MINISTRY OF WATER THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF

THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN REGION IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

FINAL REPORT

MAIN REPORT

MAY 2011

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. GED

JR

11-105 MINISTRY OF WATER THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

FINAL REPORT

MAIN REPORT

MAY 2011

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

In this report, project costs are estimated based on prices as of November 2010 with an exchange rate of US$1.00 = Tanzania Shilling (Tsh) 1,434.66 = Japanese Yen ¥ 88.00.

Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AND CURRENT SITUATION OF THE STUDY AREA

The government of Tanzania started the Rural Water Supply Project in 1971 aiming to provide safe and clean water to the entire nation within a 400m distance. The Ministry of Water (MoW) has been continuing efforts to improve water supply coverage formulating a “Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)” in 2000 and “MKUKUTA (National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) in 2005. NSGRP targets are to improve water supply coverage from 53% to 65% in the rural area and from 73% to 100% in the urban area up to the year 2010. However, it is probably difficult to realize the target. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) formulated the “Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP)” in 2006 to improve water supply coverage using the basket fund based on a Sector Wide Approach for Planning (SWAp). The WSDP intends to realize 74% of water supply coverage of the rural area in 2015 and 90% in 2025, and 95% in 2015 and 100% in 2025 for the urban area. The water supply coverage of the Tabora Region, the Study Area, is low, 49.1% in 2008 against the national average of 58.3%. Its major reason is the hydrogeological difficulty of developing groundwater. Furthermore, many water supply schemes are left un-functioning due to improper operation and maintenance. In order to overcome these situations, Tanzania requested Japan to implement a study in the Tabora Region on groundwater potential evaluation, construction of a database, formulation of rural water supply plan following the WSDP concept and feasibility study of priority projects to be formulated through the study. In response to the request, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) carried out a preparatory study in February 2009 and concluded the Scope of the Work of the Study. Accordingly, the Study is commenced in August 2009.

2． SOCIO-ECONOMY

The population in the rural area of the Tabora Region (547 villages) is about 1,884 thousand persons (as of November 2009) and is projected to increase to about 2,801 thousand persons in the target year, 2020. The population growth rate is high in (5.0%), low in (2.5%) and 3.4-3.5% in other districts. The GDP per capita in the Tabora Region in 2008 was Tsh 429,605 (US$ 340.0), the 14th among the whole nation. Fetching water is a role of women. The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) set the target time of fetching water from water facilities at 65 % of rural areas as less than 30 minutes by 2010. In the rainy season, more than 80% of the villages in all districts said that time for fetching water including queuing were less than 30 minutes. However, it decrease in the dry season. Especially, faces the most difficult situation. More than 70% of the villages there stated that it took more than 90 minutes to fetch water.

3． METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

The climate of the Tabora Region is savannah. Precipitation is distinctly separated into rainy season (October to May) and dry season (June to September). The average annual precipitation is about 1,000mm. The maximum temperature (32.2 degrees Celsius) is observed in September and October and the minimum temperature (14.7 degrees Celsius) was observed in June and July.

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The Tabora Region is a part of three (3) catchments: Internal Drainage Basin, Lake Lukwa Basin and the Basin. However, there exists no perennial river. The river water is observed only in rainy season. The maximum flow rate (26.6 m3/sec) was observed in 1978. The annual groundwater recharge was estimated low (60 to70 mm/year) in the northern area and high (200 to 250 mm/year) in the southern area.

4． TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

The plateaus with an altitude of 1,000 to1,300m are widely distributed in the Tabora Region. The inserbergs where the basement rocks crop out, and wetlands are distributed. The plutonic rocks and metamorphic rocks in the Precambrian period are widely distributed as the basement rocks against sedimentary rocks in Mesozoic and sediments in Miocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Apparent lineament with N-S and NW-SE directions are observed in the basement rocks. The aquifer in Tabora Region is divided into two (2) main parts as the stratum aquifers in sediments and the fractured aquifers in the basement rocks. Groundwater in Igunga District, the north-eastern part of the region and in Nzega, adjacent to Igunga District is deteriorated by high content of Fluoride. The deep wells in Tabora Region are concentrated in three (3) districts, Igunga, Nzega and Urambo: It is about 84% of the total.

5． CURRENT CONDITIONS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY

According to the Water Sector Performance Report (2009) prepared by MoW, the water supply coverage was 49.1% in the fiscal year 2007/2008. However, the inventory survey revealed that it was 11.8% in November 2009 in the rural area of Tabora Region. There were 1,469 water supply schemes in the study area in 2009. Among them, 677 schemes (46.1%) were working and the remaining 792 schemes were not functioning. The Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) is the only national project by MoW in the water sector. A total of 74 villages were selected for the target of WSDP from five (5) districts and one (1) Municipality in the Tabora Region. Water Aid is actively supporting water supply in the region, however assistance by other organizations is not vigorous.

6． RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

The Rural Water Supply Plan was formulated for 423 villages excluding 124villages of those in the Forest Reserves, Natural Reserves, other reserved areas, and the target villages of WSDP and other projects (Table 1). The target year of the project is 2020 as agreed in the Scope of Work of the Study. The target population in 2020 is projected to be about 2,062 x 103 persons. The water demand is estimated at about 51 x 103 m3/day, considering the unit water demand, 25 L/capita/day.

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Table 1 Number of Target Villages and Population for Rural Water Supply Plan Target of Study Excluded Vilalge Target of Rural Water Supply Plan District/ Population Population Population Population Population Population Municipality Villag e Villag e Village (2009) (2020) (2009) (2020) (2009) (2020) Igunga Dist. 97 363,188 524,687 15 71,122 102,746 82 292,066 421,941 Nzega Dist. 152 469,112 615,589 23 90,494 118,749 129 378,618 496,840 Sikonge Dist. 53 164,219 239,779 25 82,833 120,947 28 81,386 118,832 Tabora Rural Dist. 109 393,552 574,633 20 79,992 116,798 89 313,560 457,835 Tabora Mun. 24 58,842 101,710 11 32,933 56,923 13 25,909 44,787 Urambo Dist. 112 435,277 744,528 30 130,508 223,227 82 304,769 521,301 Total 547 1,884,190 2,800,926 124 487,882 739,390 423 1,396,308 2,061,536 The water source is groundwater. Alternatives for the water supply scheme are (1) piped water supply scheme with public water points (Level-2), (2) deep wells with hand pumps (Level-1), (3) rehabilitation of existing hand pumps and (4) rehabilitation of existing piped water supply schemes (only in the Igunga District). The formulated rural water supply plan is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Summary of the Rural Water Supply Plan District New Facility Rehabilitation Well Total /Municipality Level-1 Level-2 Level-1 Level-2 Igunga Dist. 0 117 4 17 138 Nzega Dist. 4 1,143 0 158 1,305 Sikonge Dist. 3 251 0 15 269 Tabora Rural Dist 6 1,135 0 48 1,189 Tabora Municipality 1 125 0 15 141 Uranbo Dist 4 1,368 0 79 1,451 Total 18 4,139 4 332 4,493 The service population will increase to 1,754 x 103 persons in 2020 from 2,68 x 103 persons in 2009, if the entire water supply plan is implemented. The implementation cost is about 281 x 106 US$. Each village was given district/municipal wise priority based on the result of evaluation using the criteria: (1) urgency to provide water supply scheme, (2) groundwater development potential and (3) water quality. A total of 20 villages were selected as the target villages for the priority project considering the criteria: (1) emergency to provide water supply scheme, (2) possibility of groundwater development and (3) appropriate scale of the project. 7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

The National Water Policy (NAWAPO) is the national basic policy for water resource management and water supply, of which principles in operation and maintenance for rural water supply system are to promote decentralization in implementation of water supply and sanitation projects to the lowest appropriate institutions, introduction of user-pay principle to recover the cost for operation and maintenance, and promotion of community-based management (CBM) to sustain the supply system. COWSOs are community-based organizations, which are vested with legal status by registering them under the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and duly facilitate the community’s sense of ownership. The roles and responsibilities of COWSO set out in the basic strategy and program can be summarized as follows: − Own and manage water supply assets − Operate and maintain water supply assets − Determine consumer tariffs

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− Collect revenue for the provision of services District/Municipal Water and Sanitation Teams (DWST/MWST) are established under local government authorities (i.e. Municipal and District Council) in order to support and strengthen the capacity of local government authorities in planning, implementation, and monitoring of water supply services. Although a total of 1,093 hand pumps were constructed, 475 hand pumps, 43% of the total, are not functioning. This fact means that it is an important issue to maintain and operate the schemes properly. The Socio-Economic Condition Survey conducted under the Study, which was implemented in all the target villages (549 villages in total) in the Study area, revealed 38 villages (6.9% in the total number of villages) formed WUG, while only 16 villages established WUA (2.9% in the total number of villages). Otherwise, most of the villages (338-73.8% of the total number) own a conventional VWC. In the field survey under the Study, it was observed that VWCs cannot properly cope with breakdowns of supply facilities without collecting water fees for covering operation and maintenance costs. The project operation and maintenance plan under the Study adopts the basic framework of; 1) facilitation of participatory model of community-based operation and maintenance through formation and capacity development of the community-based organization, and, 2) enhancement of preparedness in provision of technical guidance by local councils. Taking into consideration problems in operation and maintenance of the existing water supply scheme, the following issues shall be given significance in preparation of the project operation plan. Survey results and findings, gained through the Study and experiences of NGOs involved in the capacity development community in the Study area identify the training needs for the target communities and suggest provision of training for improvement of their capacity in the following concerns to assure sustainability in the community-based operation and management; − Leadership skill − Community communication skills − Organizational/Institutional management skills − Tariff setting and collection methods User-Pay Principle (UPP) is introduced in the country for operation and maintenance of rural water supply facilities. 8. PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE

As for the outpatient department, malaria is the most common disease in the Tabora Region, followed by acute respiratory infection (ARI), pneumonia, diarrhoea, eye infections and intestinal worms. Malaria is also the most common in inpatient departments, followed by anaemia, pneumonia and diarrhoea. The composition of major diseases in the Tabora Region is not much different from that of the Tanzania Mainland. According to a socio-economic survey by the JICA Study Team, 259 (82.7%) out of 313 cases utilised health facilities: 77.8% of diarrhoea cases, 88.1% of malaria cases and 79.3% of non-communicable Disease (NCD) cases. In all districts except Sikonge, more than 80% of the respondents regard “drinking contaminated water” as a cause of diarrhoea. However, community people have limited knowledge on causes of diseases. Although many of the community people have knowledge that using safe clean water will prevent diarrhoea, it does not lead to the proper behaviour to prevent diarrhoea such as washing hands. In the frontline level, health education is done by VHW or Village Health Committees (VHC) in

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village level, while “Health Teachers” facilitate it at school level. Their activities are regularly supported and supervised by health workers at dispensaries or health centres and the Council Health Management Team (CHMT). The District Education Officer or District Community Development Officer also participates in supportive supervision in some districts. VHWs or VHCs cannot always perform well. As a tool for dissemination of knowledge on health, leaflets and posters are utilised at all districts, but it is not effective for illiterates. VHWs or VHCs are forced to provide health education depending on their memories and experiences due to the absence of teaching guides or educational aids. There is room for improvement of health education at any phases of the cycle. In the planning stage it is necessary to review the current approach for health education to seek what is most effective. Reinforcement of the evaluation mechanism is a requisite. In the phase of implementation, it is essential for VHWs/VHCs and Health Teachers to have teaching guides and educational aids for health education. It is also necessary to seek a diversity of tools for health education and sensitisation. It can also be effective to share experiences regularly. As for monitoring and supportive supervision of health education, it is necessary to reschedule involving other relevant sectors. The District Water and Sanitation Team (DWST), a district inter-sectoral body, is a good opportunity to enable such collective approaches. 9. DETAILED SURVEY AND OUTLINE DESIGN OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Test well drilling was carried out in the target villages for construction of the piped scheme to evaluate the availability of deep groundwater sources. Water quality was evaluated applying the WHO Guideline (2008) for “Items related to Health Significance” except for Fluoride contents and the Tanzania Health Standard (2008) for Fluoride contents and others. As a result, a suitable water source from view points of yield and water quality was obtained at four (4) villages: Isanga village in , Mpumbuli and Mabama Villages in Tabora Rural District, and Kakola Village in Tabora Municipality. A piped water supply scheme (Level-2) is not necessarily capable to cover the entire area of the village, some Sub-villages are not covered by the scheme judging from the results of the field survey and the facility layout plan.. Such Sub-Villages will be covered by hand pump schemes (Level-1), The field survey was carried out on the target villages for the hand pump schemes (Level-1) to evaluate topographical, geological, and hydrogeological conditions, and the dwelling type of the community. The water supply plan shown in Table-4 was formulated considering the results of the field survey. It will take about 35 months for implementation starting from the detailed design study to the completion of the construction of the water supply schemes. Operation and maintenance costs for the water supply schemes were estimated as shown in Table 4. Table-4 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Level-2 and Level-1 Type Village O&M Cost/Year O&M Cost (x103 Tsh) (Tsh /capita/month) Level-2 Isanga 21,944 935 Level-2 Mpumbuli 42,281 1,326 (continued) Mabama 37,655 574 Kakola 45,930 1,400 Level-1 Each scheme 841 280

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Table-3 Water Supply Plan for the Priority Project

Population Population Population Population Coverage* Coverage by Coverage by To be served Number of Number of Population Total Coverage (by District served by served by served by (Target Ward Village existing WSS existing WSS by the project Level-2 Sub- Level-1 Sub- served by the Population the Project: /Municipality existing WSS Level-2 Level-1 Population: 2009 2020 (2009) (%) (2020) (%) (2020) projects projects Project (2020 ) served (2020 ) (2020) (%) (2009) (2020) (2020) (2020) (%)

Mwisi Busomeke 3,618 5,227 250 7 5 4,9770071,750 1,750 2,000 34 38 Igunga Mwisi Kalemala 2,429 3,509 0 0 0 3,5090051,250 1,250 1,250 36 36 Ijanija Makomelo 1,005 1,319 250 25 19 1,0690061,069 1,069 1,319 81 100 Lusu Isanga 1,491 1,956 0 0 0 1,956 1 1,956 0 0 1,956 1,956 100 100 Nzega Miguwa Kitangili 2,664 3,496 0 0 0 3,496 0 0 10 2,500 2,500 2,500 72 72 Wela Wela 1,753 2,301 500 29 22 1,8010071,750 1,750 2,250 76 98 Igigwa Kasandalala 2,282 3,332 250 11 8 3,0820071,750 1,750 2,000 53 60 Sikonge Kipanga Usunga 1,894 2,766 250 13 9 2,5160051,250 1,250 1,500 45 54 Pangale Mpombwe 3,435 5,015 250 7 5 4,7650082,000 2,000 2,250 40 45 Kizengi Mpumbuli 2,157 3,148 0 0 0 3,148 1 2,658 3 490 3,148 3,148 100 100 Tabora Rural Mabama Mabama 4,329 6,321 500 12 8 5,821 1 5,471 2 350 5,821 6,321 92 100 Ufuluma Ufuluma 5,741 8,382 250 4 3 8,1320071,750 1,750 2,000 21 24 Kakola Kakola 2,015 3,483 0 0 0 3,483 1 2,983 2 500 3,483 3,483 100 100 Tabora Urban Misha Misha 759 1,312 0 0 0 1,3120051,250 1,250 1,250 95 95 Uyui Uyui 3,138 5,424 250 8 5 5,1740082,000 2,000 2,250 37 42 Imalamakoye Imalamakoye 2,509 4,292 1,000 40 23 3,2920041,000 1,000 2,000 23 47 Kapilula Kapilula 1,568 2,682 0 0 0 2,6820051,250 1,250 1,250 47 47 Urambo Kiloleni Kalembela 3,131 5,356 0 0 0 5,3560071,750 1,750 1,750 33 33 Kiloleni Kiloleni 1,653 2,828 250 15 9 2,5780061,500 1,500 1,750 53 62 Uyowa Nsungwa 6,911 11,821 250 4 2 11,571 0 0 10 2,500 2,500 2,750 21 23 Total 54,482 83,970 4,250 7.8 5.1 79,720 4 13,068 114 27,659 40,727 44,977 48.5 53.6

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10. SOCIO-ECONOMY IN TARGET VILLAGES OF PRIORITY PROJECT

The primary income source of the target villages of the priority project is agriculture (96.3%). Other income sources such as livestock rising (1.0%), waged income (1.0%), or small business (0.7%) are minor. In Nsungwa village in Urambo District, there is a gold mine and workers work for wages. The median household income was categorised as 150,001 - 200,000 Tsh/month, with a share of 22.6%, followed by 200,001 - 300,000 Tsh/month comprising 16.9%. Differences among districts reveal Urambo as the wealthiest district with 200,001 - 300,000 Tsh/month, followed by Igunga, Tabora Rural and Tabora Municipality with 150,001 - 200,000 Tsh/month, and Nzega and Sikonge with 60,001 - 100,000 Tsh/month, respectively. Fetching water is primarily work for adult women (93.3%). A minority of males (3.3%) take charge of the task. Water is fetched on foot by more than 60% of women, while 30% are allowed to use a bicycle. With regards to queuing time at water points, as shown in Figure 10.5, waiting time in the rainy season was less than 10 minutes (79.7%), while the proportion decreased to 29.4% in the dry season. 46% of people wait for more than 30 minutes. The mean time required for fetching the water, including time for travelling and queuing, was 20 minutes during the rainy season and 63 minutes during the dry season respectively. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

The National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) developed “Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines (2002) for EIA processes. However, in 2008, a water sector guideline was promulgated for projects by MoW under WSDP. The PEA report was submitted through the EIA division of MoW at the end of November 2010. NEMC reviewed the PEA report, and evaluated the project as “Category C”. Since “Category C” projects do not require the EIA process under NEMC, further evaluation of environmental impact assessment in Tanzania was waived. 12. EVALUATION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Results of the economic and the financial evaluation were summarized in Table-6. Table-6 Summary of Economic and Financial Analyses Item NPV B/C Ratio EIRR FIRR Economic Analysis US$ 3,762,466 1.77 18% － Financial Analysis US$ 239,423 1.26 － － As summarized in Table-6, the economic benefit will exceed the cost in case the project is implemented. The priority project could generate a financial surplus, thus financially viable, in running and management of the scheme with a realistic revenue collection ratio. The institutional framework, and the operation and maintenance system proposed in the Study was evaluated to meet the strategy of the water sector. The implementation of the priority project will contribute to attain the target of WSDP and realize the policy of MoW. The construction works of the Priority Project require no special techniques. These will be carried out by conventional methods and machinery widely applied in Tanzania. Equipment and materials required for the Priority Project are generally procured in Tanzania, although some of them are imported from abroad such as EU countries, South and Japan. Therefore the technique and materials applied to the project are considered as appropriate. 13. GIS AND DATABASE

The basic data collected by the Study Team were integrated into the database using MS-Excel.

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The ArcGIS was applied for the data analyses. The list of analyzed maps are shown in Table-7. Table-7 List of Base Maps, Database, Survey Results and Analyzed Maps No. Base Map and Database Survey Result Analyzed Map 1 Regional boundary Village location Lineament and dyke 2 District boundary Location of water supply Main lineament facility 3 Ward boundary Distribution of water Interpreted fault quality 4 Cities in Tabora Intepreted dyke 5 Geological map Drainage system 6 Vegetation map Drainage boundaries 7 National forest map Water body 8 Water body River system 9 Lithology 10 Well data 11 Hydrogeology 14. URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLAN

Tabora Municipality and small township, the centres of the districts, were receiving service of water supply and sewerage by the Urban Water Authorities (UWSAs). The summary of each UWSA is shown in Table-8. Table-8 Outline of UWSAs Service Item IGUWASA NZUWASA SUWASA TUWASA UUWASA Population of town 18,000 32,075 11,411 175,557 30,104 Served population 6,900 18,000 3,800 151,000 4,800 Ratio of served population 38% 56% 33% 86% 16% Improvement of water supply facilities and management system are on-going under WSDP and SECO project assisted by the Swiss government. 15. REPAIRING OF EXISTING HAND PUMP

The inventory survey of the existing water supply schemes carried out in the Study revealed that there exist 1,431 hand pumps in the rural area of Tabora (Study area) and 765 hand pumps were not functioning (November 2009). Then, the survey for repairing of hand pumps was carried out and it was confirmed that 27 Afridev type and 19 Tanira type hand pumps among the malfunctioned hand pumps would recover their function by simple repairing (March 2010). Repairing was carried out by the Study Team targeting those hand pumps. In addition, guidance to the community people on the importance of collection of water tariffs, and operation and maintenance of the facilities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

LOCATION MAP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABBREVIATIONS

PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE STUDY AREA

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ------1 - 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ------1 - 2 1.3 Study Area and Study Target Villages ------1 - 2 1.3.1 Study Area ------1 - 2 1.3.2 Target Villages for the Study ------1 - 2 1.3.3 Target Population of the Study ------1 - 3 1.4 Implementation of the Study ------1 - 3 1.5 Composition of the Report ------1 - 3 1.6 Members Involved in the Study ------1 - 3 CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

2.1 General ------2 - 1 2.1.1 Regional Socio-Economic Conditions ------2 - 1 2.2 Socio-Economic Survey ------2 - 4 2.2.1 Objectives and Methods ------2 - 4 2.2.2 Survey Items ------2 - 5 2.2.3 Outcome of the Survey on Socio-Economic Conditions ------2 - 5 2.2.4 Other Observations ------2 - 22 2.3 Conclusion ------2 - 23 CHAPTER 3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

3.1 General ------3 - 1

i 3.2 Climate ------3 - 1 3.2.1 Climatic Conditions in Tabora Region ------3 - 1 3.2.2 Data Accumulation ------3 - 2 3.2.3 Precipitation ------3 - 4 3.2.4 Temperature ------3 - 6 3.2.5 Relative Humidity ------3 - 6 3.2.6 Solar Radiation and Sunshine Hours ------3 - 7 3.2.7 Evaporation ------3 - 8 3.2.8 Wind Direction and Speed ------3 - 8 3.3 Hydrology ------3 - 9 3.3.1 Catchment Classification in Tanzania ------3 - 9 3.3.2 Drainage System in Tabora Region ------3 - 10 3.3.3 Flow Rate ------3 - 10 3.3.4 Water Level Fluctuation of Igombe Dam ------3 - 14 3.3.5 Prospects ------3 - 15 3.4 Water Balance ------3 - 15 3.4.1 Water Balance Analysis ------3 - 15 3.4.2 Available References ------3 - 15 3.4.3 Summary of Data to be Used ------3 - 16 3.4.4 Calculation of Groundwater Recharge ------3 - 21 3.4.5 Calculation Results ------3 - 24 3.4.6 Groundwater Recharge in Tabora Region and Future Issues ------3 - 25 CHAPTER 4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

4.1 General ------4 - 1 4.2 Topography ------4 - 1 4.3 Geology ------4 - 1 4.3.1 General ------4 - 1 4.3.2 Geology of the Study Area ------4 – 1 4.3.3 Generated Thematic Maps ------4 - 5 4.4 Hydrogeology ------4 - 10 4.4.1 Review of Previous Hydrogeological Studies ------4 - 10 4.4.2 Groundwater in the Study Area ------4 - 11 4.4.3 Present Conditions of the Existing Boreholes in Tabora Region ------4 - 11 4.4.4 Groundwater Level ------4 - 18 4.4.5 Water Quality ------4 - 19 4.5 Groundwater Potential ------4 - 25 4.5.1 Aquifer in the Study Area ------4 - 25 4.5.2 Groundwater Yield by Geological Formation ------4 - 25 4.5.3 Groundwater Level by Geological Formation ------4 - 25

ii 4.5.4 Groundwater Potential Evaluation ------4 - 28 CHAPTER 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY

5.1 General ------5 - 1 5.2 Inventory Survey on the Existing Rural Water Supply Schemes ------5 - 2 5.2.1 Contents of the Survey ------5 - 2 5.3 Current Conditions of Rural Water Supply Schemes ------5 - 3 5.3.1 Number of Rural Water Supply Schemes and their Operational Status ------5 - 3 5.4 Water Supply Coverage ------5 - 6 5.5 Water Quality ------5 - 8 5.5.1 Methods of the Study------5 - 8 5.5.2 Results of the Measurement and Analyses ------5 - 10 5.6 Existing Plans related to Rural Water Supply in Tabora Region ------5 - 21 5.6.1 Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) ------5 - 21 5.6.2 District Water and Sanitation Plan (DWSP) ------5 - 22 5.6.3 Expansion Plan of Urban Water Supply ------5 - 23 5.6.4 Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) ------5 - 23 5.6.5 Assistance by NGO and Others ------5 - 23 5.6.6 Millennium Villages Project ------5 - 23 CHAPTER 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

6.1 General ------6 - 1 6.2 Criteria for Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 1 6.2.1 Target Villages ------6 - 1 6.2.2 Project Target Year ------6 - 2 6.2.3 Population to be Served ------6 - 2 6.2.4 Water Demand ------6 - 2 6.2.5 Water Source ------6 - 2 6.2.6 Consideration on Operation and Maintenance ------6 - 2 6.3 Water Resources Development Plan ------6 - 2 6.4 Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 3 6.4.1 Alternative of Typified Water Supply Scheme ------6 - 3 6.4.2 Concept for the Formulation of the Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 3 6.4.3 Rural Water Supply Plan in Tabora Region ------6 - 4 6.5 Preliminary Design of Water Supply Schemes ------6 - 5 6.5.1 Concept of Preliminary Design ------6 - 5 6.5.2 Preliminary Design ------6 - 5 6.5.3 Standardized Design of Water Supply System in Each Type of Village ------6 - 7 6.5.4 Application of the Typified Water Supply Scheme to the Selected Villages --- 6 - 8

iii 6.5.5 Preliminary Design Drawings ------6 - 11 6.6 Approximate Cost Estimation ------6 - 20 6.7 Implementation Plan ------6 - 20 6.8 Financial Plan of the Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 20 6.9 Annual Disbursement Schedule ------6 - 21 6.10 Evaluation of Water Supply Plan ------6 - 21 6.10.1 Economical and Financial Evaluation ------6 - 21 6.10.2 Institutional and Organizational Evaluation ------6 - 22 6.10.3 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Aspects ------6 - 22 6.10.4 Technical Appropriateness ------6 - 23 6.11 Priority Project ------6 - 23 6.11.1 Evaluation of Villages for Priority ------6 - 23 6.11.2 Evaluation of Village ------6 - 25 6.11.3 Selection of Priority Project ------6 - 25 CHAPTER 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

7.1 General ------7 - 1 7.2 Policy and Institutional Framework ------7 - 1 7.2.1 National Water Policy and National Water Sector Development Strategy ----- 7 - 1 7.2.2 Water Sector Development Program ------7 - 2 7.2.3 Institutional Framework for Community-Owned Water Supply ------7 - 3 7.3 Development Issues for Operation and Maintenance ------7 - 6 7.3.1 Functionality of Rural Water supply schemes ------7 - 6 7.3.2 Community-Owned Water Supply Organization (COWSO) ------7 - 9 7.3.3 Water Fund and Water Fee Collection ------7 - 11 7.3.4 District/Municipal Water and Sanitation Team ------7 - 12 7.4 Strategy for Development of Operation and Maintenance Plan ------7 - 12 7.4.1 Formation of Community-Owned Water Supply Organization with Enhanced Awareness on Community Ownership ------7 - 13 7.4.2 Capacity Building of Community in Operation and Maintenance ------7 - 13 7.4.3 Interfacing COWSO with Local Administrations ------7 - 14 7.4.4 Cost Recovery for Operation and Maintenance ------7 - 14 CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE IN TABORA REGION

8.1 General ------8 - 1 8.2 Morbidity in Tabora Region ------8 - 1 8.3 Perception, Knowledge and Practice of People on Health and Hygiene ------8 - 4 8.3.1 Perception of Key Informants on Health and Hygiene ------8 - 4 8.3.2 Perception, Knowledge and Practice of People on Health and Hygiene ------8 - 5

iv 8.4 Current Situation of Health Education in Tabora Region ------8 - 13 8.4.1 Frontline Facilitators of Health Education ------8 - 13 8.4.2 Health Education at Community Level ------8 - 13 8.4.3 School Health Activities ------8 - 15 8.4.4 Implementation Structure of Health Education at District Level ------8 - 15 8.5 Access to Health Service, Safe Water and Sanitation ------8 - 16 8.5.1 Distribution of Health Facilities ------8 - 16 8.5.2 Human Resources for Health ------8 - 17 8.5.3 Access to Safe Water ------8 - 18 8.5.4 Access to Sanitation ------8 - 19 8.6 Discussions – Problem Identification ------8 - 19 8.6.1 Planning of Health Education ------8 - 20 8.6.2 Implementation of Health Education ------8 - 20 8.6.3 Monitoring and Supervision of Health Education ------8 - 21 8.7 Conclusion – Implication for Better Health Promotion ------8 - 21 CHAPTER 9 DETAILED SURVEY AND OUTLINE DESIGN ON THE PRIORITY PROJECT

9.1 General ------9 - 1 9.2 Target Village and Water Supply Plan (Initial Plan) ------9 - 1 9.3 Test Well Drilling ------9 - 1 9.3.1 Test Well Drilling Plan ------9 - 1 9.3.2 Evaluation of Test Well Drilling ------9 - 2 9.4 Selection of Water Supply Schemes by the Results of Test Well Drilling ------9 - 5 9.5 Proposed Sites for Level-1 Water Supply Schemes ------9 - 5 9.6 Revision of Water Supply Plan for the Priority Project ------9 - 5 9.7 Outline Design of Water Supply Schemes ------9 - 7 9.7.1 Basic Concept ------9 - 7 9.7.2 Facility Plan for Level-2 Water Supply Scheme ------9 - 8 9.7.3 Facility Plan for Level-1 Water Supply Scheme ------9 - 11 9.7.4 Outline Design Drawing ------9 - 12 9.8 Implementation and Plan ------9 - 22 9.8.1 Implementation Policy ------9 - 22 9.8.2 Implementation Conditions ------9 - 22 9.8.3 Scope of Work ------9 - 23 9.8.4 Consultant Supervision ------9 - 23 9.8.5 Implementation Schedule ------9 - 24 9.9 Operation and Maintenance Cost ------9 – 25

v CHAPTER 10 SOCIO-ECONOMY IN TARGET VILLAGES OF PRIORITY PROJECT

10.1 General ------10 - 1 10.2 Target Villages ------10 - 1 10.3 Survey Items ------10 - 2 10.4 Outcome of the Survey on Socio-Economic Conditions ------10 - 2 10.4.1 Outcome of the Priority Project Villages ------10 - 2 10.4.2 Community Based Activities ------10 - 7 10.4.3 Responsibility of Women’s Activities ------10 - 8 10.4.4 Existing Water Use and Water Needs ------10 - 9 10.4.5 Ability and Perception on Operation and Maintenance ------10 - 12 10.4.6 Desirable Water Facilities and Willingness to Pay ------10 - 15 10.5 Other Observations ------10 - 17 10.6 Conclusion ------10 - 18 CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

11.1 Social and Environmental Considerations of JICA ------11 - 1 11.1.1 Purpose ------11 - 1 11.1.2 Procedure ------11 - 1 11.2 EIA Framework of Tanzania ------11 - 3 11.2.1 National Policies ------11 - 3 11.2.2 Environmental Laws and Related Regulations ------11 - 4 11.2.3 Other Related Laws and Regulations ------11 - 4 11.3 Procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment in Tanzania ------11 - 4 11.3.1 Guidelines of National Environmental Management Council ------11 - 4 11.3.2 Guidelines of MoW ------11 - 9 11.3.3 Involuntary Resettlement Guideline ------11 - 9 11.3.4 Integration of the Two Procedures ------11 - 10 11.4 Initial Environmental Examination ------11 - 13 11.4.1 Project Description ------11 - 13 11.4.2 Site Description ------11 - 18 11.4.3 Implementing Initial Environmental Examination ------11 - 19 11.4.4 Categorization ------11 - 23 11.4.5 Alternatives for Boreholes ------11 - 23 11.5 Preliminary Environmental Assessment ------11 - 24 11.6 Environmental and Social Consideration Schedule Onward ------11 - 24 CHAPTER 12 EVALUATION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

12.1 General ------12 - 1

vi 12.2 Economical and Financial Evaluation ------12 - 1 12.2.1 Economic Evaluation ------12 - 1 12.2.2 Financial Evaluation ------12 - 4 12.3 Institutional and Organizational Evaluation ------12 - 7 12.4 Management and Maintenance Evaluation ------12 - 8 12.5 Evaluation from Viewpoint of Policy ------12 - 8 12.6 Environmental and Social Evaluation ------12 - 8 12.7 Technical Appropriateness ------12 - 9 CHAPTER 13 GIS AND DATABASE

13.1 General ------13 - 1 13.2 GIS and Database for the Study ------13 - 1 13.2.1 Concept of the GIS and Database ------13 - 1 13.2.2 Design of the GIS and Database ------13 - 1 13.3 Data of GIS for the Analysis ------13 - 4 13.3.1 General ------13 - 4 13.3.2 Collected and Created Data by GIS ------13 - 4 13.4 Recommendations ------13 - 6 13.4.1 Improvement of the Accuracy of Locality Information ------13 - 6 13.4.2 Periodical Update of the Database and Formulation of the Updating System in Tabora Region ------13 - 7 CHAPTER 14 URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLAN

14.1 General ------14 - 1 14.1.1 Scope of the Urban Water Supply Plan ------14 - 1 14.1.2 Study Area ------14 - 1 14.2 Superior Plan ------14 - 1 14.2.1 WSDP ------14 - 1 14.3 Existing Conditions of the Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities ------14 - 2 14.3.1 General of UWSAs ------14 - 2 14.3.2 IGUWASA ------14 - 4 14.3.3 NZUWASA ------14 - 12 14.3.4 SUWASA ------14 - 24 14.3.5 TUWASA ------14 - 35 14.3.6 UUWASA ------14 - 48 14.4 Water Supply Improvement Plan ------14 - 57 14.4.1 General ------14 - 57 14.4.2 Improvement Plan of NZUWASA ------14 - 61 14.4.3 Proposal for Improvement of Operation and Maintenance ------14 - 67

vii CHAPTER 15 REPARING OF EXISTING HAND PUMP

15.1 General ------15 - 1 15.2 Target Hand Pumps to be Repaired ------15 - 1 15.3 Method of Repairing ------15 - 1 15.4 Result of Repairing ------15 - 1

APPENDIX

CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

Results of Socio-Economic Survey CHAPTER 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project Location of Priority Village CHAPTER 10 DETAILED SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

Results of Detailed Socio-Economic Survey

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Table 1.3.1 Number and Population of Target Villages of the Study ------1 - 3 Table 1.6.1 List of Members of the Study Team ------1 - 4 Table 1.6.2 List of Members of the Ministry of Water ------1 - 4 Table 1.6.3 List of Regional Water Expert and Water Engineers ------1 - 4 CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

Table 2.1.1 Numbers of Wards and Villages in Target Area in Tabora Region ------2 - 1 Table 2.1.2 Length of Road Network by Type of Road Surface and District ------2 - 2 Table 2.1.3 Length of Road Network Passable Year Round by District ------2 - 2 Table 2.1.4 Selected Poverty Indicators in Tabora Region ------2 - 4 Table 2.2.1 Survey Items ------2 - 5 Table 2.2.2 Number of Villages Where Field Survey was Conducted ------2 - 7 Table 2.2.3 Population and Household Size of Target Villages ------2 - 7 Table 2.2.4 Population Forecast from 2009 to 2025 ------2 - 8

viii Table 2.2.5 Number of Sub-Villages and Average Distance to Them ------2 - 9 Table 2.2.6 Distance to District Town and Means to Reach There, by District ------2 - 10 Table 2.2.7 Numbers of Village and Sub-village within Forest Reserve Area, by District ----- 2 - 11 Table 2.2.8 Median of Household Income and Expenditure per year ------2 - 13 Table 2.2.9 Number of Health facilities in Villages by District ------2 - 14 Table 2.2.10 Distribution of Primary Health Care Providers for Villagers by District ------2 - 14 Table 2.2.11 Common Cases of Morbidity in Villages in Rainy Season by District ------2 - 15 Table 2.2.12 Common Cases of Morbidity in Villages in Dry Season by District ------2 - 15 Table 2.2.13 Distribution of Toilet facilities in Villages, by District ------2 - 15 Table 2.2.14 Number of Education Facilities in Villages by District ------2 - 16 Table 2.2.15 Literacy Rate of Adults Aged 18 or Above (Median) ------2 - 17 Table 2.2.16 Average Proportion of Possession of a Mobile Phone in Villages ------2 - 18 Table 2.2.17 Types of Community Organisations by District ------2 - 19 Table 2.2.18 Two Priority Concerns in Villages, by District ------2 - 19

CHAPTER 3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

Table 3.2.1 List of Accumulated Precipitation Data ------3 - 4 Table 3.2.2 Probability of Precipitation ------3 - 6 Table 3.2.3 Annual Wind Direction and Speed (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 9 Table 3.3.1 List of Accumulated Discharge Data ------3 - 11 Table 3.4.1 Monthly Evapotranspiration ------3 - 16 Table 3.4.2 Groundwater Recharge in each Catchment Area in Tabora ------3 - 16 Table 3.4.3 Thiessen Precipitation at each Flow Rate Observatory Station ------3 - 17 Table 3.4.4 Mean Monthly Temperatures (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 18 Table 3.4.5 Calculation Results for Evapotranspiration ------3 - 18 Table 3.4.6 Flow Rate Observatory Station Wise Catchment Areas and Thiessen Annual Precipitations ------3 - 21 Table 3.4.7 Mean Annual Discharge by Flow Rate Observatory Station ------3 - 21 Table 3.4.8 Calculation Results for Groundwater Recharge ------3 - 22 Table 3.4.9 Parameters of Tank Model ------3 - 23 Table 3.4.10 Calculation of Groundwater Recharge Using Tank Model (1981-1983) ------3 - 24 CHAPTER 4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Table 4.3.1 Geology of Tabora Region ------4 - 2 Table 4.3.2 Generated Thematic Maps ------4 - 5 Table 4.4.1 Collected Reports for Previous Hydrogeological Studies in Tabora Region ------4 - 10 Table 4.4.2 Collected Data for Borehole Inventory ------4 - 10 Table 4.4.3 Number of Boreholes by Depth ------4 - 13 Table 4.4.4 Number of Boreholes by Yield ------4 - 16 Table 4.4.5 Result of Water Quality Analysis of the Water Sources in Tabora Region (1/2) -- 4 - 21

ix Table 4.4.6 Result of Water Quality Analysis of the Water Sources in Tabora Region (2/2) -- 4 - 22 CHAPTER 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY

Table 5.3.1 Number of Water Supply Scheme and Operational Status ------5 - 3 Table 5.3.2 Water Source Wise Number of Level-2 and Operational Status ------5 - 3 Table 5.3.3 Reasons for Unfunctioning of Level-1 Water Supply Schemes ------5 - 4 Table 5.3.4 Type-Wise Operational Status of Handpump (Level-1) ------5 - 5 Table 5.4.1 District-Wise Water Supply Coverage (Population Served) (2009) ------5 - 6 Table 5.4.2 Population Served and Water Supply Coverage by Level-2, Level-1 and Other Protected Water Supply Facility ------5 - 7 Table 5.4.3 Water Supply Coverage (Sub-Village Served) (2009) ------5 - 8 Table 5.5.1 Analysis Items and Standard Value for Water Quality Evaluation ------5 - 10 Table 5.5.2 Summary of Water Quality Analyses Results ------5 - 12 Table 5.5.3 Summary of the Existing Reports ------5 - 12 Table 5.5.4 Summary of Water Quality Items Exceeding the Guidelines ------5 - 19 Table 5.6.1 List of Target Villages for WSDP ------5 - 21 CHAPTER 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Table 6.2.1 Number of Target Villages and Population for the Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 1 Table 6.4.1 Summary of the Rural Water Supply Plan------6 - 4 Table 6.4.2 Increasing of Service Population by the Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 4 Table 6.4.3 Service Population by Planned Leve-2 (2020) ------6 - 4 Table 6.4.4 Population Covered by Level-1 Scheme (2020) ------6 - 5 Table 6.5.1 Unit Water Demand in Rural Areas in Tanzania ------6 - 6 Table 6.5.2 Requirements for the Design of Deep Well ------6 - 6 Table 6.5.3 Requirements for Level-2 Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 7 Table 6.5.4 Requirements for Level-1 Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 7 Table 6.5.5 Specifications of Standardized Water Supply Facilities by Type of Village ------6 - 8 Table 6.5.6 The Total Number of Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 8 Table 6.5.7 The Result of Application of the Typified Water Supply System to the Selected Villages for Level-2 Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 9 Table 6.6.1 Total Cost Estimation for Construction of Water Facilities ------6 - 20 Table 6.7.1 Implementation Plan of Rural Water Supply Plan ------6 - 20 Table 6.8.1 Budget Allocation and Actual Expenditure FY2003/04 to FY2007/08 ------6 - 21 Table 6.9.1 Annual Disbursement Schedule ------6 - 21 Table 6.11.1 Scoring of Evaluation Factors for Urgency ------6 - 24 Table 6.11.2 Scoring of Groundwater Development Potential ------6 - 24 Table 6.11.3 Scoring of Water Quality ------6 - 24 Table 6.11.4 Alternatives of Priority Project ------6 - 26

x Table 6.11.5 Alternative-1 of Priority Project ------6 - 26 Table 6.11.6 Alternative-1A of Priority Project ------6 - 27 Table 6.11.7 Alternative-1B of Priority Project ------6 - 27 Table 6.11.8 Alternative-1C of Priority Project ------6 - 28 Table 6.11.9 Alternative-2 of Priority Project ------6 - 28 Table 6.11.10 Alternative-3 of Priority Project ------6 - 28 Table 6.11.11 Evaluation of Alternatives ------6 - 29 st Table 6.11.12 List of the 1 Priority Project (Alternative-1B) ------6 - 30 nd Table 6.11.13 List of the 2 Priority Project (Alternative-1B) ------6 - 31 CHAPTER 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

Table 7.2.1 Roles and Responsibility of Stakeholders in Water Supply Development ------7 - 2 Table 7.3.1 Number and Percentage of Functional/Non-Functional Water Supply Scheme and Operational Status (Level-1 and Level-2 Scheme) ------7 - 8 Table 7.3.2 Functional Rate of Level-1 Scheme Constructed in 2000s in each District/Municipality ------7 - 9 Table 7.3.3 Reason for Non-Functionality of Level-2 Scheme ------7 - 9 Table 7.3.4 Form of Community-Based Organization for Water Supply Scheme Management ------7 - 10 Table 7.3.5 Ranges in Amount of Community Water Fund (Level-1 Scheme) ------7 - 11 Table 7.3.6 Ranges in Amount of Community Water Fund (Level-2 Scheme) ------7 - 11 Table 7.4.1 Basis of Operation and Maintenance Cost Estimation for Level-1 ------7 - 15 Table 7.4.2 Basis of Cost Estimation for Operation and Maintenance (Level-2) ------7 - 16 Table 7.4.3 Ratio of Operation and Maintenance Cost in Household Income (Level-2) ------7 - 16 CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE IN TABORA REGION

Table 8.2.1 Reported Cases of Cholera, Dysentery and Typhoid (2006) ------8 - 4 Table 8.3.1 Perception of Key Informants on Common Diseases (Rainy Season) ------8 - 5 Table 8.3.2 Perception of Key Informants on Common Diseases (Dry Season) ------8 - 5 Table 8.3.3 Experience of Diseases for the Last 12 Months ------8 - 6 Table 8.3.4 Memorable Events of Diseases in Households ------8 - 6 Table 8.3.5 Care Seeking Behavior by Respondents ------8 - 6 Table 8.3.6 Respondents’ Knowledge on Causes of Diarrhoea ------8 - 7 Table 8.3.7 Number of Correct Answers to Question on Causes of Diarrhoea ------8 - 8 Table 8.3.8 Respondents’ Knowledge on Prevention of Diarrhoea ------8 - 8 Table 8.3.9 Number of Correct Answers to Question on Knowledge of Diarrhoea Prevention ------8 - 9 Table 8.3.10 Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Diarrhoea (1): Use Safe Water ------8 - 10 Table 8.3.11 Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Diarrhoea (2): Wash hands Properly - 8 - 11

xi Table 8.3.12 Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Diarrhoea (3): Use Proper Latrine ---- 8 - 11

Table 8.3.13 Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Diarrhoea (4): Refuse Disposal in a Pit Properly ------8 - 12 Table 8.3.14 Opportunities to Get Knowledge on Health and Hygiene ------8 - 12 Table 8.4.1 Membership, Responsibility and Tasks of DWST ------8 - 16 Table 8.5.1 Distribution of Health Facilities in Tabora Region (as of 2008) ------8 - 16 Table 8.5.2 Population per Health Facility in Tanzania Mainland ------8 - 17 Table 8.5.3 Human Resource Status by Cadre in Tabora Region (as of 2008) ------8 - 17 Table 8.5.4 Population per Health Worker in Tanzania Mainland (unit: thousand) ------8 - 18 Table 8.5.5 Perception on Quality of Drinking Water ------8 - 19 Table 8.5.6 Types of Pit Latrines in Villages by District ------8 - 19 CHAPTER 9 DETAILED SURVEY AND OUTLINE DESIGN ON THE PRIORITY PROJECT

Table 9.2.1 Target Villages and Water Supply Plan for the Priority Project ------9 - 1 Table 9.3.1 Test Well Drilling Plan ------9 - 2 Table 9.3.2 Result of Test Well Drilling ------9 - 3 Table 9.3.3 Result of Water Quality Analyses ------9 - 4 Table 9.6.1 Revised Water Supply Plan for the Priority Project ------9 - 6 Table 9.7.1 Population Growth Rate of each District/Municipality ------9 - 7 Table 9.7.2 Water Demand and Pumping Plan for the Target Villages of Level-2 ------9 - 7 Table 9.7.3 Specification of Deep Wells ------9 - 9 Table 9.7.4 Number of Public Water Point in each Village ------9 - 11 Table 9.8.1 Scope of Work for the Tanzania and Japanese Government ------9 - 23 Table 9.8.2 Implementation Schedule of the Project ------9 - 25 Table 9.9.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Level-2 and Level-1 ------9 - 25 CHAPTER 10 SOCIO-ECONOMY IN TARGET VILLAGES OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Table 10.2.1 List of Villages Where Field Survey was Conducted ------10 - 1 Table 10.3.1 Survey Items for Key Informant Interviews ------10 - 2 Table 10.3.2 Survey Items for Household Interviews ------10 - 2 Table 10.4.1 Livestock No./Household ------10 - 3 Table 10.4.2 Current Payment of Water User Fees ------10 - 14 Table 10.4.3 Operational Water Facility with Hand Pump in Target Village ------10 - 14 Table 10.4.4 Recent Breakdown History of the Water Facility with Hand Pump in Target Village ------10 - 15 Table 10.4.5 How the Cost of the Repair Works for the Water Facility was Covered ------10 - 15

xii Table 10.4.6 Basic Data for Examining Level-2 Introduction ------10 - 16 Table 10.4.7 Amount that Villagers are Willing to Pay for Water ------10 - 16 CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

