 0.07 -0.05 0.09 strength to distance B24 0.00 0.24 0.24 conversion a This research is supported by the research B31 -0.01 0.01 0.01 polynomial model project P19210-N15 “Ubiquitous B32 0.35 -1.44 1.48 was employed. Carthograpy for Pedestrian Navigation B33 0.07 0.16 0.17 Signal strength (UCPNAVI)” founded by the Austrian B34 0.34 0.46 0.57 measurements Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung mean 0.03 -0.10 0.32 were performed on wissenschaftlicher Forschung FWF). std 0.18 0.47 0.40 baselines with a

14 | Coordinates May 2008 References • Finkenzeller K., 2002. RFID Galileo update Handbook: Fundamentals and Application in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Carl Second Galileo test satellite The project is being subdivided into six Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany. launched successfully main work packages: systems engineering • Fu Q., 2008. Active RFID for support, completion of the terrestrial Positioning Using Trilateration and Giove-B, the second test satellite for mission infrastructure, completion of the Location Fingerprinting Based on Galileo, was launched aboard a Russian terrestrial control infrastructure, satellites, RSSI. in: Papers presented at the ION rocket departing from the Baikonur starting equipment, and operation. The GNSS 2008 Conference, September cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The deployment phase is being financed by 16-19, 2008, Savannah, Georgia, European Space Agency confirmed the EU with €3.405 billion – but this USA, CD-Rom Proceedings. that the two solar panels powering takes no account of “unforeseen financial • Ranvier S., 2004. Path Loss Models, the satellite had deployed without obligations”. The income generated by S-72.333 Physical Layer Methods incident and were fully. Giove-B will Galileo’s commercial service is to go in Wireless Communication start In-Orbit Validation of the signal to the European Community. During Systems, Postgraduate Course on configuration and carry out tests of high the operational phase after 2013, the Radiocommuications, Helsinki precision signal ranging. On board the basic document says a decision can be University of Technology, SMRAD satellite is an extremely accurate atomic made later on whether public-private Centre of Excellence, http://www. clock based on a MASER (microwave partnerships or other ways of placing comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/ 2004_2005_ amplification by stimulated emission orders with the private sector will be slides/Path_loss_models.pdf (Last of radiation) and two rubidium atomic used for the operation and extension of date accessed: April 2008). clocks.www.heise-online.co.uk the system. The income would then be • Retscher G., Q. Fu, 2007a. Integration shared out. www.heise-online.co.uk/ of RFID, GNSS and DR for Ubiquitous Positioning in Pedestrian Galileo project finally Navigation. in: Papers presented at gets going again Galileo takes shape the ION GNSS 2007 Conference, September 25-28, 2007, Fort Worth, The 27 EU transport ministers Galileo is finally taking shape after Texas, USA, CD-Rom Proceedings. unanimously agreed to adopt a basic representatives of member states and • Retscher G., Q. Fu, 2007b. Using document defining new rules for the Parliament struck a deal on the project’s Active RFID for Positioning in configuration of the Galileo satellite institutional architecture. This new Navigation Systems, in: Papers navigation system and the extension of agreement, if confirmed by ministers, presented at the 4th Symposium the EGNOS programme. The industrial would open the door for quick progress on Location Based Services and committee of the European Parliament on Galileo. The three institutions namely Telecartography, November 8-10, has accepted this regulation, so it’s now agreed to retain the Galileo Surveillance 2007, Hong Kong, PR China. up to the MEPs in Strasbourg, after Authority (GSA), which Parliament • Retscher G., Q. Fu, 2008. RFID months of quarrelling and blockades, to had asked to be dissolved as no private Trilateration for Indoor and Outdoor get the Galileo project moving again. partners are taking part in the project Positioning, in: Papers presented any more. Alongside the GSA, a new at the European Navigation The orders for the Galileo system will be institutional structure would be created Conference ENC-GNSS 2008, April offered for tender in six major areas. No called Galileo Inter-Institutional Panel 22-25, 2008, Toulouse, France. industrial consortium will be allowed to (GIP) consisting of three representatives • Wikipedia, 2008. ITU Model for tender for more than two of these areas, from both Council and the Parliament and Indoor Attenuation, see http:// and bidders must furthermore pass on 40 one representative from the Commission. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Model_ per cent of the total value of the business The Commission could eventually be for_Indoor_ Attenuation (Last to small and medium-sized firms that represented by the Transport Commissioner. date accessed: April 2008). are not members of their consortia. www.euractiv.com/en/transport/

Mi s s e d t h e l a s t i s s u e ? Do w n l o a d Co o r d i n a t e s a t

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Coordinates May 2008 | 15 his coordinates

“Navigation on cellphones is the next big wave” says Vineet Taneja, Head, Go-To-Market, Nokia India

How do you see the What is your opinion about Will LBS become one of prospects of GPS enabled PND v/s mobile phone fastest growing mobile mobile handsets? based navigation? based Value Added Services market in India? Nokia sees that location based Maps & Navigation on a cell phone are experiences, such as mapping and poised to be the next big wave in mobility Yes, the interest is rising in India as navigation as a fundamental platform since a cell phone is always with the the use of location-based services not in mobile devices going forward. With consumer and makes their lives simpler. only benefits the customers but also mobile phones becoming an integral Realising the potential of these services, offers benefits to the industry, including part of their lives, consumers are We have made Maps and navigation a network operators and the marketers / looking at more and more functionality standard feature in all Nokia Nseries advertisers. A-GPS increases the value on a single device, hence the maps multimedia computers and in a wide range of services that operators can offer, and navigation services on a mobile of Nokia phones. We have introduced while also enabling a much wider range phone have a lot of potential. The main the “Navigator” branded devices, which of revenue-generating services. GPS advantage of GPS on mobile device is are truly optimized for Navigation. We technology helps communicate advertisers’ having mapping, routing and navigation will introduce a number of GPS enabled messages to potential customers in functionality besides the regular handset mobile devices in 2008 that will offer an more and more creative ways. features like SMS, camera, email etc. enhanced maps and navigation experience.

What are the challenges Would you like to indicate Where do you position Nokia that need to be addressed some figure to highlight vis-à-vis other players in to accelerate the growth the potential of navigation the GPS phones segment? of LBS in India? market in India? The industry is converging towards Location based services is a new concept The maps and navigation market has Internet driven experiences and in India, hence the main challenge is exploded in recent years, especially in Navigation represents Nokia’s the lack of awareness among users. developed geographies like the USA, vision in combining Internet and As a responsible market leader, one of Europe and some parts of Asia Pacific. mobility on a common platform. the things we would be focusing on is According to a report by Canalys, 7.4 educating the mobile users on the concept million mobile navigation devices were We have taken a lead in this space with of Navigation and showcasing live demos shipped globally in 2007 and this number bringing out a wide array of devices at various touch points (Shopping malls, is expected to grow in the years to come. like the Nokia 6110 Navigator, N95, Nokia Concept stores, Airports etc) N95 8GB, N82 and E90 that offer As per a recent study conducted by us, onboard GPS along with high-speed Secondly, most of the country has not Navigation has already become one of the connectivity. All current Nokia S60 and been digitally mapped. Mapping extends top five mobile services globally - others many Series 40 devices also support only to the main cities and will take being imaging, music, SMS and gaming. GPS via a Bluetooth wireless module. some time to get to other locations.

16 | Coordinates May 2008 navigation GPS Navigation in India: Interesting times ahead

Amit Prasad Founder & MD, SatNav Technologies [email protected]

s per the textbook theory of Amarket maturity in any country, the expected stages are that of market a very small expansion of the market, will become invisible, market reach development, rapid growth, saturation bundles of contradictory claims from will be critical, all will need to look at or maturity and the decline. Having various service providers, which are new markets within existing segments. had the good fortune to predict the activities expected during market growth From a consumer perspective it will evolution of GPS Navigation market only. From a consumer perspective the become a commodity product, people in India, here is a retrospective of same years have already given him with new toy syndrome would change the various phases, from both the better pricing, more choice of product devices periodically and price would be vendor’s and consumer perspective. and an opportunity to give user feedback the only factor when taking decisions. that help improve the product. The net The net result would be similar to what Firstly, the stage of market result is that it is a consumer market the mobile phone market is undergoing development from vendor’s perspective already, but growth is yet to come! and volumes would be huge. was 1999-2003, mostly spent in understanding the technology, The third stage of market saturation and Companies need to watch for the above identifying various components and maturity from a vendor’s perspective phases and evolve their business plans selecting the partners who could is expected to be from 2007-2009, such that they emerge as leaders. The supply the same. From the consumer’s comprising of focus on product challenges are many; the customs duties perspective, this phase started much differentiators, identification of raw on import of GPS devices are very later from 2003-2006 during which iron components costing as well as high. There is enough market for all initially there was denial that it would efforts to control the technical customer players and it is important to encourage ever work in India, then pessimism support costs. From a consumer competition as an engine of growth. when it worked but people thought perspective this phase is expected the market would not exist and finally between 2008-2010, consumers will Overall, I can safely sum up that while neutrality giving companies the benefit benefit from more choices in the market, the past has been exciting and we have of doubt that ‘maybe’ it would indeed excellent customer service and value lived in ‘interesting times’, the future work someday! The net result was additions to the product which help in its is going to be all the more interesting that vendors spent time and money daily usage. The net result is that both and exciting than anyone has ever waiting for the market to get ready. consumers and vendors begin to reap imagined. Several new markets will some of the benefits from the market. be created and leaders will be made of Second phase of rapid market growth, existing companies or born out of new interestingly, has not happened in India The fourth stage of market evolution, ones in this space. Let us look forward even until date. But from a vendor’s decline, is still some distance away from to a huge growth in the coming years perspective the year 2007 and 2008 have the Indian market. In this phase vendors so that we can sit back and smile when seen a lot of competitive turbulence, should expect that the product itself it actually does come our way.

