Executive Engineer, Minor Irrigation Division , Oros jSindhudurganagari Main Adn-rinistrative Building, C-Wing , Block No- 312 Phone : 023 6212287 1 7 (Offi ce) Fax -023 6212287 17 E- Mai l- eemido@,redi ffmail.com, eemido@smai1. com. O.No. MIDO tPB -2t 1267 t20tc) Date:- ?J t 04 l20te To, The Member Secretary, Expert Appraisal Comrnittee (EAC) for River Valley & Hydroelectric Projects Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi -110003
Subject : Nardave Medir-rm Irrigation Project, Tal- Kankavali, Dist-Sindhudurg,
S ubmission of Additional Information.
Reference: Mir-rutes of the 21st Meeting of the Experl Appraisal Committee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects held on 28.01.2019. Item No. 21.5.
Project: Nardave Medium Irrigation Project at Nardave, Tal: Kankavali, Dist.: Sindhudurg by Water Resources Department, Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation, Maharashtra. File No. l- 110201712017-IA.I(R)
Proposal No. IA/MH I RM 62328 120 1l
Respected Sir,
With reference to the above said subject, we are herewith submitting the additional information sought as per Minutes of tl-re 21st Meeting of the Expert Appraisal Conrnrittee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects held on 28.01.2019 Item No. Item No.21.5.
You are requested to consider the project as early as possible and kindly issue the environmental clearance for the above said project.
This is for your information and further action please.
Minor Irri sation Division Oros-Sindhudurs
Copy to: Hon.E,xecutive Director, Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation, Thane. for inforrnation please. Copy to: Hon.Chief Engineer, Konkan Region, Water Resources Department, Mumbai. for information please. Copy to: Hon.Superintending Engineer (SKIPC), Oros Sindhudurg for information please. Copy to: Assistant Executive Engineer, Nardave Proj6ct SLrbclivision, Arnbadpal for information. Copy to: Assistant Executive E,ngineer, Talarnba Major Irrigation Project SLrbdivision No-3, Ambadpal for inforrnation. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - SindhudurganagariNardave Medium Irrigation Project
Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra
Executive Engineer Minor Irrigation Division, Oras - Sindhudurganagari Main Administrative Building, C-Wing, Block No- 312 Phone: 02362/228717 (Office) Fax -02362/228717 Water Resources Department Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation (KIDC), Thane E-Mail- [email protected], [email protected]
Phone officeReference: 02362-244241 Minutes Email of the ID 21 -st [email protected] Meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects held on 28.01.2019 Item No. 21.5
Prepared By
MITCON Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd Agriculture College Campus, Next to D.I.C Office, Shivajinagar, Pune – 411005 Maharashtra Tel: +91-20-66289400 (Direct), 404, 406 Website:http://www.mitconindia.com
Mitcon Consultancy Fileand Engineering No. JServices- 11020/7/2017 Ltd., Pune –IA.I(R), Proposal No. IA/MH/RIV/62328/2017
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
INDEX
1. DETAIL ABOUT COMMENCEMENT OF WORK AND YEAR WISE COMPLETION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT TILL DATE ...... 1 2. TOTAL SUBMERGENCE AREA IN TOR DATED 10.10.2017 IS 627.14 HA WHEREAS AS PER THE DETAILS PRESENTED IT IS 356.352 HA. PP IS REQUIRED TO SUBMIT THE EXACT SUBMERGENCE AND CULTURAL COMMAND AREA...... 2 3. THE PROJECT SUBMERGENCE AREA IS ABOUT 0.7-2 KM AWAY FROM THE RADHANAGARI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, WHEREAS FROM GOOGLE IMAGE IT APPEARS THAT SUBMERGENCE/CATCHMENT AREA IS FALLING INSIDE THE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY. CLARIFICATION IN THIS REGARD IS TO BE SUBMITTED ...... 3 4. AS THE BASELINE DATA WAS COLLECTED AFTER 60% OF COMPLETION OF WORK, THEREFORE, DATA COLLECTED DOES NOT REPRESENT THE ACTUAL SCENARIO OF PRECONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT. COMPUTATION OF SUCH DATA FOR ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE IMPACTS OF PROPOSED PROJECT MAY NOT BE ACCURATE IN ASCERTAINING MITIGATION MEASURES AND FURTHER MANAGEMENT PLAN. PP SHALL SUBMIT THE DETAILED CLARIFICATION IN THIS REGARD...... 5 5 SEASON WISE (PRE MONSOON, MONSOON AND POST MONSOON) BASE LINE DATA OF ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES IS TO BE SUBMITTED ...... 6 5.1 Ambient Air Quality ...... 6 5.2 Ambient Noise Level ...... 9 5.3 Water Quality Study ...... 12 5.4 Soil Quality ...... 28 5.5 Ecology and Biodiversity ...... 37 5.5.1 Ephemeral Plant ...... 37 5.5.2 Phytosociological Study ...... 41 5.5.3 Vegetation survey in Command area ...... 52 5.5.4 Conclusion Vegetation Study ...... 54 5.5.5 Faunal Study ...... 57 5.5.6 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 66 5.5.7 Wetland Ecology ...... 72 6. COST ESTIMATE OF MUCK MANAGEMENT PLAN, LANDSCAPE AND RESTORATION PLAN, ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN, WATER, AIR AND NOISE MANAGEMENT PLAN UNDER REVISED EMP IS TO BE SUBMITTED...... 86 6.1 Muck Management Plan ...... 86 6.2 Landscape Plan ...... 89 6.3 Energy Conservation Measures ...... 92 6.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 92
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune i
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
6.5 Water, Air and Noise Management Plan under revised EMP ...... 93 7. PP OBTAINED NBWL CLEARANCE ON 21.01.2015 WHEREAS THE SAID WILDLIFE SANCTUARY WAS DECLARED AS TIGER RESERVE IN 2017. THEREFORE, A LETTER IS NEEDED FROM LOCAL DFO STATING THAT STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT IS AWARE OF SUCH PROPOSED PROJECT IN THE VICINITY OF TIGER RESERVE ...... 94 8. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES FOR BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES IS TO BE REVISITED. UPDATED MATRIX SHALL BE SUBMITTED TO THE MINISTRY FOR RECONSIDERATION ...... 96 9. LIST OF FISH SPECIES TO BE REVISITED FROM THE SECONDARY SOURCES AND ACCORDINGLY BE UPDATED IN THE EIA/EMP REPORT ...... 98 10. DETAIL PRESENT STATUS OF R&R TO BE IMPLEMENTED ...... 100
TABLE
Table No.5.1. Techniques Used for the Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Parameters ...... 6 Table No.5.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 8 Table No.5.3. Test Methods Used for Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter ...... 8 Table No.5.4. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3) (Post Monsoon October to December 2017) ...... 8 Table No.5.5. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3) (Pre monsoon March to May 2018) ...... 9 Table No.5.6. Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations ...... 10 Table No.5.7. Test Methods Used for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring ...... 10 Table No.5.8. Ambient Air Quality standards in respect of Noise ...... 11 Table No.5.9. Results of Analysis of Ambient Noise Level data various locations ...... 11 Table No.5.10.Surface Water Sampling Locations ...... 12 Table No.5.11.Ground Water Sampling Locations ...... 12 Table No.5.12.Test Methods Used for Surface Water Parameter ...... 13 Table No.5.13.Test Methods Used for Ground Water Parameter...... 14 Table No.5.14.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water – Post Monsson Season (Winter Season) ...... 16 Table No.5.15.Physico-chemical Characteristics Surface Water – Pre Monsson Seson (Summer Season ) ...... 19 Table No.5.16.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water –Post Monsson Season (Winter Season) ...... 22 Table No.5.17.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water – Pre Monsson Season (Summer Season) ...... 25 Table No.5.18.Soil Sampling Locations ...... 28 Table No.5.19.Test Methods Used for Soil Quality Analysis ...... 29 Table No.5.20.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in Winter (Post Monsson Season) .. 31 Table No.5.21.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil – Pre Monsoon Season (Summer).. 34 Table No.5.22.List of Ephemeral Plant in Catchment area ...... 38 Table No.5.23.List of Ephemeral Plant in Submergence area ...... 39 Table No.5.24.List of Ephemeral Plant in Command area ...... 40
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune ii
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.25.List of trees in the command area ...... 53 Table No.5.26.List of Amphibians and Reptiles in and around the Nardave project ...... 58 Table No.5.27.List of Mammals in and around the Nardave project ...... 58 Table No.5.28.Checklist of Butterflies in and around study area ...... 59 Table No.5.29.Checklist of Dragonflies and Damselflies in and around study area ...... 60 Table No.5.30.List of Birds in and around the Nardave Project ...... 62 Table No.5.31.Checklist of Mammals species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur ...... 68 Table No.5.32.Checklist of Amphibian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur ...... 69 Table No.5.33.Checklist of Reptilian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur ...... 69 Table No.5.34.Checklist of Birds in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur (MH) India ...... 70 Table No.5.35.Algal genus Pollution Index (Palmer, 1969)...... 76 Table No.5.36.Enumeration of Phytoplankton in Gad River ...... 77 Table No.5.37.Phytoplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River ...... 78 Table No.5.38.Enumeration of Zooplankton in Gad River ...... 81 Table No.5.39.Zooplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River ...... 81 Table No.5.40.Benthic Fauna recorded at Gad River ...... 83 Table No.6.1. Detail of muck generated is given below ...... 86 Table No.6.2. The component wise detail of the muck likely to be generated ...... 86 Table No.6.3. Details of Material required for dam components, utilization of excavated material and material from borrow area...... 87 Table No.6.4. Muck Genrated for Proposed work ...... 89 Table No.6.5. Cost Estimate for Muck Management ...... 89 Table No.6.6. List of Plant Species for Plantations ...... 90 Table No.6.7. Monitoring Program During Construction Phase (Dam and KT Weir Site) ... 92 Table No.6.8. Monitoring During Operation Phase at dam site & 8 to 10 locations from the command Area ...... 93 Table No.8.1. Environmental Impacts of the Project During Construction and Operational Phase ...... 96
FIGURE
Figure No. 3.1. Map showing distance of project site from boundary of Radhanagari Wildlife Snctuary ...... 4 Figure No. 5.1. Photographs showing Ambient Air Quality monitoring at Project site & Sangve Village ...... 7 Figure No. 5.2. Surface & Ground Water Sampling Location Map ...... 15 Figure No. 5.3. Soil Sampling Location Map ...... 30 Figure No. 5.4. Photographs of the Vegetation in the study area ...... 55 Figure No. 5.5. Photographs of the Butterfly and Dragonflies in study area ...... 61 Figure No. 5.6. Photographs of the Bird Diversity in the study area ...... 63 Figure No. 5.7. View of Gad River ...... 73 Figure No. 5.8. Collection of Plankton from various locations of the Gad River ...... 73 Figure No. 5.9. Collection of Benthos from various locations of the Gad River ...... 84 Figure No. 6.1. Proposed Quary map in the submergence area ...... 88 Annexure 1 CATP Estimate
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune iii
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
1. DETAIL ABOUT COMMENCEMENT OF WORK AND YEAR WISE COMPLETION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT TILL DATE
Details about commencement of work and yearwise completion of different component of the propject is as below. Sr. Name of Commencement Completion Year No Component Year 1 Main Earthan Dam Feb-2001 Not completed yet, 65 % completed till 14/09/2006 2 Gated Spillway Jan-2003 Not completed yet, 40 % completed till 14/09/2006. 3 Irrigation Cum Oct-2002 Not completed yet, Power Outlet 82 % completed till 14/09/2006. 4 K.T.Weir March-2001 Not completed yet, 79 % completed till 14/09/2006.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 1
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
2. TOTAL SUBMERGENCE AREA IN TOR DATED 10.10.2017 IS 627.14 HA WHEREAS AS PER THE DETAILS PRESENTED IT IS 356.352 HA. PP IS REQUIRED TO SUBMIT THE EXACT SUBMERGENCE AND CULTURAL COMMAND AREA.
Submergence Area for the Nardave Medium Iirrrigation Project is 356.352 ha. However, 631.162 ha land is required for submergence, dam seat, tail channel, alternative roads & other allied works.
Sr. Component Type Acquired Remaining Total No. Land in land in Land hector hector 1 Dam, Submergence, Private Land 566.657 19.115 dam seat, tail Govt. Land 00 11.25 channel, alternative Identified 631.162 ha roads & other allied Forest Land 00 34.14 works
The C.C.A. of the project is 9978 ha.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 2
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
3. THE PROJECT SUBMERGENCE AREA IS ABOUT 0.7-2 KM AWAY FROM THE RADHANAGARI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, WHEREAS FROM GOOGLE IMAGE IT APPEARS THAT SUBMERGENCE/CATCHMENT AREA IS FALLING INSIDE THE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY. CLARIFICATION IN THIS REGARD IS TO BE SUBMITTED
The Radhanagari Wild Life Sanctuary situated 0.75 to 2 kms away from the project site and same has been reflected in the Parct IV. Signed copy of Part IV by Principal Chief Conservator Forest (Wildlife) is as below. Also refer Figure 3.1 Map showing distance of project from Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuuary
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 3
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Figure No. 3.1. Map showing distance of project site from boundary of Radhanagari Wildlife Snctuary
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 4
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
4. AS THE BASELINE DATA WAS COLLECTED AFTER 60% OF COMPLETION OF WORK, THEREFORE, DATA COLLECTED DOES NOT REPRESENT THE ACTUAL SCENARIO OF PRECONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT. COMPUTATION OF SUCH DATA FOR ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE IMPACTS OF PROPOSED PROJECT MAY NOT BE ACCURATE IN ASCERTAINING MITIGATION MEASURES AND FURTHER MANAGEMENT PLAN. PP SHALL SUBMIT THE DETAILED CLARIFICATION IN THIS REGARD.
The Administrative approval for project was received vide letter no. (Marathi) MHD/1085 / (390/85) WRI Dt.12.07.1989. Subsequently land acquisition and construction activities were initiated. As per prevailing EIA notification Environmental Clearance for Medium Irrigation project was not required. During 2001 to 2006 Dam work of the Project partially completed. Application for Environment clearance submitted to EAC, MoEF&CC as per EIA Notification 2006 MoEF&CC asked for forest clearance (letter No. J-12011/46/2011- I.A.I dated 19/12/2011) before applying for Environental Clearance Resubmitted for EC application on 27/09/2012. Proposal was not considered by MoEF&CC due Western Ghat committee Principal (Stage 1) Approved Vide MOEF & CC, Letter No. 6-MHC018/ 2011- BHO/1691 DT. 30/09/2014 (Stage II under Process). Project recommended by SBWL committee in its meeting held on 20th Feb 2014. Project recommended by standing committee National Board of Wildlife held on 21st January 2015 in view of public utility availability of the water in the lean season subject to completion of conditions of CWLW. Reapplied for Environment clearance on dated 8/2/2017 Project was considered for ToR on 3rd Meetings of Hon. EAC - River Valley & Hydroelectric Projects (Item No. 3.5) dated 02/03/2017 ToR granted vide letter no. J-12011/7/2017-IA-I (R) dated 10th October 2017 As per ToR granted by MoEF&CC, baseline data collection has been carried out. As applicability of EIA and Environmental Clearance was not there at the time of project approval i.e. during year 1989, the baseline data of pre construction period is not available. However, baseline data collected in 1999 for Talamba Major Irrigation Project which is located in Kudal Tehsil, Sindhudurg Disrict, Maharashtra, it is revealed that baseline data has no change as there is no industrialization.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 5
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
5 SEASON WISE (PRE MONSOON, MONSOON AND POST MONSOON) BASE LINE DATA OF ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES IS TO BE SUBMITTED
Baseline data has been collected from June 2017 to May 2018 i.e. during Monsoon, Post Monsoon and Pre Monsoon season.
5.1 Ambient Air Quality
The ambient air quality monitoring were carried out in the study area during pre monsson (summer) and post monsoon season (winter). The sampling station location and number were selected at dam site, submergence and command area. The monitoring was carried out as per CPCB/MoEF&CC guideline.
The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX samples were collected as 24 hourly average by drawing air at the rate of 1.0 -1.5 m3/min through glass fibre filter paper and analyzing by the gravimetric method. Pre-calibrated fine dust particulate samplers were used
for monitoring of PM10 & PM2.5. Concentrations of SO2 and NOX were analyzed by absorption & colorimetric method.