Table 11.2.1 Related Laws and Regulations ------11 - 4 Table 11.4.1 Facility Types for Village Settings ------11 - 14 Table 11.4.2 Specifications for Typical Level-2 Facility ------11 - 14 Table 11.4.3 Specifications for Typical Level-1 Facility ------11 - 15 Table 11.4.4 IEE Check List ------11 - 20 Table 11.4.5 Alternatives for On-Going Plan ------11 - 23 CHAPTER 12 EVALUATION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Table 12.2.1 Basis of Operation and Maintenance Cost Estimation for Level-1 ------12 - 2 Table 12.2.2 Basis of Cost Estimation for Operation and Maintenance (Level-2) ------12 - 2 Table 12.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost of the Priority Project ------12 - 3 Table 12.2.4 Estimated Economic Benefit ------12 - 3 Table 12.2.5 Summary of Results of the Economic Analysis ------12 - 4 Table 12.2.6 Economic Cost and Benefit Flow ------12 - 4 Table 12.2.7 Basis of Operation and Maintenance Cost Estimation for Level-1 ------12 - 5 Table 12.2.8 Basis of Cost Estimation for Operation and Maintenance (Level-2) ------12 - 6 Table 12.2.9 Financial Cost of the Priority Project ------12 - 6 Table 12.2.10 Financial Cost and Benefit Flow ------12 - 7 Table 12.7.1 Evaluation of Technical Appropriateness of Water Supply Plans ------12 - 9 CHAPTER 13 GIS AND DATABASE

Table 13.2.1 List of Contents in each MS-Excel Sheet ------13 - 2 Table 13.3.1 List of Base Data ------13 - 4 Table 13.3.2 List of Point Data from the Result of the Surveys ------13 - 5 Table 13.3.3 List of Polyline and Polygon Data for Analysis ------13 - 6 CHAPTER 14 URBAN WATER USUPPLY PLAN

Table 14.1.1 Study Area ------14 - 1 Table 14.3.1 Outline of UWSAs ------14 - 3 Table 14.3.2 Water Requirements ------14 - 4 Table 14.3.3 Service Area (IGUWASA) ------14 - 5 3 Table 14.3.4 Water Quantity (m /day) (IGUWASA) ------14 - 8 Table 14.3.5 Revenue and Expenditure (IGUWASA) ------14 - 9 Table 14.3.6 Number of Connections (IGUWASA) ------14 - 10 Table 14.3.7 Water Tariff (IGUWASA) ------14 - 10 Table 14.3.8 Water Source (IGUWASA) ------14 - 10

xiii Table 14.3.9 Conveyance Main-1 (IGUWASA) ------14 - 11 Table 14.3.10 Conveyance Main-2 (IGUWASA) ------14 - 11 Table 14.3.11 Transmission Pump-1 (IGUWASA) ------14 - 11 Table 14.3.12 Transmission Pump-2 (IGUWASA) ------14 - 11 Table 14.3.13 Storage Tank (IGUWASA) ------14 - 11 Table 14.3.14 Hospital Tank (IGUWASA) ------14 - 12 Table 14.3.15 Uarabuni Tank (IGUWASA) ------14 - 12 Table 14.3.16 Distribution Network (IGUWASA) ------14 - 12 Table 14.3.17 Service Area (NZUWASA) ------14 - 13 3 Table 14.3.18 Water Quantity (m /day) (NZUWASA) ------14 - 16 Table 14.3.19 Water Quality (NZUWASA) ------14 - 16 Table 14.3.20 Revenue and Expenditure (NZUWASA) ------14 - 18 Table 14.3.21 Number of Connections (NZUWASA) ------14 - 18 Table 14.3.22 Water Tariff (NZUWASA) ------14 - 18 Table 14.3.23 Water Source-1 (NZUWASA) ------14 - 19 Table 14.3.24 Water Source-2 (NZUWASA) ------14 - 19 Table 14.3.25 Conveyance Main (NZUWASA) ------14 - 19 Table 14.3.26 Receiving Well (NZUWASA) ------14 - 20 Table 14.3.27 Coagulant (NZUWASA) ------14 - 20 Table 14.3.28 Chlorination (NZUWASA)------14 - 20 Table 14.3.29 Flocculation Basin (NZUWASA) ------14 - 20 Table 14.3.30 Sedimentation Basin (NZUWASA) ------14 - 21 Table 14.3.31 Aeration (NZUWASA) ------14 - 21 Table 14.3.32 Raw Water Reservoir (NZUWASA) ------14 - 22 Table 14.3.33 Filtration Basin (NZUWASA) ------14 - 22 Table 14.3.34 Clear Water Reservoir (NZUWASA) ------14 - 23 Table 14.3.35 Transmission Pump (NZUWASA) ------14 - 23 Table 14.3.36 Transmission Main (NZUWASA) ------14 - 23 Table 14.3.37 Hospital Tank (NZUWASA) ------14 - 23 Table 14.3.38 Ushilika Tank (NZUWASA) ------14 - 23 Table 14.3.39 Parking Tank (NZUWASA) ------14 - 24 Table 14.3.40 Nyasa Tank (NZUWASA) ------14 - 24 Table 14.3.41 Distribution Network (NZUWASA) ------14 - 24 Table 14.3.42 Service Area (SUWASA) ------14 - 25 3 Table 14.3.43 Water Quantity (m /day) (SUWASA) ------14 - 28 Table 14.3.44 Revenue and Expenditure (SUWASA) ------14 - 29 Table 14.3.45 Number of Connections (SUWASA) ------14 - 30 Table 14.3.46 Water Tariff (SUWASA) ------14 - 30 Table 14.3.47 Water Source (SUWASA) ------14 - 30 Table 14.3.48 Conveyance Main (SUWASA) ------14 - 31

xiv Table 14.3.49 Receiving Well (SUWASA) ------14 - 31 Table 14.3.50 Coagulant (SUWASA) ------14 - 31 Table 14.3.51 Rapid Mix Chamber (SUWASA) ------14 - 32 Table 14.3.52 Flocculation Basin (SUWASA) ------14 - 32 Table 14.3.53 Sedimentation Basin (SUWASA) ------14 - 32 Table 14.3.54 Chlorination (SUWASA) ------14 - 33 Table 14.3.55 Clear Water Reservoir (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.56 Transmission Pump (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.57 Transmission Main (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.58 Mission Tank (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.59 Madukani Tank (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.60 Isugilunde Tank (SUWASA) ------14 - 34 Table 14.3.61 Distribution Network (SUWASA) ------14 - 35 Table 14.3.62 Service Area (TUWASA) ------14 - 36 3 Table 14.3.63 Water Quantity (m /day) (TUWASA) ------14 - 39 Table 14.3.64 Water Quality (TUWASA) ------14 - 39 Table 14.3.65 Revenue and Expenditure (TUWASA) ------14 - 41 Table 14.3.66 Number of Connections (TUWASA) ------14 - 41 Table 14.3.67 Water Tariff (TUWASA) ------14 - 42 Table 14.3.68 Water Source-1 (TUWASA) ------14 - 42 Table 14.3.69 Water Source-2 (TUWASA) ------14 - 42 Table 14.3.70 Mixing Chamber (TUWASA) ------14 - 43 Table 14.3.71 Coagulant (TUWASA) ------14 - 43 Table 14.3.72 Flocculation and Coagulation with Sedimentation Basin (TUWASA) ------14 - 43 Table 14.3.73 Filtration Basin – Rapid Sand Filter (TUWASA) ------14 - 44 Table 14.3.74 Filtration Basin – Slow Sand Filter (TUWASA) ------14 - 44 Table 14.3.75 Chlorination (TUWASA) ------14 - 44 Table 14.3.76 Clear Water Reservoir (TUWASA) ------14 - 45 Table 14.3.77 Receiving Well (TUWASA) ------14 - 45 Table 14.3.78 Flocculation Basin (TUWASA) ------14 - 46 Table 14.3.79 Sedimentation Basin (TUWASA) ------14 - 46 Table 14.3.80 Transmission Pump-1 (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.81 Transmission Pump-2 (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.82 Transmission Pump-3 (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.83 Transmission Pump-4 (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.84 Transmission Main (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.85 Transmission Pump (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.86 Transmission Main (TUWASA) ------14 - 47 Table 14.3.87 Kazeh Hill Tank (TUWASA) ------14 - 48 Table 14.3.88 Distribution Network (TUWASA) ------14 - 48

xv Table 14.3.89 Service Area (UUWASA) ------14 - 49 3 Table 14.3.90 Water Quantity (m /day) (UUWASA) ------14 - 52 Table 14.3.91 Revenue and Expenditure (UUWASA) ------14 - 53 Table 14.3.92 Water Tariff (UUWASA) ------14 - 54 Table 14.3.93 Water Source-1 (UUWASA) ------14 - 54 Table 14.3.94 Water Source-2 (UUWASA) ------14 - 55 Table 14.3.95 Water Source-3 (UUWASA) ------14 - 55 Table 14.3.96 Transmission Main-1 (UUWASA) ------14 - 56 Table 14.3.97 Transmission Main-2 (UUWASA) ------14 - 56 Table 14.3.98 Transmission Main-3 (UUWASA) ------14 - 56 Table 14.3.99 Bomani Tank (UUWASA) ------14 - 56 Table 14.3.100 Bomani (Hospital) Tank (UUWASA) ------14 - 56 Table 14.3.101 Yadi Tank (UUWASA) ------14 - 57 Table 14.3.102 Distribution Network (UUWASA) ------14 - 57 Table 14.4.1 Issues and Improvement Plan ------14 - 62 Table 14.4.2 Selection of the Facility to be Improved ------14 - 63 Table 14.4.3 Cost Estimation ------14 - 67 CHAPTER 15 REPARING OF EXISTING HAND PUMP

Table 15.2.1 Status of Existing Hand Pumps and Number of Target Hand Pumps ------15 - 1 Table 15.4.1 List of Hand Pump Repaired ------15 - 2

APPENDIX

CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

Table 2.1 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Igunga District Table 2.2 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Nzega District Table 2.3 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Table 2.4 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Tabora Rural District Table 2.5 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Tabora Municipality Table 2.6 Results of Socio-Economic Survey in Urambo District CHAPTER 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Table 6.1 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Igunga District) Table 6.2 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Nzega District) Table 6.3 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Sikonge District) Table 6.4 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Tabora Rural District)

xvi Table 6.5 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Tabora Municipality) Table 6.6 Rural Water Supply Plan and Evaluation of Village for Priority Project (Urambo District) CHAPTER 10 DETAILED SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

Table 10.1 Results of Detailed Socio-Economic Survey in Priority Villages

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.3.1 Administrative Structure of the Local Governments in the Study Area ------1 - 2 Figure 1.6.1 Flow Chart of the Study Work ------1 - 5 CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

Figure 2.1.1 Percentage of Road Network Passable Year Round by District ------2 - 2 Figure 2.1.2 Distribution of Accumulated Budget by Sector in Tabora Region (2009/10) ------2 - 4 Figure 2.2.1 Village Location in Tabora Region ------2 - 6 Figure 2.2.2 Population Forecast from 2009-2025 ------2 - 8 Figure 2.2.3 Dwelling Type in Village in Tabora Region ------2 - 9 Figure 2.2.4 Number of Sub-Villages and Average Distance to Them ------2 - 10 Figure 2.2.5 Source of Income in Tabora Region ------2 - 12 Figure 2.2.6 Income Months by District ------2 - 13 Figure 2.2.7 Percentage of Villages by Type of Roof Material in Tabora Region ------2 - 17 Figure 2.2.8 Percentage of Villages by Type of Wall Material in Tabora Region ------2 - 17 Figure 2.2.9 Percentage of Villages by Main Source Energy for Lighting ------2 - 18 Figure 2.2.10 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Igunga District ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.11 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Nzega District ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.12 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Sikonge District ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.13 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Tabora Rural District ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.14 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Tabora Municipality ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.15 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Urambo District ------2 - 20 Figure 2.2.16 Primary Responsible Person for Fetching Water ------2 - 21 Figure 2.2.17 Secondary Responsible Person for Fetching Water ------2 - 21 Figure 2.2.18 Percentage of Decision Maker in Households ------2 - 21 CHAPTER 3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

Figure 3.2.1 Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map ------3 - 1

xvii Figure 3.2.2 Location of Weather Stations ------3 - 3 Figure 3.2.3 Monthly Precipitation (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 5 Figure 3.2.4 Yearly Precipitation (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 5 Figure 3.2.5 Monthly Precipitation (Shinyanga Water Office) ------3 - 5 Figure 3.2.6 Annual Precipitation (Shinyanga Water Office) ------3 - 6 Figure 3.2.7 Monthly Temperature (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 6 Figure 3.2.8 Monthly Mean Relative Humidity (Urambo) ------3 - 7 Figure 3.2.9 Monthly Mean Solar Radiation (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 7 Figure 3.2.10 Monthly Mean Sunshine Hours (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 8 Figure 3.2.11 Monthly Mean Evaporation (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 8 Figure 3.2.12 Monthly Precipitation with Wind Direction Frequency Distribution (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 9 Figure 3.2.13 Frequency of Wind Direction (Tabora Met. stn.) ------3 - 9 Figure 3.3.1 Catchments in Tanzania ------3 - 10 Figure 3.3.2 Drainage System in Tabora Region ------3 - 12 Figure 3.3.3 Location of Flow Rate Observatory Stations ------3 - 13 Figure 3.3.4 Mean Daily Flow (Nukululu Weather Station) ------3 - 14 Figure 3.3.5 Water Level Fluctuation of Igombe Dam ------3 - 15 Figure 3.4.1 Thiessen Method and Catchment Map with Flow Rate Observatory Stations ----- 3 - 19 Figure 3.4.2 Isohyetal Map (Mean Monthly Precipitation) ------3 - 20 Figure 3.4.3 Structure of Tank Model ------3 - 23 Figure 3.4.4 Hydrograph ------3 - 24 Figure 3.4.5 Groundwater Recharge Estimation Map ------3 - 26 CHAPTER 4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Figure 4.2.1 Topographic Map of the Study Area ------4 - 3 Figure 4.3.1 Geological Map of the Study Area ------4 - 4 Figure 4.3.2 Surface Condition Map ------4 - 6 Figure 4.3.3 Lithofacies Map ------4 - 8 Figure 4.3.4 Geologic Structure Map ------4 - 9 Figure 4.4.1 Number of Boreholes by District in Tabora Region ------4 - 12 Figure 4.4.2 Distribution of Boreholes in Tabora Region ------4 - 12 Figure 4.4.3 Number of Boreholes by Depth and District ------4 - 14 Figure 4.4.4 Distribution of Boreholes by Depth ------4 - 15 Figure 4.4.5 Number of Boreholes by Yield and District ------4 - 16 Figure 4.4.6 Distribution of Boreholes by Yield ------4 - 17 Figure 4.4.7 Relationship between Depth and Yield of Borehole by District ------4 - 18 Figure 4.4.8 Contour Map of Groundwater in Tabora Region ------4 - 19 Figure 4.4.9 Water Quality in Tabora Region Classified by Water Source ------4 - 23 Figure 4.4.10 Water Quality in Tabora Region Classified by District ------4 - 23

xviii Figure 4.4.11 Distribution of EC in the Study Area ------4 - 24 Figure 4.5.1 Number of Boreholes by Geological Formation ------4 - 25 Figure 4.5.2 Distribution of Borehole Yield by Geological Formation ------4 - 26 Figure 4.5.3 Borehole Yield by Geological Formation ------4 - 26 Figure 4.5.4 Borehole Distribution by the Geological Formation ------4 - 27 Figure 4.5.5 Groundwater Level by Geological Formation ------4 - 28 Figure 4.5.6 Hydrogeological Map ------4 - 30 CHAPTER 5 CURRENT CONDITIONS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY

Figure 5.1.1 Region-wise Rural Water Supply Coverage in Tanzania ------5 - 1 Figure 5.1.2 Ratio of Households Using Safe Water ------5 - 1 Figure 5.4.1 Water Supply Coverage (Population Served) ------5 - 7 Figure 5.5.1 Location of the Sampling Points by Water Source ------5 - 11 Figure 5.5.2 Detecting Fluoride by Water Sources ------5 - 14 Figure 5.5.3 Estimated Distribution of Fluoride (F) Contents by Surface Water ------5 - 15 Figure 5.5.4 Estimated Distribution of Fluoride (F) Contents by Shallow Well ------5 - 16 Figure 5.5.5 Estimated Distribution of Fluoride (F) Contents by Deep Well ------5 - 17 Figure 5.5.6 Milky Colored Water from a Deep Well ------5 - 18 Figure 5.5.7 Distribution of Iron (Fe) Contents ------5 - 20 CHAPTER 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN AND SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Figure 6.5.1 Flow Diagram of Level-2 Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 8 Figure 6.5.2 Location of the Selected Villages for Level-2 Water Supply Facilities ------6 - 10 Figure 6.5.3 Standard Design of Deep Tube Well (Level-2 Water Supply Facilities) ------6 - 12 Figure 6.5.4 Standard Design of Deep Tube Well (Level-1 Water Supply Facilities) ------6 - 13 Figure 6.5.5 Standard Design of Deep Tube Well (PUMP INSTALATION) ------6 - 14 Figure 6.5.6 Standard Design of Control House ------6 - 15 3 Figure 6.5.7 Standard Design of Elevated Tank (60M , H=10M) ------6 - 16 3 Figure 6.5.8 Standard Design of Elevated Tank (100M , H=10M) ------6 - 17 Figure 6.5.9 Standard Design of Pipe Laying ------6 - 18 Figure 6.5.10 Standard Design of Public Water Point (PWP) ------6 - 19 Figure 6.11.1 Location of Candidate Villages for Priority Project ------6 - 32 CHAPTER 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

Figure 7.2.1 Institutional Framework for Rural Water Supply Development ------7 - 6 Figure 7.3.1 Percentage of Functional Water Points in 17 Districts and Four Regions ------7 - 7 Figure 7.3.2 Functionality Rate of Level-1 in each District ------7 - 8 Figure 7.3.3 Functionality Rate of Level-2 in each District ------7 - 8

xix CHAPTER 8 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE IN TABORA REGION

Figure 8.2.1 Top 10 OPD Diseases for the Population under 5 Years of Age in Tabora Region and Tanzania Mainland ------8 - 2 Figure 8.2.2 Top 10 OPD Diseases for the Population Aged 5 Years and Above in Tabora Region and Tanzania Mainland ------8 - 2 Figure 8.2.3 Major IPD Diseases for the Population under 5 Years of Age in Tabora Region and Tanzania Mainland ------8 - 3 Figure 8.2.4 Major IPD Diseases for the Population Aged 5 Years and Above in Tabora Region and Tanzania Mainland ------8 - 3 Figure 8.3.1 Respondents’ Knowledge on Causes of Diarrhoea ------8 - 7 Figure 8.3.2 Respondents’ Knowledge on Prevention of Diarrhoea ------8 - 9 Figure 8.3.3 Opportunities to Get Knowledge on Health and Hygiene ------8 - 13 Figure 8.4.1 Leaflet for Sensitisation on Diarrhoea Prevention ------8 - 14 Figure 8.4.2 School Visit Check List ------8 - 15 CHAPTER 9 DETAILED SURVEY AND OUTLINE DESIGN ON THE PRIORITY PROJECT

Figure 9.7.1 Framework of Level-2 Water Supply Scheme ------9 - 9 Figure 9.7.2 Framework of Level-1 Water Supply Scheme ------9 - 11 Figure 9.7.3 Layout Plan of Isanga Village, Nzega District ------9 - 13 Figure 9.7.4 Layout Plan of Mpumbuli Village, Tabora Rural District ------9 - 14 Figure 9.7.5 Layout Plan of Mabama Village, Tabora Rural District ------9 - 15 Figure 9.7.6 Layout Plan of Kakola Village, Tabora Municipality------9 - 16 Figure 9.7.7 Well Structure of Deep Well for Level-2 and Level-1 Schemes ------9 - 17 Figure 9.7.8 Structure of Transmission and Distribution Pipelines ------9 - 18 Figure 9.7.9 Structure of Distribution Tank ------9 - 19 Figure 9.7.10 Structure of Public Water Point ------9 - 20 Figure 9.7.11 Structure of Deep Well with Hand Pump (Level-1) ------9 - 21 Figure 9.8.1 Conceptual Structure for the Project Implementation ------9 - 24 Figure 9.9.1 Location of Priority Villages ------9 - 26 CHAPTER 10 SOCIO-ECONOMY IN TARGET VILLAGES OF PRIORITY PROJECT

Figure 10.4.1 Income source of Target Villages ------10 - 3 Figure 10.4.2 Ownership of Radios ------10 - 4 Figure 10.4.3 Ownership of Mobile Phones ------10 - 4 Figure 10.4.4 Ownership of Means of Transportation ------10 - 4 Figure 10.4.5 Building Materials for Roofing ------10 - 4 Figure 10.4.6 Building Materials for Walls ------10 - 4

xx Figure 10.4.7 Illiteracy Rate of Adult Males ------10 - 5 Figure 10.4.8 Illiteracy Rate of Adult Females ------10 - 5 Figure 10.4.9 Illiteracy Rate of Both Males and Females ------10 - 5 Figure 10.4.10 Monthly Household Income ------10 - 6 Figure 10.4.11 Month of Income ------10 - 6 Figure 10.4.12 Mean Household Expenditure (Tsh/Household/Month) ------10 - 6 Figure 10.4.13 Types of Community-Based Organizations ------10 - 7 Figure 10.4.14 Experience of Communal Activities ------10 - 7 Figure 10.4.15 Type of Contribution for Communal Activities ------10 - 8 Figure 10.4.16 Responsibility of Fetching Water ------10 - 8 Figure 10.4.17 Means of Transportation to Water Sources ------10 - 8 Figure 10.4.18 Washing Premises ------10 - 9 Figure 10.4.19 Decision Makers within Households ------10 - 9 Figure 10.4.20 Existing Water Sources for Drinking ------10 - 10 Figure 10.4.21 Satisfaction with Water Quality ------10 - 11 Figure 10.4.22 Satisfaction with Water Quality ------10 - 11 Figure 10.4.23 Time Taken to Fetch Water ------10 - 11 Figure 10.4.24 Queuing Time at Water Points ------10 - 11 Figure 10.4.25 Priorities of Village Development ------10 - 12 Figure 10.4.26 Needs for Water Facilities Even If Payment Required ------10 - 12 Figure 10.4.27 Existing Water Management Organization in Target Villages ------10 - 13 Figure 10.4.28 Most Desirable Water Facility Type ------10 - 15 Figure 10.4.29 Preferred Model of Payment for Water ------10 - 17 CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

