China's Strategic Messaging
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The People's Liberation Army
January 5, 2021 China Primer: The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Overview sovereignty) as the “operational target” of military The two-million-strong People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is preparations since 1993. China’s defense planners anticipate the military arm of the People’s Republic of China’s that a military confrontation over Taiwan could involve (PRC’s) ruling Communist Party. The Trump “powerful enemy interference,” an apparent reference to the Administration identified strategic competition with China United States. China also has sought military capabilities to and Russia as “the primary concern in U.S. national dominate its maritime periphery and to support foreign security” in 2018 and U.S. defense officials have since said policy and economic initiatives globally. that China is the U.S. Department of Defense’s (DOD’s) top priority. According to a 2020 DOD report, the PLA has PLA Modernization and Key Capabilities “already achieved parity with—or even exceeded—the Since 1978, China has engaged in a sustained and broad United States” in several areas in which it has focused its effort to transform the PLA from an infantry-heavy, low- military modernization efforts and is strengthening its technology, ground forces-centric force into a leaner, more ability to “counter an intervention by an adversary in the networked, high-technology force with an emphasis on joint Indo-Pacific region and project power globally.” See also operations and power projection. In 2015 and 2016, Xi IF11712 on U.S.-China Military-to-Military Relations. publicly launched the most ambitious reform and reorganization of the PLA since the 1950s. -
Commission on the National Guard and Reserves 2521 S
COMMISSION ON THE NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVES 2521 S. CLARK STREET, SUITE 650 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22202 ARNOLD L. PUNARO The Honorable Carl Levin The Honorable John McCain CHAIRMAN Chairman, Committee Ranking Member, Committee on Armed Services on Armed Services WILLIAM L. BALL, III United States Senate United States Senate Washington, DC 20510 Washington, DC 20510 LES BROWNLEE RHETT B. DAwsON The Honorable Ike Skelton The Honorable Duncan Hunter Chairman, Committee Ranking Member, Committee LARRY K. ECKLES on Armed Services on Armed Services United States House of United States House of PATRICIA L. LEWIS Representatives Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Washington, DC 20515 DAN MCKINNON WADE ROWLEY January 31, 2008 JAMES E. SHERRARD III Dear Chairmen and Ranking Members: DONALD L. STOCKTON The Commission on the National Guard and Reserves is pleased to submit to E. GORDON STUMP you its final report as required by Public Law 108-375, the Ronald Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 (as amended by J. STANTON THOMpsON Public Law 109-163). As you know, Congress chartered this Commission to assess the reserve component of the U.S. military and to recommend changes to ensure that the National Guard and other reserve components are organized, trained, equipped, compensated, and supported to best meet the needs of U.S. national security. The Commission’s first interim report, containing initial findings and the description of a strategic plan to complete our work, was delivered on June 5, 2006. The second interim report, delivered on March 1, 2007, was required by Public Law 109-364, the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, enacted on October 17, 2006. -
Answer: Maoism Is a Form of Communism Developed by Mao Tse Tung
Ques 1: What is Maoism? Answer: Maoism is a form of communism developed by Mao Tse Tung. It is a doctrine to capture State power through a combination of armed insurgency, mass mobilization and strategic alliances. The Maoists also use propaganda and disinformation against State institutions as other components of their insurgency doctrine. Mao called this process, the ‘Protracted Peoples War’, where the emphasis is on ‘military line’ to capture power. Ques 2: What is the central theme of Maoist ideology? Answer: The central theme of Maoist ideology is the use of violence and armed insurrection as a means to capture State power. ‘Bearing of arms is non-negotiable’ as per the Maoist insurgency doctrine. The maoist ideology glorifies violence and the ‘Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army’ (PLGA) cadres are trained specifically in the worst forms of violence to evoke terror among the population under their domination. However, they also use the subterfuge of mobilizing people over issues of purported inadequacies of the existing system, so that they can be indoctrinated to take recourse to violence as the only means of redressal. Ques 3: Who are the Indian Maoists? Answer: The largest and the most violent Maoist formation in India is the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) is an amalgamation of many splinter groups, which culminated in the merger of two largest Maoist groups in 2004; the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), People War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India. The CPI (Maoist) and all its front organizations formations have been included in the list of banned terrorist organizations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. -
The China Coast Guard: Shifting from Civilian to Military Control in the Era