Table No.5.1. Techniques Used for the Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Parameters
Sr. Parameter Technique Technical Minimum No Protocol Detectable Limit
3 1 PM 10 & PM2.5 Gravimetric method IS -5182 (Part-4) 1.0 g/m 2 Sulphur Dioxide Modified West and Gaeke IS-5182 (Part-2) 4.0 g/m3 3 Nitrogen Oxide Jacob & Hochheiser IS-5182 (Part-6) 4.0 g/m3
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 6
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Figure No. 5.1. Photographs showing Ambient Air Quality monitoring at Project site & Sangve Village
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 7
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Sr. No. Name Location 1 Dam Site - Naradave Projet Site 2 Yewateshwar Submergence Area 3 Jambhalgaon Submergence Area 4 Bhairavgaon Submergence Area 5 Pimpalvadi Command Area 6 Sangve Command Area 7 Jambhavade Command Area 8 Digawale Command Area
Table No.5.3. Test Methods Used for Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter
Sr. No. Parameter Unit Test Method 01 Nitrogen dioxide, NOx µg/m3 IS: 5182 (Part-IV) 2006, First Revision 3 02 Sulphur dioxide SO2 µg/m IS 5182 Part-II .2001 First Revision 3 03 Particulate Matter PM10 µg/m IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006 Reaff 2012 3 04 Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/m USEPA (40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–14 Edition) Appendix L to Part 50)
Table No.5.4. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3) (Post Monsoon October to December 2017)
Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 1. Dam Site Nardave Maximum 54.3 24.6 21.6 20.7 Minimum 37.4 14.7 12.6 14.2 Average 46.71 18.97 17.07 16.94 98 Percentile 54.11 23.95 20.77 20.7 2. Yewateshwar Maximum 54.2 22.6 19.2 20.7 Minimum 44.4 12.5 11.5 13.2 Average 49.26 18.31 14.6 16.51 98 Percentile 54.15 22.55 18.28 20.51 3. Jambhalgaon Maximum 55.4 29 17.2 18.4 Minimum 38.9 18 12.8 14.9 Average 47.09 23.62 15.14 16.75 98 Percentile 54.2 28.72 17.01 18.35 4. Bhairavgaon Maximum 53.6 29.1 16.8 20.6 Minimum 39.4 18.4 12 14.2 Average 46.16 23.03 15.22 17.16 98 Percentile 53.04 28.5 16.75 20.23 5. Pimpalvadi Maximum 54.6 29.1 16.3 22.7 Minimum 42.4 14.9 11.9 11.9 Average 47.17 22.15 14.79 16.69 98 Percentile 54 28.5 16.3 22.14
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Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 6. Sangve Maximum 52.4 28.4 16.8 18.4 Minimum 35.8 17.6 11.9 14.9 Average 46.59 24.59 14.88 16.74 98 Percentile 52.26 28.12 16.62 18.3 7. Jambhavade Maximum 54.2 26.5 16.8 20.6 Minimum 38.9 18.1 11.5 13.2 Average 47.17 21.9 15.06 16.64 98 Percentile 53.83 26.5 16.75 19.49 8. Digawale Maximum 54.2 28.7 18.3 21.7 Minimum 42.5 16.8 12 15.3 Average 47.68 22.96 15.05 17.46 98 Percentile 53.83 28.28 17.61 21.65
Table No.5.5. Results of Analysis of Ambient Air Parameter (µg/m3) (Pre monsoon March to May 2018)
Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 1. Dam Site Nardave Maximum 45.2 34.6 8.5 12.2 Minimum 58.2 42.6 14.3 17.5 Average 52.8 38.8 10.9 14.7 98 Percentile 57.5 42.6 14.3 17.2 2. Yewateshwar Maximum 47.5 22.5 8.7 10.7 Minimum 57.6 45.5 15.6 16.8 Average 54.0 38.8 11.1 15.2 98 Percentile 57.2 45.4 14.2 16.8 3. Jambhalgaon Maximum 40.8 32.5 8.1 12.6 Minimum 53.5 42.1 14.5 17.2 Average 50.6 36.7 11.8 15.5 98 Percentile 53.4 41.5 14.4 17.2 4. Bhairavgaon Maximum 40.8 30.5 8.4 12.1 Minimum 52.4 44.2 13.2 17.7 Average 48.6 36.3 11.0 15.4 98 Percentile 52.4 42.8 12.8 17.6 5. Pimpalvadi Maximum 41.1 34.5 7.5 12.5 Minimum 53.6 45.3 13.2 18.5 Average 50.2 39.7 10.9 15.8 98 Percentile 53.4 44.9 12.9 18.5 6. Sangve Maximum 40.8 32.1 8.2 11.6 Minimum 52.1 42.3 12.4 18.6 Average 48.4 37.2 10.6 15.5 98 Percentile 52.1 42.3 12.4 18.6 7. Jambhavade Maximum 40.1 30.1 8.4 11.2 Minimum 54.2 40.3 13.5 17.1 Average 47.0 34.8 10.5 14.6 98 Percentile 53.2 40.1 13.0 16.8 Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 9
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Sr. No. Monitoring Locations Parameter PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 8. Digawale Maximum 42.7 10.3 7.7 10.1 Minimum 54.0 47.2 14.1 17.5 Average 49.8 35.2 10.4 14.2 98 Percentile 53.6 46.7 13.8 17.0
5.2 Ambient Noise Level
Methodology of Noise Level Monitoring
Noise levels monitoring was carried out at various locations within the study area during pre monsson (summer) and post monsoon season (winter). Ambient Noise Level monitoring at various location has been carried out as per standard guidelines of MoEF&CC and CPCB.
The noise monitoring has been carried-out by deploying a digital noise meter having a noise level measuring range of 35 dB (A) to 100 dB (A). In this monitoring, at each location, the maximum and the minimum values of noise levels, and the equivalent noise levels were monitored.
Table No.5.6. Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations
Sr. No. Name of the Location Area 1 Naradave Dam Site 2 Yewateshwar Submergence Area 3 Jambhalgaon Submergence Area 4 Bhairavgaon Submergence Area 5 Pimpalvadi Command Area 6 Sangve Command Area 7 Jambhavade Command Area 8 Digawale Command Area
Table No.5.7. Test Methods Used for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring
Sr. No. Parameter Unit Test Method 01 Noise level dB IS 4954 ,1968 Reaff 2014
Noise Pollution Standards in India
The Schedule of ambient air quality standards in respect of noise notified in the above ‘Rules’ is reproduced below:
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 10
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.8. Ambient Air Quality standards in respect of Noise
Area Code Category of Area/ Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq Day time Night time (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40 Note:
Day time shall mean 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00.a.m. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silent zones are zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-mentioned categories by the competent authority. dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A.
Source: Ministry of Environment Forests & Climate Change, Government of India vide ‘The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
Table No.5.9. Results of Analysis of Ambient Noise Level data various locations
Post Monsoon Pre Monsoon March
October to December 2017 to May 2018 Day Night Day Night Sr. No. Location Limits in dB(A) Limits in dB(A) 1 Naradave 58.3 42.8 48.5 38.1 2 Yewateshwar 46.2 39.2 40.2 35.2 3 Jambhalgaon 50.4 39.8 44.5 34.1 4 Bhairavgaon 50.5 40.2 47.1 36.7 5 Pimpalvadi 46.8 40.6 42.3 39.2 6 Sangve 50.5 42.3 45.1 35.2 7 Jambhavade 51.3 39.5 43.3 37.2 8 Digawale 48.3 38.5 42.2 38.5
The noise levels were measured at 8 locations. Noise levels recorded at various stations were within the permissible limit.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 11
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
5.3 Water Quality Study
Water sampling locations were selected from submergence and command area of the project. The samples were collected from river, lake/dam, dug well as well as bore well. Monitoring was carried out during pre monsson (summer) and post monsoon season (winter). The sampling and analysis was carried out as per guidelines of CPCB
Methodology
The surface and ground water sampling was carried out by using central pollution control board (CPCB) guidelines.
A sample container was properly cleaned and rinsed with sample for three times before it was filled.
Sample containers were labeled properly and sample code, sampling date and sample location was clearly marked on container.
Surface water Samples were collected from well mixed section of stream about 30 cm below the water surface using a weighted bottle.
Ground water Samples were collected from bore well & Dug well
Water samples from various locations in and around the project site were collected for assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality.
Table No.5.10.Surface Water Sampling Locations
No. Name of the Location Source 1. Nardave Dam site River 2. Sangave K.T. Weir (Gad River) River 3. Jambhavade School River 4. Gopuri Ashram K.T. Weir River 5. Kankavali K.T. (Gad River) River
Table No.5.11.Ground Water Sampling Locations
No. Name of the Location Source 1. Pimpalvadi Well 2. Yewateshwar Well 3. Jambhalgaon Well 4. Ranjaanwadi Well
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No. Name of the Location Source 5. Kanedi Well 6. Sambhajinagar-Sangave Bore Well 7. Bhairavgaon (Submergence) Open Well 8. Sambhajinagar-Sangave Open Well 9. Zambhalgaon (ZP) - Submergence Open Well
Table No.5.12. Test Methods Used for Surface Water Parameter
Sr. No. Parameters Unit Test Methods Chemical Potability 1 Colour Hazen IS: 3025 Part-4 (Rev.1, RA 2012) 2 Odour - IS: 3025 Part-5 (Rev.1, RA 2012) 3 pH at 25 oC - APHA 4500 H+, A, 4-91, 22nd Ed.2012. 4 Temperature 0C APHA 2550 B,2-69 to 2-70 ,22nd Ed.2012 5 Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm APHA 2510 B,2-54 to 2-55 ,22nd Ed.2012 6 Turbidity NTU IS: 3025 Part-10 (Rev.1,RA:2012) 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l APHA 2540 C, 2-65, 22nd Ed.2012 8 Total Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012) 9 Total Suspended Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012) 10 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025 (Part 44)-1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) 11 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025 (Part 58)-2006 12 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l IS: 3025 (pt-38)-1989, Reaff. 2003 13 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l IS 3025 (part 22),1986,(Rev 1R.A.2014) nd 14 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22 Ed.2012. nd 15 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2340 C ,2-44 to 2-46,22 Ed 2012 16 Calcium as Ca mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-67 to 3-68,22nd Ed 2012 17 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-84 ,22nd Ed 2012 18 Chloride as Cl- mg/l APHA 4500 Cl B,4-72 to 4-73,22nd Ed 2012 nd 19 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l APHA 4500 SO4-E,4-190 to 4-191 22 Ed.2012. nd 20 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 4500 NO3- B 22 Ed.2012 nd 21 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l APHA 4500 NH3 F, 4-115 to 4-116, 22 Ed.2012. 22 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l APHA 4500 N org B and 4500 N-NH3 C 23 Nitrite as NO2 mg/l IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988, Cl. 3, Rev.1, Reaff 2014 24 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 4500 F-D 4-87 to 4-88 ,22nd Ed 2012 25 Total Phosphorous mg/l APHA 4500 P-C4-153 to 4-154, 22 nd Ed. 2012 nd 26 Silica as SiO3 mg/l APHA 4500 SIO2,4-167 to 4-168 ,22 Ed 2012 27 Phenol mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-43) (Rev.1, R.A : 2014) 28 Sodium as Na mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22 , 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 29 Potassium as K mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22,22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 30 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 31 Iron (as Fe) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 32 Copper (as Cu) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 33 Nickel as Ni mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 34 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 35 Boron as B mg/l APHA 4500 B-C 4-27, 22 nd Ed. 2012 36 Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012. 37 Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012. 38 Cadmium as Cd mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 39 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 40 Mercury as Hg mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 41 Arsenic as As mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS)
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42 Oil & Grease mg/l IS 3025(Part 39) Bacteriological Potability 1 Total Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014) 2 E Coli - IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)
Table No.5.13. Test Methods Used for Ground Water Parameter
Sr. No. Parameters Unit Test Methods CHEMICAL POTABILITY 1 Colour Hazen IS: 3025 Part-4 (Rev.1, RA 2012) 2 Odour - IS: 3025 Part-5 (Rev.1, RA 2012) 3 pH at 25 oC - APHA 4500 H+, A, 4-91, 22nd Ed.2012. 4 Temperature 0C APHA 2550 B,2-69 to 2-70 ,22nd Ed.2012 5 Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm APHA 2510 B,2-54 to 2-55 ,22nd Ed.2012 6 Turbidity NTU IS: 3025 Part-10 (Rev.1,RA:2012) 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l APHA 2540 C, 2-65, 22nd Ed.2012 8 Total Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012) 9 Total Suspended Solids mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-17)-1984 (Rev.1, R.A : 2012) 10 Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l IS 3025 (part 22),1986,(Rev 1R.A.2014) nd 11 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22 Ed.2012. nd 12 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2340 C ,2-44 to 2-46,22 Ed 2012 13 Calcium as Ca mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-67 to 3-68,22nd Ed 2012 14 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B, 3.-84 ,22nd Ed 2012 15 Chloride as Cl- mg/l APHA 4500 Cl B,4-72 to 4-73,22nd Ed 2012 nd 16 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l APHA 4500 SO4-E,4-190 to 4-191 22 Ed.2012. nd 17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 4500 NO3- B 22 Ed.2012 nd 18 Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l APHA 4500 NH3 F, 4-115 to 4-116, 22 Ed.2012. 19 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l APHA 4500 N org B and 4500 N-NH3 C 20 Nitrite as NO2 mg/l IS 3025 (Part 34) 1988, Cl. 3, Rev.1, Reaff 2014 21 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 4500 F-D 4-87 to 4-88 ,22nd Ed 2012 22 Total Phosphorous mg/l APHA 4500 P-C4-153 to 4-154, 22 nd Ed. 2012 nd 23 Silica as SiO3 mg/l APHA 4500 SIO2,4-167 to 4-168 ,22 Ed 2012 24 Phenol mg/l IS: 3025 (Part-43) (Rev.1, R.A : 2014) 25 Sodium as Na mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22 , 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 26 Potassium as K mg/l APHA 3111B, 3-18 to 3-22,22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 27 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 28 Iron (as Fe) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 29 Copper (as Cu) mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 to 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 30 Manganese has Mn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 31 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 32 Nickel as Ni mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 33 Boron as B mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012. 34 Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l APHA 2320 B, 2-34 to 2-35 22nd Ed.2012. 35 Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l APHA 4500 B-C 4-27, 22 nd Ed. 2012 36 Cadmium as Cd mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 37 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 38 Mercury as Hg mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 39 Arsenic as As mg/l APHA 3111 B, 3-18 TO 3-21, 22nd Ed.2012 (AAS) 40 Oil & Grease mg/l IS 3025(Part 39) BACTERIOLOGICAL POTABILITY 1 Total Coliforms No./100 ml IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014) 2 EColi - IS: 1622 (R.A 1 2014)
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Figure No. 5.2. Surface & Ground Water Sampling Location Map
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Result
Surface Water Quality Table No.5.14. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Surface Water – Post Monsson Season (Winter Season)
Gopuri Ashram Sr. Nardave Sangave K.T. Weir Jambhavade Kankavali K.T. Parameter Units (Tal. Kankavali)- No. Dam (Gad River) School Weir (Gad River) K.T. Weir CHEMICAL POTABILITY 1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. pH at 25 oC - 7.45 7.13 7.11 7.29 7.22 4. Temperature 0C 24 23 25 25 25 5. Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm 126.0 92.3 105 128 118 6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 84 61 75 87 77 8. Total Solids mg/l 87 63 78 89 80 9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 6 8 06 6 5 11. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 17 22 21 20 22 12. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.8 13. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 14. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 46 32 38 44 40 15. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 42 33 42 47 44 16. Calcium as Ca mg/l 14 10 12 15.8 14 17. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 7 5 7.2 8.6 5.2 18. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 13.8 13.2 7.42 16.1 9.0 19. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 14.5 11.5 8.5 15.3 11.5 20. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 5 3 <1 4.8 <1 21. Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 22. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l 2.9 3.2 <1 3.1 <1
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23. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 24. Fluoride as F <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 26. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 27. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 28. Sodium as Na mg/l 6 5 5 6 3 29. Potassium as K mg/l 2 2 3 3 1 30. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 31. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 32. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 33. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 34. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 35. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 36. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 46 32 38 44 40 37. Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 38. Lead as Pb mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 39. Mercury as Hg mg/l <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 40. Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 41. Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 BACTERIOLOGICAL POTABILITY 1. Total Coliforms No./100 ml 900 500 <1600 <1600 <1600 2. Fecal Coliforms No./100 ml 500 300 <1600 <1600 <1600
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Observations:
Surface water samples from 5 representative areas were taken from Gad River and interpretation given below.
The observed pH values in water samples in the range of neutral (7.11-7.45).
Electrical Conductivity was highest at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-K.T Weir (128.0 µS/cm) and minimum at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River) (92.3 µS/cm).
Turbidity observed <1 at all sampling stations. Total Dissolved Solids was observed <5 at all sampling stations.
Maximum Total Solids was observed (89 mg/l) at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)- KT Weir and minimum at (63 mg/l) at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Similarly, observed Total Suspended Solids was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.
Total alkalinity ranges from 10 mg/l to 15.8 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 15.8 mg/l was found at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)- KT Weir. Minimum Calcium 10 mg/l was found at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Similarly, Magnesium was found <0.05 mg/l at all the sampling locations.
The hardness (33 mg/l) was lower at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River) and higher (47 mg/l) at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)- KT Weir.
Concentration of Sodium ranges from 3 mg/l to 6 mg/l. Concentration of Potassium ranges from 1 mg/l to 3 mg/l.
Amount of Nitrate was found to be <1 to 5 mg/l. Nitrate concentration depends upon the activity of nitrifying bacteria.
Ammonical Nitrogen found <0.1 in all sampling stations.
The Chloride was observed maximum (16.1 mg/l) at Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali) - KT Weir and minimum (7.42 mg/l) at Jambhavade School.
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Table No.5.15.Physico-chemical Characteristics Surface Water – Pre Monsson Seson (Summer Season )
Sangave Gopuri Ashram Kankavali K.T. Sr. Nardave Jambhavade Parameter Units K.T. Weir (Tal. Kankavali)- Weir No. Dam School (Gad River) K.T. Weir (Gad River) 1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. pH at 25 oC - 7.49 7.54 7.52 7.42 7.52 4. Temperature 0C 25 25 25 25 25 5. Electrical Conductivity at 25 oC µS/cm 168 136 150.6 154.7 334.5 6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 108 92 102 98 229 8. Total Solids mg/l 112 94 105 102 233 9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l <1 5 <1 8 5 11. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l <5 18 <5 27 18 12. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.7 13. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 14. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 38.38 30.3 36.36 34.34 76.76 15. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 71.76 53.57 57.61 60.64 129.38 16. Calcium as Ca mg/l 23.07 12.54 14.57 14.16 39.67 17. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 3.43 5.40 5.15 6.13 7.36 18. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 6.84 7.33 6.84 6.25 7.82 19. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 20. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 2.05 1.37 <1 <1 <1 21. Ammonical Nitrogen as NH4-N mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 22. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as NH3-N mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 23. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 24. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 26. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
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27. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 28. Sodium as Na mg/l 8 6 5 7 7 29. Potassium as K mg/l 3 5 3 4 4 30. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 31. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 32. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 33. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 35. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 36. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 38.38 30.3 36.36 34.34 76.76 37. Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 38. Lead as Pb mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 39. Mercury as Hg mg/l <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 40. Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 41. Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 1. Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 40 39 40 100 32 2. Fecal Coliforms MPN/100 ml 28 42 35 80 18
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Observations:
Surface water samples from 5 representative areas were taken from Gad River and interpretation given below.
