PCSIR Research & Development Programme 2019-2020 SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTRE Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi-75280 Acknowledgement Compilation and printing of PCSIR R&D Programme 2019-2020 was a tedious job and would not have been completed without the guidance of Mr. Habib Ullah Khan, Chairman PCSIR and Dr. Naseem Rauf, Member (Science) who are gratefully acknowledged. The book was drafted and thoroughly checked by Dr. Aneela Fatima and Ms. Shazia Jahan Qureshi and formatted by Mr. Imdadullah Khan. Title was designed by Mr. Mansoor Ghani and printing and publication under the main supervision of Director-SIC and co-supervised by Mr. Taswir Hussain Shah. Sincere efforts of all the team members are very much appreciated. Shahida Begum Director SIC PCSIR R&D Programme 2019-2020, 182 pages ISBN: 978-969-8654-28-3 Compiled/Edited/Composed and Formatted/Proofread by: Dr. Naseem Rauf, Member (Science) Ms. Shahida Begum, Director (SIC) Dr. Aneela Fatima, SSO Mr. Sajid Ali, SSO Printed by: Scientific Information Centre Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Shahrah-e-Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Karachi-75280 Phone: (021)99261917, 99261949; Fax: (021)99261913 E-mail:
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[email protected] May, 2020 Foreword Research & Development (R&D) in the fields of Science & Technology is at the heart of a knowledge based economy. A major part of our economic activity now lies with the so- called knowledge Industries and Services sectors, which are primarily based on scientific processes and products. The pivotal role of Science & Technology in National Development was realized soon after we gained independence.