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La Teoría De La Guerra Justa En Francisco De Vitoria Es Primordial Tener En Cuenta Los Acontecimientos Históricos De Los Que El Dominico Fue Protagonista

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La Teoría De La Guerra Justa En Francisco De Vitoria Es Primordial Tener En Cuenta Los Acontecimientos Históricos De Los Que El Dominico Fue Protagonista View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid Facultad de Derecho Grado en Derecho La teoría de la guerra justa en Francisco de Vitoria Presentado por: Victoria García Ayala Tutelado por: Jesús Luis Castillo Vegas Valladolid, 24 de Julio de 2019 1 RESUMEN Francisco de Vitoria es uno de los máximos representantes de la escolástica española. La teoría de la guerra justa del catedrático salmantino surge con el fin, más bien la necesidad, de dar respuesta a todos aquellos interrogantes que se originan con el descubrimiento del Nuevo mundo. Su teoría se convierte en una obra clave no solo por la fuerte influencia que tiene en sus contemporáneos sino también porque todavía hoy hay elementos de su obra que no han quedado obsoletos. Lo novedoso de la teoría de la guerra justa del padre del derecho internacional es quizás su equilibrio dado que tiene tanto elementos que se pueden identificar dentro de la corriente realista como argumentos que pertenecen a la teoría pacifista. PALABRAS CLAVE: Guerra justa, indígenas, dominio, autoridad, paz, escolástica, conquista. ABSTRACT Francisco de Vitoria is one of the maximum representatives of the Spanish scholastic. The theory of the just war of the Salamanca professor arises with the end, rather the necessity, of giving answer to all those questions that originate with the discovery of the New world. His theory becomes a key work not only because of the strong influence it has on his contemporaries but also because there are still elements of his work that have not been obsolete. The novelty of the just war theory of the father of international law is perhaps its equilibrium since it has so many elements that can be identified within the realist current as arguments belonging to the pacifist theory. KEYS WORDS: Fair war, indigenous, domination, authority, peace, scholasticism, conquest. 2 INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 4 2. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO ............................................................................. 6 2.2 Origen y evolución del concepto de la guerra justa ......................................... 8 3. LA GUERRA JUSTA EN FRANCISCO DE VITORIA ................................ 12 3.1 Hechos históricos que marcaron la teoría de Francisco de Vitoria ................ 12 3.2 Legitimidad de la conquista y los justos títulos en Francisco de Vitoria ....... 13 4 . ANÁLISIS DE LA REELECCIÓN DE IURI BELLI ..................................... 16 4.1 Ius ad bellum ..................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1 Cuestión I ¿es lícito para los cristianos hacer la guerra? Proposiciones 1º y 2º ....... 18 4.1.2 Cuestión II ¿En quién reside la autoridad para declarar la guerra? Proposiciones (3- 9)…………. ................................................................................................................................ 21 4.1.3 Cuestión III ¿razones y causas de una guerra justa proposiciones (10-14) ............... 23 4.2 Ius in bello ........................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Cuestión IV ¿Qué está permitido y en qué medida en la guerra justa y hasta donde es lícito llegar en la guerra justa? Proposiciones 15-60. ............................................................ 28 4.2.1 a) Introducción a la Cuestión IV Proposiciones 15-60. ........................................................... 28 4.2.1 b) Análisis de la Cuestión IV Proposiciones 15-60. ............................................................... 30 5. CRÍTICA A LA TEORÍA DE LA GUERRA JUSTA DE FRANCISCO DE VITORIA ............................................................................................................... 53 6. CONCLUSIÓN .............................................................................................. 59 7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.............................................................................................. 