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A minors and 307-310 acceptance causation 376-7 conduct, by 36 certainty, see uncertainty communication of 37 collateral contracts 136-7, 250-51 mistake, effect of, in making 60-66 companies post, by 41-5 and 312 prescribed method of 39 ultra vires and 312 revocation of 43-4 condition silence, by 39-40 breach of 179,344 unilateral contracts and 45-6 creation of ISo-S4, 385 unqualified nature of 36-7 precedent ISO adequacy of consideration 76-7,29S promissory 180 advertisements 31-2 subsequent 180 affirmation 346-S consideration agency 137-S adequacy of 76-7,330 agreement benefit and detriment as 73-5,94 contract based on 1-7 compromises and 80-81 objective nature 15-lS, 20-22 definition of 73-5 subjective IS-20 economic value of 76-80, 94 ambiguity, uncertainty due to 51-7 estoppel and 98-100,108-110 142 existing duties and SI-94 auction sales 32-3 forbearance from suing, as 81 motive and 76 past 95-6 B promisee, must move from 96, 120- bargaining power, inequality of 314, 22 322-4 reformof 110-111 battle ofthe forms 22-5,37,48-9 sufficiency of 76-7 bills of exchange 69,96 trivial acts and 77-8 breach of contract total failure of 278, 308, 362-4 anticipatory 350-53 valuable 76-7,94 discharge by 33S, 341-53 variation of contract, and 102-3 consequences of 343,346-9 consumer surplus 377-80 occurrence of 342 rule 171, 196-8 prospective nature of 345-6 contract remedies for 355-402 agreement, as 5-6, 15,401-2 basis of 3-5 distributive justice and 4,331-2 C empirical research and 7 capacity promise, as 3-5 companies and 312 scope of, 1-3 drunkenness and 311 contributory negligence 377 mental patients and 311 counter offer 22, 37 412 Index

D function of 194 damages and 201-202 action for 355-80 incorporation of 164-8,195 date ofassessment of 370 misrepresentation and 202-3, 253 expectation 357-62,371-80 negligence liability and 198-201 liquidated 386-9,394-7 privity of contract and 132-5,203 mental distress, for 377-80 reasonableness of 214-7 misrepresentation and 249-52 statutory regulation of 203-217 punitive 355 exemption clauses, see Exclusion reliance 368-70 clauses restitutionary 362-8 expectation interest debt definition of 357-62 claim in 385-6 protection of 371-80 part payment of 91-3 deceit, tort of 240, 249 deed 68-9 F deposits, forfeiture of 392-4 force majeure 268-9,274 discharge of the contract forfeiture clauses 392-4 agreement, by 339 formalities 68-73 breach, by 338 freedom ofcontract 3-5 , 330 frustration, by 266-7,271-3,339 frustration operation oflaw, by 339 basis of 255-7,282-4 performance, by 338-9 discharge of contract and 266-7, disclosure, duty of 269 in tort 227-8 effects of 278-82 no general duty 223-4 express provision for 273-5 particular contracts 228 foreseen and foreseeable events and distributive justice and contract law 4, 275 331-2 illegality and 273 drunkenness and contractual capacity and 271-2 311 leases, of 270 duress 314-9 mistake, relation to 255-7 self-induced 275-8 purpose, of, 272-3 E fundamental breach 201-2 economic duress 316-9 fundamental terms 202 empirical research and contract law 7 enforcement of the contract by party in G breach 343-4 gaming contractors 291 entire obligations rule 383-5 good faith 229-32, 329 estoppel consideration and 98-100, 108-110 convention, by 105-106 H defined 100-101 hardship clauses 268-9 promissory 103-105 proprietary 106-108 representation, by 100-102 I European Contract Law 7-10 illegality in contracts exclusion clauses classification of 287-8 construction of 195-202 crime, agreement to commit 293 definition of 192-4 effects of 299-304 Index 413

