Annali, Sezione orientale 77 (2017) 66–96 brill.com/aioo A qibla mušarriqa for the First al-Aqṣà Mosque? A New Stratigraphic, Planimetric, and Chronological Reading of Hamilton’s Excavation, and Some Considerations on the Introduction of the Concave miḥrāb Michelina Di Cesare Sapienza Università di Roma Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”
[email protected] Abstract This paper reconstructs an alternative planimetric and structural history of al-Aqṣà mosque in the pre-crusader period and reassesses the chronology. In particular, it pro- poses reading the plan of the first Aqṣà, which emerged from Hamilton’s excavations, as oriented towards the east rather than the south, thus having an astronomical orien- tation like other 7th-century and early 8th-century mosques. The identification of the eastern wall rather than the southern as the qiblī wall would mean the aisles would not be perpendicular but rather parallel to it, thus indicating an arrangement usually found in Umayyad mosques. It follows that the precocious appearance of the transept and the aisles perpendicular to the qiblī wall in the second Aqṣà would result from the re-orientation to the south of the previous structure. This change is interpreted as con- nected to the introduction of the concave miḥrāb and its axial relationship with the Dome of the Rock. Keywords Aqṣà mosque – astronomical orientation – qibla – miḥrāb – Dome of the Rock © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi �0.��63/�468563�-��Downloaded3400�6 from Brill.com10/09/2021 09:57:29AM via free access A qibla mušarriqa for the First al-Aqṣà Mosque? 67 Introduction The present-day al-Aqṣà mosque, which stands against the southern wall of the ḥaram al-šarīf/Temple Mount in Jerusalem, has a rectangular plan (Fig.