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Dvasininkija Ir Lietuvybė IEVA ÐENAVIÈIENË DVASININKIJA IR LIETUVYBË LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS INSTITUTAS IEVA ÐENAVIÈIENË DVASININKIJA IR LIETUVYBË KATALIKØ BAÞNYÈIOS ATSINAUJINIMAS ÞEMAIÈIØ VYSKUPIJOJE XIX A. 57-AJAME DEÐIMTMETYJE VILNIUS 2005 UDK 23/28(474.5)(091) e47 Knygos leidybà parëmë: Lietuvos tûkstantmeèio minëjimo direkcija Valstybinë lietuviø kalbos komisija pagal Lietuvos Respublikos valstybinës kalbos vartojimo ir ugdymo 19962005 metø programà Recenzentai dr. ZITA MEDIÐAUSKIENË prof. habil. dr. ALBERTAS ROSINAS prof. habil dr. ANTANAS TYLA © Ieva Ðenavièienë, 2005 ISBN 9986-780-74-8 © Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2005 Skiriu Aistei ir Vytautui TURINYS ÁVADAS ..................................................................................................................... 9 ISTORIOGRAFIJA IR ÐALTINIAI ................................................................ 15 KATALIKØ BAÞNYÈIOS ATSINAUJINIMO XIX A. VIDURYJE PRIELAIDOS ................................................................................................ 31 Baþnyèios teisinë, ekonominë ir religinë padëtis .................... 33 Rusø kultûros ir ideologijos skverbimasis ................................ 42 Lietuviø kalba katalikybëje ir jos plëtimo pradþia ................. 65 ÞEMAIÈIØ VYSKUPIJOS SEMINARIJA IR LIETUVIØ KALBA ................ 83 Lietuviðkos homiletikos ávedimas............................................... 83 Bibliotekos atnaujinimas. Lietuviðkos knygos ........................ 102 Klierikø kontingento liaudiðkëjimas......................................... 138 Maþosios seminarijos projektas ................................................. 167 Lietuviðka klierikø veikla ........................................................... 177 Seminarijos absolventai ir lietuvybë ........................................ 203 7 DVASININKIJA IR LIAUDIES SÀJÛDÞIAI .............................................. 213 Blaivybës sàjûdis .......................................................................... 213 Katalikybës gynimo sàjûdis ....................................................... 240 IÐVADOS .................................................................................................... 263 PRIEDAI ..................................................................................................... 269 Þemaièiø vyskupijos seminarijos 18451869 m. klierikø sàraðas ............................................................................................ 269 ÐALTINIAI IR LITERATÛRA .................................................................. 399 SANTRUMPOS ......................................................................................... 420 ASMENVARDÞIØ RODYKLË ................................................................... 421 Duchowieñstwo i litewskoúã: odnowa Koúcioùa Katolickiego w diecezji Ýmudzkiej w latach 40-tych 60-tych XIX w. (Streszczenie) ........................................................................................ 437 The Clergy and the Lithuanian Language: The Renewal of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Samogitia Between the 1840s and 1860s (Summary) ............................................................................................. 