public policy, agreement contrary to tort, liability in 310 291-9 void contracts and 308 recovery of money or property 299­ voidable contracts and 308 304 misrepresentation performance, illegality in 288-90 damages for 249-252 sexual immorality, agreements excluding liability for 253 involving 292-3 fraudulent 240, 249 statutory 290 innocent 246, 250-52 implied terms 173-7 negligent 240-46, 249-50 incompleteness of agreement 57-8 promise, distinguished from 234-5 indemnity clauses 192, 213 rescission for 246-8 inequality of bargaining power 314, term of contract, distinguished from 322-4 151-4 injunction mistake damages in lieu of 401 acceptance, effect of, in making 60- no indirect specific performance 401 66 innominate terms agreement 60-66 creation of 188-90 common 60, 257-66 breach of 188-90 equity, in 264-6 intention to create legal relations 113­ frustration and 255-7 9 fundamental 257-8 interpretation 168-71 non estfactum 162-4 invitation to treat, distinguished from offer, effect of, in making 60-66 offer 27-36 performance, as to possibility 261-2 person, as to 62-6 quality, as to 262-4 J subject matter, as to existence of jurisdiction of courts, agreement to 258-61 oust 294 subject matter, identity of 261 unilateral 60-66 mitigation of damage 371-2

L leases, frustration of 270 legal relations, intention to create N 113-9 Necessaries, see Minors limitation clauses 196-7,216-7 negotiable instruments 143 liquidated damages 386-9,394-7 non estfactum 162-4

M o marriage brokage contracts 292 objectivity 15-18,20-22 mental patients 311 offer minors acceptance of, see Acceptance capacity to enter into contracts 307- counter 22, 37 10 duration of 47 contracts by 307-10 ignorance of 38-9 executed contracts and 309 invitation to treat distinguished from necessaries, for 307-8 27-36 passing of property and 310 mistake in making of 60-66 ratification, of 308 revocation of 46-7 414 Index p restitution, law of contract and 6, 59­ Parliament and contract law 324-5 60 parol evidence rule 157-9 restraint of trade partial failure of consideration 279, contracts in 295-8 362-3 contracts of employment and 296 past consideration 95-6 contracts for the sale of a business penalties and 297 distinguished from liquidated scope of 297-8 damages 386-9 revocation of offers 46-7 evading the rules as to 390-92 rewards, offers of 31-2,38 justification for the rules as to 394-7 risk allocation performance 337-8 common mistake and 255-7, 282­ post, contract made by 41-5 4 privity of contract frustration and 255-7,282-4 collateral contracts and 136-7 consideration and 96, 120-22 development of 123-5 S doctrine of 120-47 severance, of illegal contracts 304-5 exceptions to 135-44 social and domestic arrangements exclusion clauses and 132-5 115-7 liability of third parties under 130- specific performance 397-401 32 contracting for 399-400 reform of 144-7 damages in lieu of 401 third party, enforcement by promisee when not available 398-9 for 126-30 standard form contracts 193 tort, law of, and 140-42 subjectivity and agreement 18-20 promissory estoppel, see Estoppel proprietary estoppel, see Estoppel public policy T agreements contrary to 291-9 tender, contract by 33-5 new heads of, whether possible to termination of the contract 344 create 298-9 terms of the contract puffs, mere 151, 236 ambiguity 61 classification of 179-90 condition 179-84, 344, 385 R exclusion clauses 192-218 rectification 171-3 fundamental 202 reliance implied 173-7 consideration and 97-100 incorporation of 164-8 damages and 368-70 innominate 188-90 protection of 368-70 interpretation of 168-71 remedies for breach of contract 355­ representations, distinguished from 402 151-4 remoteness of damage 373-6 third parties, see Privity of contract representation tort conduct , by 225-6 contract and 6 distinguished from promise 234-5 duty of disclosure in 227-8 repudiation 346 privity of contract and 140-42 rescission total failure ofconsideration 279, 308, for breach 247, 344 362-4 for misrepresentation 246-8, 344 trusts of contractual obligations 138-40 Index 415

U variation of contracts 102-103 uberrimae fide i 227 void contracts ultra vires 312 consequences of 61,66,164,259, uncertainty 260,266,287,308 ambiguity 51-7,59 illegality and 287, 299 incompleteness 57-8 voidable contracts 61, 66, 164, 247, vagueness 57 266,299,308,315 unconscionability 330-32 undue influence actual 319,321-2 manifest disadvantage and 319-21 presumed 319,321 W unfair contracts 298-9 , 330-32 wagering contracts 291 waiver 102-103,348-9 warranty, breach of 179,189,344 V written evidence, see Parol evidence vagueness 57 rule