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Manuscrit Thèse APM FINAL ADUM UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE U.F.R. DE MEDECINE ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGIES, SANTE (547) THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE Discipline : Biochimie Présentée et soutenue publiquement Par Anne-Pascaline BOULEAU-MARTIN Le 23 septembre 2014 Identification et caractérisation de métalloprotéases de Toxoplasma gondii Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC) CNRS UMR 7369 Protozooses, transmises par l’alimentation : circulation et pathogénie EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé : FED 4231 Membres du Jury Monsieur le Professeur Hervé PELLOUX (Grenoble) : Rapporteur/Président Monsieur le Professeur Ermanno CANDOLFI (Strasbourg) : Rapporteur Madame le Professeur Isabelle VILLENA (Reims) : CoDirecteur de thèse Monsieur le Docteur Georges BELLON (Reims) : CoDirecteur de thèse Monsieur le Docteur William HORNEBECK (Reims) : Invité Madame le Docteur Erika BOURGUET (Reims) : Invité N° attribué par la bibliothèque | | | R | E | I | | | | | |© Remerciements Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse a été effectué au sein des laboratoires de Parasitologie-Mycologie et de Biochimie-Biologie Moléculaire. Je tiens à adresser ma profonde reconnaissance à Madame le Professeur Isabelle Villena et Monsieur le Professeur François-Xavier Maquart pour m’avoir accueillie au sein de leurs équipes respectives et pour leurs précieux conseils et leurs soutiens. Je tiens à remercier Monsieur le Docteur Georges Bellon qui a dirigé ce travail de recherche. Je vous remercie pour vos nombreux conseils et pour votre soutien lors de la rédaction de ce manuscrit. Je remercie Monsieur le Professeur Hervé Pelloux et Monsieur le Professeur Ermanno Candolfi d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteurs de ma thèse et de juger ce travail. Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Monsieur le Docteur William Hornebeck pour avoir accepté de participer à ce jury. Merci infiniment pour vos conseils et remarques si précieuses. Je tiens à remercier Mademoiselle le Docteur Erika Bourguet pour avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail. Merci pour ta disponibilité et ton aide. (Bisous à Salomé !) Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Monsieur le Docteur Dominique Aubert pour ces nombreuses idées et son aide précieuse pour la bibliographie. Merci pour tous les conseils que vous m’avez donné pendant nos réunions de recherche. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier Madame le Docteur Sandie Escotte-Binet pour son soutien indispensable tout au long de ce travail. Je me souviendrais de tous les moments passés devant nos chromatographies à réfléchir à la stratégie à employer et à sa mise en place, pas toujours facile ! Merci pour ton aide, tes conseils. Bonne continuation à toi (et ta Camille !). Je remercie ensuite Mademoiselle le Docteur Christelle Doliwa. Tu m’as soutenu dans les durs moments, tu as toujours été là quand j’en avais besoin. Merci pour tes conseils et ton soutien indéfectible. Je te souhaite tout le bonheur que tu mérites. Je remercie l’ensemble du personnel hospitalier du service de parasitologie du CHU et tout particulièrement Régine pour tes supers idées, Sandrine, Francine, Naïma, Emilie notre spécialiste « biomol’ », Laurence et Laurence ! Merci pour votre disponibilité si précieuse. Je tiens à remercier les personnes qui m’ont aidé grâce à leurs conseils techniques toujours très pertinents. Le Docteur Christine Terryn et le Docteur Frédéric Velard pour la réalisation de magnifiques observations de notre parasite ! Coco pour ta grande disponibilité, tu as toujours trouvé le produit dont j’avais besoin. Je remercie également les personnes de notre équipe que j’ai côtoyée pendant ma thèse : Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Loïc Favennec ainsi que Cécile, Marie-Amélie. Nos rencontres ont toujours été très agréables et chaleureuses. Je remercie aussi le Docteur Roselyne Garnotel pour ses conseils et son aide. Je remercie chaleureusement Hélène, Aurore et Floriane pour nos pauses café et nos déjeuners qui m’ont permis de résoudre certains problèmes techniques et de nous changer les idées pendant ces quelques minutes. Je remercie tous les stagiaires que j’ai côtoyé durant ces quatre années : Marion et Léa qui m’ont aidée pour mes travaux, Annabelle, Alexandre, Younès (j’ai adoré discuter de ton sujet de stage si différent de mes travaux) et Jérémy (bonne chance pour la suite, sur le bouleau d’Afrique j’espère! Merci beaucoup pour ton aide lors de ma fin de thèse). Je remercie également toutes les personnes qui ont fait de ma thèse, un moment très agréable : Julien, Joan, Jing, Jenifer, André ainsi que toutes les personnes du 3 ème étage et Christine tout spécialement pour tes conseils, Sylvie, Aymeic, Valérie, Halima, Sophie, Medhi, Chantal, Saad et Jérôme