Coordinates May 2008 | 17 gnss Simulation of Galileo E5 Signal

Fantinato Samuele 5 band (1164 -1215 MHz), composed signal structure and its differences with Fantinato Samuele: Eof E5a and E5b bands, is part of the a conventional AltBOC, it will be shown he got a degree in spectrum allocated by ITU for new Radio a way for the generation of that signal Telecommunications Navigation Satellite Services in 2000. E5 and some basic characteristics for the Engineering in July 2007 signal has the wider bandwidth (51.150 development of a software receiver for E5. at University of Padova, MHz) never used in satellite navigation. Italy, with the top of the marks. He was at Galileo E5 signal is composed by two data ``Department of Information Engineering’’. components and two pilot components Simulation He joined Qascom Srl (an Italian company broadcasted together by means of the working in GPS security and authentication), multiplexing scheme AltBOC(15,10). E5a The simulation is developed using during the thesis period. He is now interested in band will be used for Freely/NAV message Matlab. Four satellites are transmitting working in companies researching in navigation (Open Service) and the codes of data and Galileo AltBOC(15,10) signal and satellite communication systems. pilot components are uncripted, E5b band in steps of one millisecond. [email protected] will be used for Integrity/NAV message for Safety of Life and Open Service. For each transmitted signal some effects Integrity of signal is probably the most are introduced like doppler shift due to advanced service introduced by Galileo relative motion between satellite and [1]. One of the main feature of E5 band receiver, delay, multipath channel and is that the signal can be received in two gaussian noise and then the overall ways: the first is to filter and demodulate received signal is processed with some only one of side bands E5a or E5b (see algorithms typical of software receivers. Fig. 1) the second is to process the overall All the blocks are simulated at baseband. received signal containing the components of both bands [2],[3]. In this sections is considered the second way because it will Signal Generation be adopted by professional receivers and this will avoid to obtain all the advantages The first step in the simulation is the of Galileo signal. E5 is the most promising generation of Galileo E5 codes. In E5 signal in terms of performance in signal there are four components or multipath environment and positioning channels: , , and . Each for critical applications but also the component has its own code which is the most challenging for a receiver or a product of the repetition of a primary code simulation. In this paper will be presented of 10230 chips, corresponding to 1 ms of the simulation of the transmission and signal, and a secondary code of different reception of E5 signal. It will be first length, see Tab. 1. “Galileo Signal In described the generation of codes, then it Space Interface Control Document” (SIS will be illustrated Galileo AltBOC(15,10) ICD) gives the basis for generation of codes: the primary codes are generated by means of two Linear Feedback Shift Registers. For each satellite SIS ICD gives the “start values” and the values of feedback taps as polynomials in octal notation and some instructions to build correctly the LFSR. The secondary codes are only the conversion in binary representation of a hexadecimal number. Through some Matlab functions primary and secondary codes are generated for all satellites involved in simulation. As Figure 1 Galileo spectrum allocation known in a Matlab simulation is necessary

18 | Coordinates May 2008 Table 1 Feature of E5 components Now is shown the relationship between Chip rate Data rate Code Length Primary/ Channel Type the chip rate Rc = 1/Tc and the bandwidth [Mchip/s] [symbols/s] Secondary chips in which the signal should be transmitted. e Data 10.23 50 10230/20 a–I The one side bandwidth is B = 25.575MHz ea–Q Pilot 10.23 -- 10230/100 that B = 2.5Rc. Now is necessary to select eb–I Data 10.23 250 10230/4 a correct sampling frequency: Fsamp = e Pilot 10.23 -- 10230/100 b–Q KB with K > 2. So the ratio between the

sample time, Tsamp = 1/Fsamp, and TAB is

to define the reference time domain of where: Tsamp/TAB = 24/5K. For example if K = 4 each signal. The bits of the codes are then one have to upsample the signal by a factor mapped in +1 BPSK values producing Eq.3 5, filter (In the simulation is introduced a

the discrete signals ex–y(nTc) with Tc raised root cosine filter with roll-off factor 97.75ns that is the chip period. and α =0.22) it in order to bandlimiting it, and are data channels with data rate then sample it with a factor 6 obtaining

reported in Tab. 1, and so the ranging where SCS(t) and SCp(t) are two subcarriers 10 samples for chip. These equations codes are multiplied by two different data quantized in four values (Fig. 4). and values can be important in the streams, and are pilot channels development of a software receiver for E5, containing only the ranging codes. In Galileo AltBOC has been modified introducing two In conventional AltBOC the complex different subcarriers and the

signal eb (t) = eb–I (t) + jeb–Q (t) is multiplied products of the components

by a complex squared subcarrier er in order to obtain a signal that

(t) = cr (t) + jsr (t) where cr (t) is the lies on an 8-PSK constellation

sign of a cosine function and Sr (t) (constant envelope) which is is the sign of a sine function and the very important for satellites

complex signal ea (t) = ea–I (t) + jea–Q (t) high power amplifiers. is multiplied by the complex conjugate * of er (t), i.e. er (t) obtaining the signal: In the following lines is reported how, in the simulation, Eq.1 the samples of E5 signal are generated, for more details see In Figure 3 is represented how an [11]. As known in AltBOC(n, m), AltBOC signal is built and its power n represent the chip rate of the Figure 3 Construction and Power Spectral spectral density in which one can signal and m the frequency of Density of AltBOC Signal recognize the two main lobes that the subcarriers. As one can see

represent the bands E5a and E5b. the subcarrier period is Ts = (n/m)

Tc = (2/3)Tc. The two subcarriers The Galileo AltBOC(15,10) signal are defined every Ts/8, so after structure is more complex than the multiplexing scheme each conventional AltBOC and has expression: chip period is composed of N = 12 slots in which the values of s(t) = Re[s(t)] + jIm [s(t)] Eq.2 the signal can be different. The

components ex–

Y(nTc) are then interpolated

with a “hold Figure 4 Subcarriers SCs(t) and SCp(t) interpolator” of factor N = 12 and so directly multiplexed according to the expression of Eq. 2. The output signal is defined in

TAB = Tc/12. Figure 5 Real and Imaginary part of E5 ideal signal, Figure 2 Generation of AltBOC(15,10) signal E5 filtered signal and its samples (K=8)

Coordinates May 2008 | 19 overall E5 signal: the signal in sign of the two data is opposite: there input at the receiver is directly is a zero in the middle of both real and sampled (in a simulation the imaginary part of correlation. signal is already sampled) and the complex samples are then Eq.5 processed. In the acquisition and tracking process is performed a Eq.6 correlation between the received sampled signal and the samples Making correlation with these two signals of a local AltBOC(15,10) for the decision for the transmitted data is pilot signal defined as: necessary to observe only real parts of the two correlations. For example when the

Eq.4 data of component ea–I = –1 nd the data of

component eb–I = 1 the shapes of real and

This signal can been obtained imaginary parts of correlations r1(t) and

Figure 6 Constellation of E5 signal from Eq. 2 setting to zero the r2(t) between the received signal and Sdata–

data components ea–I and eb–I 1(t) and Sdata–2(t) respectively are in Fig. 8. and the different normalization In the table 2 are summarized all the cases. factor is introduced in order to not reduce the peak of correlation. In figure 7 one Conclusion can observe that there is no a significant difference between In this paper have been described the the autocorrelation of S(t) signal main features of Galileo E5 signal and and the correlation between some algorithms for signal generation