The observed pH values in water samples in the range of neutral (7.42-7.54).
Electrical Conductivity was highest near Jambhavade School (334.5 µS/cm) and minimum at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River) (136µS/cm).
Turbidity observed <1 at all sampling stations.
Maximum Total Dissolved Solids was observed (229 mg/l) at Jambhavade School and minimum (92 mg/l) at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Maximum Total Solids was observed (233 mg/l) at Jambhavade School and minimum (94 mg/l) at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Similarly, observed Total Suspended Solids was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.
Total Alkalinity ranges from 30.3 mg/l to 76.76 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 76.76 mg/l was found at Jambhavade School Minimum Calcium 30.3 mg/l was found at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Similarly, maximum Magnesium 7.36 mg/l was found at Jambhavade School and minimum 3.43 mg/l was found at Nardave Dam.
Concentration of Calcium was always greater than that of Magnesium. The hardness (129.38 mg/l) was higher at Jambhavade School and lower (53.57 mg/l) at Sangave KT Weir (Gad River).
Concentration of Sodium ranges from 5.0 mg/l to 8 mg/l.
Concentration of Potassium ranges from 3.0 mg/l to 5.0 mg/l.
Amount of Nitrate was found to be <1 to 2.05 mg/l. Nitrate concentration depends upon the activity of nitrifying bacteria.
Ammonical Nitrogen found <0.1 in all sampling stations. The Chloride was observed maximum (7.82 mg/l) near Jambhawade School and minimum (6.25 mg/l) at Kankavali KT Weir (Gad River).
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Ground Water Quality
Table No.5.16.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water –Post Monsson Season (Winter Season)
Zambhalgaon Sambhajinagar- Bhairavgaon Sambhajinagar- Sr. Parameter Units Pimpalvadi Yewateshwar Jambhalgaon Ranjaanwadi Kanedi (ZP) - Sangave (Submergence) Sangave No. Submergence 1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 3. pH at 25 oC - 7.18 7.23 6.98 7.12 7.08 7.21 7.25 7.28 7.12 4. Temperature 0C 24 24 24 23 23 21 23 23 23 5. EC at 25 oC µS/cm 157.6 200.6 193.5 160.1 128 127.4 158 162 162 6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 7. Total Dissolved mg/l 102 130 125 104 84 82 106 110 106 Solids 8. Total Solids mg/l 105 133 128 107 86 84 108 113 108 9. Total Suspended mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Solids
10. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 11. Total Alkalinity as mg/l 52 53 56 54 40 52 56 58 50 CaCO3 12. Total Hardness as mg/l 56 65 62 60 45 56 62 62 54 CaCO3 13. Calcium as Ca mg/l 15 17 20 20 15 16 20 24 20 14. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 5 6 6 8 5 6.5 9 11 08 15. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 9.5 13.5 13 18 13 14.5 20.2 28 14 16. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 8 11.5 14.5 15.5 14.2 11 18 23 18 17. Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 7 10 <0.1 10 9 5 10 12 11 18. Ammonical mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Nitrogen as NH4-N
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19. Total Kjeldahl mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Nitrogen as NH3-N 20. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l 0.062 0.054 0.058 0.058 0.062 0.051 0.057 0.058 0.058 21. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 22. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 23. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 24. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 25. Sodium as Na mg/l 5 6 5 4 6 4 6 5 5 26. Potassium as K mg/l 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 27. Hexavalent mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Chromium (as Cr6+) 28. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 29. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 30. Manganese as Mn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 31. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 32. Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 33. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 34. Carbonate as mg/l 52 53 56 54 40 52 56 58 50 CaCO3 35. Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 36. Lead as Pb mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 37. Mercury as Hg mg/l <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 38. Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 39. Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 BACTERIOLOGICAL POTABILITY 1. Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 2. Fecal Coliforms MPN./100 ml absent absent absent absent absent absent Absent Absent Absent
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Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Observations:
Ground water samples from 9 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above Table. The pH values ranges from 6.98 to 7.28.
Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Yewateshwar (200.6 µS/cm) and minimum at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (127.4 µS/cm). Turbidity count ranges from <1 NTU at all sampling stations.
Total Dissolved Solids was observed maximum (130 mg/l) at Yewateshwar and minimum (82 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave.
Total Solids was observed maximum (133 mg/l) at Yewateshwar and minimum (84 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave. Similarly, Total Suspended Solids count was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.
Total Alkalinity ranges from 15 mg/l to 24 mg/l. Maximum Calcium 24 mg/l was found at Sambhajinagar-Sangave. Minimum Calcium 15 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi.
Similarly, maximum Magnesium 11 mg/l was found at Sambhajinagar-Sangave and minimum Magnesium 2.5 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi and Kanedi.
The hardness ranges from 45 to 65 mg/l. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 4 mg/l to 6 mg/l. Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 1 mg/l to 3 mg/l.
Nitrate was found in the range of <0.1 to 12. Total sulphate ranges from 8 mg/l to 23 mg/l .
The Chloride was observed maximum (28 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave and minimum (9.5 mg/l) at Pimpalvadi.
Most of the physico-chemical parameters are found well within prescribed limits of IS 10500:2012.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 24
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.17.Physico-chemical Characteristics Ground Water – Pre Monsson Season (Summer Season)
Zambhalga Yewateshw Ranjaanwa Jambhalga Kanedi Sambhajina Bhairavgaon Sambhajinaga on (ZP) – Sr. Pimpalvadi ar di Parameter Units on (Well gar-Sangave (Submergence) r-Sangave Submergen No. (Well water) (Well (Well (Bore well) water) (Bore well) (Open well) (Open well) ce water) water) (Open well) 1. Colour Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 2. Odour - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
3. pH at 25 oC - 7.47 7.48 7.45 7.47 7.42 7.42 7.39 7.42 7.54 4. Temperature 0C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
5. Electrical Conductivity at µS/cm 327.4 358 414 313 298 187 225 389 347 25 oC 6. Turbidity NTU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
7. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 193 185 272 178 195 122 142 180 236 8. Total Solids mg/l 196 188 275 182 198 124 145 182 240 9. Total Suspended Solids mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10. Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 11. Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 71.71 64.64 92.92 61.61 92.92 60.6 61.61 96.96 64.64 12. Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 101.08 69.74 165.77 67.75 71.76 64.69 67.72 68.73 133.42 13. Calcium as Ca mg/l 20.24 22.66 55.05 16.19 19.43 18.62 16.59 22.66 45.33 14. Magnesium as Mg mg/l 12.27 3.19 6.87 6.62 5.64 4.41 6.38 2.94 4.91 15. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 12.71 18.10 16.63 22.01 19.07 6.35 6.60 9.78 21.52
16. Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 12.93 17.93 <10 20 16.95 <10 <10 <10 20.43 17. Nitrate as MPN3 mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 18. Ammonical Nitrogen as mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 NH4-N 19. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 as NH3-N 20. Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
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21. Fluoride as F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 22. Total Phosphorous mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 23. Silica as SiO3 mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 24. Phenol mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 25. Sodium as Na mg/l 13 12 12 10 10 10 13 10 14 26. Potassium as K mg/l 12 09 07 08 08 08 6 9 10 27. Hexavalent Chromium mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (as Cr6+) 28. Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 29. Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 30. Manganese as Mn mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 31. Nickel mg/l <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 32. Zinc as Zn mg/l <0.05 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 33. Boron as B mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 34. Carbonate as CaCO3 mg/l 71.71 64.64 92.92 61.61 92.92 60.6 61.61 96.96 64.64 35. Cadmium as Cd mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 36. Lead as Pb mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 37. Mercury as Hg mg/l <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 <.0.001 38. Arsenic as As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 39. Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 BACTERIOLOGICAL POTABILITY 1. Total Coliforms MPN./10 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 2. Fecal Coliforms 0 ml absent absent absent Absent absent absent Absent Absent absent
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 26
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Observations:
Ground water samples from 9 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above Table. The pH values ranges from 7.39 to 7.54 indicating the water is slightly alkaline.
Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Jambhalgaon (Bore well) (414 µS/cm) and minimum at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well) (187 µS/cm).
Turbidity count ranges from <1 NTU at all sampling stations.
Total Dissolved Solids was observed maximum (272 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well) and minimum (122 mg/l) at Jambhalgaon (Bore well).Total Solids was observed maximum (275 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore well) and minimum (124 mg/l) at Jambhalgaon (Bore well).
Similarly, Total Suspended Solids count was ranges <5 in all sampling stations.
Total Alkalinity ranges from 60.6 mg/l to 96.96 mg/l.
Maximum Calcium 55.05 mg/l was found at Jambhalgaon (Bore well).Minimum Calcium 16.19 mg/l was found at Ranjaanwadi (Well water).
Similarly, maximum Magnesium 12.27 mg/l was found at Pimpalvadi (Well water) and minimum Magnesium 2.94 mg/l was found at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Open well).
The hardness ranges from 64.69 to 165.77 mg/l. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 10 mg/l to 14 mg/l.
Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 6 mg/l to 12 mg/l. Maximum amount of Nitrate was found <1 in all sampling locations.
Total Sulphate ranges from (20.43 mg/l) and minimum <10 mg/l).
The Chloride was observed maximum (21.52 mg/l) at Zambhalgaon (ZP) – Submergence (Open well) and minimum (6.35 mg/l) at Sambhajinagar - Sangave (Bore well).
Most of the physico-chemical parameters are found well within prescribed limits of IS 10500:2012.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 27
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
5.4 Soil Quality
Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering on the Earth's surface. This is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by physical, chemical, biological and environmental processes including weathering and erosion.
Procedure for Soil Sampling
Selection of the sampling stations were based on the reconnaissance survey of the entire study area
The following standard method is used for the collection of soil samples
A small tool called “Khurpi” was used for sample collection.
Sample was taken from the surface to plough depth 0-22 cm from 15 spots in the field of uniform nature.
o Locations such as recently fertilized, old bunds, marshy spots, near trees, compost heaps and farm sheds etc. were avoided at the time of sampling.
o Each Sample collected was a uniformly thick 2cm slice of soil from the exposed soil face V- shaped hole.
o Information sheet on each sample was filled out completely.
Collected soil samples were delivered to the laboratory for physical and chemical analysis of various parameters.
Table No.5.18.Soil Sampling Locations
Sr. No. Name of the Location 1. Yewateshwar 2. Pimpalvadi 3. Bhairavgaon 4. Sangave 5. Sambhajinagar-Sangave 6. Naradave Dam 7. Gopuri Ashram 8. Jambhalgaon 9. Jambhavade
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Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
10. Kankavali KT Weir 11. Digavale Rehabilitation 12. Near KT Weir No. 3 13. Near KT Weir No.1
Table No.5.19.Test Methods Used for Soil Quality Analysis
Sr. Parameters Unit No. 01 Texture - 02 Percentage Of Different Components Sand % Silt % Clay % 03 Soil Moisture % 04 Bulk Density gm/cm2 05 Water Holding Capacity %
06 pH -- 07 Conductivity µs/cm 08 Organic Carbon % 09 Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 10 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 11 Available Nitrogen kg/ha 12 Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 13 Potassium (as K) kg/ha 14 Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 15 Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 16 Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 17 Sodium mg/kg 18 Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 19 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg 20 Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg 21 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg
22 Lead (as Pb) mg/kg 23 Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 24 Total alkalinity % 25 Salinity dS/m 26 Sulphur mg/kg
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Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Figure No. 5.3. Soil Sampling Location Map
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Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.20.Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in Winter (Post Monsson Season)
Sangave (Near Sambhajinagar- Gopuri Ashram Sr. Naradave Yewateshwar Pimpalvadi Bhairavgaon KT Weir-Gad Sangave (Near (Near KT Weir- Dam No. Parameter Units River) Bore Well) Kankavali Taluka) 1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam 2. Percentage Of Different Components Sand % 24 20 21 23 24 23 25 Silt % 35 34 33 31 32 34 32 Clay % 41 46 46 46 44 43 43 3. Soil Moisture % 8.6 9.84 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.15 10.2 4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.20 1.14 1.16 1.14 5. Water Holding Capacity % 60 65.5 54.8 64 62 44 60 6. pH -- 7.95 8.05 6.41 7.92 7.85 6.42 7.22 7. Conductivity µs/cm 714 718 576 589.4 584.6 589.34 650.5 8. Organic Carbon % 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.66 0.64 1.41 0.62 9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 320 445 384 336.6 316.6 420 344.6 10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 130 184 147 121.5 143.4 206 150.2 11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 278 345 320 219.3 244.2 274 256.9 12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 9.15 6.8 12.3 8.25 7.73 7.48 9.55 13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 179.2 260.4 223 191.1 191.5 240 219.8 14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 5.14 8.68 5.81 8.92 6.38 6.84 8.32 15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 1.95 1.74 1.71 3.10 1.22 1.01 1.16 16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.75 0.68 0.65 0.68 0.75 0.54 0.58 17. Sodium mg/kg 38 45 44 36.9 41.5 38 41.5 18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.843 0.94 0.62 0.62 0.89 0.60 0.56 19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.53 2.54 2.71 2.44 2.83 2.15 2.64 24. Total alkalinity % <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Salinity dS/m 0.714 0.718 0.576 0.589 0.584 0.589 0.650 26. Sulphur mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
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Jambhalgao Jambhavade Digavale Rehabilitation Sr. Kankavali KT Weir KT Weir n (Near Rehabilitation (Kudal (Kankavali Taluka- No. Parameter Units KT Weir No. 3 No.1 Open Well) Taluka-Command Area) Command Area) 1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam 2. Percentage Of Different Components Sand % 23 26 24 24 27 27 Silt % 32 33 31 33 34 36 Clay % 45 41 45 43 39 37 3. Soil Moisture % 8.4 9.24 9.0 9.2 8.5 8.2 4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.12 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.12 5. Water Holding Capacity % 58.4 58.4 62 62 49.5 40.2 6. pH -- 7.84 8.10 7.56 8.12 7.86 7.80 7. Conductivity µs/cm 695.4 472 582.4 610 641.3 642.4 8. Organic Carbon % 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.54 0.56 0.50 9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 323 210 328.6 320 323 380 10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 110 108 150.7 108 122 145 11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 265 240 219.2 210 320.4 246 12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 11.7 9.85 9.8 8.57 9.14 10.3 13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 212.8 138 191.2 180.6 230 134.4 14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 6.14 7.47 7.86 8.62 6.87 7.18 15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.84 1.04 1.11 2.15 0.95 1.28 16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 1.10 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.74 0.66 17. Sodium mg/kg 42 48 40.4 32 43 39 18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.72 0.85 0.59 0.7 0.73 0.68 19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.88 3.80 2.62 2.19 2.88 2.40 24. Total alkalinity % <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Salinity dS/m 0.695 0.472 0.582 0.610 0.641 0.642 26. Sulphur mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 32
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Observations:
Soil samples from 13 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above table. The pH values ranges from 6.41 to 8.12.
Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Pimpalvadi (718 µS/cm) and minimum at Jambhawade (472 µS/cm).
Organic carbon was observed maximum (1.41 %) at dam site and minimum (0.50 %) at K.T Weir No.1.
Calcium was observed maximum (445 mg/kg) at Pimpavadi and minimum (210 mg/kg) at Jambhalwade. Similarly, Magnesium ranges from 108 mg/kg to 206 mg/kg.
Maximum available Nitrogen (345 kg/ha) was observed at Pimpalwadi. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 32 mg/l to 48 mg/kg.
Similarly, concentration of Potassium ranges between 134.4mg/l to 260.4 mg/kg.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 33
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Table No.5.21. Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil – Pre Monsoon Season (Summer)
Jambhavade Sambhajinagar- Gopuri Ashram (Near Jambhalgaon Sr. Sangave (Near KT Naradave Rehabilitation Kankavali KT Sangave (Near KT Weir-Kankavali (Near Open No. Parameter Units Weir-Gad River) Dam (Kudal Taluka- Weir Bore Well) Taluka) Well) Command Area) 1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam 2. Percentage Of Different Components Sand % 26 27 21 24 23 29 25 Silt % 30 32 33 31 34 33 32 Clay % 44 41 46 45 43 38 43 3. Soil Moisture % 9.8 8.6 9.2 8.0 7.82 7.8 7.6 4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.18 1.08 1.16 1.12 1.15 1.05 1.16 5. Water Holding Capacity % 65 58 64 58 60 54.8 58 6. pH -- 7.92 7.82 7.78 7.52 7.73 7.56 7.68 7. Conductivity µs/cm 655 757 685.2 650.5 727 670.8 650.9 8. Organic Carbon % 0.62 0.65 0.60 0.68 0.72 0.62 0.64 9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 356 296.5 316.6 356 344.6 316.6 336.6 10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 118 145 122 153.1 145.8 111.8 131.2 11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 206 212.9 288.0 244.2 298 263.3 228 12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 9.1 8.16 9.8 9.55 8.2 7.43 9.8 13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 185.2 189.1 208.2 218 191.6 189.7 152 14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 9.10 6.23 8.14 8.45 8.13 7.58 7.82 15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 3.2 1.18 0.75 1.18 1.12 0.78 1.09 16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.65 0.72 0.92 0.52 0.52 0.65 0.72 17. Sodium mg/kg 38.1 42 40.4 41 42.7 41.5 41.5 18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.65 0.92 0.65 0.55 0.89 0.82 0.57 19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.48 2.83 2.72 2.57 2.73 2.84 2.73 24. Total alkalinity % <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Salinity dS/m 0.655 0.757 0.685 0.650 0.727 0.670 0.650 26. Sulphur mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
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Sr. Digavale Rehabilitation (Kankavali Yewateshw KT Weir No. 3 KT Weir No.1 Pimpalvadi Bhairavgaon No. Parameter Units Taluka-Command Area) ar 1. Texture - Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam 2. Percentage Of Different Components Sand % 25 25 32 27 22 24 Silt % 33 32 30 30 33 32 Clay % 42 43 38 43 45 44 3. Soil Moisture % 8.15 8.10 8.60 8.20 8.60 8.26 4. Bulk Density gm/cm2 1.17 1.11 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.12 5. Water Holding Capacity % 61 62 64 62 62 61.2 6. pH -- 7.83 7.84 7.81 7.89 7.94 7.72 7. Conductivity µs/cm 698.4 578 602.8 718 722.6 702.8 8. Organic Carbon % 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.68 0.64 9. Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 340.6 256.5 260.5 316.6 384.7 356.7 10. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 148.2 102.1 116.6 128.8 150.7 128.8 11. Available Nitrogen kg/ha 269.3 244.4 238.1 275.6 288.2 294.6 12. Phosphorous (as P) kg/ha 8.12 8.58 8.25 8.4 6.96 7.98 13. Potassium (as K) kg/ha 189.7 192.7 173.7 173.2 191.1 194.3 14. Iron (as Fe) mg/kg 7.53 8.50 7.58 8.18 7.58 8.58 15. Zinc (as Zn) mg/kg 0.98 1.16 0.72 2.25 2.75 2.3 16. Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 0.49 0.75 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.55 17. Sodium mg/kg 42.7 41.5 40.4 41.5 45 41.5 18. Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 0.58 0.75 0.65 0.58 0.61 0.52 19. Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/kg <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 20. Nickel (as Ni) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 21. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 22. Lead (as Pb) mg/kg <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 23. Sodium Adsorption Ratio - 2.73 3.12 2.94 2.78 2.76 2.67 24. Total alkalinity % <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 25. Salinity dS/m 0.698 0.578 0.602 0.718 0.722 0.702 26. Sulphur mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 35
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Observations:
Soil samples from 13 representative areas were taken from sources and described in above Table. The pH values ranges from 7.52 to 7.94.
