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Liyab-At-Alipato LIYAB AT ALIPATO MGA KARANASAN SA PAG-OORGANISA SA MGA ESPESYAL NA SONANG PANG-EKONOMIYA SA PILIPINAS Crispin B. Beltran Resource Center Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research Workers Assistance Center sa tulong ng Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO) Liyab at Alipato: Mga Karanasan sa Pag-oorganisa sa mga Espesyal na Sonang Pang-ekonomiya sa Pilipinas © Copyright 2011 Crispin B. Beltran Resource Center, Inc., Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research, Workers Assistance Center. Some rights reserved. Any other copyrighted material used and/or referred to in this book are the properties of their respective owners. First printing, 2011 Recommended Entry: Crispin B. Beltran Resource Center, Inc., Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research Workers Assistance Center ISBN: 978-971-95101-1-6 I. Liyab at Alipato: Mga Karanasan sa Pag-oorganisa sa mga Espesyal na Sonang Pang-ekonomiya sa Pilipinas Book and cover design by ronvil Published by Crispin B. Beltran Reseource Center, Inc. 57 Burgos St., Brgy. Marilag, Project IV, Quezon City, Philippines Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research #15 Anonas St., Unit D-24 Cellar Mansions Barangay Quirino 3-A, Project 3, Quezon City, Philippines Workers Assistance Center Bahay Manggagawa, Indian Mango St., Manggahan Compound Sapa I, 4106 Rosario, Cavite, Philippines Printed by by SJMM Printing Center NILALAMAN 01 Paunang Salita 03 kasaysayan ng mga espesyal na sonang pang-ekonomiya 11 Ang Mga Sonang Pang-ekonomiya sa Pilipinas 31 Apat na Dekada ng Pag-unlad – o Pagkawasak? 47 Mga Karanasan sa Pag-oorganisa sa mga Sonang Pang-ekonomiya 54 IWS WU: Matalinong Pamumuno at Demokrasyang Unyon 68 Unyong Pang-manggagawa sa Daiho: Militansya, Pleksibilidad at Edukasyon - mga Instrumento para sa Pagtatanggol ng mga Karapatan sa Paggawa 78 Ang Karanasan ng WAC sa Pag-oorganisa sa CEPZ 93 Golden Will Fashion: Karanasan ng Pag-oorganisa sa mga Kontraktwal na Manggagawa at Pagtatayo ng Unyon 101 NXP Worker’s Union: Pagtatayo ng Unyon sa Gitna ng Corporate Restructuring 108 Mula ASEZA Hanggang APECO: Pakikibaka Laban sa Napipintong SEZ sa Aurora 120 Pagsasama-sama at Pagdadamayan: Karanasan ng Pag-oorganisa sa Hanjin Philippines 131 Mahigit apat na Dekadang Pag-uunyon sa Dolefil: Mga Karanasan at Aral 147 Mactan Export Processing Zone: Pakikipag-alyansa, at Pag-oorganisa sa Komunidad 158 Baguio City Economic Zone: Ang Pag-usad at Paghupa ng Gawaing Pag-oorganisa sa mga Manggagawa 169 Talahulugan 171 Mga Kahulugan ng mga Acronyms na ginamit 172 Mga Sanggunian 176 Pasasalamat 01 PAUNANG SALITA Isang mahalagang sangkap ng patakarang neoliberalismo ang pagpapatupad ng “industriyalisasyong nakabatay sa export” sa mga atrasadong bansang tulad ng Pilipinas. Itinatag ang mga Export Processing Zone o EPZ - mga engklabong naging tahanan ng mga dayuhang kompanyang nagpoproseso at nag-eeksport ng mga manupaktura at nagtatamasa ng napakaraming insentibo mula sa gobyerno ng mga atrasadong bansa. Sa panahon ng diktadurang Marcos itinatag ang unang apat na EPZ sa bansa. Sa kalaunan, lumawak ang kategorya ng mga negosyong binigyan