S(t) and Spilot(t). The acquisition and software receivers. In particular have is performed using FFT based been highlighted differences between technique [4] and the delay and conventional AltBOC and that used in Figure 7 Shapes of autocorrelation of S(t) and doppler frequency are estimated Galileo: two subcarriers are used and the correlation between S(t) and Spilot(t) with precision depending on signal has an 8-PSK constellation. Have

the sample time Tsamp and on the been given some useful equations for in particular the value of K determine the length of correlation. Also for the tracking the implementation of a signal generator sampling frequency and so the resolution of the signal the correlation is between or the development of a simulation and of the receiver. The procedure illustrated the received signal and pilot signal of Eq. have been proposed some techniques can be useful in a software receiver for 4. For the tracking it is implemented a for the acquisition, tracking and data the efficient generation of the local signals non-coherent Early minus Late DLL [6]. recovery of the overall received signal. for the correlations with the input signal. The data recovery operations use two local Real and imaginary part of sampled signals (Eq. 5 and 6) that are both References AltBOC(15,10) signal are in Fig. 5 and correlated with the incoming received [1] ESA,GJU ``Galileo Open its constellation is represented in Fig. 6. signal [9]. These signal are obtained Acquisition, Tracking setting to and Data Recovery zero the pilot components As previously said it has been developed in S(t). a receiver for the demodulation of the This choice is made Table 2 Table for the decision at receiver because using only = – 1 da–I da–I Re[r1(t)] Re[r2(t)] one signal 1 1 1 0 (Sdata–1(t)) 1 -1 0 -1 shows a -1 1 0 1 problem -1 -1 -1 0 when the Figure 8 Shapes of correlations r1(t) and r2(t)

20 | Coordinates May 2008 Coordinates May 2008 | 21 “Improved infrastructure

Service: Signal In Space Interface changes people’s lives” Control Document (OS SIS ICD) Draft 0’’, 23-05-2006 [2] G. W. Hein, J. Godet, J.L. Issler, J.C. Scott Lofgren, global director of Bentley Martin, P. Erhard, R. L.Rodriguez, T. Systems, Inc.’s BE Careers Network, Pratt ``Status of Galileo Frequency on how Bentley is introducing India’s and Signal Design’’, Brussels , 2002 youth to the engineering profession with [3] L. Ries, L. Lestarquit, E.A. Miret, F. the Future Cities India 2020 program. Legrand, W. Vigneau, C. Bourga ``A Software Simulation Tool for GNSS2 BOC Signals Analysis’’, 2002 What is the Future Cities [4] D.J.R. Van Nee, A.J.R.M. India 2020 program? Coenen ``New Fast GPS Code- Acquisition Tecnique Using FFT’’, Future Cities India 2020 was inspired by ELECTRONICS LETTERS 17th the U.S.-based National Engineers Week January 1991 Vol. 27 No. 2 Future City Competition. That program, [5] K. Krumvieda, P. Madhani, C. Cloman, which is in its 16th year, reaches more than E. Olson, J. Thomas, P. Axelrad, W. 30,000 students annually. Bentley sponsors Kober ``A Complete IF Software GPS the Future City Competition National Finals Receiver: A Tutorial about the Details’’, and also chairs its Leadership Council. ION GPS 2001, Salt Lake City, 2001 [6] W. Zhuang, J. Tranquilla ``Modelling In October 2005, our CEO, Greg Bentley, and Analysis for the GPS Pseudo- met with Union Minister for Science Range Observable’’, IEEE and Technology Kapil Sibal to discuss TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE replicating such a program in India. architects and planners who will be AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Mr. Sibal was very excited about the needed to design, build and operate this VOL. 31, NO. 2 APRIL 1995 possibilities and gave us the vision and infrastructure in the future. We believe it is [7] J.M. Sleewaegen, W. De support to move forward. As a result, we essential to encourage the next generation Wilde, M. Hollreiser ``Galileo have been able to complete two successful to get involved and understand the career AltBOC Receiver’’, 2004 Future Cities India 2020 competitions. opportunities that the infrastructure [8] N. Gerein, A. Manz, M. Clayton, M. professions present. It is important that Olynik ``Galileo Sensor Station Ground high school and college students apply their Reference Receiver Performance How relevant is the energy, creativity, and imagination to such Characteristics’’, ION GPS/GNSS program for India? a critical area – one that will impact their 2003, 9-12 Sept 2003, Portland, OR future and affect their quality of life. Having [9] N.Gerein ``Hardware Architecture The infrastructure demands on cities a forum for students to use their creative for Processing Galileo Alternate in India are staggering, and few world energy and solve infrastructure design Binary Offset Carrier (AltBOC) examples exist to show us how to meet challenges, we believe, is a good idea and signals’’, United States Patent, them. India’s urban population is expected very relevant in the context of India. No. 6,922,177 B2, July 2006 to increase from 25 percent of the country’s [10] M.C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban, population today to 40 percent in the next K.S. Shanmugan ``Simulation 10 to 15 years. How that increase will What has been your experience of Communication Systems’’, affect the infrastructure should be on the with this program in India? Plenum Publishing Corporation, minds of everyone in India each and every New York, 1992 day – as well as on the minds of people We launched the pilot phase of the program [11] S. Fantinato, S. Pupolin, L. around the globe, given the global nature of in 2006-07 in Delhi as a design competition Vangelista ``Analysis of Galileo today’s economies. Morning and afternoon for high school students. The infrastructure AltBOC(15,10) Signal for Simulations commutes, the water supply, electricity, designs were developed in response to and Software Receivers’’, Proceedings air quality -- these are all fundamental real-world problems and were completed of WPMC 2007, Jaipur (India) to quality of life in urban societies and using advanced CAD software donated [12] S. Fantinato, Thesis: ``Development major increases in population will have by Bentley to the academic institutions of a software receiver for Galileo a significant impact on each of them. enrolled in the program. In the first pilot system’’, Padova, 2007 phase, 15 teams from eight high schools Compounding the challenge of the competed. Teachers and infrastructure demand for more and better performing professionals mentored the teams on infrastructure is the shortfall in the the project, which called for designing number of new infrastructure engineers, a roadway capable of accommodating

22 | Coordinates May 2008 the increased traffic expected during there is no quick fix for increasing the and provide them with the tools and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. number of engineers and architects. training that will give graduates job- ready skills they can immediately put In the 2007-08 edition of the competition, Future Cities India 2020 is the catalyst we to good use when they are hired. 14 teams out of 10 high schools can use to inspire young minds to consider representing Delhi and the National Capital the profession. Of course, not all of the Bentley is also addressing this shortage Region competed. The challenge was participants in our program enter the by using its BE Careers Network to to develop conceptual solutions for the engineering ranks, but some will, and they train young infrastructure engineers. redevelopment of the temporary structures will help India and the world will be better Its mission is to help students graduate in the Commonwealth Games Authority prepared to meet the growing demand with market-ready technology skills. for the International Athletes’ “Site for new and improved infrastructure. Development of Proposed Commonwealth Games Village, Delhi After 2010” plan. Another factor is that a large proportion Can you describe the goal of of the engineering work force is BE Careers Network and your approaching retirement, which means goal in working with students? How beneficial is this program we must do something now to fill to the larger context of the ranks. Future Cities India 2020 BE Careers Network has a world-wide infrastructure development? is only one solution. Bentley is also focus with Bentley personnel promoting working with academia to attract young a complete program that includes New and renovated infrastructure people to infrastructure disciplines. more than 50 software titles, training, is a prime catalyst for economic competitions, and much more at the high development, which in turn improves We have expressed to our young school and university level in over 40 the quality of life and raises the standard participants that one day they countries. Through our network, we are of living. Unfortunately, a shortage of can change the world, increase able to share best practices globally and engineering professionals in all disciplines their earning capacity, and gain help students, academic institutions, and makes improving infrastructure more tremendous respect as infrastructure the infrastructure professions. For me challenging, and this is true not just for professionals. We are working with it is an opportunity to pay back society India, but globally as well. Given that academic institutions to update their by helping students develop in the becoming a productive infrastructure educational curricula with the latest engineering fields that are most in need practitioner takes many years of training, infrastructure engineering technology; of new recruits to their disciplines.

Which way next? You’ve made the connections, got the strategies… now it’s time to implement.