Electrical Conductivity was maximum at Sambhajinagar-Sangave (Bore Well) (757 µS/cm) and minimum near KT Weir No. 3 (578 µS/cm).
Organic carbon was observed in the range of 0.60 to 0.72.
Calcium was observed maximum (384.7 mg/kg) at Pimpavadi and minimum (256.5 mg/kg) near KT Weir No. 3.
Similarly, Magnesium ranges from 102.1 mg/kg to 153.1 mg/kg.
Maximum available Nitrogen (298 kg/ha) was observed at Jambhalgaon (Near Open Well. Concentration of Sodium ranged between 38.1 mg/l to 42.7 mg/kg.
Concentration of Potassium ranges between 152 mg/l to 218 mg/kg.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 36
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
5.5 Ecology and Biodiversity
The Nardave Medium project is situated in the Kankavli Taluka of Sindhudurga district in the catchment area of Gad River. This area lies in the foothills of Sahyadri ranges on the western side of Kolhapur district.
The area is situated in the undulating terrain of Sahyadri ranges.
The project area is mainly characterized by deciduous and moist deciduous vegetation with semi evergreen and evergreen elements in patches.
Semi evergreen and evergreen forests patches observed mainly towards Sahyadri hill ranges in the area under catchment.
Areas under submergence are mainly with scanty vegetation but near wall of the dam a forest patch have been observed.
Area consists of main agriculture crops like rice, barley, ragi during monsoon season with fruit bearing crops like coconut, cashew nut & areca nut in fragmented areas.
The vegetation cover is scanty with much disturb forests in many places due intense tree cuttings in the area under submergence.
Methodology for collection of Biodiversity Data
To understand the impact of the proposed activity of irrigation project on vegetation, the detailed phytosociological studies for herbaceous and trees, ephemeral study were undertaken. Data has been collected from June 2017 to May 2018 i.e. during Monsoon, Post Monsoon and Pre Monsoon season.
5.5.1 Ephemeral Plant
Ephemerals and herbaceous are the short lived plants. For knowing their diversity, the checklist of the species was prepared at various locations. The plants whose seeds remain dormant for months or years but which quickly germinate, grow, and flower when rain does fall. The areas were selected and visited during the monsoon season.
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Representative characterization of herbaceous diversity incorporating measures of species richness requires sampling during the monsoon or during ephemeral/flowering period. It is necessary to assess their diversity by conducting actual survey to the site. Since the flowering period is very small rapid diversity assessment of these species is important. This mainly involved random search within various areas sampled catchment, submergence and command area of the project.
Table No.5.22.List of Ephemeral Plant in Catchment area
Sr. No. Name of Species Family 1. Aeginetia indica L. Scrophulariaceae 2. Aerides crispa Lindl Orchidaceae 3. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae 4. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Araceae 5. Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae 6. Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae 7. Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Araceae 8. Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. Arcaceae 9. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Araceae 10. Begonia crenata Drynad. Begoniaceae 11. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae 12. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Asteraceae 13. Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites Burmanniaceae 14. Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Gentianceae 15. Ceropegia hirsuta Wight. & Arn. Asclepiadaceae 16. Ceropegia oculata Hook. Asclepiadaceae 17. Chlorophytum glaucum Dalzell Anthericaceae 18. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. Anthericaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Costaceae 19. Synonym Costus speciosus (J. Konig) Sm. 20. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae 21. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 22. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae 23. Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae 24. Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchidaceae 25. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae 26. Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert Orchidaceae 27. Eriocaulon sp. Eriocaulaceae 28. Exacum pumilum Griseb. Gentianaceae 29. Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann Orchidaceae 30. Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham Orchidaceae 31. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae
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Sr. No. Name of Species Family 32. Impatiens acaulis Arn. Balsminaceae 33. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 34. Impatiens minor (DC.) Benner Balsaminaceae 35. Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsminaceae 36. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae 37. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae 38. Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt Zingiberaceae 39. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Scrophulariaceae 40. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Orchidaceae 41. Pimpinella tomentosa Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke Apiaceae 42. Rhynchoglossum obliquum Gentianaceae 43. Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. Asteraceae 44. Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melstomataceae 45. Sopubia delphinifolia G. Don. Scrophulariaceae 46. Torenia indica Sant. Scrophulariaceae 47. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl Lentibulariaceae 48. Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentibulariaceae 49. Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae
Table No.5.23.List of Ephemeral Plant in Submergence area
Sr. No. Name of Species Family 1. Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae 2. Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Araceae 3. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Araceae 4. Begonia crenata Drynad. Begoniaceae 5. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae 6. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Asteraceae 7. Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites Burmanniaceae 8. Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Gentianceae 9. Ceropegia oculata Hook. Asclepiadaceae 10. Chlorophytum glaucum Dalzell Anthericaceae 11. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. Anthericaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Costaceae 12. Synonym Costus speciosus (J. Konig) Sm. 13. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae 14. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 15. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae 16. Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae 17. Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchidaceae 18. Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert Orchidaceae 19. Eriocaulon sp. Eriocaulaceae 20. Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann Orchidaceae
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Sr. No. Name of Species Family 21. Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham Orchidaceae 22. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae 23. Impatiens acaulis Arn. Balsminaceae 24. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 25. Impatiens minor (DC.) Benner Balsaminaceae 26. Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsminaceae 27. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae 28. Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škorničk. & M.Sabu Zingiberaceae 29. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Scrophulariaceae 30. Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. Orchidaceae 31. Pimpinella tometnosa Dalzell ex C. B. Clarke Apiaceae 32. Rhynchoglossum obliquum Blume Gentianaceae 33. Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. Asteraceae 34. Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melstomataceae 35. Sopubia delphinifolia G. Don. Scrophulariaceae 36. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl Lentibulariaceae 37. Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentibulariaceae 38. Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae
Table No.5.24.List of Ephemeral Plant in Command area
Sr. No. Name of Species Family 1. Aerides crispum Lindl. Orchidaceae 2. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae 3. Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae 4. Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. Arcaceae 5. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Araceae 6. Begonia crenata Drynad. Begoniaceae 7. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae 8. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Asteraceae 9. Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Gentianceae 10. Ceropegia hirsuta Wight. & Arn. Asclepiadaceae 11. Ceropegia oculata Hook. Asclepiadaceae 12. Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. Anthericaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Costaceae 13. Synonym Costus speciosus (J. Konig) Sm. 14. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae 15. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 16. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae 17. Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae 18. Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchidaceae 19. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae 20. Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert Orchidaceae
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Sr. No. Name of Species Family 21. Eriocaulon sp. Eriocaulaceae 22. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae 23. Impatiens acaulis Arn. Balsminaceae 24. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 25. Impatiens minor (DC.) Benner Balsaminaceae 26. Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsminaceae 27. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae 28. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae 29. Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škorničk. & M.Sabu Zingiberaceae 30. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Scrophulariaceae 31. Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melstomataceae 32. Torenia indica Sant. Scrophulariaceae 33. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl Lentibulariaceae 34. Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentibulariaceae 35. Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae
5.5.2 Phytosociological Study
The random sampling was carried out at various locations. At each location, quadrats of 10X10 meters were taken for trees while 1X1m quadrats for herbaceous members. All the individual trees above 10cm GBH were measured for their girth. Basic species diversity studies and phyto-sociological studies (diversity, frequency and cover analysis) were conducted. Sampling sites from the submergence and catchment areas were selected. In the command area vegetation survey has been carried out and plant species were enlisted.
5.11.2.1 Phytosociological Studies - Herbaceous Vegetation
1. Bhairavgaon villages and Dam wall area:
In Bhairavgaon village and dam wall area ecological study have been carried out. A total of 10 quadrats of 1m X 1m size were carried out randomly. The detailed list of herbaceous plant species is enlisted separately. Quantitative estimation of this area including frequency of the sp. and frequency classes is given below:
Sr. No. Name of Species Freq.% Freq. Class 1. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae 10 A 2. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Asteraceae 60 C 3. Burmannia pusilla (Wall.exMiers)Thwaites Burmanniaceae 70 C 4. Crotalaria filipes Benth Leguminosae 60 C 5. Crotalaria spectabilis Bth. Leguminosae 40 B
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Sr. No. Name of Species Freq.% Freq. Class 6. Drosera indica L. Droseraceae 20 A 7. Exacum pumilum Griseb. Gentianaceae 30 B 8. Grass (Brown Head) 20 A 9. Habenaria marginata Colebr Orchidaceae 20 A 10. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 10 A 11. Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. Leguminosae 60 C 12. Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae 10 A Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Poaceae 13. Roem. & Schult. 80 D 14. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Scrophulariaceae 30 B 15. Urena lobata L. Malvaceae 40 B 16. Osbeckia muralis Naud. Melastomataceae 30 B 17. Smithia conferta J.M.Sm. Leguminosae 60 C 18. Smithia setulosa Dalz. Leguminosae 40 B 19. Sopubia delphinifolia (L.) G. Don Scrophulariaceae 20 A 20. Sporobolus Sp. Poaceae 40 B 21. Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke ex Engl. Scrophulariaceae 10 A 22. Triumfetta rhomboidea N. Jacq. Malvaceae 40 B Vigna radiata var. setulosa (Dalzell) Ohwi Leguminosae 23. & Ohashi 20 A
In this area a total of 23 plant species had been recorded. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. is the most frequent plant species with 80 % frequency. This is followed by Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites (70 % freq.), Crotalaria filipes Benth, Indigofera glandulosa Wendl.,Smithia conferta J.M.Sm.with 60 % frequency. Out of 23 species 9 species shows freq. Class A, 8 sp. with B class, 5 sp. with class C and 1 sp. with class D.
2. Yavateshwar & Mahamdwadi:
Sr. No. Name of Plant Freq.% Freq. Class 1 Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites 60 C 2 Crotalaria filipes Benth 80 D 3 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 60 C 4 Exacum pumilum Griseb. 100 E 5 Digitaria pedicellaris Prain. 80 D 6 Justicia japonica Thunb. 20 A 7 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 100 E 8 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. 80 D 9 Osbeckia muralis Naud. 20 A 10 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. 40 B 11 Torenia indica Sant. 20 A
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12 Xyris indica L. 60 C
The area under submergence in Yavateshwar and Mahamwadi villages has been studied in respect of ecological study. Total 5 quadrats of 1m X 1m size for herbaceous species randomly taken in this area. In these quadrats total 12 herbaceous species has been found out of which Exacum pumilum Griseb. & Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult shows 100 % frequency with frequency class E. This is followed by Crotalaria filipes Benth & Digitaria pedicellaris Prain with 80 % frequency. The frequency class A shown by 3 sp., freq. Class B by 1 sp., freq. Class C by 3 sp. and freq. class E by 2 sp. In the study area the elements observed are typically from grassland vegetation.
3. Gaderai, Durganagar:
Sr. No. Name of Plant Family Freq.% Freq. Class 1. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Araceae 60 C 2. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Phyllanthaceae 20 A 3. Carissa spinarum L. Asclepiadaceae 40 B 4. Caryota urens L. Arecaceae 20 A 5. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae 20 A 6. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Zingiberaceae 80 D 7. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. Urticaceae 20 A 8. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Leguminosae 40 B 9. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae 60 C 10. Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae 40 B 11. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae 40 B 12. Ixora brachiata Roxb. Rubiaceae 80 D Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Dalzell) Asteraceae 13. C.B.Clarke 20 A 14. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Vitaceae 40 B 15. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Primulaceae 40 B 16. Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) 20 A 17. Falconeria insignis Royle Euphorbiaceae 20 A 18. Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae 20 A 19. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Loganiaceae 20 A 20. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae 40 B 21. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae 60 C 22. Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae 40 B
In village Durganagar, a Gaderai- sacred grooves have been recorded and present ecological study have been carried out. The area of sacred groove is not under submergence. Ecological study of arboreal flora has also been carried out. Along with this the area under growth
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5.11.2.2 Phyto-Sociological Study – Tree Vegetation
Mahamadwadi- Dam wall area:
The field data were analyzed for following ecological importance as Frequency, Abundance, Density, GBH (>10cm), Importance Value Index (IVI) and Diversity Index. The IVI is a composite index based on measures of Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative Dominance (Muller-Domois & Ellenberg, 1974). Diversity Index was calculated for two indices as Simpson and Shannon-Wiever Index. The Simpson index was adapted to study whether diversity is increasing. Shannon-Weaver Index was used to determine whether the upper story is impoverished to the regenerated elements as well as to test diversity in two different plots. The sampling sites for tree vegetation were dam wall area in Mahamdwadi, Jambhalgaon, Durganagar and Yavateshwar.
Near wall of the dam ecological survey including frequency, density and abundance have been carried out for trees. In this area 5 quadrats of 10m X 10m were carried out.
Frequency, Abundance and Density:
Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Careya arborea Roxb. 50 0.062 1 C Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 100 0.5 4 E Mangifera indica L. 50 0.062 1 C Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 100 0.12 1 E Tectona grandis L. 100 0.12 1 E Terminalia paniculata Roth. 50 0.062 1 C Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 50 0.062 1 C
In this region a total of 7 tree species were recorded out of them Lagerstroemia parviflora, Syzygium cuminii and Tectona grandis were dominating with 100 % frequency. In these
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quadrats freq. class C shown by four sp. while freq. class E by three sp. Abundance of Lagerstroemia parviflora found to be maximum.
IVI and Basal Area of the sampling area:
Name of Species Rel.Freq. Rel.Den. Rel.Dom. IVI BA/tree Careya arborea Roxb. 10 6.25 4.21 20.46 50 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 20 50 52.48 122.48 77.87 Mangifera indica L. 10 6.25 6.73 22.98 80 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 20 12.5 13.39 45.89 79.5 Tectona grandis L. 20 12.5 14.32 46.82 85 Terminalia paniculata Roth. 10 6.25 5.054 21.30 60 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 10 6.25 3.79 20.04 45
The Importance Value Index (IVI) based on measures of Relative Frequency, Relative Density and Relative Dominance was calculated. In which higher IVI found in Lagerstroemia parviflora followed by Tectona grandis and Syzygium cuminii. Girth at breast height (GBH) per tree was also calculated in which Tectona grandis with 85 GBH and Mangifera indica with 80 GBH.
The species diversity Index (Shannon-Weaver Index) of the biodiversity was calculated to determine whether the upper storey is impoverishing to the regenerated elements. The index value is 0.677317, which is lower than tropical forests.
Durganagar:
This area is situated towards southern side of the dam area. Most of the area is under catchment while some area under submergence with scanty tree vegetation. A total four quadrats of 10mX10m was carried out.
Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. 50 0.5 1 C Careya arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B Caryota urens L. 25 0.25 1 B Erythrina variegata L. 25 0.25 1 B Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. 25 0.25 1 B Ficus racemosa L. 50 0.5 1 C Gmelina arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 25 0.5 2 B
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Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Mangifera indica L. 25 0.75 3 B Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 25 0.25 1 B Phyllanthus emblica L. 25 0.25 1 B Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 25 0.25 1 B Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 50 1.75 3.5 C Terminalia elliptica Willd. 25 0.25 1 B Terminalia paniculata Roth. 75 1.25 1.6 D Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 25 0.5 2 B
In this region a total of 17 plant species were recorded. The most dominant species are Syzygium cuminii, Terminalia paniculata and Mangifera indica. Out of 17 sp. Terminalia paniculata shows 75 % frequency, which is followed by Bridelia retusa, Ficus racemosa and Syzygium cuminii with 50 % frequency. In these quadrats frequency class B shown by 13 species, frq. Class C by 3 sp. and freq. class D by 1 sp.
Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Durganagar:
Rel. Rel. Rel. GBH/ Name of Species IVI Freq. Den. Dom. Tree Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. 9.09 6.060 3.87 123.15 49 Careya arborea Roxb. 4.54 3.030 3.55 63.19 90 Caryota urens L. 4.54 3.030 4.34 63.98 110 Erythrina variegata L. 4.54 3.030 1.89 61.53 48 Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. 4.545 3.030 2.76 62.40 70 Ficus racemosa L. 9.09 6.060 18.17 137.45 230 Gmelina arborea Roxb. 4.54 3.030 7.90 67.54 200 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 4.54 3.030 2.72 62.36 69 Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 4.54 6.060 2.88 62.52 36 Mangifera indica L. 4.54 9.090 10.66 70.30 90 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 4.54 3.030 1.50 61.14 38 Phyllanthus emblica L. 4.54 3.030 1.382 61.02 35 Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 4.54 3.030 2.29 61.93 58 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 9.09 21.21 17.93 137.22 64 Terminalia elliptica Willd. 4.54 3.030 1.50 61.14 38 Terminalia paniculata Roth. 13.63 15.15 12.64 191.56 64 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 4.54 6.060 3.95 63.59 50
Importance Value Index (IVI) in Durganagar village have been studied which shows higher value in Terminalia paniculata (191.56) which is a predominant species. This is followed by Syzygium cuminii (137.22), Ficus racemosa (137.45) & Bridelia retusa (123.15). Out of 17
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species recorded from study area 75% species shows IVI below the value of 70. In the study area Ficus racemosa shows maximum basal area value as 230, which is followed by Gmelina arborea (200), Caryota urens (110) & Careya arborea (90). These values indicate the basal cover or ground covered dominantly by these species. A total of 33 individuals of 17 species shows total basal area cover 2531. In the Durganagar village area the diversity index was calculated and the value of Simpson Index was 0.01333, which is poor due to very low tree density. The Shannon Index calculated and the value (1.116995) of the index was poor because of low tree density.
Jambhalgaon:
This area is situated in the central part of the dam area. Most of the area is under catchment while some area under submergence with scanty tree vegetation. A total four quadrats of 10mX10m was carried out.
Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Careya arborea Roxb. 40 0.4 0.06 B Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. 20 0.6 0.09 A Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 20 0.2 0.03 A Ficus racemosa L. 20 0.2 0.03 A Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 60 1 0.15 C Mangifera indica L. 20 0.6 0.09 A Nothopegia castaneaefolia (Roth) Ding Hou 20 0.2 0.03 A Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 20 0.2 0.03 A Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 20 0.2 0.03 A Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 60 0.8 0.15 C Terminalia paniculata Roth. 80 1.8 0.28 D Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 20 0.2 0.03 A
In this region a total of 12 plant species were recorded. The most dominant species are Terminalia paniculata, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Syzygium cuminii. Out of 17 sp. Terminalia paniculata shows 80 % frequency, which is followed by Lagerstroemia parviflora and Syzygium cuminii. In these quadrats frequency class A shown by 8 species, freq. Class B by 1 sp. and freq. class C by 2 sp. and freq. class D by 1 sp.
Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Jambhalgaon:
Rel. Rel. Rel. GBH/ Name of Species IVI Freq. Den. Dom. Tree
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Careya arborea Roxb. 10 6.25 7.74 23.99 93 Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. 5 9.37 4.53 18.91 36.33 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 5 3.12 1.62 9.749 39 Ficus racemosa L. 5 3.12 9.57 17.70 230 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 15 15.6 15.86 46.49 76.2 Mangifera indica L. 5 9.37 9.62 23.99 77 Nothopegia castaneaefolia (Roth) Ding Hou 5 3.12 1.79 9.915 43 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 5 3.12 2.99 11.12 72 Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 5 3.12 2.83 10.95 68 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 15 12.5 14.70 42.20 88.25 Terminalia paniculata Roth. 20 28.1 25.61 73.73 68.33 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 5 3.12 3.082 11.20 74
Importance Value Index (IVI) in Jambhalgaon village have been studied which shows higher value in Terminalia paniculata (73.73) which is a predominant species. This is followed by Lagerstroemia parviflora (46.49) and Syzygium cuminii (42.20). Out of 12 species recorded from study area 80% species shows IVI below the value of 25.
In the study area Ficus racemosa shows maximum basal area value as 230, which is followed by Careya arborea (93), Syzygium cuminii (88.25), Mangifera indica (77) and Lagerstroemia parviflora (76.20). These values indicate the basal cover or ground covered dominantly by these species. A total of 32 individuals of 12 species shows total basal area cover 2401. In the Jambhalgaon village area the diversity index was calculated and the value of Simpson Index was 0.007937, which is very poor due to very low tree density. The Shannon Index calculated and the value was 0.944023, which was very poor due to low density in this area.
Yavateshwar:
Yavateshwar village is situated towards eastern side of the dam deep in the Sahyadri hills. A scared groove / devrai has been recorded in this village just near the tail end of the dam. Detailed ecological survey including IVI, Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative Dominance (Muller-Domois & Ellenberg, 1974) has been carried out. Diversity Index was calculated for two indices as Simpson and Shannon-Weaver Index. The Simpson index was adapted to study whether diversity is increasing. Shannon-Weaver Index was used to determine whether the upper story is impoverished to the regenerated elements as well as to test diversity in two different plots.
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Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. 33.33 0.33 1 B Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir. 16.66 0.16 1 A Dimorphocalyx lawianus Mull. Arg. 50 1 2 C Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 83.33 2.83 3.4 E Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. 16.66 0.16 1 A Ixora brachiata Roxb. 16.66 0.33 2 A Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 16.66 0.16 1 A Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 33.33 0.66 2 B Myristica malabarica Lam. 16.66 0.16 1 A Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 16.66 0.16 1 A Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz 16.66 0.16 1 A Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 16.66 0.33 2 A Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn. 16.66 0.16 1 A Tamarindus indica L. 16.66 0.16 1 A Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 16.66 0.16 1 A Terminalia chebula Retz. 33.33 0.33 1 B Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 16.66 0.16 1 A
In this sacred groove the most frequent, dense and abundant species was Diospyros oocarpa with 83.33 % frequency, 2.83 density and value of abundance was 3.4. A total of 17 species were recorded in the sampling area in which freq. class A shown by 12 sp, freq. class B by 3 sp., freq. class C and E by 1 sp. each.
In this study area plant species like Dimorphocalyx lawianus, Diospyros oocarpa, Ixora brachiata, Mammea surigo, Myristica malabarica, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula are from typical evergreen forests. These woody members include woody lianas like Anamirta cocculus and Calycopteris floribunda.
Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Yavateshwar Sacred Groove:
Rel. Rel. Rel. GBH/ Name of Species IVI Freq. Den. Dom. Tree Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. 7.69 4.44 3.12 15.25 52.5 Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Poir. 3.84 2.22 1.45 7.52 49 Dimorphocalyx lawianus Mull. Arg. 11.53 13.33 13.85 38.72 77.66 Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 19.23 37.77 30.21 87.21 59.76 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. 3.84 2.22 10.52 16.59 354 Ixora brachiata Roxb. 3.84 4.44 2.97 11.26 50 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 3.84 2.22 0.83 6.90 28
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Rel. Rel. Rel. GBH/ Name of Species IVI Freq. Den. Dom. Tree Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 7.69 8.88 8.95 25.53 75.25 Myristica malabarica Lam. 3.84 2.22 2.313 8.38 78 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 3.84 2.22 6.83 12.90 230 Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz 3.84 2.22 0.80 6.87 27 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 3.84 4.44 2.31 10.60 39 Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn. 3.84 2.22 1.33 7.40 45 Tamarindus indica L. 3.84 2.22 2.82 8.89 95 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 3.84 2.22 2.52 8.59 85 Terminalia chebula Retz. 7.69 4.44 7.87 20.01 132.5 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 3.84 2.22 1.21 7.287 41
Importance Value Index (IVI) in Yavateshwar scared groove have been studied which shows higher value in Diospyros oocarpa (87.21) which is a predominant species. This is followed by Dimorphocalyx lawianus (38.72) and Mammea surigo (25.53). Out of 17 species recorded from study area 85% species shows IVI below the value of 20.
Durganagar- Gaderai:
In Durganagar village along the peripheral roadside one sacred groove namely Gaderai have been recorded. The detailed ecological survey has been studied including herbaceous and arboreal plants species. The phytosociological survey is given below:
Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Carissa congesat Wight 25 0.25 1 B Caryota urens L. 50 0.75 1.5 C Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Thirveng. 25 0.25 1 B Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 50 0.75 1.5 C Ficus racemosa L. 25 0.25 1 B Garcinia indica Choisy 25 0.25 1 B Gmelina arborea Roxb. 25 0.25 1 B Ixora brachiata Roxb. 50 3 6 C Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 50 1 2 C Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 25 0.75 3 B Mangifera indica L. 50 0.5 1 C Myristica malabarica Lam. 50 0.75 1.5 C Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir 25 0.25 1 B Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 50 0.5 1 C Strychnos nux-vomica L. 25 0.25 1 B
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Name of Species Freq. Den. Abundance Freq. Class Strychnos walchiana Steud ex DC. 25 0.25 1 B Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 50 2.5 5 C Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 25 0.25 1 B
In the Gaderai sacred groove, a total of 4 quadrats of 10 m X 10 m have been studied which shows occurrence of 19 plant species. Amongst them 8 sp. shows 50 % frequency and 11 sp. shows 25 % frequency. In the frequency classes, frequency class B by 11 sp. and frequency class B by 11 sp. The most abundant and commonly occurring species was Ixora brachiata and Syzygium cuiminii.
Importance Value Index (IVI) and Basal Area in Durganagar-Gaderai Sacred Groove:
Name of Species Rel.Freq. Rel. Den. Rel.Dom. IVI GBH/Tree Carissa congesta Wight 3.70 1.88 1.01 6.60 32 Caryota urens L. 7.40 5.66 6.81 19.8 71.33 Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Thirveng. 3.70 1.88 0.82 6.41 26 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 3.70 1.88 2.70 8.29 85 Diospyros oocarpa Thw. 7.40 5.66 4.36 17.42 45.66 Ficus racemosa L. 3.70 1.88 4.45 10.04 140 Garcinia indica Choisy 3.70 1.88 1.464 7.054 46 Gmelina arborea Roxb. 3.70 1.88 3.183 8.77 100 Ixora brachiata Roxb. 7.40 22.6 18.17 48.22 47.58 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 7.40 7.54 11.04 26.00 86.75 Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koesterm 3.70 5.66 4.10 13.47 43 Mangifera indica L. 7.40 3.77 11.07 22.26 174 Myristica malabarica Lam. 7.40 5.66 3.34 16.41 35 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir 3.70 1.88 1.17 6.76 37 Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. 7.40 3.77 3.69 14.87 58 Strychnos nux-vomica L. 3.70 1.88 1.46 7.054 46 Strychnos walchiana Steud ex DC. 3.70 1.88 1.59 7.182 50 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels 7.40 18.8 18.5 44.80 52.90 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. 3.70 1.88 0.95 6.54 30
In the study area Mangifera indica shows maximum basal area value per tree as 174 cm, which is followed by Ficus racemosa (140 cm), Gmelina arborea (100 cm), Lagertsroemia parviflora (86.75 cm) and Dillenia pentagyna (85 cm). These values indicate the basal cover or ground covered dominantly by these woody species. In six quadrats a total of 53 individuals of 19 species shows total basal area cover 3141 cm. In this sacred groove the diversity index was
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Importance Value Index (IVI) in Durganagar scared groove have been studied which shows higher value in Ixora brachiata (48.22) and Syzygium cuminii (44.80) which are predominant species. This is followed by Lagerstroemia parviflora (26.00) and Mangifera indica (22.26). Out of 19 species recorded from study area 15 species shows IVI below the value of 20.
5.5.3 Vegetation survey in Command area
Assessment of command area under Nardave medium irrigation project has been carried out in Kankavli Taluka along Kudal and Malvan Taluka. This work was carried out during October 2017 to May 2018. This study deals with whether the change is occurs in vegetation pattern in command area compared to area under submergence and catchment. During this, field visits were carried out in villages along right and left irrigation canal of proposed Nardave medium irrigation project. Villages like Jambhavade, Bamandevwadi, Harkul, Bijali nagar, Nagve, Varvade and Gothane has been selected along the river for vegetation survey.
During the visit period visual observation on vegetation was carried out. In this area it was found that the study area was much disturb due to various agricultural activities. Natural vegetation was found in scanty patches. Area along river Gad is quite flat in Bijali Nagar with cultivation of agriculture crops like Rice, Coconut, and Cashewnut plantation. In Bijali nagar a dense forest patch was recoded which consisting Terminalia paniculata, Careya arborea, Terminalia ellptica, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Combretum ovatum, Calycopteris floribunda, Dalbergia horrida, Bombax malabarica, Ficus ampliseema, Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium cuminii, etc.
In Kanedi village Oil palm plantation was also occurs and the forest is mainly consisting elements of dry deciduous forests in undulating terrain. Mostly the post monsoon elements were observed and recorded. Command area consists of mainly rice crops along with fruits bearing plants like coconut, cashew nut, areca nut, etc. The forest type was moist deciduous to deciduous type with important elements like Ziziphus mouritiana, Carissa congesta, Gnedia glauca, Spondias Mangifera, Ficus amplissima, Pongamia pinnata, Grewia asiatica, etc.
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Table No.5.25. List of trees in the command area
Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name 1. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Tree Leguminosae Austrelian Babhul Benth. 2. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Leguminosae Khair 3. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Amaranthaceae Aghada 4. Ageratum conyzoides L. Herb Asteraceae 5. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Shrub Sapindaceae Tipani 6. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Herb Araceae Suran 7. Anacardium occidentale L. Tree Anacardiaceae Kaju 8. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Moraceae Phans 9. Biophytum sensitivum (L.)DC. Herb Oxalidaceae 10. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Herb Asteraceae 11. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Bombaceae Shemal 12. Bombax insigne Wall. Tree Bombaceae 13. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree Euphorbiaceae Katak 14. Burmannia pusilla (Wall.exMiers) Herb Murmanniaceae Thwaites 15. Careya arborea Roxb. Tree Lecithidaceae Kumbha 16. Carissa congesta Wight Shrub Asclepiadaceae Karavand 17. Cassia tora L. Shrub Caesalpiniaceae Takala 18. Casuarina equisetifolia L. Tree Casuarinaceae Suru 19. Cissus elongata Roxb. Shrub Vitaceae 20. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Arecaceae Naral 21. Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. Liana Fabaceae Pendkul 22. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Fabaceae Shisavi 23. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Tree Poaceae Bambu 24. Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. Tree Moraceae Payar 25. Ficus hirsuta L.f. Tree Moraceae Kala Umbar 26. Ficus racemosa L. Tree Moraceae Umbar 27. Gloriosa superba L. Climber Liliaceae Kallavi 28. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Lamiaceae Shivan 29. Grewia asiatica L. Tree Tiliaceae 30. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Rubiaceae Haldu 31. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) Tree Bignoniaceae Waras K.Shum. 32. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub Malvaceae 33. Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Euphorbiaceae 34. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rubiaceae Ishvari 35. Jasminum malabaricum Wight Climber Oleaceae Ranjai 36. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree Lythraceae Nana 37. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Shrub Leeaceae Dinda 38. Leucas ciliata Benth. Herb Lamiaceae
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Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name 39. Loranthus falcatus L. f. Herb Loranthaceae Bandgul 40. Mangifera indica L. Tree Anacardiaceae Amba 41. Mimosa pudica L. Herb Leguminosae Lajalu 42. Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. Shrub Rubiaceae Bhutkes 43. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Tree Bignoniaceae Tetu 44. Osbeckia muralis Naud. Herb Melastomatacea e 45. Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb. Shrub Rubiaceae Phapat ex Sm.) Hook. f. 46. Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Herb Lamiaceae Press 47. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Fabaceae Karanj 48. Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke ex Herb Scrophulariacea Engl. e 49. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Beheda 50. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Hirda 51. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Tree Combretaceae Ain 52. Terminalia paniculata Roth. Tree Combretaceae Kinjal 53. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A. Shrub Malvaceae Ran-Bhendi Gibson 54. Tolypanthus lagenifer (Wight) Tiegh. Herb Loranthaceae 55. Triumfetta rhomboidea N. Jacq. Herb Tiliaceae 56. Urena lobata L. Herb Malvaceae 57. Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Babu & Climber Fabaceae Halinda Sharma 58. Vitex negundo L. Tree Lamiaceae Nirgudi 59. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Tree Rutaceae Cherphal 60. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Liana Rhamnaceae Bor
5.5.4 Conclusion Vegetation Study
The vegetation survey of Nardave medium irrigation project area of Kankavli Taluka of Sindhudurga district reveals a total 147 plant species recorded during study period. Out of 147 species recorded 42 are herbaceous, 19 are shrubs, 17 are climbers, 7 are woody liana and 62 are tree species. In the study area dominating families are Papilionaceae 8 sp., Moraceae 8 sp., Euphorbiaceae 6 sp., Combretaceae & Asclepiadaceae 5 sp. each and Rubiaceae 4 sp. In study area a monotypic endemic genera with single species namely Erinocarpus nimmonii is recorded representing family Tiliaceae. Only gymnosperm Gnetum ula is also recorded from Yavateshwar village.
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In the study area it is estimated that 17 species, which are endemic to Western Ghats are occurring in the study area. These are Dimorphocalyx lawianus, Terminalia paniculata, Argyrea boseana, Argyrea cuneata, Ixora brachiata, Lamphrachnium microcephalum, Utricularia albocerulea, Jasminum malabaricum, Ceropegia oculata, Exacum pumilum, Strobilanthes callosa, Haplanthodes tentaculata, Pogostemon deccanensis, Dendrobium microbulbon, Dendrobium barbatulum, Ensete superbum, Amorphophallus commutatus. In RET category, Ceropegia oculata a critically endangered plant species were recorded from catchment area of Yavateshwar and Durganagar which is less affected by the activity of dam construction. Along with these Zingiber neesanum-Vulnerable taxa was also recorded. Low risk taxa like Amorphophallus commutatus, Strobilanthes callosa, Dendrobium microbulbon, Ensete superbum, Erinocarpus nimmonii are recorded from catchment area.
The qualitative analysis results into record of many lianas like Dalbergia horrida, Gnetum ula, Deploclasia glauscance, etc. especially occurs in the riparian vegetation of catchment area. Phytosociological study in the area under submergence shows less diversity and density in species composition. But in the catchment area and in sacred grooves species composition is variable and unique. Therefore in catchment area the vegetation could be more protected after this developmental activity of dam construction. Most of the area in the catchment sites preserves typical elements of respected forest types.
