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47 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Disclosures of Financial Relationships with Relevant Commercial Interests • None Worms and More Worms Edward Mitre, MD Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences What are helminths? What are helminths? The most complex and fascinating organisms that routinely infect people Pathogenic Helminths How helminths differ from other pathogens Eukaryotic, multicellular animals • Lifespan most live for years ----- phylum Platyhelminths ----- --Its own phylum!!-- TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES • Metazoans – eukaryotic, multicellular organisms (flukes) (tapeworms) (roundworms) • often have complex lifecycles • induce Th2 responses with eosinophilia and IgE • with few exceptions*, DO NOT MULTIPLY WITHIN HOST Fasciolopsis Taenia Ascaris (* Strongyloides, Paracapillaria, Hymenolepis) Images CDC DPDx ©2020 Infectious Disease Board Review, LLC 47 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Major Helminth Pathogens World Prevalence TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES Blood flukes Intestinal tapeworms Intestinal Ascaris > 400 million Schistosoma mansoni Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia saginata Ancylostoma duodenale Schistosoma japonicum Necator americanus Schistosoma haematobium Diphyllobothrium latum Trichuris trichiura Trichuris > 200 million (Hymenolepis nana) Strongyloides stercoralis Liver flukes Enterobius vermicularis Hookworm > 200 million Fasciola hepatica Larval cysts Taenia solium Tissue Invasive Clonorchis sinensis Echinococcus granulosus Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Opisthorchis viverrini Echinococcus multilocularis Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Lung flukes Trichinella spiralis Schistosoma > 150 million Paragonimus westermani Angiostrongylus cantonensis Anisakis simplex Intestinal flukes Toxocara canis/cati Gnathostoma spinigerum Fasciolopsis buski (Dirofilaria repens) Metagonimus yokagawai (Baylisascaris procyonis) http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-data-tool ID Board Prevalance Question #1 Low 28 yo F presents with recurrent crampy abdominal pain for several months. She recently returned to the U.S. after living in Tanzania for two years. Parasitology ~ 9 out of 180 total questions Colonoscopy reveals small white papules. Biopsy of a papule reveals an egg with surrounding granulomatous inflammation. Most likely diagnosis? A. Entamoeba histolytica In addition to all helminths, includes: B. Strongyloides stercoralis • Protozoa C. Wuchereria bancrofti D. Schistosoma mansoni • Ectoparasites E. Paragonimus westermani • Principles of Travel Medicine Major Helminth Pathogens Trematodes (flukes) TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES Blood flukes Intestinal tapeworms Intestinal • flat, fleshy, leaf-shaped worms Schistosoma mansoni Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia saginata Ancylostoma duodenale Schistosoma japonicum Necator americanus Schistosoma haematobium Diphyllobothrium latum Trichuris trichiura (Hymenolepis nana) Strongyloides stercoralis • usually have two muscular suckers Paragonimus (CDC DpDx) Liver flukes Enterobius vermicularis Fasciola hepatica Larval cysts Taenia solium Tissue Invasive Clonorchis sinensis Echinococcus granulosus Wuchereria bancrofti • usually hermaphroditic (except Schistosomes) Brugia malayi Opisthorchis viverrini Echinococcus multilocularis Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Lung flukes Trichinella spiralis • require intermediate hosts (usually snails or clams) Paragonimus westermani Angiostrongylus cantonensis Anisakis simplex Intestinal flukes Toxocara canis/cati (Gnathostoma spinigerum) Fasciolopsis buski (Dirofilaria repens) • praziquantel treats all (except Fasciola hepatica) Metagonimus yokagawai (Baylisascaris procyonis) ©2020 Infectious Disease Board Review, LLC 47 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Schistosomiasis life cycle Acute Schistosomiasis (Cercarial dermatitis or Swimmer’s Itch) Urticarial plaques and pruritic papules upon reexposure to cercariae penetrating skin in a sensitized individual. Can occur in response to human or avian schistosomes. Acute Schistosomiasis: Katayama Fever Schistosomiasis • Occurs in previously unexposed hosts. Chronic disease granulomatous colitis (S. mansoni) • Occurs at onset of egg-laying (3-8weeks) portal hypertension (S. mansoni) • Symptoms: fever, myalgias, abdominal pain, headache, granulomatous cystitis (S. haematobium) diarrhea, urticaria bladder fibrosis and cancer (S. haematobium) obstructive uropathy (S. haematobium) • Eosinophilia, AST, alkaline phosphatase CNS disease (eggs to brain/spinal cord, esp S. japonicum) • No reliable way to confirm the diagnosis acutely as serology and stool O/P frequently negative. Schistosomiasis Schistosome eggs Chronic genital disease S. mansoni increasingly recognized (lateral spine) primarily due to S. haematobium sand grains sandy yellow patches men - epididymitis - prostatitis CDC DPDx image library women (see vaginal and cervical lesions) - pelvic pain - dysmenorrhea S. haematobium - dyspareunia abnormal vessels rubbery papules - post-coital bleeding (terminal spine) - endometritis/salpingitis WHO Female Genital Schistosomiasis Pocket Atlas CDC DPDx image library ©2020 Infectious Disease Board Review, LLC 47 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD When to consider Schistosomiasis Major Helminth Pathogens TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES Blood flukes Intestinal tapeworms Intestinal • Fresh water exposure in an endemic region. Schistosoma mansoni Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia saginata Ancylostoma duodenale Schistosoma japonicum Necator americanus Schistosoma haematobium Diphyllobothrium latum Trichuris trichiura • Clinical syndrome compatible