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Visit www.telematicsupdate.com/info/486 now! gis GIS for lymphatic filariasis morbidity management and control

M Palaniyandi h e disability problem due to Lmphatic CDC (1993). The Global Alliance for Digital Mapping Laboratory, TFilariasis (LF) disease has been Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis Vector Control Research reported in 80 countries Ottesan EA (GAELF) has recommended that the Centre, Indira Nagar, (2000). Globally, the 1.1 billion people are transmission control and morbidity Pondicherry-605 006, India exposed to risk of LF and the estimated LF management are two important pillars [email protected] affected population is 120 million Ottesan in the global elimination strategy for EA (2000), Michael E et al. (1996). Our Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) Das PK. and recent estimation showed that there are Pani SP (2000). For transmission control, 21 million diseased individuals in India annual single dose mass administration alone Sabesan S et al. (2000) contributing of anti-parasitic drugs Das PK. and approximately 40 per cent of global burden. Pani SP (2000) is being implemented A progressive lymphadema with increasing in several countries including India. episodic attack adenolymphngistis (ADL) is the most important cause of physical The study aimed to provide aids and suffering, permanent disability Pani SP guidance or a manual massage to disease- and Lall R (1998) and the economic affected community through self-help loss of the affected individuals and the groups (SHG) for filariasis morbidity community Ramaiah KD et al. (1998, management and control by self-help 1999, 2000). Apart from these LF is measures Dreyer G et al (2000), which also responsible for social problems is recognized as need, based current including sexual disability and discomfort strategy in the Global Elimination of of marital life Dreyer G et al (1997). Lymphatic Filariasis Programme.

The disease “Lymphatic Filariasis” mainly affect the lymphatic system of a Materials and Methods man and it manifest itself in the form of lymphangistis, filarial fever, funiculitis, Study Site epididymo-orchitis during acute stages and the chronic phase includes elephantiasis, The study site, Pondicherry is the capital hydrocele and chronic oedema Pani SP and of Pondicherry Union Territory, which is Lall R (1998). Though the mortality due located in the East coast of South India to filariasis is negligible, regular treatment about 160 Km south of Chennai (formerly and management of limb swelling Madras), it geographically extends from becoming worse is high degree of between 11o 53’ 45” N and 11o 58’ 55” attention in view of its disability and N, 79o 46’ 15” E and 79o 50’ 50” E. It disease burden during the entire lifetime has the geographical area measured to of the individual and the community Pani 48.06 Sq. Km. Monsoon is experienced SP and Lall R (1998), Ramaiah KD et from October to December in every al. (1998) and Dreyer G et al (1997). year. Total urban population is 516,985, (Males 260,482 and Females 256,503) Lymphatic filariasis is recognized as and the total number of households one of the potential eradicable diseases is 101,481 (Census of India 2001).

24 | Coordinates May 2008 Study Design

The study was designed for the selection of appropriate service locations for morbidity management for filariasis disease, mainly considering the patients convenience, using GIS decision support tool. It provides to capture the filariasis disease data in electronic mode and attach the same to the digital map of the study area for the Figure 1. (a) The occurrence of lymphodema cases in different age group, and spatial analysis on GIS Platform. (b) lymphodema cases with different grade in Pondicherry Urban. The study was carried in three stages. In the initial stage, field data was welfare association and community that < 15 years we have no record on collected through reconnaissance survey, movements. The distance of each lymphodema case, working adult age which was conducted in every doorstep distance ring buffer was measured from group 15 to 35 years is potentially having in every street of the study site. In the the center of each disease clusters to problem of 18 per cent, and steadily second stage, a geo-database was created the peripherals of each lymphodema increased 30.3 per cent in the 35 to 55 and which was linked to the GIS spatial case household location. Based on the years age group (working middle age database engine for depicting the attributes distance and other basic facilities and in group), in the later age group of > 55 to 75 on the digital map of the study site for the patient’s convenience, the existing years having record of 35.3 per cent (170 preparation of distribution map and further PHC, GH in and around the study areas cases), and finally, 16.4 per cent (79 cases) spatial analysis. Finally, to develop a are plotted for optimum allocation of were recorded in the age group of < 75 decision support tool, spatial analysis was the patients to the existing facilities and years. It shows that the potential working carried out for determining the appropriate identified appropriate new locations for age group is affected severely. In the over locations and allocating optimum patients opening Self Help health Centres. all view, grade II is highest record of 36.7 to each self-help morbidity management per cent and followed by grade-I 31.2 per centre considering distance and other basic Results and Discussions cent, grade III 23.2 percent and grade IV facilities (i.e. roads, transports, electricity, 8.9 per cent are recorded. Disease time water, accommodations, and SHG). Totally, 482 cases (both males and duration of having lymphodema problem females) were identified and these were is assessed by questionnaire method. The data is pooled into a single GIS recorded properly, using GARMIN GPS Based on this questionnaire, 228 (47%) platform to achieve the objectives. 12XL. The preliminary analysis shows cases were identified with disease for the Mapping the existing health facilities and identifying the new locations for opening self-help health centres in the center of every disease cluster (community) with minimum distance coverage for local Tagore Nagar treatment, was consider as main factor Delashpet Karuvadikuppa # # ## for the decision support tool. This was Kadhirkamam # # # # ## ## ## # ### ##### # ## ### Lawspet ### # # ###### # ## # # # Muthialpet based on the understanding of people’s # Lawspet ### ## # # # #### # JeevaNagar #### # ## # # # # # ### # ## # # Mettupalayam ## ## # ### intricacy for traveling long distance i.e. # # ## # ## ##### # ### #### ## ## # # #### ## # ## # # # ## # # # # ## ## ##### ## ## ###### # ### ### ## # # # # ## # ### # ### # more than half a kilo metre for local #### # ### ###### ## ## ## # # # #### # # # ## # # # Shanmugapuram # # # # # # ## # # PudhuSaram # # ### ##### ### treatment and the huge expenditure # # # # ## ## ### # # # Oulgaret # ## # Govindasalai #### #### for periodical traveling for morbidity ## # # # # ## # Boomiyanpet # management are the background key ## ## Pondicherry Disease Grade # #### # ## ####### ### I Mudhaliarpet ### # # factors of the spatial ring buffering # # II ## # Thengaithittu # III analysis, and thus, the study was framed # IV Kombakkam # # # PondyUrban ## # with a hypothesis that no lymphodema #### # ### N patient would prefer to travel beyond Ariyankuppam ## ## # # # # ######### # ## #### ## ### ## ### # ## # W E 1 Km distance for seeking treatment. ### # Boomiyanpet # S The self-help Health Service Centres # 1.00.0 1. 02.0 Ki lometers

The self-help groups included voluntary Figure2. Study area of Pondicherry Urban showing the filariasis organizations, youth club, NGOs, youth lymphodema disease with different grades

Coordinates May 2008 | 25 are found two major linear patterns and one ring cluster (fig.2). Though the lymphodema cases proportionally high To Chennai N in the 56 -75 years of age group and the presents of lymphodema grade II cases # # # # ### W E # ## # ## ###### is high in percentage it has found in all # # ## # # # # # # # # #### # # ## To Dindivanam # # # ## # # # # # # # #### S over the human settlements (fig.3). The ### ##### # # # # ## ## ## # ### ## # ### # # # ## # # #### # ## ### ## # # # list of existing PHC/ GH is depicted on # # #### ### ## # # # ## ## ## ###### # ## ###### # #### ## ####### # # # #### # ### ####### # ##### ### # # # ### # # # # # # # # # #### # # # # the Pondicherry urban boundary map. # # # # # # ### To Thirukkanur #### ### # # ## ## ## ### ## # # ## The different distance rule of 0.2KM, # # #### #### ## # # # ## # ## Ag eGroup # # 0.3KM, 0.4KM 0.5 KM, 0.6, 0.7 KM, # 15 -35 ## ## # # ## ## # ## ###### ### 36 -55 0.8 and 0.9 KM were created over the # # # # # # ### 56 -75 # # # disease distribution map, using spatial # 77 -98

# PondyUrban ring buffering technique at GIS platform. # # ## # #### # The minimum, maximum and the mean ## # ## # # # # # # # # ##### ## ## ## # ###### distances of each disease cluster are # # # ## # ## # # # ### # # # calculated against to each distance

# rule/ ring buffering. Since, the K-mean 1.001.0 2.0Kilometers # To Cuddalore patients density 1.89 Km, the spatial ring buffering performance started from Figure 3. Filariasis lymphodema Cases classified in to different age group (based on spatial 0.2KM, and it is increased by 0.1KM cluster analysis), major roads (line showing red colour) are overlaid on the urban map and which is extended up to 1KM.

past 1 year, 108 (22%) cases were assessed The function of spatial analysis shows Number of existing centers and the having problem of disease for 1-10 years, that the accomplishing the disease required centers against each distance rule 73 (15.1%) cases were recorded with density, which gives an average of (0.2KM, 0.3KM, 0.4KM, 0.5KM, 0.6KM, disease problem for 10-20 years, 20 (4.1%) 1.89 km in all direction. It has the 0.7Km, 0.8KM, 0.9Km & 1.0KM) were cases were having disease problem for ribbon like spatial pattern of disease calculated and tabulated for the optimum the period of 20 to 30 years and finally, distribution mainly due to the major coverage of the patients with in the the disease cases recorded to 53 (10.9%) settlements are developed along the specified distance coverage. Ring buffering with more than 30 years (Fig.1a and 1b). both side of roads are fueled to atypical of 0.2KM, 0.3Km and 0.4Km are overlaid spatial pattern of disease distribution. on lymphodema distribution map and The Digital map of Pondicherry urban derived the output of 0.4 Km ring buffer was prepared Map Info 4.5 GIS platform. Selection of self-help (Fig.4). The results of 0.5Km and 0.6Km The digital data was captured in to GIS Health Service centres ring buffers are giving the same results of platform for plotting the locations of 0.4Km distance ring buffer, therefore, next the disease cases. These disease cases Spatial ring buffering, spatial clustering, analysis, the distance of 0.7Km, 0.8Km, were further classified with filariasis and nearest neighbourhood analysis was and 0.9Km ring buffers are overlaid on lymphodema grade wise and age performed for easy understanding of lymphodema cases and obtained 0.7Km wise distribution (fig2. and fig.3). spatial pattern and disease clustering. as the output of second analysis (Fig.5). The distributions of the disease cases