Based on overall vegetation and ecological assessment of Nardave Medium Irrigation project the construction activity of dam is less affected. Endemic and rare plants are recorded from catchment area but mostly from sacred grooves area. This region in future may act as most protected area for these endemic and rare plant species.
Figure No. 5.4. Photographs of the Vegetation in the study area
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Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A. Gibson
Bombax insigne Wall. Homonoia riparia Lour.
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press Terminalia chebula Retz.
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Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht
Gloriosa superba L. Oryza sativa L.
5.5.5 Faunal Study
The checklists of Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, Butterflies, Dragonflies and Damselflies present in the study area, are enumerated in the table below.
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Table No.5.26.List of Amphibians and Reptiles in and around the Nardave project
Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status Family - Bufonidae 1 Common Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus Not Enlisted Least Concern Family – Ranidae 2 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Not Enlisted Least Concern 3 Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Not Enlisted Least Concern Family – Geckonidae 4 Brook´Gecko Hemidactylus brookii Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 5 Southern House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Not Enlisted Least Concern Family – Agamidae 6 Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Chamaeleontidae 7 Indian Chameleon Chameleon zeylanicus Sch II Not Enlisted Family – Scincidae 8 Common Brahmany Skink Mabuya carinata Not Enlisted Least Concern Family - Varannidae 9 Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis Not Enlisted Least Concern Family – Columbride 10 Indian Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa Sch II Not Enlisted 11 Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 12 Checkred Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Sch Not Enlisted 13 Green Keelback Macropisthodon plumbicolor Not Enlisted 14 Common Vine Snake Ahaetulla nasuta Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Elapidae 15 Common Indian Krait Bangarus caeruleus Sch IV Not Enlisted 16 Indian Cobra Naja naja Sch II Least Concern Family – Viperidae 17 Indian Saw-Scaled Viper Echis carinatus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted
Mammals:
The survey revealed that nine species of common mammals were recorded while no wild mammal was observed in this area during the study period. Goat, buffalo, cow and squirrel were commonly seen.
Table No.5.27. List of Mammals in and around the Nardave project
No Common name Scientific name IWPA Status IUCN Status Family -Viverridae 1 Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsi Sch- II Least Concern Family -Scuiridae 2 Three striped palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum Not Enlisted Least Concern Family -Muridae 3 House rat Mus musculus Sch- IV Least Concern
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4 Field mouse Mus spp Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family -Felidae 5 Common cat Felis silvestris catus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 6 Common dog Canis lupus familiaris Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family-Bovidae 7 Cow Bos taurus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 8 Domestic buffalo Bubalus bubalis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 9 Goat Capra hircus aegagrus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted
Butterfly Diversity
Table depicts the distribution patterns of 35 butterfly species recorded during the study period. In the study area the diversity of butterfly appears to be good. Nymphalidae was most dominant followed by Pieridae. Common Rose, Lime Butterfly, Common Jay, Common Emigrant, Common Grass Yellow, Small Grass Yellow, Blue Tiger, Plain Tiger, Lesser Grass Blue etc. are common in the study area . Increased butterfly populations indicate good plant diversity and other pollinator groups within the area.
Table No.5.28.Checklist of Butterflies in and around study area
No. Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status IUCN Status Family – Hesperiidae 1 Fulvous Pied Flat Pseudocoladenia dan Not Enlisted Not enlisted 2 Indian Ace Halpe homolea Not Enlisted Not enlisted Family – Papilionidae 3 Common Jay Graphium doson Not Enlisted Not enlisted 4 Tailed Jay Graphium Agamemnon Not Enlisted Not enlisted 5 Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Not Enlisted Not enlisted 6 Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus Not Enlisted Not enlisted 7 Common Rose Atrophaneura aristolochiae Sch-I Not enlisted Family – Pieridae 8 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Not Enlisted Not enlisted 9 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Not Enlisted Not enlisted 10 Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Not Enlisted Not enlisted 11 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Not Enlisted Not enlisted 12 Common Gull Cepora nerissa Not Enlisted Not enlisted 13 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Not Enlisted Not enlisted Family – Lycaenidae 14 Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis Not Enlisted Not enlisted 15 Plum Judy Abisara echerius Not Enlisted Not enlisted Family – Nymphalidae 16 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Not Enlisted Not enlisted 17 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Not Enlisted Not enlisted
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No. Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status IUCN Status 18 Common Indian Crow Euploea core Sch-IV Least Concern 19 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Not Enlisted Not enlisted 20 Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima Not Enlisted Not enlisted 21 Common Bushbrown Mycalesis persens Not Enlisted Not enlisted 22 Common Fourring Ypthima hiiebneri Not Enlisted Not enlisted 23 Tawny Coster Acraea violae Not Enlisted Not enlisted 24 Rustic Cupha erymanthis Not Enlisted Not enlisted 25 Common Leopard Phalanta phalanta Not Enlisted Not enlisted 26 Indian Common Sailer Neptis hylas Not Enlisted Not enlisted 28 Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Not Enlisted Not enlisted 29 Common Castor Ariadne merione Not Enlisted Not enlisted 30 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Not Enlisted Not enlisted 31 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Not Enlisted Not enlisted 32 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Not Enlisted Least Concern 33 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Not Enlisted Not enlisted 34 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina Not Enlisted Not enlisted 35 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Sch-IV Not enlisted
Dragonflies and Damselflies
Seven species of dragonflies and three species of damselflies were found in the study area. Species like Brachythemis contaminate, Trithemis aurora, Orthetrum sabina and Acisoma panorpoides were commonly seen throughout the project area while damselfly Ischnura aurora was common in the periphery of the project site.
Table No.5.29.Checklist of Dragonflies and Damselflies in and around study area
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status Dragonflies 1 Crimson Marsh Glider Trithemis aurora Not enlisted 2 Ditch Jewel Brachythemis contaminata Not enlisted 3 Asian Pintail Acisoma panorpoides Not enlisted 4 Long Legged Marsh Skimmer Trithemis pallidinervis Not enlisted 5 Common Picture Wing Rhyothemis variegata Not enlisted 6 Common Clubtail Ictinogomphus rapax Least Concern 7 Green Marsh Hawk Orthetrum sabina Least Concern Damselflies 1 Golden Dartlet Ischnura aurora Not enlisted 2 Senegal Golden Dartlet Ischnura senegalensis Not enlisted 3 Three Striped Blue Dart Pseudagrion decorum Not enlisted
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Figure No. 5.5. Photographs of the Butterfly and Dragonflies in study area
Common Jay Blue Mormon
Indian common sailor Ditch Jewel
Common club tail Asian Pintail
Avifauna
Avifauna is an important part of the ecosystem playing various roles as scavengers, pollinators, predators of insect pest etc. They are also the bio-indicators of different status of environment like urbanization, industrialization and human disturbance. They are one of the best indicators of ecosystem. The areas having good bird diversity signifies healthy forest. They can be sensitive indicators of pollution problems and function as early warning system.
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Observation: Total numbers of 29 species of birds were encountered during the survey. Many aquatic birds like red wattled lapwing, pond heron, cattle egret, river tern, kingfishers etc. were encountered. In areas with agriculture fields, the grain eating herbivorous species like, doves, sparrows and parakeets while Insectivorous bird species viz. green bee eater, white breasted kingfisher, cattle egrets etc were found. Indian peafowl and Malbar Pied Hornbill are listed endangered (Schedule I) as per Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.One RET species namely Malbar Pied Hornbill is observed within 10km surroundings.
Table No.5.30.List of Birds in and around the Nardave Project
Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN IWPA Status Status Family –Ardeidae 1. Pond Heron Ardeola grayii LC Not Enlisted 2. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC Schedule IV Family –Laridae 3. River Tern Sterna aurantia NT Not Enlisted Family – Accipitridae 4. Pariah Kite/Black Kite Milvus migrans LC Not Enlisted 5. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus LC Not Enlisted Family – Phasianidae 6. Grey Jungle fowl Gallus sonneratii Not Enlisted Schedule IV 7. Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus LC Schedule I Family – Charadriidae 8. Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus cinereus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Columbidae 9. Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Not Enlisted Schedule IV 10. Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis LC Schedule IV 11. Common Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica LC Schedule IV Family – Psittacidae 12. Rose- Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri LC Schedule IV Family – Apodidae 13. House Swift Apus acuticauda LC Schedule IV Family – Alcedinidae 14. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Not Enlisted Schedule IV 15. White breasted Halcyon smyrnensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV Kingfisher 16. Stork billed kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV Family – Meropidae 17. Small Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis Not Enlisted Schedule IV Family – Bucerotidae 18. Malbar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus Near ThreatenedSchedule I
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Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN IWPA Status Status Family –Muscicapidae 19. Malabar whistling thrush Myophonus horsfieldii LC Not Enlisted Family – Dicruridae 20. Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis LC Schedule IV Family – Sturnidae 21. Common Myna Acridotheres fuscus LC Schedule IV Family – Corvidae 22. House Crow Corvus splendens LC Schedule V Family - Picnonotidae 23. Red Vented Bulbul Picnonotus cafer LC Schedule IV Family - Muscicapidae 24. Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus LC Schedule IV 25. Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis LC Not Enlisted 26. Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata LC Not Enlisted Family - Motacillidaeh 27. Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Nectariniidae 28. Purple rumped Sunbird Nectrarinia zeylonica Not Enlisted Schedule IV 29. Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica LC Schedule IV
Figure No. 5.6. Photographs of the Bird Diversity in the study area
Malabar pied hornbill Indian Peafowl
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Little green bee eater Jungle babbler
Pond Heron Large pied wagtail
Little egret Stork billed kingfisher
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River tern Grey heron
Little cormorant Common kingfisher
White-breasted kingfisher Pied kingfisher
Red- wattled Lapwing Small blue kingfisher
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5.5.6 Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary
Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary is situated on the border of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts. This beautiful Sanctuary is nestled in the Sahyadri Hills. As this area lies in the Western Ghats, the plant life is extremely rich. The forest types are Southern Semi-evergreen, Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous and Southern Evergreen. The major tree species are Memecylon umbellatum, Terminalia chebula, Careya arborea and Lagerstroemia microcarpa.
Fruiting plants like Syzygium cumini, Ficus racemosa and Carissa spp. are found almost all over the area, attracting many frugivorous birds and mammals. Karvi Carvia callosa is the most important and widespread flowering plant species in this area, serving as a source of food for a multitude of herbivore species and insects. The Sanctuary also hosts threatened and endemic tree species such as Mappia foetida, Turpunia malbarica, Euphorbia longana, Elaeocarpus tectorium and Harpullia arborea.
About 240 bird species have been recorded from the Sanctuary (G. Jathar pers. comm. unpubl. checklist), though a detailed study on the avifauna has not yet been done. The globally threatened Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii is seen here in small number, especially during the fruiting period. The site lies in the Western Ghats Endemic Bird Area (EBA 123) where Stattersfield et al. (1998) have identified 16 restricted range species. Two have been identified from this site but more are likely to occur here. The site represents Biome-10 (Indian Peninsula Tropical Moist Forest). Birdlife International (undated) has listed 15 species in this biome, out of which five are found here. Many species of Biome-11 (Indo-Malayan Tropical Dry Zone) are also seen, especially at lower elevations where this site merges with the Deccan Plateau. Biome-11 includes a wide range of habitats, including both forests and open country. Many of the species of this biome have adapted to man-modified habitats. Some species have changed their distributions so much that they are found in other biomes also. During winter, many Himalayan forest birds are found here. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea, belonging to Sino-Tropical Temperate Forest (Biome-7) has been seen here. Some interesting species such as the Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger have been reported from this Sanctuary (V. Giri pers. comm. 2002). The Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica, Dusky Eagle Owl Bubo coromandus, Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Black Bulbul Hypsipetes
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leucocephalus, Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus, and Malabar Crested Lark Galerida malabarica are commonly seen here.
There are some endemic and endangered species of reptiles and amphibians, notably the Trimeresurus malabaricus, Deccan Ground Gecko Geckoella deccanensis, Gunther’s Cat Skink Ristella guntheri, Beddome’s Lacerta Ophisops beddomei and amphibians such as Rammanela sp., Bombay Bush Frog Philautus bombayensis, and Humayun’s Wrinkled Frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni (V. Giri pers. comm. 2003).
This Sanctuary is well known for its Gaur Bos frontalis population. Other mammal species include Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard P. pardus, Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis, Slender Loris Loris tardigradus, Mouse Deer Moschiola meminna and the elusive nocturnal Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata. There are some endemic and endangered species of reptiles and amphibians, notably the Malabar Pit Viper Trimeresurus malabaricus, Deccan Ground Gecko Geckoella deccanensis, Gunther’s Cat Skink Ristella guntheri, Beddome’s Lacerta Ophisops beddomei and amphibians such as Rammanela sp., Bombay Bush Frog Philautus bombayensis, and Humayun’s Wrinkled Frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni (V. Giri pers. comm. 2002).
Source:
Bird Life International (undated) Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Asia: Project briefing book. Bird Life International, Cambridge, U.K., unpublished. Satterfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Bird Life Conservation Series No. 7. Bird Life International, Cambridge, U.K Giri, B.V. (2002). Occurrence of the Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger (Family: Podargidae) in Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99(1): 116–117.
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Table No.5.31.Checklist of Mammals species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur
Sr. Common name Scientific name IWPA IUCN No Status Status Family- Cercopithecidae 1 Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Sch II Least Concern 2 Common langur Presbytis entellus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Felidae 3 Tiger Panthera tigris Sch I Endangered 4 Leopard Panthera pardus Sch I Vulnerable 5 Jungle cat Felis chaus Sch II Least Concern Family –Viverridae 6 Small Indian civet Viverricula indica Sch- II 7 Toddy cat Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 8 Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Sch- I Least Concern Family –Hyaenidae 9 Striped hyena Hyena hyaena Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family –Canidae 10 Jackal Canis aureus Sch- II Least Concern 11 Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis Sch- II Least Concern Family -Mustelidae 12 Indian tree shrew Anathana ellioti Not Enlisted Least Concern Family -Muridae 13 Mole rat Bandicota bengalensis Sch- IV Least Concern 14 Field mouse Mus spp Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 15 Bandicoot rat Bandicota indica Sch- IV Least Concern 16 Indian porcupine Hystrix indica Not Enlisted Least Concern Family- Ochotonidae 17 Indian hare Lepus nigricollis Sch- IV Least Concern 18 Spotted deer Axis axis Sch- III Least Concern 19 Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak Not Enlisted Least Concern 20 Indian Mouse Deer Moschiola meminna Least Concern Family –Suicidae 21 Indian wild boar Sus scrofa Not Enlisted Least Concern Family –Loridae 22 Slender Loris Loris tardigradus Least Concern Manidae 23 Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata Endangered
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Table No.5.32.Checklist of Amphibian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur
S.No Species Scientific name IUCN Status 1. Common Indian Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus Least Concern 2. Indian skittering frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Least Concern 3. Indian bull frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Least Concern 4. Indian burrowing frog Sphaerotheca breviceps Least Concern 5. Dobson's burrowing frog Sphaerotheca dobsonii Least Concern 6. Indian rice frog Fejervarya limnocharis Least Concern 7. Syhadra frog Zakerana syhadrensis Least Concern 8. Rufescent burrowing Frog Zakerana rufescens Least Concern 9. Ornate narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla ornata Least Concern 10. Red narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla rubra Least Concern 11. Marbled ramanella Ramanella mormorata Endangered 12. Indian balloon frog Uperodon globulosus Least Concern 13. Bombay night frog Nyctibatrachus humayuni Vulnerable 14. Night frog Nyctibatrachus sp. Not Enlisted 15. Fungoid frog Hylarana malabarica Least Concern 16. Bronzed frog Hylarana temporalis Near Threatened 17. Beddome's leaping frog Indirana beddomii Least Concern 18. Leaping frog Indirana sp. Not Enlisted 19. Chunam tree frog Polypedates maculatus Least Concern 20. Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli Critically Endangered 21. Bombay bush frog Raorchestes bombayensis Vulnerable 22. Bombay caecilian Ichthyophis bombayensis Least Concern
Table No.5.33.Checklist of Reptilian species in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur
S.No. Species Scientific name IUCN status 1. Indian black turtle Melanochelys trijuga LR/NT 2. Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor Not Enlisted 3. Roux’s forest lizard Calotes rouxii Least Concern 4. Fan throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Least Concern 5. Brook’s house gecko Hemidactylus brookii Least Concern 6. Yellow green house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis Least Concern 7. Deccan ground gecko Geckoella deccanensis Least Concern 8. Bombay Leaf-toed Gecko Hemidactylus prashadi Least Concern 9. Common keeled skink Eutropis carinata Least Concern 10. Three-lined grass skink Eutropis trivittata Least Concern 11. Common Indian Monitor Varanus bengalensis Least Concern 12. Brahminy worm snake Ramphotyphlops braminus LR/NT 13. Phipson’s shieldtail Uropeltis phipsonii VU 14. Large-scaled shieldtail Uropeltis macrolepis Least Concern 15. Common sand boa Gongylophis conicus Not Enlisted 16. Whitaker’s boa Eryx whitakeri Not Enlisted 17. Indian rock python Python m. molurus LR/NT
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S.No. Species Scientific name IUCN status 18. Common trinket snake Coelognathus helena helena LR/NT 19. Montane trinket snake Coelognathus helena monticollaris NA 20. Indian Rat snake Ptyas mucosa LR/NT 21. Common kukri snake Oligodon arnensis LR/NT 22. Russell’s kukri snake Oligodon taeniolatus LC 23. Common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus LR/NT 24. Travancore wolf snake Lycodon travancoricus Least Concern 25. Barred wolf snake Lycodon striatus Not Enlisted 26. Striped keelback Amphiesma stolatum LR/NT 27. Checkered keelback Xenochrophis piscator Least Concern 28. Green keelback Macrophistodon plumbicolor Not Enlisted 29. Common vine snake Ahaetulla nasuta LR/NT 30. Common Indian krait Bungarus caeruleus Not Enlisted 31. Spectacled cobra Naja naja Not Enlisted 32. Russell’s viper Daboia russelii Not Enlisted 33. Saw Scaled Viper Echis carinatus Not Enlisted 34. Bamboo pit viper Trimeresurus gramineus Least Concern
Source: Omkar V. Yadav and S. R. Yankanchi (2014) Preliminary Study Of Herpetofaunal Diversity In Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary (Wls), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, ISSN (online): 2320-4257.
