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Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora

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Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ ONDAİSAİR VE SAİNSHAND BÖLGELERİNİN (GÜNEY MOĞOLİSTAN) KRETASE YAŞLI KARASAL OSTRAKODLARI VE BİYOSTRATİGRAFİSİ Undariya JALBAA Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman Prof..Dr. İzver ÖZKAR ÖNGEN İkinci Danışman Dr.Khand YONDON Şubat ,2010 İSTANBUL Bu çal ma 26/02/2010 tarihinde a a daki jüri taraf ndan stanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisli i Anabilim Dal nda Doktora Tezi olarak kabul edilmi tir. Tez Jürisi Üye Üye Üye Dan man Prof.Dr.Hayrettin KORAL Prof.Dr.Atiye NAZ K Prof.Dr. zver ÖZKAR ( .Ü.) (Çukurova Üniv.) ÖNGEN ( .Ü.) Üye Üye Prof.Dr.Mehmet SARKIÇ Prof.Dr.Nam k YALÇIN ( .T.Ü.) ( .Ü.) This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com. The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only. This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF. i ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma, “Ondaisair ve Sainshand bölgelerinin (Güney Moğolistan) Kretase yaşlı karasal ostrakodları ve biyostratigrafisi” başlığı ile Đstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Genel Jeoloji Anabilim Dalı’nda, Doktora tezi olarak hazırlanmıştır. Tezin başlangıcından raporların hazırlanmasına ve tezin tamamlanma kadar geçen süreçte çalışmayı yönlendiren, karşılaştığım problemlerin çözümüne maddi ve manevi yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli danışmanım Prof. Dr. Đzver ÖZKAR ÖNGEN’e, minnet ve şükranlarımı sunarım. Saha çalışmaları sırasında problemlerin tespiti ile çözümünde ve saha çalışmaları sonrası derlenen verilerin değerlendirilip yorumlanmasına kadar tezin her aşamasında vermiş olduğu destek ve katkılarından dolayı değerli ikinci danışmanım Dr. Khand YONDON’a, Tez Đzleme Komitesi’nde yer almış olan ve kendilerine sunmuş olduğum raporları değerlendirerek, çalışmamın gelişimini yönlendirmede katkıda bulunan Prof. Dr. Atike NAZĐK’e ile Prof. Dr. Timur USTAÖMER’e çok teşekkür ederim. Tezimin yazım aşamasında değerli katkılarını esirgemeyen Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı başkanı Prof. Dr. M. Namık YALÇIN ile Prof. Dr Hayrettin KORAL’a şükranlarımı sunarım. Tezin sağlıklı bir şekilde yürütülmesi için görüş ve önerilerinden faydalandığım değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Minjin CHULUUN ve Dr. Bolortsetseg MINJIN’e, arazi çalışmaları sırasındaki yardımlarından dolayı Dr. Sersmaa GONCHIGDORJ’a, araştırmamda bulunan ostrakod cins ve türlerinin fotograflarını SEM ile çekilmesi aşamasında yardımlarından dolayı Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi Munkhtsetseg JUGDERNAMJIL’a çok teşekkür ederim. Oksijen ve karbon izotopları ölçümlerini MAT-251 spektrometresinde gerçekleştiren Prof. Dr. Neil TABOR (USMU)’na Utah Üniversitesi Đzotop Jeokimyası Laboratuarlarında Ar39/Ar40 yöntemi ile tarihlendirmeyi ücretsiz olarak yapan Prof. Dr. Cari JHONSON’a, Volkanik kayaçları tayin eden Dr. Bat-Olzii’ye (Moğol Teknik Üniversitesi) de çok teşekkür ederim. Rapor yazımı ve düzenlenmesi süresince katkılarını gördüğüm Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi Burcu ÇEVĐK ÜNER’e, ii Ayrıca Türkiye’de bulunduğum süre içerisinde ilgi ve manevi desteğini esirgemeyen Yrd.Doç. Dr. Đsak YILMAZ’da teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Akademik çalışmalarımın her aşamasında hiçbir zaman desteğini esirgemeyen fedakar eşim Munkhbat TSERENDORJ’a, aileme ve kızım Hongorzul MUNKHBAT’a sonsuz şükranlarımı sunarım. Şubat, 2010 Undariya JALBAA iii ĐÇĐNDEKĐLER ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………….Đ ĐÇĐNDEKĐLER………………………………………………………….ĐĐĐ ŞEKĐL LĐSTESĐ…………………………………………………………VĐ TABLO LĐSTESĐ……………………………………………………......ĐX EKLER LĐSTESĐ…………………………………………………….......X ÖZET…………………………………………………………………….XĐ ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………XĐĐĐ 1. GĐRĐŞ …………………………………………………………………………….…1 1.1. ÇALIŞMANIN AMACI VE KAPSAMI ……………………………...1 1.2. OSTRAKODLARIN TEMEL ÖZELLĐKLERĐ VE ÖNEMLERĐ …………………………………………………………………...3 1.2.1. Ostrakodlarda genel özellik ve yaşam ………………………3 1.2.1.1. Ostrakodların yaşam ortamları ………………………….4 1.3. OKSĐJEN VE KARBON ĐZOTOPLARININ ÖZELLĐKLERĐ …..7 1.3.1. Oksijen ve Karbon izotoplarının karasal ostrakod kavkılarında kullanımı ............................................................................8 2. GENEL KISIMLAR ..... …………………………………………………………...12 2.1. ĐNCELEME ALANIN TANIMI ……………………………………..12 2.1.1. Đnceleme alanın konumu ............................................................12 2.1.2. Yerleşim, Ekonomi ve Ulaşım ………………………………….13 2.1.2.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ...……………………………………13 2.1.2.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ………………………………………13 2.1.3. Morfoloji ve Akarsular …………………………………………13 2.1.3.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ………………………………..…….13 2.1.3.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ………………………………………14 2.1.4. Đklim ve bitki örtüsü ……………………………………………17 2.1.4.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ……….……………………………..17 2.1.4.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ………………………………………17 2.2. ÇALIŞMAYA TEMEL OLUŞTURAN ÖNCEKĐ ARAŞTIRMALAR …………………………………………………………..18 2.2.