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Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War Tobias Joho

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Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War Tobias Joho The Internal Commotion of Greek Culture: Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War Tobias Joho To cite this version: Tobias Joho. The Internal Commotion of Greek Culture: Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. KTÈMA Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, Université de Strasbourg, 2017, 42, pp.127-150. halshs-01669188 HAL Id: halshs-01669188 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01669188 Submitted on 8 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Les interprétations de la défaite de 404 Edith Foster Interpretations of Athen’s defeat in the Peloponnesian war ............................................................. 7 Edmond LÉVY Thucydide, le premier interprète d’une défaite anormale ................................................................. 9 Tim Rood Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens ...................................................................................... 19 Cinzia Bearzot La συμφορά de la cité La défaite d’Athènes (405-404 av. J.-C.) chez les orateurs attiques .................................................. 41 Michel Humm Rome, une « cité grecque » prise par les Hyperboréens...................................................................... 53 David S. Levene Rome Redeems Athens? Livy, the Peloponnesian War, and the Conquest of Greece .............................................................. 73 Estelle Oudot Ultime défaite d’Athènes ou sa plus belle victoire ? Stratégies rhétoriques autour de la bataille d’Aigos-Potamoi dans le Panathénaïque d’Aelius Aristide .............................................................................................. 85 Hans Kopp The Defeat of Athens in 404 BC in The Federalist .............................................................................. 97 Maciej Junkiert Polish Reflections: The Reception of the Defeat of Athens in the Works of Gottfried Ernst Groddeck and Joachim Lelewel ......................................................... 115 Tobias Joho The Internal Commotion of Greek Culture: Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War ........................................................................... 127 Christian Wendt Spree-Athen nach dem Untergang Eduard Meyer zur Parallelität von Geschichte .................................................................................... 151 Oliver Schelske Der Kampf um die Demokratie Thukydides in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg .................................................................. 167 Dominique Lenfant Défaite militaire et révolution antidémocratique Le parallèle entre l’Athènes de 404 et la France de 1940 dans Les Oligarques de Jules Isaac ......................................................................................................... 183 Neville Morley Thucydides and the Historiography of Trauma .................................................................................. 195 Le thauma dans l’historiographie grecque d’époque impériale Agnès Molinier Arbo Hérodien, Rome et le spectacle du pouvoir παράδοξα et θαύματα dans l’Histoire de l’Empire après la mort de Marc Aurèle ................................................................................................................ 207 Michèle Coltelloni-Trannoy La place du thauma dans l’Histoire romaine de Cassius Dion .......................................................... 219 Philippe Torrens Le lexique de l’étonnement chez Appien. Quelques remarques ....................................................... 233 Varia Jean Ducat Du caractère « mixte » du régime spartiate .......................................................................................... 251 Michel Woronoff L’image de la défaite dans l’Iliade .......................................................................................................... 