Table No.5.34. Checklist of Birds in Radhanagari WLS, Kolhapur (MH) India
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status Family – Accipitridae 1. Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Critically Schedule I Endangered 2. Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus Critically Schedule I Endangered Family – Phasianidae 3. Jungle Bush Quail perdicula asiatica LC Schedule IV Family – Rallidae 4. White Breasted Waterhen Amourornis phoenicurus LC Not Enlisted Family – Columbidae 5. Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis LC Schedule IV 6. Yellow –footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera LC Schedule IV 7. Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii Vulnerable Schedule IV Family – Psittacidae 8. Plum –headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala LC Schedule IV Family - Cuculidae 9. Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Not Enlisted 10. Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC Not Enlisted Family – Strigidae 11. Barn Owl Tyto alba LC Schedule IV
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Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status 12. Spotted Owlet Athene brama LC Schedule IV Family – Caprimulgidae 13. Common Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Not Enlisted Schedule IV Family – Alcedinidae 14. Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Not Enlisted Schedule IV Family – Bucerotidae 15. Common Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris Not Enlisted Schedule I 16. Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis Not Enlisted Schedule I 17. Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus LC Schedule I Family – Megalaimidae 18. White –cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis LC Schedule IV 19. Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala LC Schedule IV 20. Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica LC Schedule IV Family –Muscicapidae 21. Malabar Whistling Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii LC Not Enlisted Family – Picidae 22. Yellow – crowned Woodpecker Dendrocopos mahrattensis LC Schedule IV 23. Lesser Golden-backed Dinopium benghalensis Not Enlisted Schedule IV Woodpecker Family – Hirundinidae 24. Dusky Crag - Martin Hirundo concolor LC Not Enlisted 25. Red – rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica LC Not Enlisted Family – Laniidae 26. Long-Tailed Shrike Lanius schach LC Not Enlisted 27. Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus LC Not Enlisted Family – Oriolidae 28. Eurasion Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 29. Black Hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus LC Not Enlisted Family – Dicruridae 30. Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC Schedule IV 31. White – bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens LC Schedule IV Family – Sturnidae 32. Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum LC Schedule IV 33. Grey-headed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Not Enlisted Schedule IV Family – Corvidae 34. Large –Billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchus LC Schedule V Family – Campephagidae 35. Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus LC Schedule IV 36. Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus LC Schedule IV Family – Irenidae 37. Common Iora Aegithina tiphia LC Schedule IV Family - Muscicapidae 38. Yellow – eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense LC Schedule IV 39. Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcomi LC Schedule IV 40. Indian Scimitar-Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii LC Schedule IV 41. Rufous-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Not Enlisted Schedule IV 42. Whitethroated Fantail Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis Not Enlisted Schedule IV 43. Asian Paradise - Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Not Enlisted Schedule IV 44. Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Not Enlisted Not Enlisted
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Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Status IWPA Status 45. Jungle Prinia Prinia sylvatica LC Not Enlisted 46. Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis LC Not Enlisted 47. Common Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 48. Common Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Not Enlisted Not Enlisted 49. Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita LC Not Enlisted 50. Pied Bushchat Saxicola Caprata LC Not Enlisted 51. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea LC Not Enlisted Family - Paridae 52. Grey Tit Parus major LC Schedule IV Family - Motacillidaeh 53. Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus LC Schedule IV 54. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava LC Not Enlisted 55. Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea LC Not Enlisted Family – Dicacidae 56. Palebilled Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Not Enlisted Not Enlisted Family – Nectariniidae 57. Loten´s Sunbird Nectrarinia lotenia LC Schedule IV 58. Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima LC Schedule IV Family -- Zosteropidae 59. Oriental White-Eye Zosterops palpebrosus LC Schedule IV Family -- Ploceidae 60. House Sparrow Passer domesticus LC Not Enlisted 61. Baya Ploceus phillippinus LC Schedule IV 62. Scaly – Breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata LC Schedule IV Family - Picnonotidae 63. Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica LC Schedule IV 64. Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus LC Schedule IV Family - Alaudidae 65. Malabar Crested Lark Galerida malabarica LC Schedule IV Family - Podargidae 66. Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger LC -
Source: http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Maharashtra.pdf
5.5.7 Wetland Ecology
Wetlands are areas where a water is at, near, or just above the surface and where soils are water saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation and soil development. Wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics. From an ecological perspective, either an abundance of hydrophytes or indicators of hydric soil conditions is generally sufficient to indicate a wetland ecosystem. The boundary of the wetland is identified by changes in vegetation structure, loss of hydrophytes and wetland soil characteristics.
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Figure No. 5.7. View of Gad River
Figure No. 5.8. Collection of Plankton from various locations of the Gad River
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Phytoplankton
Plankton consists of any drifting animals and plants that inhabit oceans, seas, or bodies of water. Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy, confining primary production to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light.
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. Most phytoplankton is too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells. Phytoplankton are the foundation of the aquatic food chain. Phytoplankton obtains energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the well-lit surface layer of an ocean, sea, lake, or other body of water. Phytoplankton accounts for half of all photosynthetic activity on Earth.
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Methods for Analysis
Apparatus and equipment
Depth water sampler, centrifuge, microscope, centrifuge tubes of 15 ml capacity, cover slips, glass slides, dropper, plastic bottles (100 ml capacity).
Reagent and Standard
Lugol’s solution-20 g potassium iodide (KI) in 50 ml distilled water+10 g iodine crystal +150 ml distilled water+20 ml glacial acetic acid.
Sample Collection, Preservation and Storage
Phytoplankton collection in the open water of the lakes consists of surface and deep grab sampling. Standard sampling depth for ‘surface’ and ‘bottom’ water samples are 10-20cm below the surface and above the bottom respectively.
Sampling were carried out during Pre Monsoon Season (summer) and Post Monsoon Season (winter)
The samples were preserved with Lugol’s solution immediately after collection.
Procedure
The Lackey Drop method (Lackey, 1938) is a simple method of obtaining counts of considerable accuracy with samples containing a dense plankton population. Concentration of Phytoplankton: The Phytoplankton density in clean water is very insignificant while it is significant in polluted water. Therefore the samples from clean water source need to be concentrated before counting for accurate estimation. The water sample was concentrated 15 times by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant water was decanted and the pellet of algal cells was suspended in 1 ml distilled water.
Counting: Took 0.04 ml of concentrated water sample to a glass slide and covered with an 18 mm glass cover slip. Using a compound microscope, and a magnification of 225x to 360x, phytoplankton colonies were observed and counted in 6 strips or 10 microscopic fields.
Data analysis and calculations Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 75
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Phytoplankton count/ml = A x B x C x D/dilution factor Where, A=Average count/strip B=Number of strips in cover slip C=Number of drops/ml D=Volume of concentrated dilution factor
Enumeration and Indices
Shannon Wiener Diversity Index :Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (d) is a measure of diversity which takes into account the total count and individual count in water sample. A widely accepted ecological concept is that community with large number of species i.e. with high diversity will have stability and thus have the capability to resist adverse environment influences to certain extent. “The Shannon Wiener index ” values in the range of 3 and above are generally considered to represent healthy conditions of water. The values between 1 and 3 are believed to indicate semi and poor productivity respectively. It is expressed as follows.
ni ni SWI = log N 2 N Where, SWI = Shannon Wiener Diversity Index N = Total number of individuals of species in a sample n = number of individuals of species in a sample
Palmer Pollution Index: According to Palmer (1969), a total score of 20 or more in a sample is an indicator of organic pollution. The values between 15 and 20 are believed to indicate semi & poor productivity and below 15 is a indicator of absence of organic pollution respectively.
Table No.5.35. Algal genus Pollution Index (Palmer, 1969)
Sr. No Genus Pollution Index 1. Anacystis 1 2. Ankistrodesmus 2
3. Chlamydomonas 4 4. Chlorella 3
5. Closterium 1 6. Cyclotella 1 7. Euglena 5 8. Gomphonema 1 9. Lepocinclis 1
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10. Melosira 1
11. Micractinium 1 12. Navicula 3 13. Nitzschia 3 14. Oscillatoria 5 15. Pandorina 1
16. Phacus 2 17. Phormidium 1 18. Scenedesmus 4 19. Stigeoclonium 2 20. Synedra 2
Count: Phytoplankton counts recorded at different sampling stations, are presented in below tables. Total algal population varied between 1450 and 3950 algal cells ml-1 in winter while 2010 and 4520 algal cells ml-1 in summer. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)- K.T. Weir showed highest count of phytoplankton in both the season. Phytoplankton population comprised of 4 major groups, namely Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae with eighteen genera. Chlorophyceae dominated all the samples. The SWI values varied between 1.23 and 2.75 that suggest low to medium impact of pollution or adverse factor.
The most pollution tolerant species, according to Palmer’s Index are listed in Table. PPI varied between 12 and 20.Chlorophyceae was dominant in all the samples. The organically polluted algae like Anabena, Aphanocapsa, Spirulina and Oscillatoria were also recorded in Gad River.
Table No.5.36.Enumeration of Phytoplankton in Gad River
Sample Sampling Locations Phyto- Percent Composition of algal groups SWI PPI No. Season plankton Chloro- Cyano- Bacillario- Eugleno- (No/ml) phyceae phyceae phyceae phyceae 1. Sangave KT Weir Winter 1450 55 25 10 10 2.15 15 (Gad River) Summer 2010 60 20 10 10 2.70 18 2. Nardave Dam Winter 2130 50 30 15 5 2.75 12 Summer 2350 45 25 20 10 2.10 15 3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Winter 3950 65 15 20 - 1.85 13 Kankavali)-KT Weir Summer 4520 55 25 10 10 2.55 15 4. Kankavali KT Weir Winter 2540 50 20 20 10 1.75 17 (Gad River) Summer 3230 55 15 20 10 2.54 16 Ranges of Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (SWI) Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 77
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5. Jambhavade School Winter 2110 55 15 30 10 2.10 17 Summer 3570 50 20 30 - 1.98 20 <1: Indicate poor productive water 1-3 Indicate medium productive water >3 Indicate good productive water Ranges of Palmer’s Pollution Index (PPI) <15: Indicate absence of organic pollution. 15 to <20: Indicate presence of organic pollution >20: Indicate presence of high organic pollution
Table No.5.37.Phytoplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River
Sr. Phytoplankton Genera Winter Summer No Chlorophyceae
1. Closterium sp. + + 2. Scenedesmus + + 3. Ulothrix sp. + +
4. Pediastrum + + 5. Chlorella sp. + - 6. Cosmarium + +
7. Ankistrodesmus + + Bacillariophyceae 1. Navicula sp. + +
2. Fragillaria sp. + + 3. Cyclotella sp. + + 4. Synedra sp. + +
5. Melosira sp. - + 6. Nitzschia sp. - + Cyanophyceae
1. Anabaena sp. + + 2. Oscillatoria sp. + + 3. Aphanocapsa - + 4. Spirulina sp. + - Euglenophyceae 1. Phacus sp. + - Reference:
Palmer, C M (1969). A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. Phyco. l5: 78-82. Lackey, J. B. (1938). The Manipulation and Counting of River Plankton and Changes in Some Organisms Due to Formalin Preservation. Public health reports. 53: 2080-2093.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 78
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Zooplankton
The zooplankton includes animals suspended in water with limited powers of locomotion. Like phytoplankton, they are usually denser than water, and constantly sink by gravity to lower depths. The distinction between suspended zooplankton having limited powers of locomotion, and animals capable of swimming independently of turbulence-the latter referred to as nekton is often diffuse. Zooplankton are microscopic aquatic animals having no resistance to currents, free floated and suspended in open or pelagic waters.
Methods for analysis
Apparatus and equipment
Depth water sampler, centrifuge, microscope, centrifuge tubes of 15mL capacity, cover slips, glass slides, dropper, plastic bottles (100 ml capacity).
Reagent and Standard
Formalin solution
Sample collection, preservation and storage
Zooplankton samples often need to be concentrated in the field. Generally collected by filtering surface water through plankton net having mesh size of 75µ and preserved in 4 percent formalin solution immediately after collection of sample.
Sampling were carried out during Pre Monsoon Season (summer) and Post Monsoon Season (winter)
Procedure
The Sedgwick rafter (S-R) cell is a device commonly used for plankton counting because it is easily manipulated. The zooplanktons are generally more than 75µ in size and are easily observed under 100 x magnifications. Before filling the S-R cell with net sample, place the cover glass diagonally across the cell and transfer water sample with a large bore pipette. Placing cover slips which help to prevent formation of air bubbles in cell corners. The cover slips rotate slowly and cover the inner portion of S-R cell during filling. In the case of developing air spaces, place a small drop of distilled water on the edge of cover glass. Before
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 79
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari counting, let S-R cell stand for at least 15 min to settle plankton. Count plankton on the bottom of S-R cell.
Counting
Zooplankton samples were collected from surface and middle of lake. Filter 40 lit. Water from zooplankton net and collect the samples and add 1ml 4% formalin in the bottle, then centrifuge it for 10min. and settle down for half an hour discarded 14ml and take 1ml on SR cell slide and observed under microscope.
Data Analysis and Calculations
Zooplankton count /m3 = NxV1/V2xV3 Where, N=Count of species observed in SR cell V1=Volume count V2=Volume observed in S-R cell V3=Volume of water passed through plankton net
Count: Many aquatic insects live for some part of their life cycle in the water. They feed in the same ways as other insects. Zooplanktons are free swimming along on top of the animals. Their nature is different in fresh water and marine ecosystem. Zooplanktons like Rotifera, Cladocera and copepoda are most common and often dominate entire consumer communities. Zooplanktons adapt themselves to the habitat in which they live. Most of them have transparent body; have spine protoplasm and skeleton for protection. For food and defense, their movement is necessary.
Zooplankton counts, recorded at different sampling stations, are shown in table. Density of zooplankton varied between 2520 & 4210 N/m3 in winter and 3250 & 5612 N/m3 in summer respectively. Zooplankton comprised of 3 major group’s i.e. Copepoda, Rotifera and Cladocera with six different genera. A large number of zooplankton, recorded in Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-KT Weir could be due to the presence of ample amount of phytoplankton in the respective station. Copepoda dominated all the samples. The SWI, observed to vary from 1.50 to 2.86 indicated low to medium load of organic pollution or adverse factors. High pollution indicator genera, like Brachionus, Cyclops and Daphnia were also observed in the river
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 80
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.5.38.Enumeration of Zooplankton in Gad River
Sample Sampling Locations Season Zooplankton Percent Composition of algal SWI No. Count groups No/m3 Copepoda Rotifera Cladocera 1. Sangave KT Weir Winter 2520 70 20 10 2.10 (Gad River) Summer 3250 55 25 20 2.80 2. Nardave Dam Winter 2750 65 15 25 1.89 Summer 3765 60 20 20 2.10 3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Winter 4210 50 30 20 1.50 Kankavali)-KT Weir Summer 5612 65 25 10 2.65 4. Kankavali KT Weir Winter 3530 70 20 10 1.89 (Gad River) Summer 5210 65 25 10 2.86 5. Jambhavade School Winter 2850 65 15 20 2.20 Summer 4320 60 30 10 1.82
Ranges of Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (SWI) <1: Indicate poor productive water 1-3 Indicate medium productive water >3 Indicate good productive water
Table No.5.39.Zooplankton Genera Recorded in Gad River
Sr. No Zooplankton Genera Winter Summer Rotifera 1. Keratella sp. + + 2. Brachionus sp. + + Copepoda 1. Cyclops sp. + + 2. Diaptomus sp. - + Cladocera 1. Daphnia sp. + + 2. Moina sp. + -
Benthos:
The organisms which inhabit the bottom of aquatic body are called benthos. Many of them are sessile; some creep over or burrow in mud and base of water body. The quality and quantity of animals found at the bottom is not only related to the nature of substrata but also to depth, the kind and quality of aquatic plants present in such environment. Their number and distribution also depend upon physico-chemical properties of water and biological complexes such as food and other factor. The sediments composition and characteristic of the water adjacent to the sediments are also highly variable. Bacteria, fungi and algae may
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 81
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
occur in the great abundance on sediment. These organism and associated detricial organic matter often provide the predominant energy sources for the benthic fauna.
Quantitative estimations of benthic fauna require effective sampling procedures, separation of organisms from the substratum, identification and evaluation of biomass of species and of their life history stages.
Sampling
A number of basic requirements must be met to capture a quantitative sample of the population living on and within the sediments. The sampler must penetrate into the sediment to a sufficient depth to capture all of the organisms inhabiting a defined area. The device should enclose the same area of sediment each time. As the sampling device is lowered, care should be taken not to disturb the sediments, the sampler should close completely so that sediment and organisms are not lost during retrieval. Sampling were carried out during Pre Monsoon Season (summer) and Post Monsoon Season (winter)
Van Veen Grab Sampler
The Van veen grab consists of two hinged, pincer like buckets that are lowered in the open position to the sediments. As the line slackens, the release mechanism is actuated. Upon retrieval, the two buckets come together and enclosed a semicircular section of sediments. The advantage of Van veen grab is its effective penetration into firm sediments, such as sand because of its heavy construction. The area of van veen sampler was 0.02m2. The most severe disadvantage of this sampler is that it’s closed or nearly closed design creates pressure waves that disturb the sediments and benthic fauna as the sampler approaches the sediments.
Laboratory Analysis
A large homogenous sediment sample, collected by the grab sampler, was sieved with a screen mesh of 500 µ sorted out the samples to remove the organisms from the sediment.