Required number of SHGC with different distant rule for optimum allocation Conclusion of patients to each SHGC for filariasis morbidity management: The distributions of the disease cases Required Total Mean Minimum Maximum are found to be linear pattern of spatial Distance SHG Centres Patients Distance Distance Distance Sl.No. distribution associated with major (in Km) (Existing*- covered Travel by Travel by Travel by roads system. The lymphodema cases New) / Centre Individual Individual Individual proportionally high in the 56 -75 1 0.2 47 9 0.097 0.07 0.25 years of age group and the presents of 2 0.3 47 9 0.126 0.07 0.27 lymphodema grade II and lymphodema 3 0.4 16 19 0.189 0.07 0.44 grade III cases are high in percentage. 4 0.5 11 30 0.189 0.07 0.54 The study gives result that with 0.7 5 0.6 8 30 0.189 0.07 0.63 KM ring buffering distance is having 6 0.7 5 32 0.250 0.07 0.72 optimum service coverage. The present 7 0.8 5 32 0.250 0.07 0.72 study hypothesis is that the aged patients 8 0.9 5 32 0.270 0.07 0.72 could travel less than 1KM distance *Existing PHC is 10 including 1 GH from their residence to the health centres

26 | Coordinates May 2008 www.ion.org

Coordinates May 2008 | 27 1997 “The Silent burden of sexual disability associated with lymphatic filariasis”, Acta Tropica, 63: 57-60 ▪▪ Dreyer G, Addiss D, Bettingr J, Dreyer P, Noroes J, Rio F 2000 “Introduction. Lymphoedema Self Manual”, Treatment and Prevention of problems associated lymphatic filariasis, WHO, Geneva, V-VII ▪▪ Michael E, Bundy DAP, Grenfell BT 1996 “Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis”, Parasitology, 112: 409-428 ▪▪ Ottesan EA 2000 “The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis”, Trop Medicine & Figure 4. Optimum allocation of patients to the existing health centres and the proposed International Health, 5: 591-594 new location for opening SHG health centres: rule fixed 0.4 Km ring buffer only ▪▪ PaniSP, Lall R 1998 “Clinical features, Pathogenesis and Management of Lymphatic Filariasis”, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Bulletin, 28: 41-51 ▪▪ Pondicherry Census Gazette: Census of India 2001 ▪▪ Ramaiah KD, Ramu K, Guyatt H, Vijaya Kumar KN, Pani SP 1998 “Direct and indirect cost of the acute form of lymphatic filariasis to house holds in rural areas of Tamil Nadu, South India”, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 3: 108-115 ▪▪ Ramaiah KD, Guyatt H, Ramu K, Vanamail P, Pani SP, Das PK 1999 “Treatment cost and Figure 5 Optimum allocations of patients to the existing health centres and the proposed loss of work time to individuals new location for opening SHG health centres: rule fixed by 0.7Km, ring buffer only with chronic lymphatic filariasis in rural communities in South for morbidity management is care fully permitting to carryout this study, India”, Tropical Medicine and examined. The study area required providing facilities and clinical International Health, 4 (1): 19-25 15 centres with 0.7KM distance ring staff support for collecting data. ▪▪ Ramaiah KD, Das PK, Michael buffer or coverage area, out of 15, 10 E, Guyatt H 2000 “The centres are already existed, and 5 more economic burden of lymphatic new centres only required covering all References fiariasis in India”, Parasitology the patients. We suggest that opening ▪▪ CDC 1993 “Recommendation Today, 16: 251-253 self-help health service centres with of the International Task ▪▪ Sabesan S, Palaniyandi M, Edwin coverage of less than 1-kilometer distance force for Disease Eradication; M, Das P K 2000 “Mapping of in urban like Pondicherry is ideal. Morbidity and Mortality”,. Lymphatic Filariasis at the district Weekly Report, 42: 1-38. level in India”, Ann. Trop. Med. ▪▪ Das PK., Pani SP 2000 “Towards & Para, 94 (6): 591-606 Acknowledgement elimination of lymphatic filariasis in India: Problems, Challenges, The author is grateful to the Director, Opportunities and new initiatives”, w a n t t o w r i t e f o r coordinates ? Vector Control Research Centre, JIMSA Jan-Mar., 13 (1): 18-26 [email protected] Puducherry- 60506, India, for ▪▪ Dreyer G., Noraes J, Addiss D

28 | Coordinates May 2008 newsbriefs – GPS

Industrial GNSS market to GPS to guide tourists subsidiary Reli-e-Marg’s OpenNIS as Hit $240B by 2013 along the Berlin Wall their new grid information system. It is a Field Management system and a portable According to ABI Research, industrial The Berlin GIS package running on a ruggedized applications such as network timing, land Senate tablet PC. It is used to collect geographical surveying, and machine control are quickly authorities information related to electricity gaining momentum. It forecasts that by have now distribution assets in the field, take 2013 GNSS end-user devices and systems licensed positions of electricity poles, substations will generate yearly revenues of $240 an official and underground cables. OmniSTAR billion. However, innovative workaround GPS- was selected by the company as the solutions based on the post-processing enabled guide – MauerGuide or Wall supplier of the positioning component of the GPS signal are being developed, Guide - as part of their integrated of their solution. The OmniSTAR as is the use of assisted-GPS technology Berlin Wall information campaign. DGPS units will be used to trace the to provide location and satellite data to Based on a GPS-enabled PDA from actual path of underground cables. connected devices for faster fixes and ASUS, the WallGuide takes the better coverage www.abiresearch.com users along the traces of the Berlin New generation EGNOS Wall to the five key locations in the RIMS receivers BAE unveils anti-jamming Wall’s history at Checkpoint Charlie, GPS receiver technology Brandenburg Gate, the Eastside Gallery, The European Space Agency has awarded the Topography of Terror, and the a contract for the development of a ‘New BAE Systems has developed a satellite Berlin Wall Memorial in Bernauer Generation’ RIMS receiver breadboard navigation receiver system that provides Strasse. www.gpsbusinessnews.com to IFEN GmbH. The breadboard uninterrupted GPS signal reception development is related to the activities for air, land, and sea platforms and Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply of the definition and development of applications. The company developed selects new grid information System a Multi-Regional System in the frame the system in response to the emerging of the GNSS Evolution Programme as threat of disruption to operations of GPS CESCL in Mysore, India has selected logical extension of the current regional navigation systems. www.baesystems.com Cascade AS, Norway and their Indian EGNOS capabilities. www.ifen.com