with acute schistosomiasis (Hymenolepis nana) Strongyloides stercoralis Liver flukes Enterobius vermicularis (F, abd pain, myalgias, eosinophilia) Fasciola hepatica Larval cysts Taenia solium Tissue Invasive Clonorchis sinensis Echinococcus granulosus Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Opisthorchis viverrini Echinococcus multilocularis Onchocerca volvulus • Clinical syndrome compatible with chronic Loa loa Lung flukes Trichinella spiralis schistosomiasis (abdominal/pelvic pain, blood in stool, Paragonimus westermani Angiostrongylus cantonensis loose stools, evidence of portal HTN, hematuria, Anisakis simplex Intestinal flukes Toxocara canis/cati eosinophilia) Gnathostoma spinigerum Fasciolopsis buski (Dirofilaria repens) Metagonimus yokagawai (Baylisascaris procyonis) Fasciola hepatica (a liver fluke) Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis viverrini acquired by eating encysted larvae on aquatic vegetation (e.g. water chestnuts) “Chinese Liver Fluke” “Southeast Asian Liver Fluke” • eggssnailsfreshwater fish fluke migration through the liver: RUQ pain and hepatitis • Acquisition by ingestion of undercooked fish • similar lifecycle • Flukes develop in duodenum then migrate to • also acquired by eating fish arrive at biliary ducts in liver and mature over 3-4 months liver bile ducts • Can live for 50 years, making 2000 eggs/day can induce biliary obstruction Both can cause Dx: eggs in stool exam (low sensitivity), serology biliary obstruction cholelithiasis Rx: triclabendazole (FDA approved in 2019!) (***note: the only trematode that don’t respond well to praziquantel) cholangiocarcinoma Paragonimus westermani “lung fluke” Intestinal Flukes eggssnailsfreshwater crabs and crayfish Fasciolopsis buski Ingestion of undercooked seafood (“Giant Intestinal Fluke” 2cm w x 8 cm) Adults migrate to LUNGS, frequent EOSINOPHILIA CDC • acquisition: eating encysted larval stage on aquatic vegetation Symptoms: • symptoms: usually asymptomatic • fever, cough, diarrhea during acute migration • can cause diarrhea, fever, abdominal pains, ulceration, and hemorrhage • later, may have chest pain as worms migrate through lungs • can develop chronic pulmonary symptoms Dx: eggs in stool Dx: Sputum and/or stool exam for eggs. Metagonimus yokagawi NOTE: Cases of Paragonimus kellicotti acquired in U.S. by ingestion of raw (2.5mm x 0.75mm) crayfish in rivers in Missouri • acquisition: eating larvae in undercooked fish CID 2009 Sep 15;49(6):e55-61. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013 Jul;26(3):493-504 • symptoms: diarrhea and abdominal pain ©2020 Infectious Disease Board Review, LLC 47 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Question #2 Major Helminth Pathogens TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES A 25 yo F reports passing thin, white, flat tissue fragments in her stool several Blood flukes Intestinal tapeworms Intestinal times over the past few weeks. She is healthy and has been in Madagascar Schistosoma mansoni Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostoma duodenale for 3 years as a Peace Corps volunteer. The microbiology lab confirms the Schistosoma japonicum Taenia saginata tissue fragments are parts of a helminth. Necator americanus Schistosoma haematobium Diphyllobothrium latum Trichuris trichiura (Hymenolepis nana) Strongyloides stercoralis A long-term complication that can occur as a result of infection with certain Liver flukes Enterobius vermicularis Fasciola hepatica Larval cysts species of this type of helminth is: Taenia solium Tissue Invasive Clonorchis sinensis Echinococcus granulosus Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Opisthorchis viverrini Echinococcus multilocularis A. HTLV-1 infection Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Lung flukes B. bladder cancer Trichinella spiralis Paragonimus westermani Angiostrongylus cantonensis C. appendicitis Anisakis simplex Intestinal flukes Toxocara canis/cati D. liver abscess Gnathostoma spinigerum Fasciolopsis buski (Dirofilaria
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  • Monophyly of Clade III Nematodes Is Not Supported by Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences

    Monophyly of Clade III Nematodes Is Not Supported by Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences

    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7509r5vp Journal BMC Genomics, 12(1) ISSN 1471-2164 Authors Park, Joong-Ki Sultana, Tahera Lee, Sang-Hwa et al. Publication Date 2011-08-03 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-392 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Park et al. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:392 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/392 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences Joong-Ki Park1*, Tahera Sultana2, Sang-Hwa Lee3, Seokha Kang4, Hyong Kyu Kim5, Gi-Sik Min2, Keeseon S Eom6 and Steven A Nadler7 Abstract Background: The orders Ascaridida, Oxyurida, and Spirurida represent major components of zooparasitic nematode diversity, including many species of veterinary and medical importance. Phylum-wide nematode phylogenetic hypotheses have mainly been based on nuclear rDNA sequences, but more recently complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) gene sequences have provided another source of molecular information to evaluate relationships. Although there is much agreement between nuclear rDNA and mtDNA phylogenies, relationships among certain major clades are different. In this study we report that mtDNA sequences do not support the monophyly of Ascaridida, Oxyurida and Spirurida (clade III) in contrast to results for nuclear rDNA. Results from mtDNA genomes show promise as an additional independently evolving genome for developing phylogenetic hypotheses for nematodes, although substantially increased taxon sampling is needed for enhanced comparative value with nuclear rDNA.