271 KTÈMA CIVILISATIONS DE L’ORIENT, DE LA GRÈCE ET DE ROME ANTIQUES Revue annuelle Fondateurs : Edmond FRézOULS † Edmond LéVy Comité Directeur : Dominique BEyER, Bruno BLECKMANN, Jean-François BOMMELAER, Frédéric COLIN, Mireille CORBIER, Gérard FREyBURGER, Jean GASCOU, Jean-Georges HEINTz, Michel HUMBERT, Anne JACQUEMIN, Stavros Lazaris, Dominique LENFANT, Edmond LéVy, Jean-Claude MARGUERON, Henriette PAVIS d’ESCURAC, Laurent PERNOT, Thierry PETIT, Gérard SIEBERT Rédaction : Edmond LéVy Dominique BEyER et Gérard Freyburger Maquette et mise en page : Ersie LERIA Éditeur Presses universitaires de Strasbourg 5 allée du Général Rouvillois – CS50008 FR-67083 STRASBOURG CEDEx Tél : (33) 03 68 85 62 65 [email protected] pus.unistra.fr Ventes au numéro En librairie ou en commande en ligne sur le site du Comptoir des presses d’universités : www.lcdpu.fr Abonnements CID [email protected] Adresse postale : 18 rue Robert-Schuman CS 90003 FR-94227 Charenton-le-Pont Cedex Tél. : 01 53 48 56 30 Fax : 01 53 48 20 95 ISSN 0221-5896 ISBN 978-2-86820-963-4 The Internal Commotion of Greek Culture: Jacob Burckhardt on the Defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War Résumé–. Cet article est consacré à l’interprétation de la défaite d’Athènes dans la guerre du Péloponnèse, telle qu’on peut la lire dans l’Histoire de la civilisation grecque de Jacob Burckhardt. Ce dernier pensait que la civilisation grecque s’était épanouie dans une large mesure grâce à trois moteurs distincts : le principe de la polis, l’esprit agonistique et la montée de l’individualisme. Pour lui, ces idéaux essentiels se réalisèrent de manière exemplaire à Athènes à l’époque classique, mais leur interaction eut des effets destructeurs, qui produisirent des contradictions internes insurmontables à l’intérieur de la polis athénienne et provoquèrent finalement la défaite d’Athènes dans la guerre du Péloponnèse. À mon avis, cet événement a pour Burckhardt un caractère tragique, parce qu’en renversant Athènes le reste de la nation grecque abattit la cité qui avait réalisé de manière exemplaire les idéaux les plus élevés des Grecs. La défaite d’Athènes est donc symptomatique d’un élan autodestructeur et révèle ainsi l’impasse de la culture grecque à la fin du ve siècle. Abstract–. This paper investigates Jacob Burckhardt’s interpretation, provided chiefly in the Cultural History of Greece, of the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. Burckhardt thought that the flourishing of Greek civilization was promoted to a significant degree by three distinctive forces: the polis principle, the agonistic spirit, and the rise of individualism. At Athens, these guiding ideals were realized in exemplary fashion during the classical era. Through their interaction, however, they also came to have a destructive effect, which led to insurmountable internal contradictions within the Athenian polis and eventually caused the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. As I argue, this event had a tragic character for Burckhardt because in overthrowing Athens the rest of the Greek nation brought down the city that had realized the Greeks’ highest ideals in exemplary fashion. The defeat of Athens is thus symptomatic of a self-destructive momentum and reveals the impasse reached by Greek culture at the end of the 5th century. Why should the Cultural History of Greece (hereafter GK), Jacob Burckhardt’s most in–depth and wide–ranging engagement with ancient Greece, concern itself with the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War? After all, Burckhardt’s goal was not to provide an event–based account of the political history of ancient Greece, an approach exemplified by Ernst Curtius’ Greek History, a magisterial work that Burckhardt held in high regard,1 but rather, as Burckhardt himself put it, “to treat the history of Greek habits of thought and mental attitudes, and to seek to establish the vital forces, both constructive and destructive, that were active in Greek life” (GK I, 4 [4]).2 (1) On the intellectual relationship, which features both similarities and differences, between Curtius and Burckhardt, see Kaegi VII 1982, p. 27–28; Christ 1996, p. 139–141. (2) In citations, Roman numerals refer to the volume, and Arabic numerals to the page numbers, of the dtv paperback edition of Burckhardt’s Griechische Kulturgeschichte, which is based, with some minor exceptions, on the text printed in volumes KTÈMA 42 / 2017 KTEMA42.indb 127 11/10/17 13:47 128 tobias joho Stressing Burckhardt’s divergence from “political history, with its focus on acts and events,” Lionel Gossman observes that “cultural history, as Burckhardt understood it, raises the reader […] above the immediate and momentary, opens up a wider and longer perspective.”3 Given these concerns, it might seem that a specific political event such as the defeat of Athens was unlikely to become the focus of Burckhardt’s attention. However, Gossman also points out that Burckhardt’s effort to uncover underlying general principles should not be misconstrued as a neglect of the concrete in favor of the abstract: “There is never any question for him that the particular, the material, the ephemeral are
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