ng pribilehiyong tulad ng sa mga EPZ. Pinakamabilis na lumaki ang bilang sa ilalim ng panguluhang Macapagal-Arroyo. Sa ilalim ng kasalukuyang administrasyon ni Benigno Aquino III, umabot na sa 243 noong Marso 2011 ang bilang ng mga tinaguriang “Special Economic Zones” sa bansa. Sa gitna ng tuluy-tuloy na pagdami ng mga sonang pang-ekonomiya sa bansa at mabilis na pagsakop nito sa mga lupain, mahalagang muling mapag-aralan ang nagiging epekto nito hindi lamang sa pwersang paggawa, kundi maging sa buong ekonomiya at likas-yaman ng bansa. Nahahati sa dalawang bahagi ang pananaliksik. Una, ang pagtalakay sa pambansang latag ng mga sonang pang-ekonomiya sa Pilipinas sa kasalukuyan, at mga mahahalagang yugto sa pagbabago ng konsepto at praktika ng pagtatayo ng mga sonang pang-ekonomiya sa bansa, at ang naging implikasyon nito para sa bansa. Ikalawa, sinikap nating isalarawan ang kasalukuyang mga pagsisikap ng mga manggagawa sa loob ng mga engklabo upang makapagbuo ng mga organisasyong nagtatanggol sa kanilang interes. Sa pamamagitan ng mga piling kaso, sinikap matukoy ang ilang sangkap sa epektibong pag-oorganisa at pamumuno na kasalukuyang ginagamit ng mga manggagawa sa loob ng mga engklabo. Bagaman iilan lamang ito sa maraming karanasan, inaasahan nating makakaambag ito sa pagpuno sa kasalatan ng mga babasahin hinggil sa paksang ito. Marami na ang nailathalang sulatin hinggil sa Liyab at Alipato 02 pang-aaping nararanasan ng mga manggagawa sa loob ng mga engklabo ngunit iilan lamang ang mga athalaing nagtatalakay sa epektibong pamamaraang maaaring gamitin ng mga manggagawa sa pag-oorganisa at pagkilos sa loob ng mga engklabo. Hindi kayang saklawin ng iisang pag-aaral ang lahat ng usapin kaugnay ng mga espesyal na sonang pang-ekonomiya. Inaasahan naming magtutulak ang panimulang pagbabalik-aral na ito ng dagdag pang mga pag-aaral at pagsusuri sa epekto ng mga espesyal na sonang pang-ekonomiya na maaaring maging ambag sa pagbubuo ng mga alternatibang tunay na magdadala sa bansa sa landas ng pag-unlad. Gayundin, sana’y magsilbi ang pananaliksik na ito sa pagpapataas ng kakayanan ng mga manggagawang mag-organisa at isulong ang kanilang mga karapatan, na siyang nararapat na ultimong layunin ng anumang panlipunang pananaliksik hinggil sa paggawa. Crispin B. Beltran Resource Center (CBBRC) Workers’ Assistance Center (WAC) Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER) Sa pakikipagtulungan ng Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO) 03 Introduksyon KASAYSAYAN NG MGA ESPESYAL NA SONANG PANG-EKONOMIYA Sa pagtatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig noong huling ikalawang hati ng dekada ‘40, matagumpay na nangibabaw ang US bilang pinakamakapangyarihang bansa sa larangan ng ekonomiya at militar sa buong daigdig. Napakaliit na pinsala lamang ang Kasunduang Bretton Woods, natamo nito kung ikukumpara sa IMF at World Bank ibang bansang lumahok sa gyera. Sa Upang ihanda ang isang halip, nakinabang pa ito nang husto sa pandaigdigang sistemang pang- pagmamanupaktura at pagbebenta ng ekonomiya sa pagtatapos ng Ikalawang mga kagamitang pang-gyera sa mga Digmaang Pandaigdig, pinangunahan bansa sa Europa at Asya. Ilang taon ng US ang pagpupulong ng mahigit makalipas ang gyera, monopolisado 