Coordinates May 2008 | 29 newsbriefs – Remote Sensing

Prime Minister India’s leap into space congratulates Team ISRO Another feather in the cap High quality imageries acquired immediately after the launch of Cartosat-2A and Indian Mini n April 28, 2008, ISRO’s Polar Satellite-1 (IMS-1) were presented to OSatellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C9, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan successfully launched the 690 kg Indian Singh at Delhi by Dr. G. Madhavan remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT- Nair, Chairman, ISRO along 2A, the 83 kg Indian Mini Satellite with a team of senior scientis (IMS-1) and eight nanosatellites for international customers into a 637 The Prime Minister was highly km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit appreciative of the success of the (SSO). PSLV-C9 in its ‘core alone’ PSLV-C9 mission which placed 10 configuration launched ten satellites satellites into orbit. He congratulated with a total weight of about 820 kg. the entire team for the magnificent performance. The Prime Minister CARTOSAT-2A was also briefed about ISRO’s missions of the immediate future CARTOSAT-2A is a state-of-the art remote like Chandrayaan-1 and new sensing satellite with a spatial resolution initiatives related to the Manned of about one metre and swath of 9.6 Spaceflight Programme. The Prime km. The satellite carries a panchromatic Minister wished ISRO team success camera (PAN) capable of taking black- in all its future endeavours. and-white pictures in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. The highly agile CARTOSAT-2A is steerable resolution of Mx camera is 37 metre with SEEDS - are built in Japan, while the other along as well as across the direction of a swath of 151 km while that of HySI is four - CAN-X2, AAUSAT-II, COMPASS-1 its movement to facilitate imaging of about 506 metre with a swath of about 130 and DELPHI-C3 are built in Canada, any area more frequently. Soon after km. The data from this mission will be Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands separation from PSLV fourth stage, the made available to interested space agencies respectively. The 8 nanosatellite are built two solar panels of CARTOSAT-2A were and student community from developing to develop nano technologies for use in automatically deployed. The satellite’s countries to provide necessary impetus to satellites as well as for the development health is continuously monitored from the capacity building in using satellite data. of technologies for satellite applications. Spacecraft Control Centre at Bangalore The versatile IMS-1 has been specifically with the help of ISTRAC network of developed to carry different payloads in On April 29, 2008, the Multispectral stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Mauritius, future without significant changes in it camera onboard IMS-1 was switched Bearslake in Russia, Biak in Indonesia and and has a design life time of two years. on and high quality imagery covering Svalbard in Norway. High-resolution data Allahabad to Rameswaram was obtained. from CARTOSAT-2A will be invaluable in Nano Satellites for urban and rural development applications International Customers On April 30, 2008, the Hyper Spectral calling for large scale mapping. Imaging (HySI) camera onboard Eight Nanosatellites from abroad are IMS-1 and panchromatic (PAN) Indian Mini Satellite (IMS -1) carried as auxiliary payloads besides camera onboard CARTOSAT-2A IMS-1 as well as CARTOSAT-2A. were switched on. Imagery from Indian Mini Satellite is developed by The total weight of these Nanosatellite HySI camera covered Uttarakhand to ISRO for remote sensing applications. It payloads is about 50 Kg. Six of the eight Karnataka passing through Delhi and incorporates many new technologies and Nanosatellites are clustered together Bhopal. PAN camera covered strips of has miniaturised subsystems. It carries two with the collective name NLS-4. The land from Saharanpur to Nuh (South remote sensing payloads - A Multi-spectral other two nanosatellites are NLS-5 of Delhi) and Sangli to Goa Coast. camera (Mx Payload) and a Hyper-spectral AND RUBIN-8. NLS-4, developed by Data was received at National Remote camera (HySI Payload), operating in the University of Toronto, Canada consists of Sensing Agency (NRSA), Shadnagar, visible and near infrared regions of the six nano-satellites developed by various Hyderabad. Quality of the imagery electromagnetic spectrum. The spatial universities. Two of them - CUTE 1.7 and received is excellent. www.isro.gov.in

30 | Coordinates May 2008 Stellar performance doesn’t have to be complicated. Or expensive. Our SF-2110 offers the simplicity of a single-frequency receiver –– and NavCom reliability –– at an affordable price. Using our StarFire™ service, the SF-2110 provides up to 50cm accuracy anywhere, anytime without a base station making it ideal for multiple applications. Learn more about the rugged productivity of the SF-2110 Series at www.navcomtech.com. Or, call + 1 310-381-2000.

Coordinates May 2008 | 31 www.navcomtech.com Newsbriefs – INdustry

Spirent delivers 3 carrier total stations, other devices, and the required for SSTL’s expansion and solution, launches GSS8000 software associated with such devices. future development. The university will maintain a close tie with SSTL, retaining The architecture of Spirent’s systems NPR-302 series a small stake in the company as well. is designed to support coherent simulation of multiple GNSS signals Nikon-Trimble Co., Ltd. has introduced PCI Geomatics announces together. The SimGEN for Windows® the NPR-302 Series of Nikon® Total the release of ProLines software enables control and flexibility Stations—high precision, long-range over multiple satellite constellations reflectorless mechanical total stations PCI Geomatics has announced the release as well as interference sources and with laser pointers suitable for a of ProLines. These highly automated augmentation systems such as EGNOS variety of surveying applications. image processing chains are used to and WAAS. It operates in real time to correct, mosaic, and enhance imagery, generate simulated RF signals across all Trimble GCS900 Grade control as well as extract elevation data derived GNSS and interference signals. Spirent system, VRS NowTM service from satellite and airborne sensors. Communications has also recently ProLines are designed for production launched new Spirent GSS8000 simulation Trimble has introduced its Trimble® environments and can process large system, a signal generator unit for GPS, GCS900 Grade Control System version amounts of image data in an unassisted Galileo and GLONASS testing. It tests 10.8, which provides automatic blade fashion. www.pcigeomatics.com advanced satellite navigation technologies control, configurable earthworks and offers enhanced capability, increased progress monitoring and blade guidance GRASS GIS releases version 6.3.0 flexibility and improved signal fidelity.This software on the machine. It allows new solution supports processing rates as earthworks operators to visualize, GRASS 6.3.0 is a “technology preview” low as 4 ms with pseudorange accuracy at construct and balance road surfaces more release, the first beta on the path to 1 mm for many scenarios. Its new design accurately and faster, in higher gears. GRASS 6.4-stable, and also marks the allows for a wide variety of configurations start of work on GRASS 7. As such from GPS L1 right up to comprehensive Trimble has also launched Trimble® GRASS 6.3.0 is not intended to be a multi-RF output and/or multi-constellation VRS Now™ Service in Madrid, Spain. stable release with ongoing support, but test systems. www.spirent.com It will provide surveyors, civil engineers after five months of quality-assurance and geospatial professionals in the area review users can be confident to use this Blue Marble’s support to INSPIRE with instant access to real-time kinematic version for their day to day work, indeed (RTK) GNSS corrections without the need due to the open development model Blue Marble Geographics announces for a base station. www.trimble.com. many already do.http://grass.osgeo.org new support for the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) Eclipse Developer Kit by DigitalGlobe joins Autodesk parameters, including the Ordnance Survey Hemisphere GPS to provide world imagery Ireland (OSi) Irish Grid polynomial datum transformation definition. The Irish Hemisphere GPS has released an OEM DigitalGlobe has joined Autodesk’s Grid joins hundreds of unit, ellipsoid, development kit for its Eclipse dual- data initiative. Its participation in the datum transformation, and coordinate frequency GPS receiver technology. initiative will give Autodesk customers system definitions, including many from It allow product designers and system access to world imagery solutions. standard government, corporate, and integrators to more easily access and Autodesk’s new data initiative portal EPSG/POSC databases, all available test all of the available features on an offers customers access to DigitalGlobe’s in the Geographic Calculator by Blue Eclipse board, simplifying the effort online library of world imagery directly Marble. www.bluemarblegeo.com needed to reach a proof of concept and with AutoCAD Map 3D® software. shortening the time required bringing a http://media.digitalglobe.com/ Leica Geosystems Geospatial product to market. www.insidegnss.com Imaging becomes Erdas Bentley to help sustain EADS Astrium to buy Surrey bridge infrastructure Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging Satellite Technology has changed its name to Erdas Inc. Erdas Bentley Systems has taken an initiative will sell a range of software designed EADS Astrium has agreed to acquire to deliver Bridge Information Modeling to provide an end-to-end solution for U.K-based University of Surrey spinoff (BrIM) technology for the entire bridge extracting maximum value from Earth company Surrey Satellite Technology lifecycle. BrIM, will drive the initiative imagery. The name change does not Ltd. (SSTL), maker of Galileo’s first under the leadership of Bentley Senior affect Leica Geosystems, which will satellite, GIOVE-A. The deal provides VP, Gabe Norona. It will provide broad continue to sell surveying hardware, the financial and industrial resources access to newly acquired advanced bridge