Figure 11.1.1 Flowchart of JICA Environmental and Social Consideration Procedure ------11 - 2 Figure 11.3.1 Flowchart of Tanzania EIA Procedure ------11 - 7 Figure 11.3.2 Submission Procedure of EIS ------11 - 8 Figure 11.3.3 MoW’s ESMF Procedure ------11 - 11 Figure 11.3.4 Relationship of Procedures Applicable to the Study ------11 - 12 Figure 11.4.1 Project Site Map ------11 - 16 Figure 11.4.2 Study Flow ------11 - 17 Figure 11.4.3 Typical Water Supply Facilities ------11 - 18 Figure 11.5.1 Environmental and Social Consideration Implementation Schedule ------11 - 25 CHAPTER 13 GIS AND DATABASE

Figure 13.2.1 Design of the GIS Data Folder ------13 - 3 CHAPTER 14 URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLAN

Figure 14.3.1 Location of Water Supply Facilities of IGUWASA ------14 - 6

xxi Figure 14.3.2 Water Supply Flowchart of IGUWASA ------14 - 7 Figure 14.3.3 Organisational Chart of IGUWASA ------14 - 9 Figure 14.3.4 Location of Water Supply Facilities of NZUWASA ------14 - 14 Figure 14.3.5 Water Supply Flowchart of NZUWASA ------14 - 15 Figure 14.3.6 Organisational Chart of NZUWASA ------14 - 17 Figure 14.3.7 Organisational Chart of WEDECO ------14 - 17 Figure 14.3.8 Location of Water Supply Facilities of SUWASA ------14 - 26 Figure 14.3.9 Water Supply Flowchart of SUWASA ------14 - 27 Figure 14.3.10 Organisation Chart of SUWASA ------14 - 29 Figure 14.3.11 Location of Water Supply Facilities of TUWASA ------14 - 37 Figure 14.3.12 Water Supply Flowchart of TUWASA ------14 - 38 Figure 14.3.13 Organisation Chart of TUWASA ------14 - 40 Figure 14.3.14 Location of Water Supply Facilities of UUWASA ------14 - 50 Figure 14.3.15 Water Supply Flowchart of UUWASA ------14 - 51 Figure 14.3.16 Organisation Chart of UUWASA ------14 - 53 Figure 14.4.1 Installation of Baffle Plates into Flocculation Basin (Plan and Section) ------14 - 65 Figure 14.4.2 Installation of Inclined Plates in the Flocculation Basin ------14 - 65 Figure 14.4.3 Nyasa Tank Distribution Area (Above: Present, Below: After Improvement) ----- 14 - 67

APPENDIX

Figure 6.7 Location of Candidate Villages for Priority Project

xxii ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMO Assistant Medical Officer ARI Acute Respiratory Infection ATP Affordability-to-Pay B/C Ratio Benefit/Cost Ratio CBM Community-Based Management CBO Community-Based Organization CBRC Community Based Resources Centre CCHP Council Comprehensive Health Plan CHMT Council Health Management Team CI Cast Iron CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation CO Clinical Officer COWSO Community-Owned Water Supply Organization CWSD Community Water Supply Division DDCA Drilling & Dam Construction Agency DED District Executive Officer DEM Digital Elevation Model DEO District Education Officer DHIS District Health Information System DHO District Health Officer DI Ductile Iron DN Digital Number DOM District Operational Manual DP Development Partner DSM DTH Down The Hole Hammer DWE District Water Engineer DWSP District Water Sanitation Plan DWST District Water and Sanitation Team EC Electric Conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EIS Environmental Impact Statement E/N Exchange of Notes ESAs External Support Agencies ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework

xxiii EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulation Authority FBO Faith-Based Organization FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System G.L Ground Level GNP Gross National Product GPS Global Positioning System GSP Galvanized Steel Pipe HDPE High Density Polyethylene HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMIS Health Management Information System HSSP Health Sector Strategic Plan IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEE Initial Environmental Examination IGUWASA Igunga Urban Water Supply Authority IPD Inpatient Department IRR Internal Rate of Return JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JPY Japanese yen JWSR Joint Water Sector Review JWWA Japan Water Works Association LGA Local Governmental Authority L.W.L Low Water Level MDG Millennium Development Goals MKUKUTA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini Tanzania MMAM Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Afya ya Msingi MoHSW Ministry of Health and Social Welfare MoNRT Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism MoW Ministry of Water MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation MoWLD Ministry of Water and livestock Development MWE Municipal Water Engineer MWST Municipal Water and Sanitation Team NAWAPO National Water Policy NBS National Bureau of Statistics NCD Non-Communicable Disease NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NEMC National Environmental Management Council

xxiv NEP National Environmental Policy NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOx Nitrogen Oxide NPV Net Present Value NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty NWP National Water Policy NWSDS National Water Sector Development Strategy NZUWASA Nzega Urban Water Supply Authority O&M Operation and Maintenance OPD Outpatient Department PAP Project Affected Person PE Polyethylene Pipe PEA Preliminary Environmental Assessment PEDP Primary Education Development Programme PHAST Participatory Health and Sanitation Transformation PHSDP Primary Health Services Development Programme PIM Program Implementation Manual POM Programme Operational Manual PP Progect Proponent PPP Public Private Partnership PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PVC Polyvinyl Chloride PWP Public Water Point PWSS Piped Water Supply Schemes RAP Resettlement Action Plan RHMT Regional Health Management Team RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RWST Regional Water and Sanitation Team SC Specific Capacity SEAMIC Southern and Eastern African Mineral Centre SECO Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SEDP Secondary Education Development Programme SMS Short Message SOx Sulfur Oxide SR Scoping Report SRTM Shuttle Radar Terrain Model SUWASA Sikonge Urban Water Supply Authority S/W Scope of Work SWAP Sector Wide Approach to Planning TAC Technical Advisory Committee

xxv TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund TDS Total Dissolved Solid ToR Terms of Reference TRC Technical Review Committee Tsh Tanzania shilling T.T.S Tanzania Temporary Standards TUWASA Tabora Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority UfW Unaccounted-for water UNDP United Nations Development Programme UPP User-Pay Principle USD US Dollar UTM Universal Transverse Mercator System UUWASA Urambo Urban Water Supply Authority UWSA Urban Water Supply Authority UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sewarage UWSSP Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Programme VEO Village Executive Officer VHC Village Health Committee VHW Village Health Worker V.I.P Ventilation Improved Pit latrine VWC Village Water Committee WATSAN Water and Sanitation WHO World Health Organization WSDP Water Sector Development Programme WSPR Water Sector Performance Report WSSA Water Supply and Sanitation Authority WTP Willingness-to-Pay WUA Water User Association WUG Water User Group cm centimeter kWh kilowatt hour L liter m meter masl meter above sea level mbgl meter below ground level mg milligram mH meter Head min minute ml milliliter

xxvi mS millisiemense 2 m square meter 3 m cubic meter sec second

xxvii PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE STUDY AREA

1: Inserberg of the basement rock 2: Typical residence form in Tabora region (Tabora Municipality） (residences are scattered around a hill) (Tabora Municipality)

3: Weathering of a bedrock (Urambo District） 4: A woman fetching water from a hole dug near a river (Igunga District)

5: A piped water supply water supply scheme 6: A girl fetching water from unprotected under repairing (Level-2) (Nzega District) traditional water source (Sikonge District)

P - 1 7: A woman fetching deteriorated water 8: A girl pumping water from a shallow well (Tabora Rural District) with a hand pump (Tabora Municipality)

9: The water source in Igunga District 10: The Office of NZUWASA, operated by (Bulenya Dam) (Igunga District) private sector (Nzega District)

11: An abandoned distribution tank 12: A functioning piped water supply scheme (Sikonge District) (Tabora Rural District)

P - 2 13: Water venders (Tabora Municipality) 14: A malfunctioned piped water supply scheme (Urambo District)

15: The water source of SUWASA (Mtyatya 16: Girls fetching water from a shallow well Dam) (Sikonge District) (hand pump was stolen soon after the installation) (Tabora Municipality)

17: Socio-economic survey at a village 18: The weather observation site at Tabora airport (Tabora Municipality)

P - 3 19: Geophysical Survey (Radon method) 20: Two-dimensional resistivity survey

21: Test well drilling (development work） 22: Repairing of a hand pump (Nata village, Nzega District)

23: A malfunctioned hand pump 24: Mpumbuli village (Tabora Rural District) (Isanga village, Nzega Distrit)

P - 4 25: People fetching water from a shallow well 26: Kakola village (Nzega District) (Mabama village, Tabora Rural District)

27: Busomeke village (Igunga District) 28: Makomelo village (Nzega District)

29: Kasandalala village (Sikonge District) 30: Imalamakoye village (Urambo District)

P - 5 Chapter 1 Introduction

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The United Republic of Tanzania (hereinafter referred to as “Tanzania”) is located in the eastern part of Africa covering 884,000km2. The total population reaches 33.58 million according to the result of census in 2002. GNP is US$330/capita in 2004 (estimation). The Study Area, Tabora Region lies in the central part of Tanzania and occupies 76,700km2 of area. Population is projected as 2,140 x 103 in 2008. Annual precipitation is 952.3mm (average between 1999 and 2008). There observed a rainy season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The Government of Tanzania started Rural Water Supply Project in 1971 aiming to provide safe and clean water to the entire nation within a 400m of distance. The Ministry of Water1 (MoW) has been continued the efforts to improve the water supply coverage formulating “Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)” in 2000 and “MKUKUTA (National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) )” in 2005. NSGRP targets to improve water supply coverage from 53% to 65% in the rural area and from 73% to 100% in the urban area up to the year 2010. However, it is likely difficult to realize the target. Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) formulated the “Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP)” in 2006 to improve the water supply coverage using the basket fund based on the Sector Wide Approach for Planning (SWAp). The WSDP intends to realize the 74% of water supply coverage of the rural area in 2015 and 90% in 2025, and 95% in 2015 and 100% in 2025 for the urban area. The water supply coverage of Tabora Region, the Study Area, is low, 49.1% in 2008 against the national average of 58.3%. Its major reason is hydrogeological difficulty of developing groundwater. Furthermore, many water supply schemes are left un-functioning due to improper operation and maintenance. Many people are using deteriorated water sources without using safe and clean water sources. It is said a lot of community people suffered from water borne diseases. Therefore, it is requested to develop water supply schemes as well as to improve people’s awareness of public health and hygiene. In order to overcome these situations, Tanzania requested to Japan to implement a study in Tabora Region on groundwater potential evaluation, construction of database, formulation of rural water supply plan following the WSDP concept and feasibility study of priority projects to be formulated through the study. In response to the request, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) carried out a preparatory study in February 2009 and concluded the Scope of Work of the Study. Accordingly, the Study is commenced in August 2009.



1 Ministry of Water changed its name from Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) in November 2010.

1 - 1 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the Study are;

(1) Formulation of water supply plan for Tabora Region,

(2) Preliminary design of priority projects and to carry out a feasibility study, and (3) To develop the capacity of counterpart personnel of MoW and other authorities concerned in the course of the Study. 1.3 STUDY AREA AND STUDY TARGET VILLAGES

1.3.1 STUDY AREA

The Study covers the one (1) Municipality and five (5) Districts as shown below: Igunga, Nzega, Sikonge, Tabora Rural, Tabora Municipality and Urambo.

1.3.2 TARGET VILLAGES FOR THE STUDY

The administrative structure of the Local Governments in the Study Area is shown in Figure 1.3.1.

Administrative Unit

Tabora Region

Tabora Urban District県 （Tabora Municipal) (Igunga, Nzega,District Tabora Rural, Sikonge, Urambo)

Ward Ward

Street Village Village Small Township

Suｂ-Village Suｂ-Village Street

Urban Area Rural Area Urban Area

Target Area of Rural Water Supply Plan

Figure 1.3.1 Administrative Structure of the Local Governments in the Study Area The total number of Street, Small Township and Village (hereinafter referred to as “Villages”) is 666 as shown in Table 1.3.1. Among them, the number of target villages for the Study is confirmed to be 547 by the Socio-Economic Survey described in Chapter 2. Street is the lowest administrative unit in the urban area. Small Township is the centre of the

1 - 2 Chapter 1 Introduction

District. A Village is subdivided into Sub-Villages. A Small Township is also subdivided into Streets, while Street in the urban area is not subdivided. Villages are subject to subdivided or changed to Small Township as the population of villages increases. However, details have not been announced. Therefore, villages confirmed in the Socio-Economic Survey are the target villages of the Study. These are subdivided into 2,918 sub-villages. Table 1.3.1 Number and Population of Target Villages of the Study District Street Small Village Sub Population in Population /Municipality (A) Township (C) Villages Target Villages Ratio (B) (2009) (%) Igunga 0 1 97 630 363,188 19.3 Nzega 0 1 152 978 469,112 24.9 Sikonge 0 0 53 229 164,219 8.7 Tabora Rural 0 0 109 467 393,552 20.9 Tabora Municipality 117 0 24 117 58,842 3.1 Urambo 0 0 112 497 435,277 23.1 Total 117 2 547 2,918 1,884,190 100.0 Total (A+B+C) 666 - - -

1.3.3 TARGET POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The Study Area includes the entire rural area and a part of the urban area as mentioned in Table 1.3.1 above. The population of the target area in 2009 is 1,884 x 103 persons. It is projected to become 2,801 x 103 persons in the target year of the Study 2020. 1.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY

The Community Water Supply Division (CWSD) of the Ministry of Water (MoW) was assigned as the counterpart organization by the Government of Tanzania, while the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) was assigned as the official agency responsible for the implementation of the technical cooperation program of the Government of Japan. The study was conducted by the Japanese study team, comprised members of Earth System Science Co., Ltd. in association with Japan Techno Co. Ltd and Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. , officially retained by JICA for the Study, and the counterpart staff provided by MoW, Tabora Region and, five (5) Districts and one (1) Municipality. The total schedule of the Study is shown in the Flow Chart (See, Figure 1.6.1). The Study was commenced in August 2009 and completed in May 2011. 1.5 COMPOSITION OF THE REPORT

This Final Report summarizes the results obtained through the Study conducted from August 2009 to May 2011. 1.6 MEMBERS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY

1) The JICA Study Team

The Team is composed of the following 16 members shown in Table 1.6.1.

1 - 3 Chapter 1 Introduction

Table 1.6.1 List of Members of the Study Team Name Assignment Mr. Yasumasa YAMASAKI Team Leader/Rural Water Supply Planner Mr. Takuya YABUTA Deputy Team Leader/Groundwater Development Planner Mr. Masakazu SAITO Hydrogeologist 1，Implementation and Procurement Planner/Cost Estimator 1 Mr. Tadashi YAMAKAWA Hydrogeologist 2 Mr. Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA Specialist for Water Quality, Database/GIS 1 Mr. Shigekazu FUJISAWA Hydrologist/Meteorologist Ms. Mana ISHIGAKI Socio-Economist Mr. Teruki MURAKAMI Urban Water Supply Planner Mr. Susumu ENDO Geophysicist 1 Mr. Kengo OHASHI Geophysicist 2 Mr. Tatsuya SUMIDA Drilling Engineer, Supervisor of Hand Pump Repairing, Implementation and Procurement Planner/Cost Estimator 2 Mr. Daisuke NAKAJIMA Water Supply Facility Designer Mr. Naoki MORI Specialist for Operation and Maintenance Mr. Norikazu YAMAZAKI Specialist for Environment and Social Consideration Mr. Naoki TAKE Specialist for `Public Health and Hygiene Mr. Tadashi SATO Coordinator, Specialist for Database/GIS 2 2) Ministry of Water: MoW Table 1.6.2 List of Members of the Ministry of Water Name Position Mr. Chiristopher N. Sayi Permanent Secretary Mr. John A. Mukumwa Director, Community Water Supply Division Ms. Frida Rweyemamu Assistant Director, Community Water Supply Division Mr. Gibson J. Kisaka Assistant Director, Community Water Supply Division 3) Regional Water Expert and District/Municipal Water Engineers A total of 11 members composed of Regional Water Expert, and District/Municipal Water Engineers and their staff are involved in the Study. Table 1.6.3 List of Regional Water Expert and Water Engineers Name Position Mr. Muhibu Sosthenes Lubasa Regional Water Expert, Tabora Region Senior Hydrogeologist, Tabora Water Office, Mr. Benard Chikarabhani Lake Tanganyika Basin Water Office Mr. Gaston R. Ntulo District Water Engineer, Igunga District Ms. Mariam Majala District Water Engineer, Nzega District Mr. Paschal Ngunda John District Water Engineer, Sikonge District Mr. Nicodemo N. M District Water Engineer, Tabora Rural District Mr. Faustine K. Misango Acting District Water Engineer, Tabora Rural District Mr. Mohamed Almas Municipal Water Engineer, Tabora Municipality Mr. Rebman Ganshonga District Water Engineer, Urambo District Mr. Joseph Kubena Environmental Coordinator Mr. Wilson Shadrack Yomba Acting Regional Environmental Officer

1 - 4 Chapter 1 Introduction

Period Phase Stage Contents Reports

【1-1】 Collection and review of existing data

【1-2】 Examination of study approach and methodology

【1-3】 Iterpretation of satellite Image

【1-4】 Preparation Inception Report Preparatory study in Japan

Inception Report Meeting with 【1-5】 Discussion of Inception Report Inception English：45 sets counterpart Report Collection, review and analyses of exisisting 【1-6】 data 【1-7】 Field survey

1）Socio-economy 1）Existing conditions of water supply and 2）Natural Conditions water supply facility 3）Superior plan and activities of other donors and 2）Socio-economic survey NGO 3）Ground truth of satellite image 4）Relevant laws, regulations and institutions 4）Water quality analysis 5）Existing organizations related to water supply 5) Field survey of urban water supply condition 6）Data related to existing water supply scheme and system

Phase 1 Phase 6) Meteorological and hydrological survey

Progress Progress Report Preparation, Presentation and Discussin of Meeting with Report 【1-8】 English：45 sets Progress Report counterpart August March 2009 2010 ～

【1-9】 Training for Improved Operation and Maintenance

【1-10】 Study on groudwater development potential 1st Study in Tanzania 【1-11】 Estimation of water demand 1）Construction of preliminary hydrogeological map and evaluation of groundwater development potential by district 2）Construction of database and data entry 【1-12】 Formulation of Water Supply Plan

【1-13】 Selection of priority project and villages Interim Report Meeting with Interim English：45 sets 【1-14】 Preparation, Presentation and Discussin of Interim Report counterpart Report Assistance to prepare a request of 【1-15】 Reporting of Results of Field priority project 【1-16】 Survey to EOJ and JICA Office

【2-1】 Survey of Current Situation of Candidate Villages（Detailed Socio-Economic Survey）

【2-2】 Detailed Groundwater Investigation

1）Aerial photograph interpretation 2）Hydrogeological field reconnaissance 3 Geophysical prospecting

【2-3】 Supplementary Survey and Collection of Necessary Information

【2-5】 Survey for Preliminary Design of Water Supply Selection of 【2-4】 Priority Villages 1）Examination of type of facilities and layout 2）Topographical survey 3）Execution of soil bearing test

Collection of Information for Approximate Cost Estimation, Construction Plan and 【2-6】 Procurement Plan for the Priority Project

1）Collection of information necessary for approximate cost estimation in the level of basic design study for the priority project 2）Collection of information of suppliers, accessibility to construction site and transportation method, delivery time for procurement etc. 3）Investigation of local construction companies 4) Investigation of situation of procurement of equipment and materials 5) Other issues to be considered

【2-7】 Technical Assistance for Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)

【2-8】 Repairing of Handpump 【2-9】 Technical Training in Third Country 【2-10】 Report about Field Survey

Approximate Project Cost Preliminary Design of Formulation of Construction and 【2-13】 【2-12】 Estimation 【2-11】 Water Supply Scheme for Equipment Procurement Plan the Priority Project Phase 2 Phase 【2-14】 Formulation of Soft Component Plan

May 2010 ～ MayMay 2010 2011 ～ 【2-15】 Evaluation of Priority Project 1st Study in Japan 2nd Study in Tanzania

【2-16】 Preparation of Draft Final Report

【2-17】 Submission and discussion of Draft Final Report Draft Final Report Meeting with Draft Final English：45 sets counterpart Report 3rd Study in Tanzania

Final Report English：72 sets

Meeting with Final CD-ROM counterpart Report English：72 sets

【2-18】 Preparation and Submission of Final Report 2nd Study in Japan

Figure 1.6.1 Flow Chart of the Study Work

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CHAPTER 2 SOCIO-ECONOMY

2.1 GENERAL This Chapter provides socio-economic information from the regional profile as well as the outcomes and findings of the socio-economic survey conducted by the JICA Study Team. The survey collected information for selection of priority projects, formulation of the water supply plan, design of priority projects and formulation of public health and hygiene plans. The collected information pertains to demography, infrastructure, economy, health, other basic social services, and gender issues.