40 bansa upang buuin ang isang pa rin ng malalaking korporasyong US mundo ng lumalawak na kalakakan, ang teknolohiya sa produksyon at ang mabilis na palitan ng mga salapi at pagluluwas ng produktong manupaktura mga ekonomiyang tumutugon sa mga sa daigdig dahil unti-unti pa lamang pangangailangan ng US. bumabangon mula sa pagkawasak ang kalakhan ng mga bansa sa Europa at Nilagdaan ng mga delegadong Asya. bansa, matapos ang tatlong linggong kumperensya sa Bretton Woods, New Sapagkat monopolisado nito ang Hampshire noong Hulyo 1944, ang pandaigdigang kalakalan at pag-aari kasunduang nagtali sa kani-kanilang nito ang halos 75 % ng pananalaping ekonomiya sa ekonomiyang US. Dito nakabatay sa ginto sa daigdig, nagawang pormal na idineklara ang Dolyar ng US ipataw ng US ang Dolyar bilang bilang salaping pamalit ng mga bansa sa pandaigdigang salapi (Peet, 2003). pandaigdigang pamilihan. Ang Dolyar ang siyang naging batayan ng halaga ng salapi ng ibang bansa sa Sa kumperensya ring ito nabuo ang pandaigdigang pamilihan. Isinagawa International Monetary Fund (IMF) at ang mga pandaigdigang transaksyon International Bank for Reconstruction – kalakalan, pamumuhunan at and Development (IBRD) na mas kilala pagbabangko – gamit ang dolyar. ngayon na World Bank (WB). Liyab at Alipato 04 Itinayo ang IMF upang iregularisa Upang palakasin pa ang ang tantos ng palitan ng salapi sa pagitan pang-ekonomiyang pundasyon nito sa ng mga kasaping bansa at tiyakin Europa, kinailangang ipinatupad ng US ang internasyunal na istabilidad sa ang European Recovery Program (ERP) pamamagitan ng pagpapautang sa mga o mas kilala bilang Marshall Plan mula kasaping bansa sa panahon ng krisis sa 1947hanggang1951. Umabot sa $13 kanilang balance of payments (BOP). bilyon ang pang-ekonomiya at teknikal na suportang ibinigay ng US sa mga Itinayo naman ang WB upang bansang naapektuhan ng gyera at sumapi tumulong sa rekonstruksyon ng mga sa Organization for European Economic bansa, pangunahin sa Europa, sa Cooperation. Isa ang Marshall Plan sa pamamagitan ng pagpapadaloy sa mga salik sa integrasyon ng ekonomiya pamumuhunan ng kapital sa mga ng mga bansa sa Europa nang alisin nito bansa, kabilang na ang restorasyon ang mga hadlang sa kalakalan sa Europa. ng mga bansang nawasak ng gyera at nangangailangan ng suporta para sa Nakatulong ang Marshall Plan pagtatayo ng mga imprastruktura at sa muling pagbangon ng Europa sa pasilidad. pagpasok ng 1960, kasabay ng pagbangon ng Japan. Samantala’y lumawak naman ang saklaw ng mga korporasyong US Marshall Plan at Pagtindi ng sa Europa. Pagsapit ng 1965, hawak Kumpetisyon na ng US ang 80% ng produksyon ng Malaking bahagi ng Europa ang kompyuter, 24% ng industriya ng motor, nawasak sa pagtatapos ng Ikalawang 15% ng industriya ng synthetic rubber sa Digmaang Pandaigdig. Nagdulot ng pamilihan ng Europa (IBON Foundation, malawak na kagutuman sa mamamayang 2005). Europeo, lalo na sa mga mayor na syudad katulad ng Warsaw, London at Berlin Ang muling paglago ng ekonomiya ang malawak na pagkawasak ng mga ng Europa at Japan ang nagtulak sa imprastruktura at agrikultura. pag-igting ng kumpetisyon sa pagitan ng mga Transnational Corporations Nagkaroon ng demand
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