FEATURE The China Coast Guard Shifting from Civilian to Military Control in the Era of Regional Uncertainty ULISES GRANADOS Abstract As part of the restructuring of state organizations announced in March 2018, it is known that the China Coast Guard (CCG), previously controlled by the State Oceanic Administration, is coming under the administration of the People’s Armed Police (PAP) from the Central Military Commission (CMC). As a para- digmatic shift from a joint civilian–military control (State Council–CMC) to a purely military one, the reorganization of the CCG, only five years from the latest reshuffling, seems to reveal an the party’s increasing control over the military as outlined in the September 2017 CCP Central Committee and also the intention by the Chinese central government to provide the CCG with more flexibility and authority to act decisively in disputed waters in the East and South China Seas if needed. This article inquiries into the causes, logic, and likely regional conse- quences of such a decision. Amid the upgrading of insular features in the Spratlys, the deployment of bombers in the Paracels, and overall modernization of China’s naval capabilities, the article also explores plausible developments in which the PAP- led CCG, irregular maritime militias, and People’s Liberation Army Navy forces might coordinate more effectively efforts to safeguard self-proclaimed rights in littoral and blue- water areas in dispute. Introduction During the last eight years, East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) waters have been the setting of increased Chinese civil and naval activity that have altered the balance of power among Northeast Asian and Southeast Asian states, trying to cope with a more robust projection of Chinese maritime power. -
2019 China Military Power Report
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 Office of the Secretary of Defense Preparation of this report cost the Department of Defense a total of approximately $181,000 in Fiscal Years 2018-2019. This includes $12,000 in expenses and $169,000 in DoD labor. Generated on 2019May02 RefID: E-1F4B924 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, as Amended Section 1260, “Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China,” of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Public Law 115-232, which amends the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Section 1202, Public Law 106-65, provides that the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report “in both classified and unclassified form, on military and security developments involving the People’s Republic of China. The report shall address the current and probable future course of military-technological development of the People’s Liberation Army and the tenets and probable development of Chinese security strategy and military strategy, and of the military organizations and operational concepts supporting such development over the next 20 years. -
Sun Tzu and Modern Strategic Thought
2016-005 13 Jan. 2016 Sun Tzu and Modern Strategic Thought Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read The Art of War by Derek M.C. Yuen. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2014. Pp. xii, 214. ISBN 978–0–19–937351–2. Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare by Mark R. McNeilly. Updated edition. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2015 [orig. 2001]. Pp. x, 216. ISBN 978–0–19–995785–9. Review by Larry A. Grant, Charleston, SC ([email protected]). “You know you never defeated us on the battlefield,” said the American colonel. The North Vietnam- ese colonel pondered this remark a moment. “That may be so,” he replied, “but it is also irrelevant.” —Conversation in Hanoi, April 1975 1 This exchange captures the principal thesis of both books under review here. Specifically, the require- ments for success in war transcend the simple application of force, and Sun Tzu’s statement of them remains the most insightful. Strategic theorist Derek Yuen (PhD, Univ. of Reading) 2 maintains that, “despite its popularity in the Western world, The Art of War has rarely been understood correctly with due understanding of its Chinese context and Taoist roots.” Instead, readers see only “facile references to short one- to two- sentence axioms, aphorisms, and phrases...” (4). He means Deciphering Sun Tzu to open “new avenues for further research that can play an essential role in enhancing the Western understanding of Chinese strategy” (7); to that end, he emphasizes • the foundations of Chinese strategic thought and strategic culture, • the Tao Te Ching as a strategic text, • Lao Tzu’s place in Chinese strategic thought, • Chinese military dialectics, • the epistemology of Chinese strategy, • the “Easternization” of Western strategic thought, • the future direction of the study of Chinese strategic thought and culture, • a new general theory of strategy transcending the East and West. -
Red Diamond Published by TRADOC G-2 Operational INSIDE THIS ISSUE Environment & Threat Analysis Directorate, Fort Leavenworth, KS
Operational Environment & Threat Analysis Volume 10, Issue 3 July - September 2019 Focus on CHINA Bits in the Wire: Advancing Threats in China’s the Cyber Domain Maritime Militia Also: Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG) Showcase and Updates APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED OEE Red Diamond published by TRADOC G-2 Operational INSIDE THIS ISSUE Environment & Threat Analysis Directorate, Fort Leavenworth, KS Competition in 2035: Training for Multi-Domain Topic Inquiries: Operations in Competition with China .................... 3 Angela Williams (DAC), Branch Chief, Training & Support Jennifer Dunn (DAC), Branch Chief, Analysis & Production China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Infamous Debt: More of a Threat than a Trap ................................... 8 OE&TA Staff: Penny Mellies (DAC) Director, OE&TA [email protected] 913-684-7920 China’s Maritime Militia ........................................ 11 MAJ Megan Williams MP LO [email protected] WO2 Rob Whalley UK LO Bits in the Wire: Advancing Threats [email protected] 913-684-7994 in the Cyber Domain ........................................... 20 SGT Rodney Knox AU LO [email protected] 913-684-7928 The Combined Arms Battalion and Combined Arms Laura Deatrick (CTR) Editor Brigade: The New Backbone of the Chinese Army .. 27 [email protected] 913-684-7925 Keith French (CTR) Geospatial Analyst [email protected] 913-684-7953 INTERVIEW Interview: Dennis J. Blasko, LTC, USA (Ret) ............ 42 Angela Williams (DAC) Branch Chief, T&S [email protected] 913-684-7929 Film Review: Operation Red Sea ........................... 47 John Dalbey (CTR) Military Analyst [email protected] 913-684-7939 Jerry England (DAC) Intelligence Specialist [email protected] 913-684-7934 WEG Showcase .................................................. -
China's Quest for Global Primacy: an Analysis of Chinese International