2.1.1 REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (1) Administrative Structure As explained in Chapter 1, the Tabora Region has the following administrative divisions: district; ward. Ward is sub-divided into village and sub-village in rural areas, or small townships and streets in urban areas. The region has five districts (Igunga, Nzega, Sikonge, Tabora Rural, and Urambo) and one municipality (Tabora). Although each district has an ‘urban area’ and a ‘rural area’, this study focuses on the latter. However, the study includes two small townships from Igunga and Nzega as villages. As Table 2.1.1 shows, target villages of the study are included 6 districts and municipality, 121 wards and 547 villages. Table 2.1.1 Numbers of Wards and Villages in Target Areas in Tabora Region District/Municipality Ward Village Igunga District 26 97 Nzega District 36 152 Sikonge District 11 53 Tabora Rural District 17 109 Tabora Municipality 8 24 Urambo District 23 112 Total 121 547 (2) Ethnic Groups There are two main ethnic groups in the Tabora Region: Nyamwezi and Sukuma. Nyamwezi are primarily engaged in agriculture, and Sukuma are both farmers and livestock keepers. As minorities, there are Ha in Urambo and Wanyiramba and Taturu in Igunga, who are purely livestock keepers. Wakimbu live in Sikonge. refugees are based in Urambo. (3) GDP Tabora’s regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2008 was Tanzania shilling (Tsh) 932,640 million (US Dollar (USD) 738,199,000: USD 1 =Tsh 1,263.4), which accounts for 4.2% of the national GDP, Tsh 22,452,059 million (USD 17,771,141,000). This amount is ranked the 10th among the 21 , excluding . GDP per capita of Tabora region in 2008 was Tsh 429,605 (USD 340.0), the 14th among the 21 regions. Tabora’s GDP per capita was 24.5% less than GDP per capita of Tanzania Mainland excluding Zanzibar which is Tsh 568,771 (USD 450.2) (Source: GDP amount: Tabora Regional Economist, Exchange rate: Bank of Tanzania, Annual Report 2008/09). (4) Economic Infrastructure 1) Road Network Tabora Municipality, the centre of the region, is located in the central part within the regional boundary and connected to each district by roads. The overall road condition is poor. There

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are no tarmac roads in the region excess in Tabora Municipality, Nzega and Igunga. As shown in Table 2.1.2, in the Tabora Region, the total length of tarmac roads is 161km and that of gravel roads is 1,082km. The vast majority of the region’s roads, 4,386km, are made of earth. It is necessary to pave earth roads for better access to villages, markets, and social services in rural areas. Table 2.1.2 Length of Road Network by Type of Road Surface and by District District/Municipality Tarmac Gravel Earth Total Igunga District 88 206 725 1,019 Nzega District 62 220 764 1,046 Sikonge District - 335 629 964 Tabora Rural District - 140 1,023 1,163 Tabora Municipality 11 141 240 392 Urambo District - 40 1,006 1,047 Total 161 1,082 4,386 5,630 Source: District Engineers from respective districts (Unit: km) Reliability of roads during the rainy season is important for planning the study and implementation of the project. As Table 2.1.3 and Figure 2.1.1 shows, less than 40% of the roads in Igunga, Sikonge and Tabora Rural are passable during the rainy season. In contrast, Tabora Municipality and Urambo have relatively good roads that are passable even in the rainy season at 77% and 90% respectively. Thus the timing of conducting surveys, especially in the rainy season, must be carefully considered. Table 2.1.3 Length of Road Network Passable Year Round by District District/Municipality Passable year Not passable total % Passable round during rainy season Igunga District 306 713 1,019 30% Nzega District 790 256 1,046 76% Sikonge District 134 201 335 40% Tabora Rural 359 804 1,163 31% District Tabora Municipality 302 90 392 77% Urambo District 940 166 1,046 90% Total 2,831 2,230 5,001 57% Source: District Engineers from respective districts (Unit: km)

Urambo

Tabora Municipality Passable Tabora Rural year round Sikonge

Nzega

Igunga

0% 50% 100%

Figure 2.1.1 Percentage of Road Network Passable Year Round by District

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2) Railway Network Tabora is the hub of the railway network in western Tanzania, and has an advantage in transportation of goods. The eastern line is connected to Dar es Salaam, the western one to Municipality, and the northern one to city, respectively. Among the railway network, 55km is in Nzega, 236km in Tabora Rural, 275km in Urambo, and 38km in Tabora Municipality. The total length of railway lines in the region is 604km. 3) Air Transport Service Tabora has one airport in Tabora Municipality, and ten airstrips for light aircraft. The airstrips are one in Igunga, four (4) in Nzega, one in Tabora Rural, and four (4) in Urambo. 4) Electricity Tabora Region depends on the National Grid for its electricity needs. According to the Regional Profile 2008, Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) provided 95 million kWh to Tabora in 2006. Rural electrification in Tabora has stagnated. The 2002 Population Census indicates that 12,965 households out of 291,369 in Tabora Region have access to electricity, which accounts for only 4.45% of the total households. (5) Poverty Indicators This section examines three selected poverty indicators of respective districts in the region. First, the portion below the basic needs poverty line is provided by headcount. The international standard for the poverty line set in 1993 is one (1) USD per day at the Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate. Meanwhile, as the Poverty and Human Development Report 2005 explains, the poverty line in Tanzania is set as USD 0.26/adult/day at the PPP exchange rate. As Table 2.1.4 shows, of all the residents, 48% in Igunga and Tabora Rural, 43% in Sikonge, and 41% in Urambo live under the poverty line. In Nzega, 35% of the people are under the poverty line, which is almost the same as the Tanzania average of 36%. The best district is Tabora Municipality where 23% of the people are under the poverty line. Secondly, the Gini Coefficient measures the inequality of income distribution. It varies from zero, which indicates perfect equality, with every household earning exactly the same, to one, which indicate perfect inequality between the rich and the poor. The Gini Coefficient of 0.3 or higher indicates substantial inequality in income distribution. The Gini Coefficient in Tabora is not severe compared to the Tanzania average of 0.35. The district which has the largest inequality is Tabora Municipality (0.33) and the one with the smallest inequality is Tabora Rural (0.30). Thirdly, the poverty gap is given by the depth of poverty below the poverty line, as a proportion of the line. The non-poor are counted as having a zero poverty gap. The poverty gap is large in Igunga and Tabora Rural (15) respectively, followed by Urambo (12) and Nzega (10). Poverty is not prevalent in Tabora Municipality with the poverty gap at six (6). Based on these three indicators, it is fair to say that the Tabora Region is relatively poor while inequality is smaller than the Tanzania average. In the region, Igunga is the poorest district in terms of the number of poor people and the depth of poverty. Many of the poor in the district may be facing chronic poverty that keeps them below the poverty line even in the harvest season. On the contrary, Tabora Municipality and Nzega are comparatively better off as they have fewer poor people. Moreover, some of those poor people may be the transitional poor who can rise above the poverty line during the harvest season. Urambo and Sikonge are moderate in terms of poverty indicators.

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Table 2.1.4 Selected Poverty Indicators in Tabora Region District/Municipality Percentage (%) of the Gini Poverty Gap population below the Coefficient 2000/01 poverty line 2000/01 2000/01 Igunga District 48 0.31 15 Nzega District 35 0.31 10 Sikonge District 43 0.31 12 Tabora Rural District 48 0.30 15 Tabora Municipality 23 0.33 6 Urambo District 41 0.31 12 Tanzania average 36 0.35 - Source: Poverty and Human Development Report, 2005 (6) Distribution of Budget by District by Sector Figure 2.1.2 depicts the distribution of the accumulated budget 2009/10 of the districts by sector. As a regional total, the education sector receives the highest portion, followed by local government administration and health including HIV/AIDS. These sectors have their own basket fund from the sector ministries of the central government. The water sector comes fourth with the proportion of 5%. Thus budget allocation for the water sector is smaller than that for other major sectors.

Administratio Other Water n 0% 5% 25% Infrastructur e 1% Agricuture/Li Education vestock 4% 47% Health& HIV/AIDS 18%

Figure 2.1.2 Distribution of Accumulated Budget by Sector in Tabora Region (2009/10) 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

2.2.1 OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The purposes of the Socio-Economic Survey are to provide the following: i) target villages for the study to formulate the Rural Water Supply Plan; ii) socio-economic information of the Tabora Region as a general background of the study; iii) basic information of six (6) districts in the study area, which is necessary for the formulation of the rural water supply strategy; and iv) baseline information required for the plan of intervention to strengthen the capacity of the implementing agency, service providers and communities to manage the water supply facilities. The field study is contracted out to a Dar es Salaam-based local consultant. The JICA Study Team supervised the local consultant throughout the survey process. The field survey started in October and ended in November, along with the inventory survey. The field survey, carried out by three field survey teams, covered all the villages in Tabora Region by means of key informant interviews with questionnaires. Data analysis was done by the consultant.

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2.2.2 SURVEY ITEMS Table 2.2.1 shows the survey items. Table 2.2.1 Survey Items General Information Global Positioning System (GPS)

Coordinates Key Informant Population and Household Population Number of Sub-villages Dwelling Type Distance to District Town Village and Sub-Village within the Forest Reserve Economy Main Source of Income

Local Industry Household Income and Expenditure Month of Cash Income Health and Sanitation Access to Health Sanitation Primary Health Care Provider Common Illness Type of Toilet Facility Basic Social Service Water Supply Facility Access to Educational Facility Adult Literacy Rate Material for Wall and Roof Energy Source for Lighting Type of Community Organisation Any Other Issues Gender Issue Responsibility for Fetching Water Time for Fetching Water Decision Maker

2.2.3 OUTCOME OF THE SURVEY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (1) Village and Population Here are the two necessary conditions for formulating a water supply plan of Level-2 (piped water supply scheme with public water point): 1) a sufficient water source for the village’s water demand is available; and 2) the population is large enough for the collection of sufficient water tariffs which allow the proper operation and maintenance. Based on the experiences of grant aid from the Government of Japan, a population of more than 2,500 is necessary for the proper operation and maintenance of Level-2. In addition, the dwelling type of the village, i.e., distribution of the sub-villages and homesteads, is an important parameter to determine the level of water supply scheme to the villages. Namely, the concentrated type is favourable for cost effectiveness. Based on these points, this section defines the target village, population and analyses the dwelling type. Besides, it provides information on villages within the forest reserve areas which were not considered in the planning stage of the study. 1) Target Village As stated in Chapter 1 and shown in Table 2.2.2, the number of target villages for the Socio-Economic Survey is 547. As this study focuses on the Rural Water Supply, urban areas, ie, towns within Tabora Municipality, Igunga Small Township and Nzega Small Township were excluded from the target areas. Village location is shown in Figure 2.2.1.

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FIGURE 2.2.1 VILLAGE LOCATION IN TABORA REGION THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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Table 2.2.2 Number of Villages Where Field Survey was Conducted District/Municipality Number of Number of Number of Wards Villages Sub-Villages Igunga District 26 97 630 Nzega District 36 152 978 Sikonge District 11 53 229 Tabora Rural District 17 109 467 Tabora Municipality 8 24 117 Urambo District 23 112 497 Total 121 547 2,918 2) Findings on Demography Through the field survey, the JICA Study Team encountered difficulties in obtaining population statistics and the number of households through interviews in villages. The team’s target contact person as a key informant was either the Village Executive Officer (VEO) or chairperson of the Village Council who were supposed to keep all official records on village administrative issues. However, it was found that about 20% of the villages have no office to keep official documents. Even if they have offices, record keeping was in poor condition. The districts and the region also depend on information of the census 2002. Until the next census in 2012, no official data are available on the 31 newly registered villages. 3) Population and Household Size The total population of 547 villages is 1,884,190 and the average household size is 6.3 persons. Table 2.2.3 Population and Household Size of Target Villages District/Municipality Number of Population Average villages 2009 household size Igunga District 97 363,188 7.7 Nzega District 152 469,112 5.8 Sikonge District 53 164,219 6.3 Tabora Rural District 109 393,552 5.8 Tabora Municipality 24 58,842 4.8 Urambo District 112 435,277 6.8 Total 547 1,884,190 6.3 4) Population Forecast Based on the population growth rate which is shown in Census 2002, future population is estimated. Here a linear, not exponential, curve is applied. Table 2.2.4 and Figure 2.2.2 give population projections for 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025. The target population for the study is the one of 2020 which is estimated as 2,800,926. Water demand is estimated at 0.025 m3/day (25 liter/day) as Ministry of Water and Irrigation defines. Detailed demand in each village is shown from Table 2.1 to Table 2.6 in the end of this chapter.

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Table 2.2.4 Population Forecast from 2009 to 2025 District/Municipality Growth Rate 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 census 2002 (1988-2002) Igunga District 363,188 375,586 443,920 524,687 620,146 3.4% Nzega District 469,112 480,913 544,101 615,589 696,471 2.5% Sikonge District 164,219 169,995 201,893 239,779 284,780 3.5% Tabora Rural District 393,552 407,381 483,833 574,633 682,471 3.5% Tabora Municipality 58,842 61,854 79,318 101,710 130,426 5.1% Urambo District 435,277 457,092 583,369 744,528 950,213 5.0% Total 1,884,190 1,952,821 2,336,434 2,800,926 3,364,507 3.6%

Population 1,000,000 Igunga

900,000 Nzega Sikonge

800,000 Tabora Rural

Tabora Municipality 744,528 700,000 Urambo 615,589

600,000 574,633 469,112 500,000 524,687 435,277 400,000 393,552 300,000 363,188

200,000 239,779

164,219 100,000 101,710 58,842 0 20092010 2015 2020 2025 Year

Figure 2.2.2 Population Forecast from 2009 to 2025 5) Dwelling Type The dwelling type of the village, i.e., distribution of sub-villages and homesteads, is an important parameter to determine the level of water supply scheme to the village. In the field survey, the following four dwelling types were observed: 1) Concentrated type: most households are close to one another as well as to sub-villages; 2) Linear type: households and sub-villages are developed along roads; 3) Clustered type: distance to sub-villages is long, but households are in a compact area; and 4) Scattered type. For the planning of Level-2, the preferable dwelling types are 1) Concentrated type or 2) Linear type. If the water distribution boundary is selected within the village, 3) Clustered type is also acceptable.

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However, if any sub-village is in a higher elevation than the rest of the village, the sub-village will be excluded from the target area for Level-2 due to difficulty in water distribution by gravity. The Scattered type of villages will be excluded for the planning of Level-2 considering cost effectiveness. To meet the target distance of less than 400m between a water point and a dwelling as advocated in the National Water Policy, the number of public water points must be increased. Hence the cost for construction as well as operation and maintenance will be too high. On the other hand, for Level-1, it is not necessary to consider the dwelling type and any type of village is acceptable. The most common dwelling type in Tabora is the Scattered type, with 34% as shown in Figure 2.2.3. The Concentrated and Linear types, the preferable types for Level-2, remain 18% within the region.

Concentrated 8% Linear 10% Mixed 25%

Clustered Schattered 23% 34%

Figure 2.2.3 Dwelling Type in Village in Tabora Region Table 2.2.5 and Figure 2.2.4 illustrate information on distance between the village centre and sub-villages. Each village has an average four (4) to six (6) sub-villages. 40% of sub-villages are located within 1km, but the average distance to sub-villages is 2.7km and 12% of villages are located more than 5km from the village centre. The interviews revealed that four (4) sub-villages of Igigwa village in Sikonge district are more than 80 to 100km away from the next village centre. Thus some sub-villages are not reachable during the rainy season because flooding makes roads impassable. Table 2.2.5 Number of Sub-Villages and Average Distance to Them District/Municipality Number of Average no. of Average distance to sub-villages per sub-villages per sub-village (km) district village Igunga District 630 6.5 2.9 Nzega District 978 6.4 2.2 Sikonge District 229 4.3 3.6 Tabora Rural District 467 4.3 3.6 Tabora Municipality 117 4.9 3 Urambo District 497 4.4 4.5 Total 2,918 5.3 2.7

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1200 1000 800 600 400

No. of Sub-Village of No. 200 0

Figure 2.2.4 Number of Sub-Villages and Average Distance to Them 6) Access to District Town Access to the town is one of the serious concerns of community people. Without a road in good condition, it is difficult to reach a market to buy spare parts for water facilities and sell their products, schools or health facilities. Table 2.2.6 shows average distances to district towns and transportation means from the community. The average distance to the district town is 38 km. 50.9% of the villages use a bicycle as the main means of transportation, followed by minibus (32.3%). Walking is applied to villages near the district town. If a village is in a remote area, transportation to the district town is limited to either motorbike or car. Urambo has some remote villages where roads are all impassable during the rainy season. In such villages, the only means for access to the district town is train. Table 2.2.6 Distance to District Town and Means to Reach There, by District District/ Average Motor Bicycle Minibus Car Walk Others Municipality Distance Bike Igunga District 46.7km 51.3% 28.0% 14.0% 2.7% 3.3% 0.7% Nzega District 41.4km 49.1% 41.1% 6.7% 2.5% 0% 0.6% Sikonge District 63.9km 65.5% 19.0% 0% 6.9% 8.6% 0% Tabora Rural 65.5km 47.5% 43.2% 4.2% 2.5% 1.7% 0.8% District Tabora 14.9km 68.8% 0% 3.1% 18.8% 6.3% 3.1% Municipality Urambo District 52.7km 46.5% 30.8% 4.7% 6.4% 7.0% 4.7% Total 38.0km 50.9% 32.3% 6.6% 4.6% 3.8% 1.7% 7) Villages and Sub-Villages within the Forest Reserve The field survey found that there are inhabitants within the forest reserve areas. There are three types of inhabitants according to the definition used by the district forest officer. One is encroachments who cut trees, cultivate land, and settle down within the forest reserve areas against the Forest Act 2002 (Act No 14). The second type is people who live in the registered villages whose authorized village boundaries are all included within the forest reserve. The third one is the villages whose centre is located outside, but some sub-villages are expanded inside, the forest reserve area. Table 2.2.7 shows the number of villages within forest reserve area. Other than Igunga and Tabora urban, there are villages within the forest reserve areas. As a total of the region, 38 villages are included. Some villages were officially registered more than 20 years ago and public services such as primary school or dispensary have been provided for many years. According to the manager of the regional catchment forest office in Tabora, a number of villages have been removed for securing a forest reserve. However, in such districts as Urambo and Sikonge that are mostly covered by the forest reserve, decision making of either secure life of

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local people or conserve the forest reserve is not easy. The JICA study targets only villages that are partially included within the forest reserve. If an entire village is included in the forest reserve, the village will not be selected for the priority projects. Table 2.2.7 Numbers of Village and Sub-Village in Forest Reserve Area, by District No. of Village No. of Sub-Village Forest Village Village inside of Outside of District Reserve Totally in partly in Forest Forest Total Total name Forest Forest Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve Nzega Puge South 5 0 5 34 0 34 District Puge North 2 0 2 17 0 17 Mwakalundi 5 0 5 21 0 21 Igombe 3 3 6 37 3 40 River Total 15 3 18 109 3 112 Sikonge Sikonge 3 2 5 14 9 23 District Total 3 2 5 14 9 23 Tabora Igombe 3 0 3 12 0 12 Rural River District Goweko 1 0 1 5 0 5 Total 4 0 4 17 0 17 Urambo Uliyanyakulu 5 0 5 20 0 20 District Igombe 2 4 6 26 6 32 River Total 7 4 11 46 6 52 Total - 29 9 38 186 19 205 (2) Economy It is clear that the responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M) is handed over to the community after the construction of water supply schemes. Thus water tariffs should be borne by the community. As Level-2 requires a higher O&M cost compared with Level-1, the village’s ability to pay water tariffs must be evaluated properly. If the villages do not meet certain conditions for collecting the water user fee, the water supply scheme must be changed to those with a lower O&M cost such as Level-1. In the regions of Dar es Salaam (DSM), Coast, Lindi, Mtwara and four regions in Central Plateau where grant aid water supply projects by the Government of Japan were implemented, one (1) Tsh/liter is the general water use fee for a piped water supply scheme. According to a previous project, the operation and maintenance cost including the rehabilitation cost for a Level-2 water supply facility whose target population is more than 2,500, can be covered by 1 Tsh/liter, with collection of fees from 80% of the population. Another condition is that the cost to be paid by the user community shall not exceed 5% of the household income. Based on these assumptions, information on the rural economy was collected in the field survey. 1) Income Source Like in other areas of Tanzania, agriculture is the main source of income in Tabora, amounting to 69.8% of income in villages as shown in Figure 2.2.5. Livestock keeping is also an important economic activity which provides 22.2% of the income in rural areas. Other minor income sources include beekeeping (3.2%), small-scale business, commerce (3.1%), fishing, charcoal making and mining.

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The instability of the annual rainfall pattern over the region differentiates crops in districts. In Igunga, the major crops are cotton, maize and sorghum due to low and short rainfall. In Urambo, rainfall is longer and more stable so that tobacco is cultivated as a cash crop. Over the region that has low land and wet land, rain-fed rice is produced. Maize, sorghum, paddy, cassava, sweet potato and bean are common food crops. Tobacco, groundnuts, cotton, sunflower are also produced as cash crops in the Tabora Region.

Chacoal Casual Mining Making Work 0.1% other 0.5% 0.2% Fishing 0.3% 0.6% Trading 3.1% Beekeepin g 3.2%

Livestock 22.2%

Farming 69.8%

Figure 2.2.5 Source of Income in Tabora Region 2) Local Industry No local industry is developed in the majority of the villages in Tabora. Most local industries are labour-intensive ones such as carpentry, brick making, pottery and oil processing by individuals utilising basic tools or manual machines. Marketing and sales are also limited within neighbouring communities. As an exception, in Matinje village in Igunga, gold mining has been developed and a relatively large-scale industry is observed. 3) Household Income and Expenditure As stated in the previous section, major economic activities in the Tabora Region are agriculture and livestock keeping. Therefore, information on household income was collected by questioning inhabitants about the volume of harvested agricultural products and their selling prices, together with cash income from livestock selling. Expenditure is collected by inquiring inhabitants about weekly cash expenditure per household for their consumption goods, food items, as well as school fees and other cash payments. Table 2.2.8 shows the median income and expenditure of households. In the region as a whole, the median income is Tsh 400,000 (equivalent to USD 333) per year, and the median expenditure is Tsh 600,000 (equivalent to USD 500). Igunga and Tabora Rural have the lowest income at Tsh 300,000, followed by Sikonge at Tsh 400,000. Nzega, Tabora Municipality and Urambo have a relatively high income of Tsh 500,000. In terms of expenditure, Urambo showed the highest amount at Tsh 800,000, followed by Sikonge with Tsh 700,000, then Sikonge and Tabora Municipality with Tsh 600,000. Igunga and Tabora Rural have the lowest expenditure at Tsh 550,000. In all districts, expenditure is higher than income, and amounts were not equal. It is assumed that income is reflected only by the amount of farm cash income and non-farming income is not considered. In fact, household income includes non-farming income such as self employment, transfers, employment in cash, employment paid in kind, and loans. As far as the survey is concerned, people in rural areas rarely save income for any purpose. Therefore, it is reasonable

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to think that expenditure shows the real amount of income. In short, Urambo is the wealthiest district in Tabora Region, and Igunga and Tabora Rural are the least wealthy in terms of cash income and expenditures. Table 2.2.8 Median of Household Income and Expenditure per Year District/Municipality Income Expenditure Igunga District 300,000 550,000 Nzega District 500,000 600,000 Sikonge District 400,000 700,000 Tabora Rural District 300,000 550,000 Tabora Municipality 500,000 600,000 Urambo District 500,000 800,000 Tabora Region 400,000 600,000 (Unit: Tsh) 4) Months of Income In most villages, months of cash income are limited from May to August, correspondent with the harvest season as shown in Figure 2.2.6. Careful examination shows that Urambo, Tabora Rural and Nzega also have a harvest season which starts in May and lasts until August. In Tabora Municipality and Igunga, the major harvest season lasts only three months. In the dry season, income sources are very limited, and most villages have no regular cash income. In some areas that have rainfall or irrigation schemes, the harvest continues until November.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Igunga Nzega Sikonge Tabora Rural Tabora

Municipality Urambo Tabora Region

Harvest in more than 50% of village 25-50% Less than 25% Figure 2.2.6 Income Months by District (3) Health Service and Sanitation Water-borne diseases are common in the Tabora Region due to low water supply coverage and lack of hygiene consciousness of community people. However, decrease in water borne diseases is secured only if the people continue to use the water from the improved water supply facilities even if they have to pay a water tariff. If the community people continue to use the existing water, the positive effects of safe and clean water will significantly decrease. A positive cycle will not automatically appear upon the implementation of the improved water supply facilities. Education and awareness raising activities based on the public health and hygiene plan will be indispensable. Thus basic information on the health situation of the community and awareness of health and hygiene of the community people has been collected and analyzed. 1) Availability of Health Facilities within village Availability of health facilities within a village is a concern for inhabitants. Table 2.2.9 indicates numbers of health facilities in the villages. Despite government support of the health sector, the survey results indicate that 363 (66%) of the villages have no health facilities. 153 (27.8%) have dispensaries, and 4.1% have health centres. Only seven (7) (1%) villages have hospitals within their village boundaries.