32 | Coordinates May 2008 From the desk of Novatel products in Bentley’s comprehensive Hydrology 2009, Mining 2009, Takeoff NovAtel Inc. has released EuroPak- software portfolio. It will also integrate 2009 and GIS 2009. In addition to 15ab receiver. It tracks the Galileo these and other related Bentley this new choice of CAD engines, the E1/L1, E5a, and E5b signals from products to provide an interoperable, 2009 Carlson software line-up features the GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B test data-managed bridge solution for 100s of improvements in functionality. satellites. It also tracks GPS and planning, design, engineering, analysis, Additional new feature highlights include SBAS L1 and L5 signals, and is fabrication, construction, maintenance, the ability to view an aerial image draped ideal for monitoring the new L1/ and rehabilitation. www.bentley.com onto a surface in both the Carlson 3D L5 wide area system GEO signals. Viewer and Surface 3D Flyover. Leica IPAS20 – New compact NovAtel Waypoint Products airborne direct georeferencing system New Managing Director of Group™ has also released Inertial Vexcel Imaging GmbH Explorer Version 8.10 software used The new Leica IPAS20 modular for GNSS/INS post-processing. standalone system delivers direct Mr. Alexander Wiechert has taken over georeferencing for a wide range of as Managing Director of Vexcel Imaging As part of the integration of airborne sensors such as imaging, LIDAR, GmbH, Graz, effective. He replaces the Antcom products into the NovAtel synthetic aperture radar, thermal and Vexcel founder and Vexcel Imaging CEO, offering, it is changing the names multispectral systems. It is equipped with Franz Leberl, who recently retired. of our Special-Purpose antennas, the latest GPS/GLONASS technology and discontinuing our non- and a plug and play IMU interface. Leica ERDAS Announces Sun Solaris RoHS-compliant L1 antennas. Geosystems provides a complete airborne Support for Image Web Server 8.5 workflow that includes software. NovAtel Inc. recently launched its ERDAS Image Web Server 8.5 shall GL1DE technology for agricultural MobileMapper® CX with support the Sun Solaris (x86) operating applications; it combines L1 code DigiTerra® Explore by Magellan system. IWS is a high-speed, specialized and L1 phase data for consistent server application that efficiently positional output. It is designed for DigiTerra Explorer mobile GIS and distributes large volumes of geospatial agricultural applications in which field mapping software is available pre- image data. Sun Solaris delivers a high pass-to-pass repeatability is critical. installed on an SD card with the Magellan level of performance, stability and security. Users of GL1DE will experience MobileMapper CX handheld GPS/ It spans the entire enterprise: the Web a smooth, consistent position GIS receiver. It promises exceptional tier, the data warehouse and the most appropriate for both lightbar productivity at low-cost for field demanding technical software applications. and autosteer systems; position mapping and data collection applications jumps are virtually eliminated. and gaining attention as a fast and POSPac Air 5.0 now available to easy-to-use GIS application package all Optech airborne survey clients for visualizing, analyzing, editing and collecting digital topographical Optech Incorporated, shall offer its ESRI Vietnam Opens and descriptive data in the field. airborne survey clients the latest developments in inertial navigation ESRI in association with ESRI Thailand Carlson Software to Give solutions. POSPac Air 5.0 by Applanix has opened ESRI Viet-nam. The company Users CAD Platform Choice represents a huge leap in maximizing hopes to expand the education market data collection efficiencies when in the country and plans to increase Carlson Software Inc., recently released using Optech’s ALTMs and ultimately GIS training through joint initiatives Carlson series; Civil 2009, Survey 2009, increases return on investment. with local schools and universities

Coordinates May 2008 | 33 Newsbriefs – lbs

Chronos launches portable More than 100 million users of launched a new service for its Internavi GPS reradiator solution mobile LBS in Europe by 2012 navigation system that displays vehicle- related statistics for the destination zone Chronos Technology, has launched According to Berg Insight, more than of the travel. It shows “information on a portable GPS Reradiator solution 100 million mobile subscribers in crimes such as car thefts and break-ins, for military applications. The L1/ Europe will use LBS by 2012. Mapping, and flags high-risk areas near the driver’s L2 GPS Reradiator is designed for navigation and search are believed to destination, throwing in audio and visual rapid deployment in a variety of become the top applications, followed cues. www.gpsbusinessnews.com military environments such as aircraft by social networking and tracking. and helicopters (up to 70,000ft), [email protected] Sigmatel announces processor hangars, bunkers, armoured fighting solution dedicated to PNDs vehicles, field deployable solutions Mobile LBS revenue to reach etc. . www.pr-inside.com $13.3 b worldwide by 2013 SigmaTel, Inc., has released complete processor solution for the portable Rockwell Collins delivers 40,000th After years of hype, mobile LBS are navigation GPS market, enabling GPS engine to the US army finally gaining traction among wireless lower system costs for PNDs. It has subscribers. It is driven on the supply also integrated analog audio codec Rockwell Collins has delivered 200,000 side by WCDMA and GSM handsets and the power management functions. Defense Advanced Global Positioning incorporating GPS capabilities; and also www.gpsbusinessnews.com System Receivers (DAGR) for use increasing consumer interest in personal by US and international warfighters, navigation functionality. According to Navteq offerings for BTC and has reached the 40,000 unit sales ABI Research, LBS revenue is forecast milestone for its GPS engine for the US to reach an annual global total of $13.3 NAVTEQ is working with the Broadcaster Army’s Ground Based GPS Receiver billion by 2013, up from an estimated $515 Traffic Consortium, LLC providing real- Application Module (GB-GRAM) million during 2007. www.reuters.com time traffic and other location-based program. www.rockwellcollins.com information for PNDs and automobile in- PND prices in China dropping dash systems via HD Radio technology. Raytheon wins $61 million The technology allows NAVTEQ and contract for GPS Receivers According to Global Sources, 61% of the BTC to deliver high-quality, up-to- mainland China and Taiwan portable the-minute information including traffic Raytheon Company has won a $61 GPS manufacturers expect to reduce flow and points of interest to consumers. million U.S. Air Force contract export quotes in 2008, due fierce price to complete the development and competition.79 percent, expect to Symbian SQL and new LBS certification of next-generation GPS decrease their export quotes by as much architecture accelerate path receivers. http://money.cnn.com as 10 %. Despite the price decrease, 77 to mobile convergence %of the manufacturers plan to increase HTC launches the P3470 in India production capacity to capitalize on the Symbian Limited, has announced Symbian growing global demand. www2.theiet.org SQL and an advanced LBS architecture HTC Corporation has launched – two new technologies that herald the HTC P3470™ in India. Combining OnStar ranked top consumer next generation of mobile computing. a lightweight design, large screen, telematics vendor It will include advanced desktop and navigation wheel, and macro lens, positioning technologies in its portfolio. this smartphone is coupled with GPS- OnStar has been ranked at the top of Both the technologies will help developing based devices and offers the best sat- the latest Consumer Telematics Vendor handsets that handle very large amounts nav solution for PDA or mobile phone. Matrix released by ABI Research. BMW of data, and which provide users with http://sifybroadband.techwhack.com and Nissan claimed the second and third relevant information based on their current spots in this ranking. The Vendor Matrix location, in tune with consumer demand. Altek announces GPS digital camera is an analytical tool developed by ABI www.allaboutsymbian.com/news Research to provide a clear understanding Altek, a Taiwan-based digital camera of vendors’ positions in specific AT&T Launches GPS-Enabled maker, unveiled a digital camera markets. www.gpsbusinessnews.com BlackBerry Pearl 8110 with built-in GPS function. With an 8-megapixel resolution and a 3-inch touch Honda partners with Japanese police AT&T launched the BlackBerry Pearl screen, the camera can automatically for location-based crime info 8110 with built-in GPS capabilities GPS record the longitude and latitude of where support allows AT&T Navigator to provide a picture is taken. www.digitimes.com Honda Motor Co. and Japanese police has users turn-by-turn voice and on-screen

34 | Coordinates May 2008 Satellite-based information system to bolster maritime security along the India coast directions with moving 3D maps. It also Skyhook’s WiFi Positioning System with a alerts users through voice and on-screen software update, but if you ever had doubts prompts to traffic slowdowns and host of that this alternative positioning system other options. www.smartphonetoday.com is not as reliable as GPS, your doubts are now confirmed. www.tgdaily.com Sony Ericsson unveils HSDPA phones Garmin® provides navigator Sony Ericsson released twonew HSDPA for Samsung mobile phones phones - the clamshell style Z780 and the bar style G502. The Z780 is a tri-band 3G, Now Samsung mobile phones will have UMTS/HSDPA 850/1900/2100 and GSM/ Garmin’s turn-by-turn, voice-prompted thatIndia this alternative is setting uppositioning a satellite-based system GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 phone navigation. It is based on Garmin is notinformation as reliable system as GPS, to your identify doubts and track while the G502 is UMTS/HSDPA 2100 Mobile™ XT navigation software, are ships,now confirmed. bolstering www.tgdaily.com maritime security and GSM/GPRS/EDGE 900/1800/1900. and are expected to be available in along the country’s coast and leading to Both phones come with Google Maps Europe and other parts of the world in Sentinel-2faster search and and rescue of distressed for Mobile. www.unwir3d.com several months www8.garmin.com Sentinel-3vessels. This Satellite will bring India in line with latest guidelines of the Safety of Life at Real-Time asset location TheSea European (Solas) Space convention Agency administeredand tracking for Boeing , USA Astriumby global (Germany) regulator has Internationalsigned a Nokia unveils new phones €195Maritime million Organizationcontract to provide (IMO). the RFID Global Solution, Inc. is currently first Sentinel-2 earth-observation implementing an RFID-enabled asset Nokia, has recently unveiled Nokia 6600 satellite.India, It a will signatory monitor to the Solas, land expects tracking system for The Boeing Company Fold, Nokia 6600 Slide and Nokia 3600 environmentthe tracking as part system—long-range of the European at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Slide – Along with other high end features GMESidentification programme. and Astrium tracking shall of be ships, It uses GlobalView ™ real-time location the 6600 slide is also integrated with responsibleor LITS—to for the be design, in place development by the first tracking software to monitor the Nokia Maps and optional Bluetooth GPS andweek integration of November. of the satellite. Antrix Corp., whereabouts of both critical assets and module. http://infotech.indiatimes.com the commercial arm of the country’s components across pre-defined areas Thespace ESA has agency also signed Indian up Space Research of the space center. www.rfidgs.com Researchers crack iPhone’s withOrganisation, Thales Alenia isSpace implementing a €305 the Wi-Fi positioning system millionsystem contract for the to providedirectorate the first general of Researchers crack iPhone’s Sentinel-3shipping. earth LITS observation would be satellite, integrated Wi-Fi positioning system Researchers from the ETH Zurich devotedwith futureto oceanography land-based and vessel- land- breached the iPhone’s/iPod’s Wi-Fi vegetationtracking monitoring, systems, includingas part of thethat of Researchers from the ETH Zurich positioning system and found that the Europeanthe Coast GMES Guard programme. and the Navy. The breached the iPhone’s/iPod’s Wi-Fi technology is vulnerable to location system would come up in Mumbai positioning system and found that the spoofing. The lack of a GPS module in with a remote data centre for disaster technology is vulnerable to location the first generation iPhone was a surprise recovery in New Delhi. It would track spoofing. The lack of a GPS module in to some, given the fact that the device more than 6,000 ships, including the first generation iPhone was a surprise comes with a fantastic Google Maps passenger vessels and high-speed to some, given the fact that the device integration. Apple was able to almost fix craft on international voyages using the comes with a fantastic Google Maps this problem by rolling out support for mobile network of Inmarsat, the global integration. Apple was able to almost fix Skyhook’s WiFi Positioning System with a mobile satellite communications firm. this problem by rolling out support for software update, but if you ever had doubts