C O R P O R A T I O N TIMOTHY R. HEATH, DEREK GROSSMAN, ASHA CLARK China’s Quest for Global Primacy An Analysis of Chinese International and Defense Strategies to Outcompete the United States For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA447-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0615-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover images: prospective56/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; MF3d/iStock/Getty Images Plus Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This research explores possible international and defense strategies that China might employ to outcompete the United States and achieve a position of international primacy. -
Chinese Sharp Power Are Political and Economic Elites (“Elite Capture”); Media and Public Opinion; and Civil Society, Grassroots, and Academia
A Macdonald-Laurier Institute Publication THE HARD EDGE OF SHARP POWER Understanding China’s Influence Operations Abroad J. Michael Cole October 2018 Board of Directors CHAIR Richard Fadden Pierre Casgrain Former National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister, Director and Corporate Secretary, Ottawa Casgrain & Company Limited, Montreal Brian Flemming VICE-CHAIR International lawyer, writer, and policy advisor, Halifax Laura Jones Robert Fulford Executive Vice-President of the Canadian Federation Former Editor of Saturday Night magazine, of Independent Business, Vancouver columnist with the National Post, Ottawa MANAGING DIRECTOR Wayne Gudbranson Brian Lee Crowley, Ottawa CEO, Branham Group Inc., Ottawa SECRETARY Calvin Helin Vaughn MacLellan Aboriginal author and entrepreneur, Vancouver DLA Piper (Canada) LLP, Toronto Peter John Nicholson TREASURER Inaugural President, Council of Canadian Academies, Martin MacKinnon Annapolis Royal CFO, Black Bull Resources Inc., Halifax Hon. Jim Peterson DIRECTORS Former federal cabinet minister, Blaine Favel Counsel at Fasken Martineau, Toronto Executive Chairman, One Earth Oil and Gas, Calgary Barry Sookman Jayson Myers Senior Partner, McCarthy Tétrault, Toronto Chief Executive Officer, Jayson Myers Public Affairs Inc., Aberfoyle Jacquelyn Thayer Scott Past President and Professor, Cape Breton University, Dan Nowlan Sydney Vice Chair, Investment Banking, National Bank Financial, Toronto Vijay Sappani Co-Founder and Chief Strategy Officer, Research Advisory Board TerrAscend, Mississauga Veso Sobot -
3. Defining the Relationship Between China's “Three Wars” and Its Air
Air Power Studies Second Issue The Air Staff College Research Memo 3. Defining the Relationship between China’s “Three Wars” and its Air Power “Three Wars ” Case Study The Strategic Research Group Abstract This paper introduces the 2003 China People’s Liberation Army political ordinance defining the “Three Wars” and performing a case study on how it relates to their airpower. Main Points 1. Entire Nation will grapple with the Three Wars The Three Wars concept originally comes from SunTzu’s writings against war and yielding to your opponent. Furthermore, the realization that Mao Zedong’s leadership had caused damage to not only the military, but to the entire country, led them to advocate for a nationwide policy. 2. The Significance of the Three Wars The Three Wars are intended to distract the Chinese population from the domestic problems that are piling up, and to bring world attention to China’s increased capabilities. 3. The Truth of the Three Wars Since the Chinese Head of State called for the Three Wars in his strategic message, there have been many activities supporting the strategy. There has been news coverage of new weapons and of military activities, of the Prime Minister’s visit to Yasukuni Shrine and raising historical problems. They have - 114 - 3. Defining the Relationship between China’s “Three Wars” and its Air Power “Three Wars” Case Study laid territorial claim to the Senkaku Islands other territories. In addition, in terms of Airpower, they have also established an Air Defense Identification Zone, an act which can be tied to the Three Wars strategy. -
Right Sizing the People's Liberation
RIGHT SIZING THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY: EXPLORING THE CONTOURS OF CHINA’S MILITARY Edited by Roy Kamphausen Andrew Scobell September 2007 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications are available on the SSI homepage for electronic dissemination. Hard copies of this report also may be ordered from our homepage. SSI’s homepage address is: www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil. ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please subscribe on our homepage at www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army. mil/newsletter/. -
Han Fei's Ancient Chinese Strategies of Governance As Contrasted With
$SULO $XWRFUDWLF%XUHDXFUDWLVP +DQ)HL¶V$QFLHQW&KLQHVH6WUDWHJLHV RI*RYHUQDQFHDV&RQWUDVWHGZLWK 0DFKLDYHOOL¶V3ROLWLFDO3KLORVRSK\ $FDQGSROLWWKHVLVLQSROLWLFDOVFLHQFH :ULWWHQE\/DUV7+HOOLNVHQ 6SULQJWHUP 'HSDUWPHQWRI3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH 8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV Preface...................................................................................................................................................iii Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives and Outline ....................................................................................................................... 3 Some Methodological and Theoretical Reflections ........................................................................... 3 Translations and References............................................................................................................... 6 PART I: THE BACKGROUND OF HAN FEI ZI..................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2. The Historical Setting........................................................................................................... 8 From the Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period ....................................................................... 8 Legalism in Practice: The State and Empire of Qin......................................................................... 12 Chapter 3. Philosophical Background: Confucianism,