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Table 2.2.9 Numbers of Health Facilities in Villages by District District/ Dispensary Health Centre Hospital No Facility Other Municipality Igunga District 30 4 2 62 0 Nzega District 34 9 2 111 0 Sikonge District 20 2 1 30 0 Tabora Rural 29 7 2 69 2 District Tabora 10 0 0 13 1 Municipality Urambo District 31 2 1 78 0 Total 153 23 7 363 3 2) Health Care Provider Table 2.2.10 shows the distribution of primary health care providers for villagers. This question does not limit to be answered health facilities within village boundaries. Therefore some local people prefer to travel long distance in order to access better health facilities. According to Table 2.2.10, 63.8% of the villages receive primary health care from dispensaries. Pharmacies are the second largest health care provider, amounting to 18.8%. Health centres and hospitals also provide health care to those who have access to them. The survey found that people use herbal treatments for mild symptoms. Sometimes people see traditional healers for treatment. In Tabora Municipality, although there is a Kitete Hospital, it is a top referral hospital in Tabora region which does not provide primary health care service to people. Therefore people access health centre or dispensary first. Table 2.2.10 Distribution of Primary Health Care Providers for Villagers by District District/ Dispensary Pharmacy Health Centre Hospital Others Total Municipality Igunga District 72.4% 13.3% 4.1% 2.0% 8.2% 100% Nzega District 51.6% 28.8% 5.2% 3.9% 10.5% 100% Sikonge District 73.6% 0.0% 17.0% 9.4% 0.0% 100% Tabora Rural 61.5% 10.1% 16.5% 3.7% 8.3% 100% District Tabora 83.3% 8.3% 8.3% 0.0% 0.0% 100% Municipality Urambo District 66.1% 29.5% 0.9% 1.8% 1.8% 100% Total 63.8% 18.8% 7.7% 3.5% 6.4% 100% 3) Common Illnesses In the Tabora Region, differences between the rainy and dry seasons lead to variation in health problems and illnesses. The field survey queried about common illnesses in the villages. Thus the results shown here are not correspondent with the records at the health facilities. It is found that village inhabitants without a serious symptom tend not to go to health facilities. As indicated in Tables 2.2.11 and 2.2.12, malaria is the most prominent cause of morbidity in all the districts in Tabora throughout the year. In the rainy season, it is followed by diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid and respiratory diseases. In the dry season as well, malaria is the most common disease. The second most common cause of morbidity is respiratory diseases, followed by eye diseases, scabies, dysentery, and typhoid. Cholera outbreak, an indicator in various health reports, is not common in Tabora. The survey results show that waterborne diseases are more common in the rainy season than in the dry season as ample water is available in the former.

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Table 2.2.11 Common Cases of Morbidity in Villages in Rainy Season by District District/ Other Malaria Diarrhoea Dysentery Typhoid Respiratory Municipality Igunga District 98 85 37 5 3 3 Nzega District 131 150 28 16 0 3 Sikonge District 53 50 5 20 3 4 Tabora Rural 104 91 28 43 3 1 District Tabora 21 19 2 11 0 1 Municipality Urambo District 108 91 17 8 10 0 Total 515 486 117 103 19 12 *Multiple answers are allowed Table 2.2.12 Common Cases of Morbidity in Villages in Dry Season by District District/ Malaria Respiratory Diarrhoea Eye Scabies Dysentery Typhoid Other Municipality Diseases Igunga 89 75 25 10 2 5 2 3 District Nzega District 139 56 21 10 1 6 1 2 Sikonge 53 50 5 20 3 6 12 3 District Tabora Rural 104 91 28 43 3 0 2 0 District Tabora 21 19 2 11 0 1 3 0 Municipality Urambo 108 91 17 8 10 5 3 2 District Total 518 331 141 65 25 23 23 10 *Multiple answers are allowed 4) Types of Toilet Facilities With regards to availability of toilets in villages, as shown in Table 2.2.13, 66.1% of the villages use the traditional pit latrine. This latrine is dug one meter deep and is placed between two rocks, surrounded by grass. 18.9% use either the traditional pit latrine or no toilet. 13.1% of the villages answered that the majority of households have no sanitation facility and use a bush as a substitute. Ventilation Improved Pit latrine (V.I.P) is the improved type of facility which the vent acts to draw odour and insects into the pit and up the vent. In remote areas, flush toilets are not seen at all. Table 2.2.13 Distribution of Toilet Facilities in Villages, by District Mix of Ventilation Traditional traditional pit District/Municipality No toilet improved pit latrine latrine and no latrine toilet Igunga District 39.8% 45.9% 12.2% 2.1% Nzega District 66.0% 1.3% 30.1% 2.6% Sikonge District 94.3% 0% 5.7% 0% Tabora Rural District 98.2% 0.9% 0.9% 0% Tabora Municipality 95.8% 0% 4.2% 0% Urambo District 38.4% 50.0% 8.0% 3.6% Total 66.1% 18.9% 13.1% 1.9% 5) Sanitation Awareness With regard to sanitation awareness, the survey team asked village inhabitants about causes of

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diarrhoea. It was found that 100% of the interviewees recognise that unclean and unsafe water is a direct cause of diarrhoea. The interviewees also raised other causes for diarrhoea including eating rotten food, touching food without washing hands, sharing plates with others without cleaning, lack of pit latrine, lack of knowledge on sanitation, and poverty. However, there seems to be a gap between awareness and behaviour change. For instance, it was noted through free discussions that most villagers drink water from contaminated shallow wells or rivers without boiling it at all. It was also noted people do not like the smell of water when it is boiled using charcoal. Furthermore, people dig shallow wells within their homestead, but only 2 to 3 m from pit latrines. In Sukuma culture, livestock are assets and treated carefully. As a result, people and livestock share the same water sources such as rivers or ponds which are contaminated by livestock manure. In order to lead to behaviour change for public health and hygiene, it is important to consider various factors such as poverty alleviation, income generation, public education, gender, tradition and culture or individual tastes. (4) Other Basic Social Conditions After the construction of the water schemes, the prime responsibility for O&M will be handed over to the community. Proposed roles for the community include technical operation and maintenance, organizational management of the water users’ group, water tariff collection, accounting, and financial management. To help the community meet its obligations, the study supports preparation of various types of training. The questions in this section will be useful to grasp the overall environment of the communities prior to preparing such training and plan. 1) Availability of Educational Facilities Recent strong initiatives of the central government on the education sector, such as the Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP) and the Secondary Education Development Programme (SEDP), have had a positive impact on availability of educational services in rural areas. Among the 547 villages surveyed, only 19, or 3.5%, answered that they have no educational facilities, as indicated in Table 2.2.14. 74.9% have primary schools, and 21.5% have both primary and secondary schools. 2.6% have only secondary schools. However, several villages are too far from sub-villages to have children go to school on foot. Elsewhere, hundreds of children study in the open air without proper educational facilities because classrooms are not large enough. Therefore services to education sector continuously need to be improved. Table 2.2.14 Numbers of Educational Facilities in Villages by District District/Municipality Primary Both primary Secondary No school school and secondary school Igunga District 71 26 0 1 Nzega District 118 29 13 6 Sikonge District 36 16 0 1 Tabora Rural District 88 15 0 6 Tabora Municipality 16 7 0 1 Urambo District 82 25 1 4 Total 411 118 14 19 2) Adult Literacy Rate The literacy rate of young people is improving as the primary school enrolment rate has risen. However, the aggregate literacy rate of adults aged above 18 is relatively low. Table 2.2.15 demonstrates the median of the literacy rate of adults over 18. No district has a higher literacy rate for women than men. In some villages, the literate gap by sex is large. The median

2 - 16 Chapter 2 Socio-Economy literacy rate for men in the Tabora Region is 60% while that of women is 40%. Thus women in rural areas are at a disadvantage in literacy. During the field survey, an election of the local government was held, and the voter registration lists were shown at the village council office. It was observed that more than one third of the voters confirmed their name by finger printing rather than signature. It was also noted that villagers are unable to utilize the short mail function of their mobile phones although communication through SMS (short message service) is often less costly than face-to-face conversation that involves travel. Thus a special arrangement for illiterate villagers is needed when conducting detailed surveys, training or awareness campaigns in villages. Table 2.2.15 Literacy Rate of Adults Aged 18 or Above (Median) District/Municipality Male Female Igunga District 50% 30% Nzega District 60% 45% Sikonge District 60% 35% Tabora Rural District 50% 40% Tabora Municipality 73% 60% Urambo District 70% 50% Tabora Region 60% 40% 3) Roofing and Wall Materials Figure 2.2.7 illustrates that the most common material for roofing is grass which is used in 76.8% of the villages. 12.1% of the villages use iron sheet as roof material, followed by 9.2% that use grass and mud. Only 1.6% use concrete. Houses with iron-sheet roofs can install a rainwater harvest tank, which benefits communities facing serious water problems. Figure 2.2.8 indicates that mud bricks are the most common wall material in the villages with a proportion of 75.9%. 12.1% of the villages use mud and pole, 7.9% use burnt bricks, and 4.0% use concrete block.

Others Concrete 0.3% Burnt Bricks 7.9% Block Concrete 4.0% 1.6% Grass/mud Mud and Pole 9.2% 12.1%

Iron sheet 12.1% Grass Mud Bricks 76.8% 75.9%

Figure 2.2.7 Percentage of Villages by Figure 2.2.8 Percentage of Villages by Type of Roof Material in Tabora Region Type of Wall Material in Tabora Region 4) Source of Lighting Energy Electrification in rural areas has stagnated. As shown in Figure 2.2.9, the kerosene lamp, locally called wick lamp, is the main source of lighting in the Tabora Region. 93.6% of the villages use this source of energy, followed by 4.3% that use electricity, and 1.6% that use firewood.

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Firewood Solar 1.6% 0.5% Electricity 4.3%

Kerosene Lamp 93.6%

Figure 2.2.9 Percentage of Villages by Main Source of Energy for Lighting 5) Ownership of the Mobile Phone Ownership of the mobile phone is another status of wealth in rural villages in Tanzania. There is no district where an equal percentage of women and men own a mobile phone. Table 2.2.16 shows the proportion of possession of a mobile phone. On average, 39.3% of male villagers own a mobile phone, while 17.1% of females do. Most women who have a mobile phone are either teachers or those who earn a salary. Although villagers have mobile phones, there is no electricity in the villages. To charge mobile phones, villagers use car batteries by paying car owners. Network coverage is also very limited in rural areas. Thus people keep their mobile phone switched off until they reach a certain spot where there is a network. Given the relatively poor economic status of the villages, the mobile phone possession rate is moderately high. This will provide an opportunity for villagers when the community starts operation and maintenance of the water facilities. Technical advice and order of spare parts can be done without travelling to a given town. Table 2.2.16 Average Proportion of Possession of a Mobile Phone in Villages

District/ Municipality Male Female Igunga District 31.6% 10.9% Nzega District 39.3% 8.9% Sikonge District 45.8% 19.4% Tabora Rural District 43.7% 17.1% Tabora Municipality 38.3% 21.1% Urambo District 39.2% 17.5% Tabora Region 39.3% 17.1%

6) Community Organisation More than 86.7% of the villages have at least one community organisation officially registered or known to the public. Table 2.2.17 indicates types of community organisations among the villages that have them. 338 villages have a village water committee. 278 villages have a farmers’ group or farmers’ class to share knowledge on agriculture, or keep chickens as a group for income generation. 207 villages form a women’s group, followed by 82 villages with a cultural group, 46 villages with a youth group, 31 villages with a carpenter’s group, and 16 villages with a water users’ association. Meanwhile, although 338 villages indicate that they each have a village water committee, it does not mean the committees are actively working. After the Water Sector Development Programme started, the district instructed the villages to form a village water committee, open a bank account, and contribute money to it as a condition of a new project. Most of the villages followed this instruction, but there are no regular activities for the existing water supply schemes. In order to improve this situation, water uses’

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group or water users’ associations which are formed under every water scheme have been changing to the mainstream for a body of O&M. However, as far as the survey discovered, water users’ groups and water users’ associations are not common in rural areas. Table 2.2.17 Types of Community Organisations by District **Village Farmer **Water **Water District/ Women’ Cultural Youth Carpenter' water s’ users’ users’ Others Municipality s group group group s group committee group group association Igunga 57 19 20 19 12 5 6 3 14 District Nzega 73 82 61 43 10 8 23 10 14 District Sikonge 42 40 27 8 3 3 0 2 0 District Tabora Rural 64 69 24 4 3 5 2 0 15 Distrivt Tabora 18 17 13 2 3 2 0 0 7 Municipality Urambo 84 51 62 6 15 8 7 1 4 District Total 338 278 207 82 46 31 38 16 54

*Multiple answers were allowed ** Interviewers asked the number of active committees and groups, not registered numbers. It was found that some committees and groups conducted no activities for many years after registration. In other cases, village representatives did not recognize its existences. In these cases, it is not counted. 7) Village Concerns In the interview survey, two priority concerns each were raised from the villages as shown in Table 2.2.18. 94.9% of the villages cited water as the most serious concern. Health, especially demand for dispensary, is a serious concern for 60.3% of the villages. 27.5% raised strong voices mainly from men to improve road conditions and access to town. 9.3% request a primary school, and 2.6% desire electrification in their villages. Other concerns include a police station, mobile network and agricultural tools. Table 2.2.18 Two Priority Concerns in Villages, by District

District/Municipality Water Health Road Education Electricity Others Igunga District 100.0% 39.8% 48.0% 5.1% 2.0% 3.1% Nzega District 91.5% 62.7% 25.5% 11.8% 4.6% 3.9% Sikonge District 98.1% 60.4% 18.9% 13.2% 3.8% 5.7% Tabora Rural District 93.6% 72.5% 21.1% 7.3% 0.0% 5.5% Tabora Municipality 87.5% 50.0% 20.8% 16.7% 0.0% 29.2% Urambo District 96.4% 65.2% 24.1% 8.0% 2.7% 3.6% Total 94.9% 60.3% 27.5% 9.3% 2.6% 5.3%

*Two most serious concerns were raised by villages (5) Gender Issues The low coverage rate of the safe water supply in Tabora means that people mainly use water from ponds or streams, causing the burden of fetching water for women and children. It also decreases women’s access to primary education and health care facilities, and leads to more water-borne diseases and a higher infant mortality rate. Based on this background, gender issues related to water were researched and analyzed.

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1) Time Taken for Fetching Water As stated in the previous section, needs for improving the water situation are strong. The reasons for the needs and difficulties of the community can be found by analyzing the time taken for fetching water. The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGPR) set the target time of fetching water from water facilities in 65 % of rural areas as less than 30 minutes by 2010. As shown in Figures 2.2.10 to 2.2.15, in the rainy season, more than 80% of the villages in all districts said that time for fetching water including queuing are less than 30 minutes. In the dry season, the picture is very different. Igunga District faces the most difficult situation. More than 70% of the villages there stated that it took more than 90 minutes to fetch water, while other districts such as Nzega District, Sikonge District, Tabora Municipality and Urambo District need less than an hour. The best district was Tabora Rural where only 16.5% of the villages spent more than 90 minutes, and most of the rest spend 30 to 60 minutes. It must be noted that the question was on the time from the village centre to the water source point. Thus, if the homestead is far from the village centre or in a different sub-village, time spent might be different.

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% Rainy Season Rainy Season Rainy Season Dry Season Dry Season Dry Season 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 20.0% 20.0%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Figure 2.2.10 Time Taken for Figure 2.2.11 Time Taken Figure 2.2.12 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Igunga for Fetching Water in Nzega Fetching Water in Sikonge District District District

80.0% 80.0% 80.0% Rainy Season Rainy Season Rainy Season Dry Season Dry Season Dry Season 60.0% 60.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0% 40.0%

20.0% 20.0% 20.0%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Figure 2.2.13 Time Taken for Figure 2.2.14 Time Taken for Figure 2.2.15 Time Taken for Fetching Water in Tabora Fetching Water in Tabora Fetching Water in Urambo Rural District Municipality District

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2) Responsible Persons for Fetching Water Figures 2.2.16 and 2.2.17 show the results of primary and secondary responsible people within households for fetching water. It is obvious that the prime responsibility for fetching water is on adult women. The secondary responsible person differs among districts. In Igunga, access to water is difficult during the dry season. Most of the communities take more than 90 minutes and it is impossible to reach the water point on foot. Therefore, in the dry season, 60% of the men are in charge of fetching water by using bicycle, hand cart or ox cart. In Urambo, water is rather ample and children, both girls and boys, help fetch water. In Tabora Rural, 60% of the villages stated girls, not boys, are responsible for assisting their mother.

100% Other 3% 80% Other 60%

40% Girl 20% Adult Men 0% Boy and Adult Girl Women 97%

Figure 2.2.16 Primary Responsible Figure 2.2.17 Secondary Responsible Person for Person for Fetching Water Fetching Water

3) Decision Maker The final decision maker in a household is male. As shown in Figure 2.2.18 only 3.5% of the villages indicate decisions are made on discussion between the man and woman. This result means that traditions of rural areas are still disadvantageous for women as a whole. It is noted that decisions are made not only within households but outside them. For example, in the Sukuma tradition, women are neither allowed to sit in front of men in public, nor speak before they are directed to do so by men. Men also control household budgets, women’s behaviour, and other activities. It was also found that women are busy as they are responsible for cooking, cleaning, taking care of children, collecting firewood and water fetching. Therefore, to encourage women’s participation in any training, meetings or workshops for awareness raising of public health and hygiene or other meetings for a water user’s group, involvement of the men is critical.

Both Male and Female 3.5%

Male 96.5%

Figure 2.2.18 Percentage of Decision Maker in Households

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2.2.4 OTHER OBSERVATIONS Other than the analyses above, the following four observations are made for selecting priority projects, formulation of a water supply plan, design of water supply facilities, and formulation of ‘soft’ or social and institutional components. 1) Lack of road infrastructure In Tabora, road infrastructure is underdeveloped, and access among regions, districts, villages, and sub-villages is not easy. During the rainy season, two thirds of roads are impassable and means of transportation are limited. Thus the JICA Study Team shall carefully plan its activities such as field surveys, workshops and training. Meanwhile, the community side has no network of public transportation to the district town. The Study Team shall take this point into consideration when formulating a plan for establishment, operation and maintenance of a supply chain. The most common means for transportation in the community is bicycle. Arrangement of bicycle spare parts, technicians, and a repair office needs to be considered within a reasonable distance for the community people. 2) Needs for Information Delivery System Limited means of travel also affect access to information. Although a relatively large number of people have a mobile phone, communication opportunities are not fully utilised due to limited network coverage in rural areas. Thus the community is mostly passive in receiving information. The low adult literacy rate in rural areas also hinders the dissemination of information to the community. In formulating a plan for operation and maintenance, it is necessary to consider providing information to illiterate people without depending too much on written guidelines or manuals. In some villages in Igunga, the Sukuma language is the most commonly used language among the inhabitants and minority groups mostly uses their languages. It should be noted that Swahili language is not the only common communication tool in rural areas of Tabora Region. Asymmetry can be seen among men and women because men have strong control over women’s behaviour. To sum up, when providing information, it is necessary to identify the recipients of the information, and examine if it can be fully disseminated among the recipients. 3) Needs for income generation during the dry season The field survey found that approximately 40% of livelihoods are at the subsistent level in rural areas. Months of income last only three to four months. For the rest of the year, the community has no alternative income source. To secure positive outcomes, it is necessary for the community to continue to use safe and clean water that is obtained by paying water tariffs. However, the existence of an improved water scheme itself does not necessarily generate income or employment opportunities. To secure sustainable operation and maintenance, awareness raising on sanitation and hygiene together with income generation is necessary, especially in Tabora. The long custom of accessing water without paying water tariffs might cause difficulties in changing behaviour of the community people. In fact, some men stated that they do not want to pay for water if they can pay a higher price for the local beer. Income generation activities such as small scale irrigation or basket making by existing community organizations will help the community members pay water tariffs. In Tabora Municipality, a missionary Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) produces and sells water filters made of clay pot that filtrate bacteria without boiling water. This might be a good example in improving both income generation and public health. 4) Expectations from the communities Fetching water is a major burden for women and children. It also deprives them of access to education or health facilities in rural areas. Demand for reliable water sources within the

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village is high in most communities in the region. On the other hand, Communities are concerned that there are insufficient opportunities to consult with District Water Engineer (DWE)s. In response to higher demands for water schemes, many villages contributed money, and opened a new bank account after the launching of WSDP in 2006. The communities have been waiting for next step to do since then. Community people also request advices and consultation to repair water facilities in their villages. However, in reality, due to large coverage of DWE’s service area and number of facilities, as well as insufficient personnel and transportation, service is not reached to communities sufficiently. 2.3 CONCLUSION Development of water supply schemes in the Tabora Region is urgently needed to improve the quantity of water facilities and the quality of water there. However, implementation of such schemes faces several difficulties. First, the dwellings of villages and distribution of sub-villages are the scattered type which does not suit the planning of Level-2 type water facilities. Access to villages is not secure because of the poor road conditions. Community people have been using deteriorated water sources due to low awareness on public health and hygiene, lack of water sources, and poverty which keeps them from paying for clean and safe water. Moreover, traditions in rural areas control women’s activities and behaviours and limit their access to education and health care service to improve the quality of life. Hence, together with formulation of a water supply plan, improvement of public health and hygiene and income generation activities for poverty alleviation are necessary. Given gender issues and the community’s limited ability to travel, distance is another important consideration for formulating plans for sustainable operation and maintenance of water supply schemes.

REFERENCE Bank of Tanzania (2009) Annual Report 2008/09 Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, National Bureau of Statistics and Council (2008) Uyui District’s Socio-Economic Profile 2008 Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowering (2007) Poverty and Human Development Report 2007 Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowering (2005) Poverty and Human Development Report 2005 National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania (2007) Household Budget Survey National Bureau of Standard (2003) The 2002 Population and Housing Census Tabora Regional Commissioner’s Office (2008) Regional Profile 2008 (draft) The Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Tabora Regional Commissioners’ Office (1998) Tabora Regional Socio-Economic Profile Vice President’s Office (2005) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MUKUKUTA)

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CHAPTER 3 METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

The meteorological and hydrological data were collected and analyzed for formulation of the rural water supply plan. Then, water balance in Tabora Region was analysed in order to evaluate groundwater recharge which is the most important factor for analyse the groundwater potential. 3.2 CLIMATE

3.2.1 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN TABORA REGION

Tabora Region is the largest of Tanzania's 26 administrative regions at approximately 76,700 km2. It is located from 31°00’ to 34°15' east longitude, and from 3°45’ to 7°00’ south latitude. It is an inland region surrounded by to the north, to the west, to the east, and and to the south. According to the Köppen-Geiger classification (Figure 3.2.1) the climate is equatorial savannah with dry winter (Aw). Generally, its climate is characterized by a limited daily temperature range, clearly defined rainy and dry seasons, and grasslands (savannah) sparsely dotted with trees tolerant of dry conditions.

Tabora

Figure3.2.1 Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map Tanzania has a long history of meteorological observation, with weather stations first established in the environs of Tabora in the 1920s. Since then, a great number of weather stations have been established and are making observations. According to the Hydrological Studies Final Report Vol.4 of the Tabora Region Water Master Plan (Brokonsult 1980), there were 465 precipitation stations in Tabora Region and their surroundings at the time, and of these 125 were reporting within Tabora Region. However, as Tabora's regional boundary has since changed and the conditions under which this precious data is managed is unclear, this study used data assembled mainly from the meteorological agency and the Lake Tanganyika Authority (see section 3.2 Hydrology) which manages a catchment area encompassing most of Tabora Region. Unfortunately most of the data has been lost, weather stations have been closed, and the general state of document management is

3 - 1 Chapter 3 Meteorology and Hydrology extremely poor. This study accumulated and put in order climatic and hydrological data such as precipitation, temperature, sunlight hours, evaporation, humidity, wind direction and speed, and river flow rate for use in water balance analysis.