Data Analysis and Calculations
The segregated benthic organisms were counted species-wise and their density (number) per square meter is calculated by using the following formula.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 82
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Benthos No/ m2 = N / A x 10,000
Where,
N= number of organism collected per sample A= area of the sampler (cm2)
Table No.5.40.Benthic Fauna recorded at Gad River
Sample No. Sampling Locations Density (No/m2) 1. Sangave KT Weir (Gad River) 375 2. Nardave Dam 150 3. Gopuri Ashram (Tal. Kankavali)-KT Weir 250 4. Kankavali KT Weir (Gad River) 270 5. Jambhavade School 210
Count: Only Chironomous larva was observed as benthic fauna. At Sangave KT Weir (Gad River) the count was highest while at Nardave dam site minimum count was observed. The genus Chironomus is tolerant to organic pollutants, which means its occurrence and dominance are an effective biological indicator of pollution. The chironomid larvae known as blood worms due to the presence of hemoglobin in their bodies. They represent an abundant group of benthos insects in freshwater ecosystem. The size of the larva typically ranges from 4 mm to 5mm.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 83
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Figure No. 5.9. Collection of Benthos from various locations of the Gad River
Fisheries
Fishes, because of their relatively large size and ease of identification, have long been used as indicators of environmental change. The mobility and sensory perception of many species allow them to avoid environmental perturbations, and thus they can show a rapid response to environmental changes. Different types of nets having definite meshes, made of nylon twines are commonly used as gears for fish harvesting.
Preliminary investigation with local fishermen revealed that there are different varieties of fresh water fishes, viz. Channa marulius (Maral), Garra mullya (Malve),Balitora laticauda (Malve), Mastacembelus armatus (Vam/Kadai), Aorichthys seenghala- (Shengat), Tor khudree (Dere), Tor mussafah (khadas), Labeo rohita- (Rohu), Monopterus indicus (Ahir), Tor putitora (Panal), Clarias batrachus (Thigur), Salmostoma clupeoides (Alai), Channa striatus and Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) normally harvested in the river.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 84
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 85
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
6. COST ESTIMATE OF MUCK MANAGEMENT PLAN, LANDSCAPE AND RESTORATION PLAN, ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN, WATER, AIR AND NOISE MANAGEMENT PLAN UNDER REVISED EMP IS TO BE SUBMITTED.
6.1 Muck Management Plan
For construction of different components of Proposed Naradave Dam Project, it expects that huge earthwork will be carried out during construction stage of the project. The excavation will results in large quantity of excavated material i. e. Muck
Quantity of muck generated:
The total 3.24494 Mm3 of muck will be generated in excavation of Cut off trench, Shear key, Drains, Spillway and river training and Stripping.
Table No.6.1. Detail of muck generated is given below
Sr Type of material Total generated Total generated No quantity in quantity in excavation in cum excavation in Mm3 1 Soft Soil 162246 0.162 2 Hard murum & soft Rock 146022 0.146 3 Hard Rock 16224 0.016 Total 324494 0.324
Component wise details of Muck:
Table No.6.2. The component wise detail of the muck likely to be generated
Sr. Name of Components Soft soil Hard Hard rock Total No. murum and quantity in soft rock cum 1 Cut off trench 48674.07 43806.66 4867.41 97348.14
2 Shear key 16224.69 14602.22 1622.46 32449.38 3 Drains 8112.345 7301.11 811.23 16224.69 4 Spillway and river 56786.415 51107.77 5678.64 113572.83 training 5 Stripping 32449.38 29204.44 3244.93 64898.76 Total quantity in cum 162246.90 146022.21 16224.69 324493.80
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 86
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.6.3. Details of Material required for dam components, utilization of excavated material and material from borrow area.
Unutilized Sr. Required quantity Excavated material to Material from Type of material excavated in cum be utilized borrow area No. material 1 Impervious Hearting Material I ) Hearting Zone 2376898 0 2376898 ii ) C.O.T.Backfill 530321 0 530321 iii )Random Zone 0 0 0 Sub Total 2907219 0 2907219 2 Pervious Material I ) Casing Zone 12450456 171248.6 12279207.4 ii ) Shear Key 3422 1138 2284 Sub Total 12453878 172386.6 12281491.4 Rubble & Metal 3 78981.8 for I ) Drains 182557 36511.4 146045.6 ii ) Rock Toe 36680 7336 29344 iii ) Pitching 146390 29278 117112 Sub Total 365627 73125.4 292501.6 4 Sand 214894.95 0 214894.95 5 Gravel 10479.65 0 10479.65 Sub Total 225374.6 0 225374.6 Total in cum 15952098.6 245512 15706586.6 Total in Mm3 15.95 0.25 15.71
The total 15.95 Mm3 material is required for construction of Proposed Nardave dam. Out of 0.32 Mm3 muck generated, 0.25 Mm3 muck will reutilized for construction and remaining required material 15.70 Mm3will be obtained from borrow area i.e from submergence area. The balance material will be utilized for coffer dam and for approach roads. Refer Figure No. 6.2 Proposed Quary map in the submergence area
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 87
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Figure No. 6.1. Proposed Quary map in the submergence area
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 88
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.6.4. Muck Genrated for Proposed work
Sr No Type of material Total Muck to be disposed off
1 Soft Soil 39491 2 Hard murum & soft Rock 35542 3 Hard Rock 3949 Total 78982
Table No.6.5. Cost Estimate for Muck Management
Soft Soil Rate Amount 3500 60.6 212100 35991 60.6 2181054.6 39491 (A) 2393154.6 Hard Murum & Soft Rock Rate Amount 3400 82.225 279565 32142 82.225 2642875.95 78628 (B) 2922440.95 Hard Rock Rate Amount 500 295.35 147675 3449 295.35 1018662.15 8737 (C) 1166337.15 Total Expenditure= (A+B+C) = 6481932.7
A provision of Rs. 6481933/- has been earmarked balance muck management.
6.2 Landscape Plan
For catchment area development, three types of interventions are proposed in the project area. These are as follows:
a) Drainage line treatment for soil Conservation
Gully Plugs: Dry rubble structures are proposed across small gullies formed on the slopes. On the higher reaches, plugging them with vegetative support is proposed
Loose Boulder Structure: The design and construction of loose boulder structures is similar to that of gully plugs. The loose boulder structures are larger than gully plugs. These are proposed on the sub streams of our project area which will reduce the erosion of nallah banks and bed.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 89
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
b) Soil Conservation Activity for Area Treatment
Terrace Bund Improvement: The intervention is meant to stop the degradation of soil on the slight sloping grounds (slope range between 0 to 5 per cent). This treatment is beneficial for increasing the soil moisture and thus the fertility of land
c) Plantation and Afforestation - for increasing the vegetative cover
Afforestation in new areas and Reforestation in the existing area (where plant density and diversity has reduced) are included in this.
Under afforestation and reforestation activities multipurpose tree species that are suitable to this area based on farmer’s plantation experience will be planted
For tree habitat 10 m x 10 m, and for shrubs 5 m x 5 m is preferred. A triangular arrangement of plants is frequently prescribed;
Pit size for trees should be 1 m x 1 m x 1 m, and for shrubs 0.9 m x 0.9 m x 0.9 m;
The pits should be filled by using good loamy / red soil (3 parts) and farmyard manure (1 part); and
Sapling should be planted in the center by providing proper support.
Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level (FRL)
Two meters area within FRL should be taken in to consideration for green belt. Selection of species will be based upon species reported during ecological survey and having soil binding properties.
Plantation along Approach Roads & Rehabilitated Villages
Both sides of each approach road should be considered for plantation. Selection of species should be according to road width and habit of plant.
Compensatory Afforestation
Table No.6.6. List of Plant Species for Plantations
Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name 1. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Leguminosae Khair 2. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Amaranthaceae Aghada 3. Anacardium occidentale L. Tree Anacardiaceae Kaju 4. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Moraceae Phans
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 90
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name 5. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Bombaceae Shemal 6. Bombax insigne Wall. Tree Bombaceae 7. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree Euphorbiaceae Katak 8. Careya arborea Roxb. Tree Lecithidaceae Kumbha 9. Carissa congesta Wight Shrub Asclepiadaceae Karavand 10. Cissus elongata Roxb. Shrub Vitaceae 11. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Arecaceae Naral 12. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Fabaceae Shisavi 13. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Tree Poaceae Bambu 14. Ficus amplissima J.E.Sm. Tree Moraceae Payar 15. Ficus hirsuta L.f. Tree Moraceae Kala Umbar 16. Ficus racemosa L. Tree Moraceae Umbar 17. Gloriosa superba L. Climber Liliaceae Kallavi 18. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Lamiaceae Shivan 19. Grewia asiatica L. Tree Tiliaceae 20. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Rubiaceae Haldu 21. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) Tree Bignoniaceae Waras K.Shum. 22. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub Malvaceae 23. Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Euphorbiaceae 24. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rubiaceae Ishvari 25. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree Lythraceae Nana 26. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Shrub Leeaceae Dinda 27. Mangifera indica L. Tree Anacardiaceae Amba 28. Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. Shrub Rubiaceae Bhutkes 29. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Tree Bignoniaceae Tetu 30. Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb. Shrub Rubiaceae Phapat ex Sm.) Hook. f. 31. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Fabaceae Karanj 32. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Beheda 33. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Hirda 34. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Tree Combretaceae Ain 35. Terminalia paniculata Roth. Tree Combretaceae Kinjal 36. Vitex negundo L. Tree Lamiaceae Nirgudi 37. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Tree Rutaceae Cherphal
Budgetory provision for Green Belt Development / Afforestation is Rs. 140.07 Lakh only
Estimate CATP is enclosed as Annexure 1
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 91
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
6.3 Energy Conservation Measures
Irrigation cum Power Outlet is proposed on left flank at RD 70 m with discharging capacity of 7.66 cumecs and a dam foot power house having generation capacity of 3.00 MW. Generating units proposed under this project are 13.45 million units.
6.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan
A comprehensive monitoring programme is suggested here. Environmental attributes to be monitored during construction and operational phase are
Table No.6.7. Monitoring Program During Construction Phase (Dam and KT Weir)
Component Parameters Location Frequency Estimate Implementation Supervision Rs. by Agency Ambient Air PM10, PM 2.5, SO2, 1. Construction site Half 75000.00 Contractor EE, MID Quality Nox, 2. Submergence Area Monthly 3. Catchment Area 4. Two Location at Command Area Noise Level Leq day, Leq night, 1. Construction site Half 60000.00 Contractor EE, MID dB(A) 2. Submergence Area Monthly 3. Catchment Area 4. Two Location at Command Area Surface and Physical, Chemical & 1. Construction site Monthly 90000.00 Contractor EE, MID Ground Water biological Parameters 2. upstream of site Quality 3. downstream of site Drinking IS 10500:2012 At construction site Monthly 35000.00 Contractor EE, MID Water Soil Quality As per Agricultural 1. Construction site Quarterly 60000.00 Contractor EE, MID standards 2. Submergence Area 3. Catchment Area 4. Two Location at Command Area Health of All relevant All working areas Periodical 400000.00 Contractor EE, MID employees parameters check ups Solid/ Depending on type of At the construction area Quarterly 50000.00 Contractor EE, MID hazardous wastes wastes Ecology & Plantation / Green belt Project site and Once in 75000.00 Contractor EE, MID Biodiversity development, periphery year Periodical monitoring of aquatic ecology Waste Water As per SPCB Mobile Toilet & STP at Monthly 7000.00 Contractor EE, MID (Sewage) guidelines Construction site
Budgetory provision for above monitoring program for one time will be Rs. 8, 52,000/- only
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 92
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Table No.6.8. Monitoring During Operation Phase at dam site & 8 to 10 locations from the command Area
Component Parameters Frequency Estimate Implementation Supervision Rs. by Agency Ambient Air Quality PM10, PM 2.5, SO2, Nox, Six 165,000.00 Third Party EE, MID Monthly Noise Level Leq day, Leq night, dB(A) Six 132,000.00 Third Party EE, MID Monthly Surface and Ground Physical, Chemical & Quarterly 3,30,000.00 Third Party EE, MID Water Quality biological Parameters Drinking Water IS 10500:2012 Quarterly 4,20,000.00 Third Party EE, MID
Ecology & Plantation / Green belt Yearly 3,00,000.00 Third Party EE, MID Biodiversity development, Periodically monitoring of aquatic ecology Soil Quality As per Agricultural Yearly 1,80,000.00 Third Party EE, MID standards
Budgetory provision for above monitoring program for one time is Rs. 15, 27,000/-only
6.5 Water, Air and Noise Management Plan under revised EMP
Budgetory provision for Water, Soil, Air, Noise and Ecology is as below
Sr. No. Particulars Total (Rs.in Lakhs) 1 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan 7840.832 2 Green Belt Development / Afforestation 140.07229 3 Management of Physical and Environmental Resources 23.79 4 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 243.46 5 Fishery Management and Conservation Plan 10.00 6 Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation Management Plan 15.00 7 Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan 05.00 8 Muck Management Plan 64.81933 9 Health Management Plan 68.58 10 Disaster Management Plan 25.00
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 93
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
7. PP OBTAINED NBWL CLEARANCE ON 21.01.2015 WHEREAS THE SAID WILDLIFE SANCTUARY WAS DECLARED AS TIGER RESERVE IN 2017. THEREFORE, A LETTER IS NEEDED FROM LOCAL DFO STATING THAT STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT IS AWARE OF SUCH PROPOSED PROJECT IN THE VICINITY OF TIGER RESERVE
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 94
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 95
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
8. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES FOR BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES IS TO BE REVISITED. UPDATED MATRIX SHALL BE SUBMITTED TO THE MINISTRY FOR RECONSIDERATION
Table No.8.1. Environmental Impacts of the Project During Construction and Operational Phase
Soil & Water Air Flora Public Sr. No. Project Activities Noise Employment Land quality quality /Fauna Health A Constructiona Phase 1 Sire preparation including tree cutting -1T -1T -2 T -1T -3T/P +1T -1T Earthwork and excavation including blasting 2 and drilling -2T -1 T -2T -2T -2T +2T -1T 3 Construction KT Weirs across river -1T -1T -1T -1T -2T +1T -1T 4 Construction of power house -1T - 1T -1T -1T -1T +1T - 5 Disposal of muck and construction waste -2P -2T -2T -2T -1T +2T -1T 6 Transportation of construction materials -1T -1T -1T -2T -1T +2T -2T Operation and maintenance of construction 7 equipment - - -2T -2T - +1T - Disposal of sewage and solid waste from 8 labour camps -2T -2T -1T - - -2T 9 Acquisition of private land ------1T -1T 10 Acquisition of forest land - - - - -3P - - 11 Labour population -2T -1T -1T -1T -2T +3T -1T B Operation Phase Activities 1 Reservoir Filling/ KT weir Filling +2P +3P +3P +2T +3P +2P +2P 2 Hydro Power Generation - -1P -1P -1P - +1P +1P 3 Irrigation +3P +2 T/P +2P +2P +3P +3P +2P
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 96
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Soil & Water Air Flora Public Sr. No. Project Activities Noise Employment Land quality quality /Fauna Health 4 Fishery Management - +2P - - +2P +2P +1P 5 Flood/Dam Break -2T -2T -1T -1T -2T -1T -3T 6 Sediments +2P -1T - - - - - 7 Ecotourism -1T/P -1T/P -1T/P -1T/P +2P +2T/P
Notes: Likely effect is symbolized as follows: T = Temporary effect; P = Permanent effect Low Medium High Beneficial +1 +2 +3 Detrimental -1 -2 -3
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 97
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
9. LIST OF FISH SPECIES TO BE REVISITED FROM THE SECONDARY SOURCES AND ACCORDINGLY BE UPDATED IN THE EIA/EMP REPORT
Preliminary investigation with local fishermen revealed that there are different varieties of following fresh water fishes normally harvested in the Gad River
1) Channa marulius (Maral) 2) Garra mullya (Malve) 3) Balitora laticauda (Malve) 4) Mastacembelus armatus (Vam/Kadai) 5) Aorichthys seenghala (Shengat) 6) Tor khudree (Dere) 7) Tor mussafah (khadas) 8) Labeo rohita (Rohu) 9) Monopterus indicus (Ahir) 10) Tor putitora (Panal) 11) Clarias batrachus (Thigur), 12) Salmostoma clupeoides (Alai) 13) Channa striatus and 14) Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia)
Letter received from office of the Assistanat Commissioner of the Fisheries (Tech), Sindhudurg Malvan, Maharashtra regarding list of Fishes present in the Gad River is as below.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 98
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 99
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
10. DETAIL PRESENT STATUS OF R&R TO BE IMPLEMENTED
Total five villages from Kanakavali and Kudal taluka are getting affected due to this project. It has been planned to develop three gaonthans to rehabilitate the project affected persons. The details of this are furnished below:
S.N. Item Details 1 Affected Villages (5) Taluka- Kankavali Fully Affected- Jambhalgaon Partially affected- Nardave Bhairavgav, Yavteshwar. Taluka- Kudal Fully affected- Nil Partially affected- Durganagar. 2 Rehabilitation Gaothans Taluka- Kankavali (3) Digavale & Sangave (Sambhajinagar) Taluka- Kudal Jambhawade. 3 Project affected families 967 / 3849 / holder 4. Rehabilitated families / Nil holders
Status of Civic Amenity Works in Rehabilitation Gaothans:
Out of three gaothans civic amenities of Sambhajinagar & Digavale are 90% completed, at Jambhavade 40% has been completed.
In Digavale Gaothan, except school building and cremation shed all works have been completed.
In Sambhajinagar Gaothan, except ESR for water supply scheme, school building, Samaj Mandir and cremation shed all works have been completed.
In Jambhavade Gaothan, except open gutters, ESR of water supply scheme, school building, Samaj Mandir roads and cremation shed all works have been completed.
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 100
Executive Engineer Nardave Medium Irrigation Project Additional Minor Irrigation Division, Village Nardave, Tal - Kankavali, Dist – Sindhudurg Maharashtra Information Oras - Sindhudurganagari
Annexure 1 Estimate of CATP
Mitcon Consultancy and Engineering Services Ltd., Pune 101
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