Procesos De Reconstrucción Identitaria Y Patrimonialización De La Memoria Histórica

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Procesos De Reconstrucción Identitaria Y Patrimonialización De La Memoria Histórica PROCESOS DE RECONSTRUCCIÓN IDENTITARIA Y PATRIMONIALIZACIÓN DE LA MEMORIA HISTÓRICA. EL CASO DE LOMA NEGRA- VILLA ALFREDO FORTABAT 1 2 1 NUReS (Núcleo Regional de Estudios Socioculturales) Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Olavarría. Universidad Nacional del Centro. Argentina. [email protected]. edu.ar, [email protected] 2 NUReS (Núcleo Regional de Estudios Socioculturales) Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Olavarría. Universidad Nacional del Centro. Argentina. avillafa@soc. unicen.edu.ar, [email protected] 87 Atek Na Antropología Resumen Abstract El propósito de este trabajo es The aim of this paper is give dar cuenta de los procesos de account of the identity’s construcción y reconstrucción construction and reconstruction identitaria a partir de la puesta process, from the put in en valor del patrimonio local value of local heritage of de las villas obreras del Partido “working villages” at Olavarría de Olavarría, Provincia de department in Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, en particularly the case of “Loma particular del caso de Loma Negra – Villa Alfredo Fortabat”. Negra-Villa Alfredo Fortabat. For this purpose, we will analyze Para ello, analizaremos la of societies that live or lived histórica de las sociedades inhistorical that village, memory and configuration how it has queconfiguración habitan y/o de habitaronla memoria esa been considered heritage by Villa y cómo la misma se ha institutional way, with the visto patrimonializada tanto creation of a museum (Museo de manera institucional, con la Hogar Villa Alfredo Fortabat, creación de un museo (Museo for example), as symbolically Hogar Villa Alfredo Fortabat, por materialized on the different ejemplo), como simbólicamente monuments installation. To “materializada” en la instalación understand this case, according de distintos monumentos. Para to our theoretical framework, poder comprender este caso, de we should observe the processes acuerdo a nuestro marco teórico, that built this space we now se deben observar los procesos call Argentina, as part of the que fueron construyendo este dynamics of the expansion of espacio al que denominamos capitalism worldwide. actualmente Argentina, en el Keywords: Identity - Heritage – marco de la dinámica de la Memory – Company Towns. expansión del capitalismo a nivel mundial. Palabras clave: Identidad – Patrimonio – Memoria – Villas Obreras. 88 Procesos de reconstrucción... L. ADAD y A. VILLAFAÑE 1. Introducción l propósito de este trabajo es dar cuenta de los procesos de construcción y reconstrucción identitaria a partir de la pues- Eta en valor del patrimonio local de las villas obreras del Parti- do de Olavarría, Argentina, en particular, Loma Negra-Villa Alfredo Fortabat. histórica de las sociedades que habitan y/o habitaron esa localidadPara ello,y cómo analizaremos la misma se la ha configuración visto patrimonializada de la memoria tanto de manera institucional, con la creación de un museo (Museo Hogar Villa Alfredo Fortabat, por ejemplo), como simbólicamente “materializada” en la instalación de distintos monumentos3. hechosTrabajar del pasado, en la sinorecuperación una compleja de dichaconstrucción memoria en significala que tanto un recuerdosdesafío ya que,individuales la misma como no erige colectivos, como un experiencias simple reflejo pasadas de los y situaciones presentes se intrincan inexorablemente. Si bien la noción de “memoria” tiene cierta trayectoria en el campo de la teoría social y se actualiza constantemente, recuperamos los clásicos respecto. Esto por dos cuestiones fundamentales y centrales para nuestropero significativos estudio. En aportes primer delugar, Maurice por el Halbwachsénfasis puesto (1925,1950) en entender al la memoria como un fenómeno social o colectivo, aún en los casos en los que el recuerdo parece estrictamente individual o personal; y segundo, por el sostenimiento de que los mismos se activan y reconstruyen a partir de los imperativos del presente. Sin embargo, aclaramos que esto no implica que el pasado no deje ningún tipo de huellas. Al contrario, la memoria, entendida en estos términos, se constituye en un campo ideal para preguntarnos 3 Estas reflexiones son producto del análisis del trabajo de campo que desde el contactos se dieron a partir de la realización de talleres de memoria e historia oral destinadosaño 2006 venimos a toda la realizando población unos,con los y a habitantes alumnos y de docentes la localidad. de escuelas Nuestros de educación primeros básica y formación de adultos, otros, en el contexto de nuestros programas de investigación. 