3.2.2 DATA ACCUMULATION (1) Position of weather stations

The map, Figure 3.2.2, acquired in this study, shows the position of weather stations. Most of the data accumulated are paper based and extremely poorly managed and many have been lost. Moreover, the reliability of this data is very low because the staff is not considered to have much meteorological or climatic knowledge and the state of their observation instruments is poor. However, hourly meteorological observation data is recorded correctly at the Tabora Meteorological Station (hereinafter “Met. Stn”), and the equipment is properly maintained by experts.

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Coordinates Altitude stn.No Observatory Station Established latitude longitude (m) 953108 Lumbe Hydromet. stn. -5°30' 31°29' No data 04/10/1976 953230 Urambo Hydromet. stn. -5°04' 32°03' 1,110 24/09/1976 943102 Uyowa Hydromet. stn. -4°30' 31°57' 1,190 09/10/1976 953226 Sikonge Hydromet. stn. -5°37' 32°46' 1,160 05/10/1976 933223 Kahama Hydromet. stn. -3°49' 32°35' 1,260 31/01/1921 943312 Nzega Water Office -4°15' 33°13' 990 01/07/1978 943206 Igombe Dam -4°51' 32°43' No data 03/01/1961 953224 Tabora Water Office -5°00' 32°47' No data 03/01/1961 953212 Tabora Meteorological. stn. -5°05' 32°50' 1,182 08/01/1951 943205 Ushetu Hydromet. stn. -4°10' 32°14' No data 15/03/1972 933336 Shinyanga Water Office -3°40' 33°26' 950 01/02/1971 FIGURE 3.2.2 LOCATION OF WEATHER STATIONS

THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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3.2.3 PRECIPITATION (1) Location and observation period

The location of the observatory stations is shown in Figure 3.2.2. The period and content of the observation data are shown in Table 3.2.1. Most of these records are paper based therefore, it is very difficult to decipher many of the old documents. Table 3.2.1 List of Accumulated Precipitation Data

Place of Year Station No. Measurement 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 953108 Lumbe Hydromet. stn. ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ 953230 Urambo Hydromet. stn. ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○Ｄ ○Ｄ △Ｄ ○Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ 943102 Uyowa Hydromet. stn. ○M ○M ○M ○M △M ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ 953226 Sikonge Hydromet. stn. △M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M △M △M ○Ｍ ○Ｍ △Ｍ △Ｍ ○Ｍ △Ｍ ○Ｍ △Ｍ △Ｍ 933223 Kahama Hydromet. stn. ○D △D ○D △D △D △D ○D ○D ○D △Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ 943312 Ｎｚｅｇａ Water Office △M ○M △M △M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○Ｄ △Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ ○Ｄ △Ｄ △Ｄ 943206 Igombe dam △M △M △M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○D △D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○Ｍ ○Ｍ ○Ｍ △Ｍ ○Ｍ 953224 Tabora Water Office ○M ○M ○M ○M △M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○D △D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D △Ｄ △Ｄ 953212 Tabora Met. stn. ○D △D ○D △D ○Ｍ ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M ○M 943205 Ushetu Hydromet. stn. △D △D △D △D ○Ｄ △D △D 933336 Shinyanga Water Office ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D ○D

Note: M:Monthly, D:Daily, ○：missing is 10% or less, △：30%～90% missing, ×：90% or more is missing, Blank:No Data

(2) Precipitation Pattern

The precipitation patterns shown in Figure 3.2.3 and Figure3.2.4 were summarized using data collected from the Tabora Met. stn.. Precipitation is distinctly separated into the rainy season (October to May) and the dry season (June to September). There is hardly any precipitation in the dry season. Relatively large variations are observed in yearly precipitation. Whereas annual precipitation was approximately 700mm in 2005, it was 1,200mm in 2006, almost double of that in 2005. The average precipitation is just less than 1,000mm, which is about the same as the national average of 1,100mm. The 38 years of daily precipitation data (from 1970 to 2008, excluding 1991) were acquired from the Shinyanga Branch Office of the Internal Drainage Basin Office (on the north side of Tabora Region). They are shown in Figure 3.2.5 and Figure 3.2.6. The precipitation patterns at Shinyanga are very similar to those at the Tabora Met. stn., although the annual mean precipitation is just over 800mm, approximately 150mm less than that at the Tabora Met. stn.. Moreover, rainfall probabilities computed by the Gun Belle method are shown in Table 3.2.2.

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Monthly Precipitation (1999 - 2008) in Tabora

500

450

400 1999 2000 350 2001 300 2002 2003 250 2004 2005 200 2006 2007 150

Precipitation (mm) 2008 Mean 100

50

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3.2.3 Monthly Precipitation (Tabora Met. stn.)

Yearly Precipitation (1999 - 2008) in Tabora Met. St.

1400.0

1200.0

1000.0

800.0

600.0

400.0

Precipitation (mm) 200.0

0.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Mean Year

Figure 3.2.4 Yearly Precipitation (Tabora Met. stn.)

Monthly Prcipitation(1970～2008） In Shinyanga Water Office 1970 1971 1972 1973 450.0 1974 1975 1976 1977

400.0 1978 1979 350.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 300.0 1984 1985 1986 1987 250.0 1988 1989 200.0 1990 1992 1993 1994

150.0 1995 1996

1997 1998

Precipitation(mm) 100.0 1999 2000

50.0 2001 2002 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2007 2008 Month Mean

Figure 3.2.5 Monthly Precipitation (Shinyanga Water Office)

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Yearly Rainfall(1970～2008) In Shinyanga Water Office

1400.0 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 Mean 600.0 400.0 200.0

Yearly Rainfall(mm) 0.0

2 4 8 0 4 8 2 4 8 2 6 7 97 97 98 98 98 9 99 99 00 00 008 1970 19 1 1976 1 1 1982 1 1986 1 1990 19 1 1996 1 2000 2 2004 2 2 Year

Figure 3.2.6 Annual Precipitation (Shinyanga Water Office) Table 3.2.2 Probability of Precipitation

Lumbe Uyowa Urambo Sikonge Kahama Nzega Tabora Ushetu Shinyanga Return Tabora Hy dromet. Hy dromet. Hy dromet. Hydromet. Hydromet. Water Igombe Dam Water Hy dromet. Water M ean Period Met. stn. stn. stn. stn. stn. stn. Office Office stn. Office 2 981.9 830.2 1029.5 992.5 921.3 809.7 808.0 873.7 815.8 795.8 886 5 1181.8 1009.1 1208.0 1236.0 1116.7 1002.2 1003.2 1104.8 1019.3 965.0 1085 10 1314.1 1127.6 1326.1 1397.2 1246.1 1129.5 1132.3 1257.8 1154.0 1077.1 1216 20 1441.0 1241.3 1439.4 1551.8 1370.2 1251.7 1256.3 1404.6 1283.2 1184.5 1342 30 1514.0 1306.6 1504.6 1640.8 1441.6 1322.0 1327.5 1489.0 1357.6 1246.3 1415 50 1605.3 1388.4 1586.1 1752.0 1530.9 1409.9 1416.6 1594.5 1450.5 1323.6 1506 70 1665.1 1441.9 1639.6 1824.9 1589.4 1467.5 1475.1 1663.7 1511.4 1374.3 1565 100 1728.4 1498.6 1696.1 1902.0 1651.3 1528.4 1536.8 1736.9 1575.8 1427.8 1628 150 1800.2 1562.9 1760.2 1989.4 1721.5 1597.5 1606.9 1819.9 1648.9incomputable 1488.6 1700 200 1851.1 1608.4 1805.6 2051.4 1771.2 1646.5 1656.6 1878.7 1700.7 1531.7 1750 500 2012.9 1753.3 1950.1 2248.5 1929.5 1802.3 1814.6 2065.9 1865.5 1668.7 1911 1000 2135.2 1862.8 2059.3 2397.5 2049.1 1920.1 1934.0 2207.3 1990.0 1772.2 2033 3.2.4 TEMPERATURE

The maximum and minimum (air) temperatures are recorded at the Tabora Met. stn.. Figure 3.2.7 shows the mean monthly temperatures for the past 10 years from 1999 to 2008. Minimal changes in temperature are observed throughout the year. The maximum temperature (32.2°C) was observed in September and October, and the minimum temperatures (14.7 to 14.8°C) were observed in the dry season, June and July. Also, the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures is approximately 10 to 15 degrees throughout the year.

Monthly Temperature (1999 - 2008)

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0 Maximum Minimum 15.0

10.0 Temperature (°C) Temperature

5.0

0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3.2.7 Monthly Temperature (Tabora Met. stn.) 3.2.5 RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Figure 3.2.8 shows the changes in humidity at Urambo where some data is missing. Humidity

3 - 6 Chapter 3 Meteorology and Hydrology exceeds 70% in November, the start of the rainy season. High humidity (72.6 to 86.2 %) continues up to April. It starts decreasing at the end of the rainy season in April. The lowest humidity (45.7 %) appears in September.

Monthly Mean Humidity(1980～1987) In Urambo

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 Mean 40.0

Hyumidity(%) 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3.2.8 Monthly Mean Relative Humidity (Urambo) 3.2.6 SOLAR RADIATION AND SUNSHINE HOURS

Few of the weather stations in Tabora Region are observing solar radiation or sunshine hours. Even when observations are made, data is often missing or includes seemingly abnormal values. However, we acquired the only reliable data, observed at the Tabora Met. stn. over the past ten years. According to this data, solar radiation is at its highest around October, and the mean value over the ten years was 5.75 kWh/m2/day. The lowest value is 4.65 kWh/m2/day, in December. The mean annual value is about 5 kWh/m2/day.

Monthly Mean Of Solar Radiation (Tabora Met.stn.)

7.00 2000 6.00 2001 2002

/day) 5.00 2 2003 4.00 2004 2005 3.00 2006 2007 2.00 Radiation(kWh/m 2008 1.00 2009 Mean 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3.2.9 Monthly Mean Solar Radiation (Tabora Met. stn.) The highest mean value for sunshine hours over ten years is 10.2 hours in July, and the lowest is 7.6 hours in January. The mean annual value is 8.9 hours.

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Monthly Mean Of Sunshine Hours (Tabora Met. St) 12.0 2000 10.0 2001 2002 8.0 2003 2004 6.0 2005 2006

Hours/day 4.0 2007 2008 2.0 2009 Mean 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 3.2.10 Monthly Mean Sunshine Hours (Tabora Met. stn.) 3.2.7 EVAPORATION

Evaporation is observed at Tabora Met. stn.. Monthly mean evaporation in the years from 2003 to 2008 is shown in Figure 3.2.11. Evaporation increases during the dry season and reaches 250mm from July to October. It is approximately 150mm during the rainy season. Accordingly, the daily evaporation calculates to be 5 to 8 mm/day.

Monthly Average Evaporation(2003～2008) 300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0 Average 100.0 Evaporation(mm) 50.0

0.0 123456789101112 Month

Figure 3.2.11 Monthly Mean Evaporation (Tabora Met. stn.)

3.2.8 WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED

There are very few records of wind direction or wind speed in and around the Study Area except the Tabora Met. stn.. The data at the Tabora Met. stn. is shown in Table 3.2.3, Figure 3.2.12 and 3.2.13. Wind run was observed twice daily at 6 a.m. and at noon. It shows that easterly to south easterly winds prevail throughout a year. According to the observations made at 6:00 a.m., a wind velocity of 7 to 16 knots/hour (0.52 m/sec to 8.2 m/sec) accounted for 74%. According to the observations made at noon, a wind velocity of 4 to 10 knots/hour (2.1 m/sec to 5.2 m/sec) exceeded 80%, marking lower values than in the morning.

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Table 3.2.3 Annual Wind Direction and Speed (Tabora Met. stn.) (observed at 6:00 AM) Speed Direction knot/hour N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm Total 1 to 3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 4 to 6 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.3 2.7 1.7 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 11.4 7 to 10 0.3 1.9 1.8 3.1 9.3 6.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 28.3 11 to 16 0.3 1.7 2.7 3.1 9.8 8.3 2.5 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 17 to 21 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 over 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Total 1.1 5.0 6.1 8.6 24.2 18.3 5.2 3.6 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.5 22.2 100.0

(observed at noon) Speed Direction knot/hour N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm Total 1 to 3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 4 to 6 0.9 1.1 0.8 2.0 4.3 3.4 1.1 1.5 2.9 1.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.0 21.9 7 to 10 1.5 1.9 2.3 5.1 10.1 8.0 3.5 3.8 4.3 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.0 45.0 11 to 16 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.6 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 12.3 17 to 21 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 over 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 3.0 3.7 3.8 8.9 17.7 14.2 6.2 6.7 8.6 2.3 1.0 1.4 2.1 1.0 0.5 1.8 17.2 100.0 Note: observed at 6 a.m. (top half) and at noon (bottom half

Wind Wind

N N 25.0 NNW NNE NNW 20.0 NNE 20.0 NW NE NW 15.0 NE 15.0 10.0 WNW 10.0 ENE WNW ENE 5.0 5.0 W 0.0 E wind direction W 0.0 E wind direction

WSW ESE WSW ESE

SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S

Figure 3.2.12 Monthly Precipitation with Wind Direction Frequency Distribution (Tabora Met. stn.)

Wind Speed (6 AM) Wind Speed (12 Noon)

0% 2% 1% 0%

9% 3% 15% 15% 1 to 3 1 to 3 27% 4 to 6 4 to 6 7 to 10 7 to 10 11 to 16 11 to 16 38% 17 to 21 17 to 21 36% over 22 over 22 54%

Note: Observed at 6:00 a.m. (left) and at noon (right) Unit: knot/hour Figure 3.2.13 Frequency of Wind Direction (Tabora Met. stn.) 3.3 HYDROLOGY

3.3.1 CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION IN TANZANIA

There are nine (9) catchments in Tanzania and there is a Basin Water Office in each basin. These

3 - 9 Chapter 3 Meteorology and Hydrology catchments are shown in Figure 3.3.1. Tabora Region is a part of three (3) catchments: Internal Drainage Basin (VI), Basin (VII) and Lake Tanganyika Basin (VIII). The ratio of these areas is: VI : VII : VIII=0.70 : 0.25 : 0.05

N0. Basin Area (km2) Ⅰ Pangani 56,300 Ⅱ Wami and Ruvu 72,930 Ⅲ Rufiji 177,420 Ⅳ Ruvuma & the Southern Coast 103,720 Ⅴ Lake Nyasa 75,230 Ⅵ Internal Drainage 153,800 Ⅶ Lake Rukwa 81180 Ⅷ Lake Tanganyika 137,900 Ⅸ 79,570 Note: The basins in red are those which include the Tabora Region

Source: Main Water Resource Catchments in Tanzania (MoWLD) Figure 3.3.1 Catchments in Tanzania

3.3.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN TABORA REGION

The drainage system in Tabora Region is shown in Figure 3.3.2. The target of the Study is mainly two (2) major catchments, the Malagarasi and the Manonga Rivers in Tabora Region. The Malagarasi River flows into Lake Tanganyika and then flows out to the Atlantic Ocean. The flows into Lake Eyasi in the Internal Drainage Basin. The northern and northwestern parts of Tabora Region (whole areas of Urambo District and Tabora Municipality, and a part of Nzega and Tabora Rural Districts) are located in the catchment of the Malagarasi River which includes three (3) major tributaries, the Igombe, Ugalla and the Wara Rivers. On the other hand, the eastern part of Tabora Region (the whole of Igunga District and a part of Nzega and Tabora Rural Districts) is included in the Wembere catchment. The flows into Lake Eyasi located in the southern Serengeti Plains. The eastern part of Tabora Region is in the Rungwa catchment. The Rungwa River flows along the southern border between Tabora and Mbeya Regions, and flows into Lake Rukuwa.

3.3.3 FLOW RATE (1) Location of observatory stations

A total of 10 observatory stations were constructed in Tabora Region. The location and summary of the stations are shown in Figure 3.3.2. Most of them were constructed in 1974 and 1975. None of these stations are currently operating. (2) Observation data collected

Duration of the collected observation data is 12 to 13 years in longer case while the most of them are three (3) to four (4) years. No stations have continuous records through the year. Some data are only water level records without the flow rate.

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Table 3.3.1 List of Accumulated Discharge Data

Place of Year St.No Note Measurement 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 4AG2 Ipala △△△△△△△△△△△△ 4AG4A Igombe Road bridge △△△△ 4AH7 Pangale △△△ △△△△△ 4AH13 Ngoywa △ △ 4AH3 Ugalla Sawmill △ 4AH14 Road Bridge △△△ 4AH20 Magawe △△△ 4AH21 Magawe △△△ 2K14Masenge ××××××××××××*H-Q Missing 2K15 Loya △△△△△ △ *H-Q Missing(1970～1974)

Note: Blank: No Data, ×:No H-Q, △:20%～90％of data missing

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Main Basin

Sub Basin

FIGURE 3.3.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN TABORA REGION THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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FIGURE 3.3.3 LOCATION OF FLOW RATE OBSERVATORY STATIONS

THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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(3) Flow rate

Figure 3.3.4 shows the flow rate in the three (3) years from 1977 to 1979 of the Nukululu River, a tributary of the Ugalla River flowing in southern Tabora Region, which has relatively continuous records. Flow rate is clearly observed from February and no flow rate by the end of May. Maximum daily flow rate was approximately 26.6 m3/sec (drainage area A=3,051km2) recorded in 1978.

Mean Daily Flow(1977～1979) in Nkululu 4AH14

30

25

20 1977 15 1978 1979 10

5

Average FlowDischarge (m3/sec) 0 Jan Jun Feb Apr Mar May Month

Figure 3.3.4 Mean Daily Flow (Nukululu Weather Station) 3.3.4 WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION OF IGOMBE DAM

The Igombe Dam was constructed in 1958 by the Water Development and Irrigation Department, and supplies water to the Tabora urban area. The embankment was raised by 1.1m and rehabilitation work was carried out in 1977. Figure 3.3.5 shows the last six (6) years of water level fluctuation data. The fluctuation patterns in six (6) years are almost similar: The water level starts to decline in April to June and to recover in late November with the arrival of the rainy season. In particular, the same negative gradient from June to November every year indicates that daily water withdrawal and evaporation is constant. In the Igombe Dam, water intake and water supply quantities have not been recorded because the meters are out of order. However, it is thought to be roughly 10,000 m3/day - 12,000 m3/day, and water is supplied to about 150,000 persons. Judging from this data, the following can be said. Dam storage-of-water area: Approximately 12 km2 Water level change: 76cm (six (6) annual average) Period: July 1st to October 30th (for 121 days) Decrease depth: 76 cm/121day = 0.6 cm/day = 6 mm/day Decrease depth of water by water supply (Intake): 12,000 m3/day / (12 km2 x 1,000 x 1,000) = 0.001 m/day = one (1) mm/day, i.e., evaporation will be about five (5) mm/day, and quantity of water intake is become in about one (1) mm/day. The value appropriate as an amount of water loss is shown.

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Igombe Dam Water Level 600

500 2004 400 2005 2006 300 2007

Depth(cm) 2008 200 2009 100

0 1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1 Days

Figure 3.3.5 Water Level Fluctuation of Igombe Dam 3.3.5 PROSPECTS

All the precipitation data accumulated to date show the same precipitation patterns and amounts for most areas within Tabora Region. The main characteristics being a clearly defined rainy season (October to May) and dry season (June to September). It does not rain during the dry season and annual precipitation is approximately 700 to 1,000 mm. Judging from the annual water level fluctuation at the Igombe Dam, the manner of storing as much water in the dam as possible during the rainy season and to withdraw it for consumption in the dry season is considered extremely effective.

3.4 WATER BALANCE

3.4.1 WATER BALANCE ANALYSIS

One of the important objectives of this project is the development of water resources (calculation of groundwater recharge). For this purpose, it is important to analyse the water balance in Tabora Region and estimate the groundwater recharge. Generally, the water balance in a catchment area can be represented by the following formula: P = D + E + R P is precipitation, D is discharge, E is evapotranspiration, and R is groundwater recharge. The groundwater recharge in Tabora Region is estimated on the basis of the data and references, etc. collected so far.

3.4.2 AVAILABLE REFERENCES

There have been a number of water resource development projects and studies of water balance in Tanzania implemented in the past. This section, focussing on groundwater recharge, summarizes reference materials related to this project and compares them to the data used in this project. The reference numbers are the same as those listed at the end of this chapter. Reference (i) summarizes the results of a study of groundwater recharge in the bedrock section of the East African highlands, located more or less in the central part of Tanzania. The study area is a basin 30km to the north of Dodoma with a tropical semidry climate similar to that of Tabora. The annual precipitation in this area is approximately 600mm, which is lower than in Tabora. The residual surplus (recharge) in the rainy season in this area is 3% to 20% of the annual precipitation according to this reference.

3 - 15 Chapter 3 Meteorology and Hydrology

Reference (ii) estimates the quantity of water resources in Tabora Region and analyzes the water balance of the existing water reservoirs. In the process of calculation, the potential evapotranspiration (mm/day) is estimated to be as follows: Table 3.4.1 Monthly Evapotranspiration Month Evapotranspiration Month Evapotranspiration Month Evapotranspiration (mm) (mm) (mm) Jan 5.4 May 5.3 Sep 6.7 Feb 5.4 Jun 5.0 Oct 6.9 Mar 5.3 Jul 5.1 Nov 6.0 Apr 5.2 Aug 6.0 Dec 5.4 Reference (iii) provides the master plan for irrigation throughout Tanzania. The groundwater recharge values have been estimated based on the flow rate observation data from the nine (9) catchment areas in Tanzania. The annual groundwater recharge for the catchment areas relevant to this project has been estimated as follows: Table 3.4.2 Groundwater Recharge in each Catchment Area in Tabora No. Catchment Area Groundwater recharge (mm/year) VI Internal Drainage Basin 5.0 VII Lake Rukwa Basin 6.0 VIII Lake Tanganyika Basin 4.0

3.4.3 SUMMARY OF DATA TO BE USED (1) Precipitation

According to the data acquired in Tabora Region, most of the weather stations are located to the north of the central part of Tabora, and are quite unevenly distributed. The Thiessen Method was applied to the collected positions of the weather stations (see Figure 3.4.1). Little of the acquired data is continuous throughout the year, and the accuracy of observation seems quite low for all but a few of the weather stations. This section summarizes year-round observation data only for those years in which they are reliable. Figure 3.4.2 shows an isohyetal map for annual precipitation in Tabora Region.