et également Nathalie, Aurélie, Claire, Yves J. et Stéphanie. Je remercie également Yves G. pour sa grande disponibilité et sa gentillesse. Pour terminer, je remercie tout spécialement mon « cocoon familial » pour leur soutien et leur disponibilité tout au long de ces quatre années. Merci à mon mari Antony et ma fille Axelle pour tout le bonheur que vous m’apportez chaque jour. Merci à mes parents, à ma sœur Anne-Valérie, mon « grand frère » Cyril et mon neveu Jules pour votre soutien sans faille. Vous avez fait de ces quatre années, un grand bonheur tant au niveau professionnel que personnel. Vous avez tout mon amour ! A Antony et Axelle , AA mes parents, A Nanou, Cyril et Jules Résumé Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite protozoaire intracellulaire obligatoire appartenant à la famille des Apicomplexa . Chez les protozoaires, les protéases possèdent des rôles clés au niveau du cycle parasitaire, et sont ainsi considérées comme des facteurs de virulence. Chez T. gondii , les métallopeptidases pourraient être impliquées dans la traversée des différentes barrières biologiques. A l’heure actuelle, seules cinq métallopeptidases de T. gondii ont été décrites : une aminopeptidase N, deux toxolysines, une leucine aminopeptidase et une FtsH1 peptidase. Lors de l’étude de l’influence de l’invasion de monocytes humains par T. gondii sur le profil d’expression des métalloprotéases matricielles monocytaires, nous avons mis en évidence une protéase parasitaire présentant à la fois des propriétés gélatino- et élastinolytique. Le but de ce travail est de caractériser, purifier et identifier cette gélatinase de T. gondii . Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé la gélatinase d’environ 100 kDa sécrétée par T. gondii comme étant une MMP-9 like (métallo-endopeptidase à zinc) mais ne possédant pas le même processus d’activation que les MMPs humaines. Dans un deuxième temps, après purification partielle par une série de chromatographie chélatrice de zinc, nous avons identifié par spectrométrie de masse la gélatinase comme étant la TGME49_227948 annotée dans ToxoDB. Cette protéase présente les domaines protéiques d’une métalloprotéase à zinc de la sous-famille M16C, et est proche au niveau de sa structure 3D de la chaîne A de la 2FGE présente chez Arabidopsis Thaliana . Afin de confirmer l’annotation de ToxoDB, nous avons séquencé l’extrémité 5’ de l’ARNm de cette protéase. Cependant, nos résultats expérimentaux ne sont pas en concordance avec l’annotation prédite dans la base de données ToxoDB. La séquence en acides aminés de cette protéase, nous a permis de synthétiser deux anticorps polyclonaux spécifiques afin de mettre en évidence deux formes de 140 kDa et 100 kDa et donc d’émettre l’hypothèse que cette protéase pourrait être clivée afin d’être activée. De plus, cette métalloprotéase a été détectée par western blot dans le cytosol des parasites mais elle est aussi secrétée dans le milieu conditionné. Par immunolocalisation, la protéase est présente au sein du parasite, au niveau du cytosol sans localisation préférentielle dans un organite particulier. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que la gélatinase parasitaire sécrétée par T. gondii pourrait dégrader des composés de la matrice extracellulaire, d’où son rôle potentiel dans le mécanisme de traversée des barrières biologiques. Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite which belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum. In protozoans, proteases have key roles in the parasitic cycle. They thereby are considered as virulence factors. In T. gondii , metallopeptidases may be involved in the crossing of biological barriers. Currently, only five metallopeptidases from T. gondii are described: an aminopeptidase N, two toxolysins, one leucine aminopeptidase and one FtsH1 peptidase. During the study of the influence of human monocytes invasion by T. gondii on the monocytic matrix metalloproteases expression profile, we brought out a parasitic protease showing gelatino- and elastinolytic properties. The aim of this study is to characterize, purify and identify this gelatinase from T. gondii . First we characterized the 100 kDa-gelatinase secreted by T. gondii as an MMP-9-like (zinc metalloendopeptidase) but its activation process is different from human MMPs. Then, after the partial purification by a series of zinc-chelate chromatographies, we identified by mass spectrometry the gelatinase as the TGME49_227948 annotated in ToxoDB. This protease has M16C subfamily zinc-metalloprotease protein domains and is close to the 3D structure of the A chain of the 2FGE in Arabidopsis thaliana . In order to confirm the ToxoDB annotation, we sequenced the 5’ end of the mRNA of this protease. Nevertheless our experimental results are not in the line with the predicted annotation in ToxoDB database. The amino acids sequence of this protease allowed us to synthesize
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