89 Atek Na Antropología acerca de los diferentes sentidos que se le asignan al pasado desde o para el presente y analizar, por ende, las tensiones y disputas que tales asignaciones conllevan. Por otro lado, el “orgullo” por el patrimonio y el sentido de la continuidad histórica se ha constituido como un fenómeno reciente. Esto se enfatiza aún más, si tenemos en cuenta, en un contexto más amplio, la concepción desarrollista que imperó desde mitad de siglo XX hasta hace dos décadas en nuestro país, donde estos elementos eran considerados por un gran sector como “factores de atraso”, arcaicos, que provocaban un desfasaje con la nueva cultura material y tecnológica que se “importaba” desde otros “territorios” en pos de un sentir “global”. Durante muchos años, los incondicionales de lo “moderno” no estaban especialmente interesados en proteger los conocimientos y técnicas “antiguos”. Teniendo estos datos como antecedente, es que también (Paz 2011) identidad y patrimonio y las características que éste vínculo puede encerrarinteresa dereflexionar acuerdo a sobrelos usos los que alcances se le den de al mismo,la relación vinculado entre a En el abordaje de estos procesos subyace la concepción de la redefinición y/o afirmación identitaria. representaciones relativamente permanentes a través del tiempo que lapermite identidad a los se miembrosconstituye decomo un ungrupo “conjunto social, de que significados comparten y una historia y un territorio en común, así como otros elementos socioculturales, tales como un lenguaje, una religión, costumbres e instituciones sociales, reconocerse a sí mismos como grupo” En esta línea, sin dejar de reconocer las múltiples y variadas (Torres Moré, 2006:15). por contextos sociohistóricos, económicos y políticos diversos, retomamosformas de definir la idea el dePatrimonio, que el patrimonio, expresiones en teñidas tanto construccióny permeadas se constituye por diversas manifestaciones, tangibles e social (Prats 2005, 2007; Rosas Mantecón 1998, García Canclini 1999), intangibles, a las que se les otorga una significación particular y se 90 Procesos de reconstrucción... L. ADAD y A. VILLAFAÑE expresan en una identidad enraizada en el pasado con memoria en el presente y reinterpretada por las sucesivas generaciones. Una construcción al modo de invención y no como un homenaje a un pasado inmóvil sociales4 marco teórico, concebimos ajeno a conflictos al patrimonio e intereses como la de síntesis clase simbólicay grupos de los valores. Además, identitarios y de acuerdo de una a lasociedad configuración que los de reconoce nuestro como propios. síntesis implicaría un proceso de “reconocimiento”, generalmente intergeneracional,Como de bienunos expresaelementos Iniesta como I parteGonzález, integrante “(…) esta del bagaje cultural en estrecha vinculación al sentimiento del grupo Sin embargo, en las sociedades inmersas en la industrialización yque la “desea”tercerización conservarlos”. (tal fue (Iniestael caso deI González Olavarría 1991:2) y sus localidades mineras, particularmente Loma Negra), tal sentimiento puede, y de hecho sucede a menudo, ser olvidado, sesgando su propia historia y lazos de grupo. Esto, nos ha alentado a adentrarnos en la elucidación de la naturaleza de la insinuante huella de esa “temporalidad obliterada”, ubicada fuera de las fronteras del espacio central de la sociedad, para desentrañar el insobornable eco del “tiempo pasado”. En este sentido observaremos que, en el caso abordado, el patrimonio se erigirá como un “proceso vivo”, que tiene sentido solamente cuando, por medio de elementos materiales, activa el acto de rememorar. Para poder comprender las particularidades de éste acto sustentado en la relación entre presente y pasado que la población actual de la localidad de Loma Negra parece entramar, nos hemos valido metodológicamente de la recuperación de la historia oral, como herramienta fundamental para poder analizar que integran y conforman el grupo antes mencionado. la configuraciónAsí, de manera de general,la memoria la metodología histórica y colectiva que sustenta de los nuestra sujetos investigación recupera una perspectiva cualitativa centrada en4 el enfoque etnográfico, en tanto concepción y construcción Rosas Mantecón, A. Op. Cit.(1998:5). 91 Atek Na Antropología de conocimiento para abordar los hechos sociales desde una comprensión de la perspectiva de los sujetos. La búsqueda de la comprensión de los fenómenos sociales a través de la recuperación de las interpretaciones que los propios actores/sujetos tienen de sus vidas atraviesa, de alguna u otra forma, la totalidad del quehacer antropológico. De forma particular y atendiendo al objetivo del presente de los relatos cobra sentido en nuestra investigación, en el intento portrabajo, comprender la importancia contextos del relevamiento socioculturales etnográfico más amplios sobre laal base del propio relato, tanto en su producción como en su reproducción. De esta manera, los relatos se constituyen como una urdimbre
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