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Not Remove from Library] LL 111111i 1111J13.1111? I:. II eim 111 1.111-1} NOT REMOVE FROM LIBRARY] _ PROVISPONIN SUPPORT OF T 7- 77 r ii M Pil ittsur..r LT • 1.; ik ) rt • ARMY IN VIETNAM PROJECT NUMBER AMC 68 , PROVISIONING & LOGISTICS SUPPORT OF THE LARC LIBRARY USA CGSC FT LEAVENWORTH KAN AMC PROJECT 68 MN 24 1911 ACCESSION NO PO REGISTR William F. ,Shonkwiler Command Historian Directorate of Installation Services U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Command Submitted by: Approved by: E. :L. HALLE GEORGE M. BUSH USA Director, Installation Services Brigadier General, Commanding FOREWORD In 1942, the Army and the General Motors Corporation deVeloped the first successful amphibian and gave it the code name DUKW. The D for the year, the U for utility, the K for front wheel drive and the W for the two rear axles. Its success in WWII in transporting cargo from ship to shore and over unimproved beaches led to the development of a family of amphibious lighters to replace and increase the carrying capacity of the aging DUKW. In 1951, the Department of Defense (DOD) authorized the Army Transportation Corps to develop lighters to meet these requirements. The Corps developed sixty ton model in 1952, a five ton model in 1954 and a fifteen ton model in 1960 which were type classified standard "A" in 1954, 1960 and 1962, respectively. This monograph traces the problems in the develop­ ment and production of these lighters and their subse­ quent employment between June 1965 and December 1968 over the unimproved beaches in Southeast Asia (SEA). Other data include lighter population, tonnage reports, other employment, and discussion of Army organizations respon­ sible for their direction, operation and maintenance in SEA. ii Preface This monograph is the second in a series of studies of selected U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Command managed equipment. It records the development and production of the family of Lighter Amphibious Resupply Cargo vehicles and their deployment in SEA. Records of the Army Materiel Command Product Manager, Amphibians and Watercraft and files of the Directorates of Procurement and Production, Supply and Maintenance were used in its compilation. It was supplemented by unit histories furnished by the Army Transportation Museum, Fort Eustis, Virginia and personal interviews with Equipment Specialists responsible for their operation in Southeast Asia. I wish to thank Major Gerald Gould, Nickolas Mikus, Edward Knollman and Smith Wing, Product Manager' Offioe, Amphibian and Watercraft; Earl F. Kehr, Materiel Management Division, Directorate of Supply; Peter Grouzos, John Nogrady, Anthony Bernich, Richard L. Peterson, Earl B. Parker and Thomas Prusa, Surace Equipment Division, Leo B. Gieszelmann, Field Services Division, Directorate of Maintenance; and Mrs. Emma-Jo L. Davis, Curator/ Historian U. S. Army Transportation Museum and Mrs. Elsie P. Prince, Classified Documents Librarian, U. S. Army Transportation School Library, Fort Eustis, Virginia for their help in locating material and suggesting other sources. iv MIN In sim ism ma um ler 1111 in WIN NM 4k. Figure 1. The LARC Family - (Left to Right) LARC LX, XV, and V Source: Amphibious Equipment Branch Directorate of Maintenance USAMECOM CONTENTS Chapter Page I. LOGISTICS MOBILITY IN VIETNAM Introduction .,. • • • • • • . Geography . • . • • • . Transportation Facilities • . • • Seaports • • • • • • • • Airports .. • • • • • • • • 5 Troop Buildup 6 Unloading War Materiel • • • • • • • 8 Saigon . • • • • • • 0 • • • . 8 Minor Ports . • • • • • • • 8 The Need for Amphibians • • • • . • • • • . 9 Summary . • . • • • . • • • • 11 II. MANAGEMENT OF AMPHIBIAN EQUIPMENT 'Introduction..... • • .. • . 13 U. S. Army Transportation Supply and Maintenance Command • • • • . • . 14 Amphibian Management History, 1963-68 . 14 Appointment of Command Project Officer • .15 Establishment of AMC Project Manager .. 16 III. DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT OF THE 60 TON LARC (BARC) Introduction .. • . • • • • • • • .• 18 Planning for a New Amphibian 18 Contract for BARC Prototype . • • • • • 19 Description .• • •••••• 20 Propulsion . • . • • • • • • • • • 20 Steering . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 Tires .. • • • • • .410 • • • 23 Communications • • • • • • • • • • 24 Seaborne Operations . • • . • • . • • 24 Operation of BARC Prototypes . • • • 24 Prototype Tests • • • .. .. • • 25 Launching Trials •. ........... 26 Pier Launching • . • • . • .. • • . 27 LST Laundhing .. • .. .. • . 28 Bow Launching from Cargo Ships.... 28 Surf Tests .......• .. 30 Endurance Tests .. • .. ••••• 32 Loading and Unloading Tests .. • • ... 32 vi Chapter ., Page Artic Tests .. .. ..... ... 33 Casualty During Testing .­ Type Classification of Prototype . Prototype Modifications • ...: ii Prototype Differences .... .... 