61 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente texto tiene como objetivo estudiar la teoría de la guerra justa de Francisco de Vitoria. La primera parte del trabajo consiste en un breve resumen del momento histórico en que vive el autor. Debido a la cantidad de acontecimientos que ocurren en esta época, para realizar la presente contextualización solo se han mencionado aquellos momentos históricos que estaban directamente ligados al tema objeto de estudio. A continuación, se expone el concepto de la guerra justa en sí mismo considerado, haciendo un receso histórico desde la antigüedad clásica hasta Francisco Suárez, uno de los contemporáneos del dominico. La tercera parte tiene como objetivo facilitar la compresión del análisis de la relectio. Dado que para entender la teoría de la guerra justa de Francisco de Vitoria es preciso tener claro todos los elementos que le rodeaban en el momento que reflexionaba sobre la guerra, así como qué conflictos bélicos tenían en mente. Este trabajo quedaría incompleto si no se estudiase una parte de la relectio De Indis, en concreto, la parte en que el maestro salmantino expone los títulos legítimos y los títulos ilegítimos para la conquista de América, pues, no hay que olvidar que su teoría de la guerra justa o paz dinámica es la continuación a la relectio De Indis. El punto central de la obra consiste en el análisis de la relectio de iuri belli. El método empleado para realizar el estudio de la obra ha consistido en analizar minuciosamente cada proposición, en el mismo orden en que fueron expuestas por el dominico y siguiendo un esquema determinado. Encontrándose dividido en dos grupos principales ius ad bellum e ius in bello. Dentro del primer grupo se encuentran las tres primeras cuestiones y, en el segundo apartado, se analiza la cuarta cuestión. Debido a la extensión de esta última, se ha divido su estudio en una breve introducción en la que se relata la casuística de esta parte de la obra y un segundo apartado en el que se estudia de manera detallada qué está permitido y en qué medida en la guerra justa y hasta dónde es lícito llegar en la guerra justa. A la hora de abordar el estudio de la relectio se ha analizado cada cuestión extrayendo cada elemento, trayendo a colación la opinión a ese respecto de reconocidos estudiosos de Vitoria, así como el punto de vista de sus contemporáneos. A la vez que se analiza que elementos de la obra del dominico están obsoletos respecto a los ordenamientos jurídicos actuales y cuáles no. 4 A la postre; se exponen aquellos puntos de la obra que han generado alguna contradicción entre sí y también en este mismo apartado se hace una breve comparación de la relectio con las corrientes de pensamientos pacifistas y las realistas. 5 2. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO A la hora de estudiar en profundidad la teoría de la guerra justa en Francisco de Vitoria es primordial tener en cuenta los acontecimientos históricos de los que el dominico fue protagonista. Al siglo XVI se le denomina siglo de los descubrimientos. España y Portugal exploraron un mundo hasta entonces desconocidos. Ambos fraguaron un imperio colonial con posesiones por todo el mundo. Por otro lado, en esta época se discute la autoridad del Sumo Pontífice y de la Iglesia católica produciendo la separación de la iglesia anglicana. Diferentes autores de la escuela de Salamanca formarán parte activa de la Contrareforma. En esta área tuvo un papel muy importante Francisco Suárez, contemporáneo de Vitoria y considerado por muchos un continuador de su obra. La universidad de Salamanca se convirtió en los siglos XVI y XVII en una sede intelectual con notoriedad no solo a nivel peninsular sino también a nivel universal. ‘‘Entre los muros de la universidad charra, estos pensadores hablaron por primera vez de derechos humanos, democracia y soberanía popular’’1. Puede afirmarse que estos autores fueron precursores del racionalismo político y que ejercieron una importante influencia sobre el pensamiento de Locke. Esta filosofía política nueva contribuyó a la transformación del Estado absoluto en el Estado liberal. Como consecuencia en esta época se produce un auge cultural enorme, pues nunca habían coincidido en un mismo periodo histórico pensadores tan cualificados. Volviendo al tema que nos ocupa, ‘‘Al descubrir América en 1492, la conciencia europea vio surgir un mundo de interrogantes. Las representaciones tradicionales europeas del mundo, de la naturaleza y del hombre fueron conmovidas por la repentina aparición de un vasto continente’’2. Las noticias que llegaban del nuevo mundo eran muy heterogéneas. Por un lado; estaban los que describían las riquezas aparentemente sin dueño del nuevo continente, es decir, su visión del nuevo mundo era la de una tierra de la que había que explotar sus materias primas, utilizando para ello los instrumentos que fueren necesarios, incluyendo entre estos la 1MARTÍN GÓMEZ, María ‘‘El pensamiento democrático nació en Salamanca’’, La crónica de salamanca, 2018. https://lacronicadesalamanca.com/203792-el-pensamiento-democratico-nacio-en-salamanca/, 5 febrero 2019. 2 GÓMEZ MULLER, Alfredo: ‘‘Sobre la legitimidad de la conquista de América Las Casas y Sepúlveda’’. Ideas y valores, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, vol. 40, núm 85-86, 1991 , p.3. 6 guerra contra los indígenas. Por otro lado, hay que tener en cuenta el retrato que hacían de la conquista algunos misioneros, hombres de la Iglesia, entre todos ellos
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