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ……………………………………………….18 2.2.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ……………………………………………….21 2.3. BÖLGESEL JEOLOJĐ ...……………………………………………... 24 2.3.1. Tektonik Konum …………..…………………………………...24 3. MALZEME ve YÖNTEM ……………………………………………………27 3.1. ÇALIŞMA YÖNTEMĐ ………………………………………………...27 3.1.1. Saha öncesi çalışmaları …………………………………………27 3.1.2. Saha çalışmaları ………………………………………………...27 3.1.3. Laboratuvar çalışmaları …………………………….…………29 iv 3.1.3.1. Yıkama örneklerinin hazırlanması ……………………..29 3.1.3.2. Duraylı izotop ölçümü için örnek hazırlanması ……......30 3.1.3.3. Örneklerin Mikroskopta Đncelenmesi …………………..30 3.1.3.4. Yaşlandırma ……………………………………………31 3.1.4. Büro çalışmaları ………………………………………………...31 4. BULGULAR ……………………………………………………………………..34 4.1. STRATĐGRAFĐ …………………………………………………………34 4.1.1. Sainshand Bölgesinin stratigrafisi …………………………......34 4.1.1.1. Paleozoyik ……………………………………………...38 4.1.1.2. Mesozoyik ………………………………………………39 4.1.1.3. Senozoyik ……………………………………………….46 4.1.1.4. Sainshand Bölgesinin ölçülmüş stratigrafi kesitleri …...48 4.1.2. Ondaisair Bölgesinin stratigrafisi ……………………………...65 4.1.2.1. Paleozoyik ……………………………………………...70 4.1.2.2. Mesozoyik ………………………………………………70 4.1.2.3. Senozoyik (Tersiyer) …………………………………..76 4.1.2.4. Ondaisair Bölgesinin ölçülmüş stratigrafi kesitleri ......79 4.2. BĐYOSTRATĐGRAFĐ ……………………………………………….....89 4.3. YAPISAL JEOLOJĐ …………………………………………………...90 4.3.1. Uyumsuzluklar .............................................................................90 4.3.1.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ..........................................................90 4.3.1.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ...........................................................91 4.3.2. Çalışma alanların tektonik konumu ..........................................91 4.3.2.1. Sainshand Bölgesi ..........................................................91 4.3.2.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ...........................................................92 4.3.3. Faylar ...........................................................................................93 4.3.3.1. Sainshand Bölgesi .........................................................93 4.3.3.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi ..........................................................94 4.4. ÇALIŞMA ALANININ JEOLOJĐK EVRĐMĐ .................. .....................95 4.5. PALEONTOLOJĐ ……………………………………………………..99 4.5.1. Ostrakodların genel özellikleri ………………………………...89 4.5.2. Moğolistan Mesozoyik yaşlı ostrakodların biyostratigrafisi ve litostratigrafisi .................................................................................103 4.5.2.1. Tsagaantsav Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu ... …106 4.5.2.2. Shinekhudag Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu .. ….106 4.5.2.3. Khokhteeg Formasyonu’nûn ostrakod topluluğu…… .108 4.5.2.4. Baruunbayan Formasyonu’un ostrakod topluluğu ... ….108 4.5.2.5. Bayanshiree Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu …..109 4.5.2.6. Bayanzag Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu ...... ….109 4.5.2.7. Baruungoyot Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu …110 4.5.2.8. Nemegt Formasyonu’nun ostrakod topluluğu .............111 4.5.3. Çalışma alanları karasal formasyonlarında bulunan fauna ve flora toplulukları ..................................................................................115 4.5.3.1. Sainshand Bölgesi …………………………………….115 4.5.3.2. Ondaisair Bölgesi..................................................... …118 4.5.4. Ostrakodların sınıflaması .........................................................109 4.5.4.1. Çalışma bölgelerindeki ostrakodların tanım ve dağılımları .................................................................................120 v 4.5.5. Çalışma alanlarında Erken Kretase yaşlı karasal yeni bir ostracod türü........................................................................................138 4.5.6. Moğolistan ve çalışma bölgelerinin karasal ostrakod paleoekolojisi ........................................................................................149 4.6. OSTRAKODLARDA DURAYLI OKSĐJEN VE KARBON ĐZOTOP SONUÇLARININ DEĞERLENDĐRĐLMESĐ ………………….…..………151 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ ................................................................................157 5.1. OSTRAKOD BULGULARI (SAINSHAND VE ONDAISAIR BÖLGELERĐNDEKĐ TOPLULUKLAR): ……..................................................157 5.1.1. Sainshand ve Ondaisair Bölgelerinde saptanan yeni ostrakod türü ……………………………………………………………………...158 5.2. BĐYOSTRATĐGRAFĐ VE ÇALIŞMA BÖLGELERĐ-GÜNEY MOĞOLĐSTAN ĐLE AVRASYA KARASAL OSTRAKOD TOPLULUKLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI ……………………….…….159 5.3. BÖLGESEL JEOLOJĐSĐ EVRĐM …………………………………...…...159 5.4. OSTRAKODLARDA OKSĐJEN VE KARBON ĐZOTOPLARININ KULLANIMI ………………………………………............................................160 5.5. RADYOMETRĐK TARĐHLENDĐRME …………………………………..161 LEVHALAR .............................................................................................................164
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