Coordinates May 2008 | 35 Newsbriefs – GIS

Geospatial data to go online Couple sues Google ICIMOD will acquire data, maps with Brunei Spatial Data and documents which will contribute Infrastructure launch A couple from Pennsylvania, US have to developing a comprehensive sued Google, saying pictures of their home plan of action for restoration and BSDI is the technology, standards, on Google’s ‘Street View’ feature violated management of the river system. access system and protocols necessary their privacy, devalued their property to harmonise all of the Sultanate’s and caused them mental suffering. Mumbai’s jungles to be monitored geospatial databases and make them Street View allows users to view highly available on the internet. It is facilitated detailed, panaromic ground-level photos Every inch of the Sanjay Gandhi by the Ministry of Development and by clicking on a map. Google is facing National Park forests will be watched led by the Department of Survey in a court action. According to Google, by distant satellites. Tata Consultancy partnership with the Land and Town and the website is happy to remove images Services (TCS) will install the GIS- Country Planning. BSDI will publish if property owners ‘cite a good reason’ based software surveillance network, base layers of geographic data such and can show ownership of the property GeoVun, in the Borivali forests. TCS, as elevations, transportation systems depicted. www.asmmag.com/news/858 along with Conservation Action Trust and water bodies that provide context (CAT) and WTI Advanced Technology and reference information for Brunei Pictometry infringement Limited, has signed an MOU with the Darussalam. www.brunei-online.com lawsuit settled Government of Maharashtra, India. The system will allow the users to identify India’s first digital Pictometry International Corp., a leading best routes for patrolling, perform environmental atlas provider of georeferenced aerial image spatial analysis and produce reports libraries, has settled its lawsuit with Aerial by integrating all maps and tables. India’s first Digital Environmental Cartographics of America; Ofek Aerial interactive Atlas is just a click away. It Photography International; and Greenman- Yahoo India launches maps is a compilation of categorised thematic Pedersen Inc., with Ofek admitting patent in local languages maps on green (forest, biodiversity), infringement. www.pictometry.com blue (water resources) and brown (air Yahoo! India for the first time has

pollution) environmental issues and Revolutionary CO2 maps zoom introduced maps in local Indian languages provides flexibility and versatility for in on greenhouse gas sources and walking directions available at http:// users to visualise environment spatial in.maps.yahoo.com/. Besides maps in local data using simple GIS functionalities. A new, high-resolution, interactive map language of the place it has a user-friendly All the maps presented and displayed of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from display; walking directions from any point in the Atlas are in Pressure – State – fossil fuels has found that the emissions in the city; accessible via email etc. Impact – Response framework. The aren’t all what it was thought as SE USA Atlas will be a source for accurate, is much larger source of emission than Afghanistan Airborne timely and accessible information on NE USA as it was assumed. According Survey Completed the state of environment. pib.nic.in to Prof. Gurney of Purdue University, the maps and system, called Vulcan, show Policymakers, potential private investors “Prevention is better than CO2 emissions at more than 100 times and the public have received valuable new cure” – Predicting dengue more detail than was available before. information to help identify fault-lines hotspots in Malaysia Data on carbon dioxide emissions were and the potential location of undiscovered reported, in the best cases, monthly at the water, oil and gas, and non-fuel mineral Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency shall level of an entire state. The Vulcan model resources in Afghanistan. The data was be using remote sensing technology examines CO2 emissions at local levels collected by U.S. Geological Survey to prepare dengue risk map. “The idea on an hourly basis. http://www.eas.purdue. scientists who flew over Afghanistan came about when we realised that current edu/carbon/vulcan,www.eurekalert.org conducting an airborne geophysical approaches are only used to address the and photographic survey of the country. issue after it had already happened. So we ICIMOD to Develop Interactive USGS scientists worked with the Naval thought of preventing it before it happened Map of Bagmati River Research Laboratory, Afghanistan by narrowing down the likely areas to Geological Survey, Afghanistan Head be affected before the dengue outbreak The International Centre for Integrated Office for Geodesy and Cartography, even occur red,” said Dr. Darus, Director Mountain Development (ICIMOD) will personnel from the NRL Scientific General of MACRES. The map, which develop a mapping and information Development Squadron ONE (VXS-1), is expected to be ready by the end of the system for the Bagmati Watershed. Afghanistan Ministry of Mines and year, would identify dengue “hot-spots” Under an agreement with the National Industry, and the Canadian Forces on a monthly basis. www.nst.com.my/ Trust for Nature Conservation, Mapping and Charting Establishment.

36 | Coordinates May 2008 Coordinates May 2008 | 37 mark your calendar

May 2008 14th GIS Conference BE Conference 2008 August 12-13, Hochiminh City, Vietnam 28-30 May 2008 Baltimore USA [email protected] YES! I want my www.bentley.com Septemeber 2008 June 2008 I would like to subscribe for (tick one) International Conference: “Studying, Modeling Institute of Navigation’s Satellite and Sense Making of Planet Earth” Division ION GNSS 2008 ¨ 1 year ¨ 2 years ¨ 3 years 1 – 6 June, 2008 September 16-19, 2008 Savannah, Georgia, USA 12 issues 24 issues 36 issues Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Lesvos , Greece www.ion.org Rs.1200/US$80 Rs.2100/US$145 Rs.2700/US$180 http://www.aegean.gr/geography/ earthconference2008/ en/main_fr.htm The Perspectives, The role of Surveyors in the European Economy and Society Navigation and Location Europe 2008 17-19, September Strasbourg, France First name ...... 4 - 5 June, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] www.geometre-strasbourg2008.eu www.telematicsupdate.com/navdev Last name...... CARIS 2008 Global Mapping Forum 2008 September 22 - 26, Bath, United Kingdom www.caris.com/caris2008 Designation...... 5-7 June, Tokyo Japan [email protected] INTERGEO www.gmforum2008.org/ Organization...... 30 Sept- 2 October FIG Workshop E-learning Bremen, Germany www.intergeo.de Address...... 11-13 June 2008 ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands November 2008 [email protected] ...... www.itc.nl/fig_elearning2008 ACRS 2008 City...... Pincode...... July 2008 10 - 14 November International Summer Schoool on GNSS Galadari Hotel, Colombo, Sri Lanka [email protected] State...... Country...... 21 – 31 July Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, Germany International Symposium on GPS/GNSS 2008 www.munich-satellite-navigation- Phone...... 11 - 14 November, Tokyo, Japan summerschool.org [email protected] http;//www.gnss2008.jp Fax...... August 2008 ESRI’s 28th annual International Email...... User Conference December 2008 August 4-8, 2008 in San Diego, California www.esri.com I enclose cheque no...... GEOExpo 2008 China 3rd Indonesian Geo-Information 2 - 4 December 2008, drawn on ...... Technology Exhibition Shanghai, China August 6-9, Jakarta Convention center [email protected] geospatial-exh.com http://www.ChinaGeo-Expo.com dated...... towards subscription charges for Coordinates magazine in favour of cGIT.

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