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European Community's Poverty Reduction Effectiveness Programme

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European Community's Poverty Reduction Effectiveness Programme European Community’s Poverty Reduction Effectiveness Programme (EC-PREP) research project: Streamlining poverty-environment linkages in the European Community’s development assistance EP/R05/15 A project carried out by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) WWF-European Policy Office, Brussels WWF-Macroeconomic Policy Office, Washington D.C. Final report December 2005 Table of Contents Abstract I. Introduction - Page 5 pdf version Background and problem statement Objective Methodology Key findings and recommendations Key limitations/challenges II. National case studies - Page 14 pdf version II.1 Analytical framework of EC Country Strategy Papers Rwanda - Page 15 pdf version -Poverty-environment analytical framework in EC Country Strategy Papers: Rwanda evaluation (2002 – 2007) Tanzania -Poverty-environment analytical framework in EC Country Strategy Papers Tanzania (2000) [and Madagascar (2001)] - Page 37 pdf version -Poverty-environment analytical framework in EC Country Strategy Papers: Tanzania CSP Update (2004) -Page 76 pdf version II.2 Poverty Multi-level analysis and Institutional evaluation Rwanda -Poverty Multi-level analysis - Page 80 pdf version -Institutional evaluation - Page 191 pdf version Tanzania -Poverty Multi-level analysis - Page 223 pdf version -Institutional evaluation - Page 359 pdf version III. Brussels-level -Institutional and policy opportunities to improve environment-poverty streamlining in the CSP process: institutional evaluation at EC level - Page 387 pdf version IV. Awareness Raising material Follow up dissemination workshop in Rwanda, Tanzania and Brussels Post completion impact report - Page 414 pdf version 2 This research project is one of 23 projects funded by EC-PREP, a programme of research sponsored by the UK Department for International Development. All EC-PREP research studies relate to one or more of the six focal areas of EC’s development policy in the context of their link to poverty eradication. EC-PREP produces findings and policy recommendations which aim to contribute to improving the effectiveness of the EC’s development assistance. For more information about EC-PREP and any of the other research studies produced under the programme, please visit the website www.ec-prep.org. 3 Abstract Although the EC is committed through numerous EC policies and multilateral agreements to mainstream the environment in its development assistance, this research indicates that based on its assessment of two CSPs (i.e., Rwanda and Tanzania) and a Brussels-level institutional/policy evaluation there is: 1) insufficient emphasis on environment-poverty considerations in EC country programming; 2) few specific guidelines to fully integrate the environment as a cross cutting issue in EC country strategies (especially regarding the six focal areas of EC development assistance); and 3) ambiguity regarding whether environmental integration is mandatory in country programming; 4) poor articulation on who is responsible to integrate the environmental issues in CSPs; and 5) growing awareness on the need to improve environment-poverty integration in CSP programming (as well as in national strategies upon which CSPs heavily rely). According to results of this study in part due to poor environment-poverty integration, CSP investment in the evaluated countries is currently associated with various environment/livelihood concerns including wetland degradation, water contamination, and displacement of people. This report calls on the need to improve environment-poverty streamlining in early stages of country/CSP programming towards more sufficiently prioritizing (and financing) environmental and related activities. Various entry points to strengthen environment-poverty integration in the CSP process are identified. These notably include practical suggestions on: developing useable guidelines to integrate the environment-poverty dimension in focal areas of EC development cooperation (macro support, transport, rural development, etc.); integrating poverty-environment linkages at the core of CSP/country programming; developing clear strategic institutional procedures to improve accountability of environment mainstreaming in country programming; and prioritizing support towards developing strong environmental management in partner ACP countries. 4 European Community’s Poverty Reduction Effectiveness Programme (EC-PREP) research project: Streamlining poverty-environment linkages in the European Community’s development assistance EP/R05/15 Final report1 I. Introduction A. Background and problem statement The European Community’s Development Policy’s (2000) principle aim is to “refocus its activities to combat poverty” where the “environment…will play an important role supporting the main objective”, while the Contonou Agreement (2000) similarly states that activities “…shall be centered on the objective of reducing and eventually eradicating poverty consistent with the objectives of sustainable development…” Despite these commitments, a recent review by the ACP-EU joint assembly – adopted October 2003 - on the “Sustainable management and conservation of natural resources in ACP countries in the context of the 9th European Development Fund aid Programming” indicates that EC development assistance inadequately addresses environmental issues, especially with regard to the critical role that natural resource assets play in alleviating poverty. This study similarly indicates that in the evaluated countries environment-poverty linkages have been insufficiently mainstreamed in country programming. This research provides to the European Commission and its partner developing countries recommendations to address poverty-environmental weaknesses in current Country Strategy 1 The introduction to this final report was written by Mathilde Snel ([email protected]), a consultant contracted by WWF. This work has been financed under an award granted to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) by the European Community’s Poverty Reduction Effectiveness Program (EC-PREP’s), a program jointly defined by the EC and DFID and funded through DFID. 5 Papers (CSPs) and to improve environmental streamlining in EC development strategies through its six focus areas. This research has done so by evaluating the effects of development strategies on local poverty-environment dynamics through: reviewing CSPs on anticipated environmental impacts of EC thematic aid sectors in various countries; conducting multi-level evaluations to determine structural impediments and strategic intervention areas to address poverty-environment weaknesses; and identifying institutional and policy opportunities to strengthen environmental integration in future CSP design. B. Objectives The overall objective of this research is to enhance the impact of the EC’s development assistance on poverty through increased attention to the role of the environment in the livelihoods of the rural poor in its country development strategies. This research provides to the EC and partner developing countries recommendations to address poverty-environmental weaknesses in current Country Strategy Papers (CSPs) and to improve environmental streamlining in EC development strategies through its six focus areas. More specifically, the objectives of this research are: - Objective 1: To evaluate the anticipated environmental impacts of proposed EC CSP sector investment areas in select countries and propose strategic interventions that are needed to address the envisioned environmental problems. This assessment will emphasize linkages between natural resource assets and rural poverty and will identify structural impediments, be they economic or institutional, operating at local to meso to macro levels that encourage environmental mismanagement and keep rural areas locked in poverty. - Objective 2: To evaluate current aid programming processes used to develop and revise CSPs, specifically with regard to environmental integration in the EC focus areas, and identify long term policy and institutional opportunities to improve poverty- environmental streamlining to enhance future effectiveness of EC development assistance. This activity will build upon current EC efforts to improve environmental integration (e.g., EC manual development). Key hypotheses of this research are: Hypothesis 1: The role of natural resource wealth, especially their contribution to rural livelihoods, have been inadequately addressed in EC development programmes. An evaluation of poverty-environment impacts and ways to address these shortcomings is needed. Hypothesis 2: Long term national to local level institutional and policy changes are needed to help ensure that country development strategies better integrate poverty-environment. concerns. C. Methodology The study relies on a series of overlapping research activities that are focused on identifying environment-poverty concerns associated with current EC investment and the structural impediments (e.g., institutional, economic, etc.) shaping these concerns. - Multi-level analysis were conducted to gain a detailed understanding of the environmental consequences and specific strategic interventions needed to address poverty-environmental concerns. The multi-level evaluations used a bottom-up analysis that identified from especially the local perspective environment-poverty issues associated with CSP funding and the structural impediments operating at local to national levels that reinforce rural poverty and environmental degradation. This analysis was conducted for defined geographic
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