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Manichaean Networks The Manichaean Church in Kellis Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Editors Jason D. BeDuhn Dylan M. Burns Johannes van Oort Editorial Board A. D. Deconick – W.-P. Funk – I. Gardner S. N. C. Lieu – H. Lundhaug – A. Marjanen – L. Painchaud N. A. Pedersen – T. Rasimus – S. G. Richter M. Scopello – J. D. Turner† – F. Wursy Volume 100 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nhms The Manichaean Church in Kellis By Håkon Fiane Teigen LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Teigen, Håkon Fiane, author. Title: The Manichaean church in Kellis / by Håkon Fiane Teigen. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies, 0929–2470 ; volume 100 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021008227 (print) | LCCN 2021008228 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004459762 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004459779 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Manichaeism. | Manichaeans—Egypt—Kellis (Extinct city) | Kellis (Extinct city)—Civilization. Classification: LCC BT1410 .T45 2021 (print) | LCC BT1410 (ebook) | DDC 299/.932—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008227 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008228 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0929-2470 ISBN 978-90-04-45976-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-45977-9 (ebook) Copyright 2021 by Håkon Fiane Teigen. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. For Astrid ∵ Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Tables, Figures, and Network Charts xiii Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Sources xiv A Note on Citations and Translations xvi Prelude xvii 1 Introduction: Mani’s Church and Social Life 1 1 Mani’s Church 1 2 The Sources 4 3 Manichaean Social Organisation 8 4 Theoretical Framework 22 Part 1 The Social World of Fourth-Century Kellis 2 Life in Kellis: Society and Religion in an Oasis Town 31 1 On the Road to the Oasis 31 2 The Dakhleh Oasis 32 3 The Village of Kellis 40 4 Oasis Society and Religious Movements 51 3 The Pamour Family: Familial and Economic Networks 53 1 The Circles of House 3 55 2 The Pamour Family 72 3 The Family Business 75 4 Conclusions 80 4 Village Networks: The Small World of Fourth-Century Kellis 81 1 Meet the Neighbours 82 2 Oasis Notables 85 3 The Village Elite 89 4 Villagers in the Valley 93 5 A Trade Association? 95 6 The Village Network 97 viii Contents Part 2 A Manichaean Church: The Light Mind at Kellis 5 Manichaean Cues: Religious Identity in Everyday Life 109 1 Religious Identity and Lived Religion 109 2 Signalling Identity: Religious Cues in Papyrus Letters 113 3 Religious Cues in the Circles of House 3 115 4 Manichaean Cues 126 5 The Light Mind at Kellis 134 6 Conclusions 139 6 Manichaean Networks: The Social Networks of the Laity 140 1 The Social Composition of Manichaeism 140 2 Manichaean Social Networks 144 3 Counting Manichaeans 160 4 ‘Open’ or ‘Bounded’ Network? 167 5 Networks, Dissemination, and Tensions 176 7 Manichaean Books: Literary Texts and Textual Community 178 1 A Manichaean World 179 2 Manichaean Literature 182 3 Textual Practices 202 4 Textual Community, Manichaean Identity 209 8 Manichaean Rituals: Elect and Lay Practices 215 1 Identifying Elect 218 2 Auditor Almsgiving 224 3 Elect Services 243 4 Conclusions 250 9 The Manichaean Church: Elect Organisation 251 1 Itinerancy and Group-Making 253 2 Hierarchy and Supervision 259 3 Communal Spaces and ‘Monasteries’ 270 4 A Networked Manichaean Church 282 5 Conclusions 289 Contents ix 10 Conclusion: A Church in the World 290 1 Manichaean Identity and ‘Manichaeism’ 291 2 The Elite-Lay Dichotomy 292 3 Reordering ‘Religion’ 294 4 The Fate of the Church 298 Bibliography 301 Index of Sources 329 Index of Names 337 Index of Subjects 340 Acknowledgments This book concerns the role of ‘religion’ in daily life in late antiquity. It springs out of an engagement with documents found in a small town in Roman Egypt, and their relationship to a lost religious tradition, ‘Manichaeism’, that once spread across the Eurasian continent. In order to approach this issue, I have drawn on a range of different fields: papyrology, Coptology, microhistory, prosopography, network theory, cultural sociology, Manichaean