37 BARC 2-X ... • .... • . .. 37 BARC 3-X .. .... .. ... 38 RARC 4-X .. • ...... .. • 39 Further Changes on the BARC 1-X .. 39 Summary .. .. ..... ..... 40 Transportation on LSD's ..... • . 42 Production Contracts . ..... 42 Treadwell Construction Company . • 42 Transval Electronics Corporation Contract .. • . .... • 43 Western Gear Corporation ...... 43 Peterson Builders Incorporated. • . 44 Tests ...... • .. 47 Conclusions .. .... .. 47 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT OF THE LARC V Introduction . .. • .. • .. 48 Amphibian Requirements .... ... 49 Prototype Design .......... 49 Prototype Description .... • .... 51 Power . • . • ..... • • 52 Transmission . • • .. • 54 Brakes ....... • . .... 55 Body Suspension .. • .. ... 55 Axles . .. • .... .. 57 Prototype Testing. • . .57 Superduck . • • . .... .... 57 Location ..••••••••••• 58 Joint LARC V and Superduck Tests . • 60 Pre-Production Changes • • ..... 61 Type A Classification .. ...... 65 Pre-Procurement Preparation ...... 65 Pre-Solicitation Conference . ... 65 Contract Provisions . ..-... 66 Procurement Bids ... • . .. • . 66 Production .. • .... 67 The Army AuditContracts.Agency ... • ... 68 vii Chapter Page, Consolidated Diesel Electric Corporation Contracts .. .. • . • 70 Deployment ...... • • • . ... 71 - V. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF THE LARC XV Introduction . • • . • .. • 72 The Requirement • • • • • • • . • • 72 Prototype Contract • • . • • . • . 73 Prototype Tests ......... • • .74 1 Production Contract . • • . • 77 Special Tipsts • ..•••••• . Desert .Tests . • • • • Cold Start Tests • • • • • • • .4..4:. F: Initial Army Distribution ,.. • • 79 Project Flattop • • .• . 4. Mission • .. • • . • ...: • 089 • VI. ..AMPHIBIAN MISSION, ORGANIZATION AND 1 TRAINING Light Amphibian Companies . 81 MissiMissionon.......... • . ••81 Equipment and Capacity • • • • • • • 81 • Personnel ....,. • 0 0 • • • • • 82 Medium Amphibian Companies ..... 82 Mission • .••...... • ... 82 Equipment and Capabilities- • . • • .8.3 .Personnel •••••••••••••• • 83 Heavy Amphibian Units ....... • $4 Mis.sion.• ......... • • . • 84 Equipment: .for BARC's . • . • • . 85 BARC Crew .••••••••••• .85 Complement of a BARC Platoon • • . • 86 Utilization • • . • ••••••• 87 • Capabilities-- • . .. 4. .. 4. 8.8 Safety-. • . • • . • • 4. - . • 4. • 89 Maintenance • • • •.• . 4., • 90 Training • • . • - • 4. • . • .. 91 VII. LARC OPERATIONS IN VIETNAM Introduction . • • . • • • • • 93 Saigon • • • . • • • . • 95 Qui Nhon • • 95 viii 14 Chapter ,Page The Roadstead .. .. 95 BARC's at Qui Nhon ... • • .. 96 LARC's at Qui Nhon ... .. 97 Strategic Importance ... .. 97 Operation Highland . .. 98 Air Force Casualty ...... 99 Change in Mission ....... 100 Vung Tau ... • iroosioo• 0 • • 101 The Harbor .......... .. 101 Strategic Importance .. .. .. 101 LARC Arrival ............ 102 Operations ... -b.. .. 103 Problems • ... ....... .. .. 103 Operation Flattop . .. 105 Cam Ranh Bay .. soir•••••• • . 107 The Harbor .. ••••••••• . 107 Port Construction • .. • . • . 108 Cargo Discharge ... ... .. 109 Delivery Inland .. .. ... 109 Change in Mission ........ 112 Vung Ro . .... ... 4. 112 The Harbor . .. ...... 112 Tuy Hoa Airbase . ... • .. ... 113 Unloading POL . • . • .. 114 Thom My Thui .. • . .. 115 Location ......... .. 115 Wunder Beadh ... .. • .... 116 Description • ........• . 118 LARC Mission .. • .. ... .. 118 LARC Units at Wunder Beach.- . 119 , Unloading Cargo . ...:.. .119 POL Discharge ....... .. .121 Cargo Moved . ....... 122 LARC Casualties . ...... • 123 Thailand . • • ........... 124 Location • .. • ..... • 124 LARC Units ......... ... 124 LARC Operation ... ....... 125 ix Chvter Page VII. Summary .. - ..,• ........ 126 Lessons Learned ....... • ... .126 Production- . .. • ... .... • 126 Technical Assistance ........ 128 Training .. • ..•••• .. ... 129 Loading and Unloading Cargo Ships .. 129 Maintenance . ....... .. 132 LARC Operations . • • • • • 0 0 133 Appendix I. Military Amphibian Management_ in Southeast Asia • • .. • ... .. 135 Army Transportation Terminal Command 135 4th Transportation Command • • ... 135 Mission • • ....... • .. • 137 Command Problems . .. .. • • 140 Battalion Reassignment • .. .. 141 Operational Control of Port of Saigon • • ... • .. • • 143 The 394th Transportation Terminal Battalion ... • . • ..... 144 Transportation (BARC) (Provisional) Company . • • .... • • • • • . 146 -344th Transportation Company (Light Amphibian) .. • • .. • ... 147 253rd Detachment (Amphibious • Maintenance) (Direct Service) • . 150 10th Transportation Battalion (Terminal) ......... • . 152 116th Transportation Company (Terminal Service) • ... .. 157 165th Transportation Company (Terminal Service) . .. 158 347th Transportation Company Light Amphibian) • . • • .. .,... 159 458th Transportation Company. •
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