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Table 3.4.3 Thiessen Precipitation at each Flow Rate Observatory Station Area ThiessenRainfall (mm) St.Name (km2) RainfallSub-Catchment Catchment Area(km2) 1,401.4 0.5 4AG2 1,402 Rainfall(mm 835.8 835.4 835.8 Area(km2) 929.7 162.3 799.2 0.4 1,401.4 581.7 4AG4A 3,886 Rainfall(mm 835.4 908.1 835.8 835.4 835.8 858.6 842.2 Area(km2) 1,783.7 4AH7 1,784 Rainfall(mm 858.6 858.6 Area(km2) 2,187.6 4AH13 2,188 Rainfall(mm 1,020.2 1,020.2 Area(km2) 3,051.0 4AH14 3,051 Rainfall(mm 1,020.2 1,020.2 Area(km2) 2,069.3 4AH20 2,069 Rainfall(mm 1,020.2 1,020.2 Area(km2) 795.4 4AH21 795 Rainfall(mm 1,020.2 1,020.2 Area(km2) 967.0 1,405.7 6,935.2 2K15 9,306 Rainfall(mm 835.8 858.6 1,020.2 976.6 (2) Flow Rate

There is little data available on flow rates because there are few observation records and the data acquired contains many defects, such as a lack of flow rate observation results. Furthermore, it is unclear whether a blank column in the records represents a zero flow rate or missing data. Each of the catchment areas for flow rate observation points have been classified and measured based on the river network map created in this project. Figure 3.4.1 shows the catchment area map and the sizes of the catchment areas. From this it is obvious that the size of some of the catchment areas differs greatly from the data provided by the Drainage Basin Office. In the future, a detailed topographical map must be created, and the catchment areas verified in accordance with the map. (3) Potential Evapotranspiration

Although evapotranspiration is important in estimating the groundwater recharge, direct measurement of evapotranspiration is difficult. Therefore, it is common practice to estimate the evapotranspiration rate on the basis of pan evaporation loss and meteorological data. In this project, the potential evapotranspiration was estimated by applying the Thornthwaite method to the 10-year temperature data acquired from the Tabora Meteorological Observatory (Tabora Met. stn.). Using the Thornthwaite method, which requires only data on temperatures and possible sunshine duration, calculation is easier than using the Penman or Morton method. Moreover, the possible sunshine duration, which normally shows seasonal fluctuation, is more or less constant throughout the year in Tanzania (12 hours per day). It can be argued that the Thornthwaite method, being an empirical formula devised on the basis of experimental data in the U.S., can produce large errors if it is applied to a region where the meteorological conditions are significantly different. However, the Thornthwaite method is applied in this project taking into consideration the accuracy of other items of data such as flow rate and precipitation. The Thornthwaite formula is as follows:

⎛10T ⎞ a PEPT ＝ 0.533 × D × ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ I ⎠ 12 ⎛ T ⎞ 1.514 I ＝ ∑ ⎜ i ⎟ i=1 ⎝ 5 ⎠ a ＝ (492390 ＋ 17920I － 77.1I2 ＋ 0.675Ｉ3) × 10-6

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where, PEPT: Potential evapotranspiration (cm/month) D: Possible sunshine duration (12 hours per day is assumed to be 1. D≒30 in Tanzania) T: Mean monthly temperature (℃)

Table 3.4.4 Mean Monthly Temperatures (Tabora Met. stn.) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max (°C) 28.7 29.6 29.2 29.2 29.6 29.3 26.6 30.7 32.2 32.3 30.9 28.8 Min (°C) 18.5 18.3 18.1 17.6 16.5 14.7 14.8 16.8 18.5 19.5 19.5 18.8 Mean (°C) 23.6 23.9 23.7 23.4 23.1 22.0 20.7 23.8 25.3 25.9 25.2 23.8 Table 3.4.5 Calculation Results for Evapotranspiration Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean PEPT(mm) 97.4 101.2 97.9 94.6 90.7 79.1 66.5 98.9 119.1 127.3 117.5 99.3 99.1 Note that the evapotranspiration calculated using the Thornthwaite method is the maximum potential evapotranspiration, not the actual evapotranspiration. In an arid region in particular, no evaporation occurs even at a high evapotranspiration level because there is no water to evaporate. It should be kept in mind that calculated values can sometimes be excessively high.

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FIGURE 3.4.1 THIESSEN METHOD AND CATCHMENT MAP WITH FLOW RATE OBSERVATORY STATIONS

THE STUDY OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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FIGURE 3.4.2 ISOHYETAL MAP (MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION)

THE STUDY OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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3.4.4 CALCULATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE (1) Arithmetical Computation Method

As described in 3.3.1, the groundwater recharge can be calculated by subtracting the flow rate and evapotranspiration (output) from the precipitation (input). The groundwater recharge is calculated for each of the catchment areas for which flow rate data has been acquired and then these results are used to make estimates for each of the areas in Tabora. 1) Target Catchments for Calculation The target catchment areas for calculation are eight of the ten catchment areas shown in Figure 3.2.2: the 4AH3 and 2K14 catchment areas are excluded as there is little available data. 2) Precipitation (P) The precipitation values are those shown in Table 3.4.6, calculated by applying the Thiessen method to the mean annual precipitation data from the observatory stations in and around Tabora Region. Table 3.4.6 Flow Rate Observatory Station Wise Catchment Areas and Thiessen Annual Precipitations St. No 4AG2 4AG4A 4AH7 4AH13 4AH14 4AH20 4AH21 2K15 Area (km2) 1,402 3,886 1,784 2,188 3,051 2,069 795 9,306 Rainfall Thiessen Method 835.8 842.2 858.6 1020.2 1020.2 1020.2 1020.2 976.6 3) Flow Rate (D) The flow rate is derived by selecting from the records of the observatory stations the annual precipitation of a year for which the data are considered valid, calculating the annual flow rate, and converting it to a runoff depth (discharge divided by area). The calculation results are shown below. Table 3.4.7 Mean Annual Discharge by Flow Rate Observatory Station Depth of St. No Runoff of Each Year Mean (m3/s) Runoff (mm) 4AG2 Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 246.94 15.22 Total Runoff (m3/s) 796.40 217.69 45.05 138.66 322.42 58.65 83.62 235.54 324.39 4AG4A Year 1977 1978 1979 1007.19 22.39 Total Runoff (m3/s) 666.32 1105.13 1250.13 4AH7 Year 1977 1978 1979 1985 1986 560.05 27.12 Total Runoff (m3/s) 202.37 1151.82 603.30 595.23 247.51 4AH13 Year 1975 1979 434.59 17.16 Total Runoff (m3/s) 350.10 519.08 4AH14 Year 1977 1978 1979 489.66 13.87 Total Runoff (m3/s) 219.65 437.55 811.78 4AH20 Year 1977 1978 1979 274.77 11.47 Total Runoff (m3/s) 166.02 234.26 424.04 4AH21 Year 1978 1979 150.74 16.38 Total Runoff (m3/s) 138.79 162.69 2K15 Year 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1977 1978 1979 1981 888.45 8.25 Total Runoff (m3/s) 387.91 1299.35 928.52 324.90 486.56 627.26 1195.08 1520.43 633.82 1480.68 4) Evapotranspiration (E) The evapotranspiration in Tabora Region, for which almost no data is available, was calculated on the basis of the values obtained using the Thornthwaite method as shown in Table 3.4.5, assuming that evapotranspiration during the dry season is 0 (zero). The dry season was estimated by calculating the number of months with a monthly precipitation of 30mm or less according to the precipitation data, and taking the total mean value of about 5.0months, i.e., 150 days, to be days without evapotranspiration. For this calculation, the potential evapotranspiration was assumed to be 108.5mm per month, the mean value for the months excluding the dry season (May through September) shown in Table 3.4.5, i.e., January through April and October to February. Therefore, the total annual evapotranspiration is as follows: Et = (365 days － 150 days) × (105.0 mm ÷ 30 days) ≒ 752.5 mm

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5) Calculation Results Using Arithmetical Computation The above precipitation (P), flow rate (D), and evapotranspiration (E) can be used in a simple arithmetical computation to derive the groundwater recharge as follows: Table 3.4.8 Calculation Results for Groundwater Recharge

Groundwater Rain(thiessen) Evapo- Depth of Runoff Recharge Station No (mm) transpiration (mm) (mm) (mm) PED R 4AG2 835.8 752.5 15.2 68.1 4AG4A 842.2 752.5 22.4 67.3 4AH7 858.6 752.5 27.1 79.0 4AH13 1020.2 752.5 17.2 250.5 4AH14 1020.2 752.5 13.9 253.8 4AH20 1020.2 752.5 11.5 256.2 4AH21 1020.2 752.5 16.4 251.3 2K15 976.6 752.5 8.2 215.9 (2) Tank Model Method 1) Overview of Tank Model Method The tank model method proposed by Masami Sugawara in 1972 is used to create a water balance model, and normally consists of tanks on three (3) or four (4) levels. Each of the tanks conceptually represents the natural phenomenon of water accumulation in the surface soil or aquifer level, or the water balance. A runoff hole in the side of the tank represents runoff to rivers, and a hole in the lower part of the tank represents infiltration into the underground. Therefore, a tank model can reproduce changes in the river flow rate and enable the groundwater recharge to be estimated. For example, rainwater that enters the ground tank in the first level enters the soil tank through Hole F11 in the second level while that part of the rainwater that exceeds the infiltration capacity flows through Hole F12 to become the river flow rate. The rainwater that has entered the soil tank in the second level further flows through Hole F21 to become shallow groundwater in the third level, part of which flows through Hole F12 to become spring water and, if there is more supply, flows out through Hole F13 to rivers. Although this model is characterized by the ease of data input and manipulation, the shape of the tank model needs to be determined on the assumption of the water balance structure of the area to be analyzed. 2) Construction of Tank Model Figure 3.4.3 shows the shape of the tank model used for the water balance analysis of the study area. This model has approximately the same structure as the one used in The Study on Rural Water Supply in Mwanza and Mara Regions in United Republic of Tanzania (JICA 2007.)

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Figure 3.4.3 Structure of Tank Model 3) Input Data The input data required for calculation consists of catchment area precipitation, evapotranspiration and observed flow rate. Calculation was performed month by month, and all the results were converted into millimetres for the sake of unification of the unit of measurement. The data used was from the 4AH7 flow rate observatory station, which had a complete set of data for monthly precipitation and flow rates over the same period, for the two years 1985 and 1986 (24 consecutive months). (No other catchment area apart from 4AH7 had a complete set of observation data for monthly precipitation and flow rates over the same period.) In addition, the evapotranspiration data shown in Table 3.4.5 was also used. 4) Results of Calculation Using Tank Model The above conditions and data were input into the tank model, and then the parameters of the tank model were varied on a trial basis until the calculated flow rates were approximately equal to the observed flow rates. Below are shown the results of calculation using the tank model. Table 3.4.9 Parameters of Tank Model TANK1 TANK2 TANK3 P 11＝ 0.000 mm P 21＝ 0.500 mm P 31＝ 0.000 mm A 11＝ 0.500 A 21＝ 0.500 A 31＝ 0.500 P 12＝ 3.000 mm P 22＝ 5.000 mm P 32＝ 1.500 mm A 12＝ 1.000 A 22＝ 0.500 A 32＝ 0.500 INIH= 10.000 mm INIH= 10.000 mm P 33＝ 2.000 mm A 33＝ 0.500 INIH= 10.000 mm P: Position of hole in the tank (height from the tank bottom) A: Size of hole in the tank INIH in the lowest part represents the initial value of the tank.

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Tank Model Method (4AH7) 300 Calculated Value Observed Value 250 Recharge /sec) 3 200

150

100

50 averagedischarge (m 0 Jul-85 Jul-85 Jul-85 Jul-86 Jul-86 Jul-86 Apr-85 Apr-85 Apr-86 Apr-86 Jan-85 Jan-85 Jan-85 Feb-85 Feb-85 Mar-85 Mar-85 Jan-86 Jan-86 Feb-86 Feb-86 Mar-86 Mar-86 May-85 May-85 Jun-85 Jun-85 Aug-85 Aug-85 Sep-85 Sep-85 Oct-85 Oct-85 Nov-85 Nov-85 May-86 May-86 Jun-86 Jun-86 Aug-86 Aug-86 Sep-86 Sep-86 Oct-86 Oct-86 Nov-86 Nov-86 Dec-85 Dec-85 Dec-85 Figure 3.4.4 Hydrograph Using the tank model constants that have been created, the precipitation data in the same 4AH7 catchment area (1981 through 1993) was input to estimate the groundwater recharge. Table 3.4.10 shows the results. Table 3.4.10 Calculation of Groundwater Recharge Using Tank Model (1981-1983) Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Mean Recharge 45.0 30.6 44.0 44.4 85.1 78.0 25.4 124.7 66.5 106.0 7.1 60.4 37.7 58.1 (mm/month)

3.4.5 CALCULATION RESULTS

According to the calculation results thus obtained, the groundwater recharge in the study area is estimated to be as follows: (Figure 3.4.5) (i) The 4AG2 and 4AG4A areas in the upper reaches of the Igombe River (part of Nzega District, Tabora Municipality, and Tabora Rural District) have a groundwater recharge of 60 to 70mm per year, a relatively small amount in Tabora Region. However, this corresponds to about ten times the 4 to 6mm shown in References (iii). (ii) Similarly, the 4AH7 area in the upper reaches of the Wara River (part of Tabora Municipality and Tabora Rural District) have a groundwater recharge of a little over 60 mm per year, a relatively small amount in Tabora Region. (iii) The 4AH20, 4AH14 and 4AH21 areas in the Nkululu River Basin (Sikonge District) have a groundwater recharge of over 250mm per year, a considerably abundant water resource situation. (iv) The 2K15 catchment area in the Internal Drainage Basin (Sikonge District and Tabora Rural District) shows 200mm per year, a substantial groundwater recharge. (v) The groundwater recharge for Urambo District in the western part of Tabora Region cannot be calculated because no flow rate observation data is available. However, it is reported that the district has a relatively high annual precipitation (900 to 1,000mm per year) and, as shown in Section 4.5.1, "Surface Condition Map," relatively good surface conditions. With all these circumstances taken into consideration, this area is thought to have a groundwater recharge of about 100～200mm. (vi) The groundwater recharge of 4AH7 was estimated using the tank model method to be 170mm over two (2) years. The mean value is about 85mm per year, approximately the same value obtained using the arithmetical computation method; but with the year-to-year variation taken into account the groundwater recharge is thought to be about 50 to 100mm per year.

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(vii) As shown in Table 3.4.10, there are great variations in groundwater recharge. Therefore, the groundwater potential should be estimated low to be on the safe side.

3.4.6 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN TABORA REGION AND FUTURE ISSUES

Calculations indicate that within Tanzania, Tabora Region has a relatively advantageous water environment. As Reference (i) shows, the analysis of data in the Dodoma area where the annual precipitation is said to be about 600mm estimated the groundwater recharge to be 3% to 20% of the annual precipitation. When all the data including these are taken into consideration, the annual recharge for the entire Tabora Region is estimated to be 50 to 200mm per year. As shown in Table 3.4.10, however, the groundwater recharge in a dry year can drop to below one-tenth of what it is in an abundant year. In any case, data on precipitation and flow rates are maintained in poor condition, leaving the authenticity and accuracy of much of the available data open to question. In the future, reliable data must be gathered in order to enhance the accuracy of water resource development planning. It is to be hoped that an appropriate observation system will be constructed and adequate data management carried out.

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FIGURE 3.4.5 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ESTIMATION MAP THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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REFERENCE

Shinichi Onodera, Akihiko Kondoh, Yoshinori Sato, Masaki Hayashi, Shizuo Shindo, Eiji Matsumoto, Hiroshi Ikeda (1996): Subsurface Water Cycle in Semiarid Tanzania, East Africa, Journal of the Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences Vol.26 No.2 75－86 (BROKONSULT AB Sweden：Tabora Region Water Master Plan Final Report Volume 4: Hydrological Studies Japan International Cooperation Agency (2002) Application for Technical Cooperation for Master Plan Study on National Irrigation Development Promotion. Summary Report, JICA, Tokyo

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CHAPTER 4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

4.1 GENERAL

In evaluating the groundwater potential in the Tabora region, a satellite image analysis and field investigations were executed with the analysis of the existing data concerning topography, geology and hydrogeology. The hydrogeological map of the Tabora region was made based on the results of these surveys and analyses. 4.2 TOPOGRAPHY

The Tabora region is situated on a high plateau of the central part in the United Republic of Tanzania between latitude 4-7° south and longitude 31-34° east. The region shares a border with the Shinyanga region in the north, Singida region in the east, Mbeya and Rukwa region in the south and then the western border is shared with the Kigoma region. Most of the altitude in the region ranges between 1,000 and 1,300m with an approximately flat plateau. The inselbergs which the basement rock exposed and the lowlands which become marshes in the rainy season also exist in places so gently undulations are found. The hilly terrain that exceeds 1,600m altitude is located in the southeastern area. A topographical map of the Tabora region which was created by using Shuttle Rader Terrain Model (SRTM) data is shown as Figure 4.2.1. The Tabora region is divided into three basins (Lake Tanganyika Basin, Internal Drainage Basin and Lake Rukwa Basin). The watershed which divides Lake Tanganyika Basin and the Internal Drainage Basin runs from the northern part of the Nzega district to the east in Sikonge town via south of Nzega town, and then it stretches to the region outside in a southeasterly direction. In the Lake Tanganyika Basin, the altitude declines gently from the east to the west. Beyond the watershed with about 1,200 to 1,500m altitude, the altitude falls from the west to east in the Internal Drainage Basin. The Lake Tanganyika Basin has 68% of the land area of the region, the Internal Drainage Basin has 28% and the Lake Rukwa Basin has 4%. 4.3 GEOLOGY

4.3.1 GENERAL

In the central part of Tanzania where the Tabora region is situated, Precambrian Archean plutonic rocks and metamorphic rocks are widely distributed. Overlying these rocks, sedimentary rocks in the Paleozoic era, Continental deposits of Miocene, lacustrine deposits and old alluvium in the Pleistocene, and recent alluvium of Holocene are distributed in places.

4.3.2 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

The geological stratums in the study area are described according to the period. (1) Archean and Paleozoic

The stratum of the Archean in this area is divided into the Dodoman system, the Nyanzian system, the Kavirondian system and the Ubendian system in chronological order. The Dodoman system is composed of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, amphibolite, migmatite, schist and so on. It is distributed in a belt shape of 100km width from the south to the west of the region. The Dodoman system is the oldest stratum in Tanzania. The Nyanzian system and the Kavirondian system are composed of metamorphic rocks such as banded ironstone, schist, quartzite, phyllite and sedimentary rocks. It is situated in the Igunga and Nzega districts in the northeast of the region. The Ubendian system is composed of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and amphibolite, and located at the west end of the region. Additionally, the Archean intrusive rocks which are

4 - 1 Chapter 4 Topography, Geology and Hydrogeology composed of mainly granite and granodiorite are distributed in the vast area of the eastern part of the region. The intrusive rocks have developed joints and are weathered strongly. The Paleozoic Bukoban system which consists mainly of sandstone is distributed in the limited area of the west end of the region. The Mesozoic stratum is not admitted in the Tabora region. (2) Cenozoic

The stratum in the Cenozoic period in this region is composed of the continental deposits of the Miocene, lacustrine sediments and the old alluvium of the Pleistocene, and the recent alluvium of Quaternary in chronological order. The continental deposits of the Miocene consist of various materials such as silcrete which is a kind of conglomerate, duricrust and so on. It is distributed in the east of the region mainly in the eastern part of the Tabora Rural district. The lacustrine sediments of Pleistocene are mainly composed of limestone and calcareous mudstone and is found in the northern part of Igunga district which is located in the northeast of the region. The alluvial sediment in the region is divided into old alluvium of the Pleistocene and recent alluvium of the Quaternary. They are distributed mainly in the riverbeds, the marshes, the swamps and the low altitude areas of the region. The geological feature of the Tabora region is shown in Table 4.3.1. Table 4.3.1 Geology of Tabora Region Era System Rock Type Lithology Quaternary Alluvium Clay Unconsolidated Sand , clay Neogene Pleistocene sediment Cenozoic Lacustrine Limestone, Calcareous mudstone Continental Silcrete, Duricrust and others Neogene Miocene deposits Sedimentary Sandstone Paleozoic Bukoban rocks Metamorphic Gneiss, Amphibolite Ubendian rocks Sedimentary Quartzite, Sandstone, Mudstone, Siltstone Kavirondian rocks Metamorphic Banded ironstone, Schist, Lava, Tuff, rocks, Phyllite,Sandstone Archean Nyanzian Metavolcanic rock Intrusive/ Granite, Granodiorite - Plutonic rocks Metamorphic Gneiss, Amphibolite, Migmatite, Schisit Dodoman rocks Source: “Tanzania Tabora Region Integrated Development Project, Land Use Component, Land Unit Atlas” Land Resources Development Centre, 1982

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FIGURE 4.2.1 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE STUDY AREA THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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FIGURE 4.3.1 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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4.3.3 GENERATED THEMATIC MAPS

Thematic maps and their incorporated information in this survey are shown in Table 4.3.2. An “Integrated hydrogeological map” will be prepared for the item ‘Integrated interpretation’ afterwards. Table 4.3.2 Generated Thematic Maps

Map Scale Incorporate information Surface condition 1:200,000 - Drainage system and drainage basin - Vegetation distribution by NDVI in both dry and rainy seasons - Surface water distribution in rainy season - DEM shaded map Lithofacies 1:200,000 - Lithofacies by image interpretation - Compiling existing geologic map - DEM shaded map Geologic structure 1:200,000 - Fractures by image interpretation; major faults, certain and uncertain lineaments and dykes - Faults and dykes by existing airborne magnetic data interpretation DEM shaded map Integrated 1:200,000 - Drainage and drainage basin hydrogeological - Fracture scoring data interpretation - Groundwater Potential estimated in Water Master Plan(1980)

(1) Surface Condition Map The surface condition map is shown in Figure 4.3.2. This thematic map clarifies the following contents. - The Tabora region should be divided into four main drainage basins judging from drainage analysis using SRTM data. They are eastern, northwestern, southwestern and most southern drainage basins. Tabora Municipality is located in a ridge between the north-western and the south-western main drainage basins. - Vegetation is mainly distributed in forest and game reserves of the Sikonge and Urambo districts, while their distribution is different in the rainy and dry seasons. Artificial vegetation boundaries regarding these reserves were extracted from the imagery as well. - The surface water is distributed in the lowlands of the Igunga and Urambo districts in addition to the Manonga River, Rungwa River, Igombe River and Wala River on the imagery of the rainy season data.

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FIGURE 4.3.2 SURFACE CONDITION MAP THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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(2) Lithofacies Map The lithofacies map is shown in Figure 4.3.3. Lithofacies here in Tabora Region was discriminated into seven geologic units as follows in ascending order, - Unconsolidated materials in Quaternary (unit name Q): loose materials like sand and mud distributed along drainages and in swamps - Sedimentary rock (unit name Sr): horizontally structured deposits distributed in the most south-western part of the region - New granite (unit name Ng): showing intermediate resistance against surface erosion and being distributed in the south-western part of the region - Greenstone (unit name Gs): showing rough topography and dense vegetation and emplacing in the north-eastern part of the region - Schist (unit name Sc): showing low resistance against surface erosion and being distributed in the western and the southern part of the region - Gneiss derived from granite (unit name Gn): showing rough topography and many lineaments developed and being distributed in NW-SE direction belt at the center of the region - Granite as a basement (unit name Gb): showing high resistance against surface erosion in the northern part and low resistance in the southern part of the region (3) Geologic Structure Map The geologic structure map was shown in Figure 4.3.4. This thematic map clarifies the following contents. - Major faults trending N-S and NW-SE in addition to trending NE-SW and E-W were newly extracted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) shaded map. There is a difficulty to extract these major faults from the satellite imagery because its high sun elevation does not show an efficient shadow effect. These faults sitting extension and/or parallel to the ‘Eastern African Rift’ seem to be younger than any other lineaments in the region. - Other faults and dykes derived from the airborne magnetic survey are added on as well in order to make the accuracy higher than the ones from satellite interpretation, as the subsurface structure is difficult to detect from satellite imagery in the 1:200,000 scale. In fact, these dykes are very concordant with N-S trending major faults and extend further to the south.

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FIGURE 4.3.3 LITHOFACIES MAP THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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FIGURE 4.3.4 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE MAP THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION JICA

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