studies, early Christian studies, and the study of ancient associations. The aim has been to shed light on the dynamics between what we may roughly term ‘ideological’ and ‘social’ forces in the history of late antique religion. In its present form, the book is a substantially rewritten version of my doc- toral thesis, ‘The Limbs of the Light Mind: The Social World of a Manichaean Community in Fourth-Century Egypt’, which was defended at the University of Bergen in the Fall of 2018. The changes from thesis to book are many, how- ever – too many to enumerate here. The most conspicuous one is the shedding of detailed discussion of the Kellis community’s economy, which has been replaced by a more focused engagement with religious identity. Several of the chapters from the thesis treating economic activity have been removed, while those chapters discussing religious life have been reorganised and greatly expanded. The person to whom this work owes its greatest debt is undoubtedly my for- mer supervisor, Eivind H. Seland. His unfailing support during my PhD made my ideas into a realisable project, and his continued advice, friendship, and invitations for walks have been a great source of strength and fresh air in the subsequent period – especially appreciated under the COVID19 pandemic, still-ongoing as I write this. I am, furthermore, most grateful to the members of my dissertation committee, Jacques van der Vliet, Arietta Papaconstantinou, and J. Christian Meyer, who pointed out important deficiencies and areas for improvement of the thesis, while also giving me the confidence to plan for a publication. I would, moreover, like to send my sincere thanks to the scholars who read and commented on the manuscript while still a thesis-in-waiting, especially Giovanni Ruffini, René Falkenberg, and Ingvild Gilhus. Many others have been of great importance along the way; especially Alexandros Tsakos, who has been a great support and a tutor in all things Coptic, and Mattias Brand, with whom I’ve had many friendly and fruitful disa- greements over the years. Furthermore, I wish to extend my thanks to Johannes van Oort, who both helped improve the manuscript and guided me through the publication process; my three anonymous reviewers, for their comments, xii Acknowledgments corrections, and suggestions; and Carina van den Hoven and the other editors at Brill, for their work. Above all, my gratefulness and my love go to Birgit, my closest supporter and most perceptive critic, – and to our daughter, Astrid, the sound of whose laughter in the hallway tells me it is time to leave the keyboard alone and go build a tower. Håkon Fiane Teigen Bergen, March 2021 Tables, Figures, and Network Charts Tables 1 Currency and measures in Dakhleh (c.355–370) 44 2 Selected prices in Kellis (c.355–70) 45 3 Sequence of Psais, Andreas, Ploutogenes, and Horos 67 4 Makarios’ greetings (P.Kellis V Copt. 19) 163 5 Matthaios’ greetings (P.Kellis V Copt. 25) 164 6 Religious books in the documentary papyri 204 7 Elect in the House 1–3 material 224 Figures 1 Map of Egypt. Credit: Anna L. Boozer (drawn by M. Mathews) 34 2 Map of the ‘Great Oasis’. Credit: Anna L. Boozer (drawn by M. Mathews) 34 3 Map of Kellis. Credit: Dakhleh Oasis Project and Colin A. Hope 41 4 Map of House 1–3. Credit: Dakhleh Oasis Project and Colin A. Hope 54 5 The extended Pamour family 58 Network Charts 1 All documents 102 2 Excluding House 3 letters 103 3 Excluding accounts and House 3 letter 104 4 The ego network of Pausanias 153 Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Sources Publications of Papyri from Kellis P.Kellis I Greek Papyri from Kellis (ed. Worp 1995) P.Kellis II Kellis Literary Texts, vol. 1 (ed. Gardner 1996) P.Kellis III The Kellis Isocrates Codex (ed. Worp and Rijksbaron 1997) P.Kellis IV / KAB The Kellis Agricultural Account Book (ed. Bagnall 1997) P.Kellis V Coptic Documentary Texts from Kellis, vol. 1 (ed. Gardner, Alcock & Funk 1999) P.Kellis VI Kellis Literary Texts, vol. 2 (ed. Gardner 2007) P.Kellis VII Coptic Documentary Texts from Kellis, vol. 2 (ed. Gardner, Alcock & Funk 2014) O.Kellis I Ostraka from Kellis (ed. Worp 2004) Manichaean Texts 1 Ke Kephalaia vol. 1: The Chapters of the Teacher (ed. Polotsky and Böhlig 1940 / Böhlig 1966 / Funk 1999, 2000, 2018) 2 Ke Kephalaia vol.
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