457 8 ÁVADAS Lietuvos specifinis regionas Þemaitija moderniosios lietuviø tau- tos istorijoje yra ryðkus tautinio atgimimo þidinys, todël jam nestoko- jama tyrëjø dëmesio. Kaip tik èia pirmiausia buvo prabilta apie lietuviø kalbà kaip kultûros, tautos vertybæ. Ðioje knygoje atskleidþiama lietu- vybës (lietuviø kalbos) katalikybëje esmë, pasitelkus poþiûrá, kuris iki ðiol nebuvo taikytas istoriografijoje: religinio gyvenimo pakilimas Þe- maièiø vyskupijoje XIX a. 57-ajame deðimtmetyje ir lietuvybë katali- kybëje analizuojama kaip sudëtinë Vakarø Europos Katalikø baþny- èios atsinaujinimo dalis. XIX a. 2-ajame deðimtmetyje Vakarø Europoje suaktyvëjo kata- likiðkasis gyvenimas. Po napoleonmeèio ir Vienos kongreso (1814 1815) prasidëjusi Katalikø baþnyèios restauracija ir gráþimas prie tei- sëto valdymo principø sustiprino popieþiaus autoritetà, antra vertus, paskatino Apaðtalø Sosto ir valstybës bendradarbiavimà lygybës prin- cipu. Uþ popieþiaus institucijos ribø Katalikø baþnyèios atsinaujinimà 9 sukëlë Baþnyèios vidinës galios, kurias paþadino romantizmas, su- duodamas lemiamà smûgá Ðvietimo idëjoms, taip pat tolydþio ryðkë- janèios ultramontanizmo tendencijos. Baþnyèia siekë reabilituoti ir ap- ginti krikðèionybæ, iðsilaisvinti ið valstybës gniauþtø, atgaivinti religiná gyvenimà, parodyti didelius Baþnyèios nuopelnus kultûrai ir suderin- ti kultûrà su religija. Ji ieðkojo efektyvesniø bûdø religijai skleisti kei- èiantis visuomenës politinei, socialinei-ekonominei situacijai, pritai- kant katalikybæ prie liberalëjanèios bei demokratëjanèios pasaulio visuomenës. Ávairiose ðalyse Katalikø baþnyèios atsinaujinimas vyko skirtin- gai ir nevienodai sparèiai. Rusijos imperijoje, kurioje jos padëtis buvo specifinë ir komplikuota, jis prasidëjo po 18301831 m. sukilimo ir teigë katalikybës pirmenybæ prieð staèiatikybæ, ypaè teologijoje, kultû- roje ir krikðèioniðkajame ðvietime, skatino dvasininkijos profesiná ir intelektiná tobulëjimà, be to, reiðkësi naujomis ganytojiðko darbo prie- monëmis bei formomis, atgaivinusiomis ir suaktyvinusiomis sakra- mentiná gyvenimà ir baþnytinæ liturgijà. Knygoje keliama mintis, kad Þemaièiø vyskupijoje XIX a. vidu- ryje Katalikø baþnyèios atsinaujinimà rodë pastoracinës veiklos akty- vëjimas, susijæs su religine ðvietëjiðka dvasininkijos veikla, siekusia stiprinti katalikybæ valstietijoje vartojant liaudies kalbà (lietuviø kal- bà, o nuo 6-ojo deðimtmeèio, prie vyskupijos prijungus Kurðo guber- nijos parapijas, ir latviø kalbà) religijai skleisti. Vis plaèiau vartojant lietuviø kalbà katalikybës reikmëms, pra- sidëjo Katalikø baþnyèios lituanizacija. Nuo XIX a. 5-ojo deðimtmeèio Þemaièiø vyskupijoje lietuviø kalba ásitvirtino pastoraciniame darbe. Lietuviðkai vyko ne tik pridëtinës pamaldos, bet ir religinis pradinis liaudies ðvietimas, moralinis ugdymas ir valstietijos visuomeninës elg- senos reguliavimas krikðèioniðkøjø vertybiø dvasia. Pradëta gausiai leisti religinæ-moralinæ literatûrà liaudþiai. Stiprëjanti katalikybës ir lietuvybës sàsaja sustiprino lietuviø kalbos skverbimàsi ir á bajoriðkàjà kultûrà. Baþnyèiai buvo svarbu, kad aukðtesnieji visuomenës sluoks- niai suprastø lietuviø kalbos vartojimo naudà religijai, jà toleruotø, o 10 dvasininkija ástengtø ja bendrauti su ganomaisiais. Imta leisti konfe- sinei inteligentijai, apsiðvietusiems katalikams lietuviðka pamokslø, kitokia pastoracinë, hagiografinë, mistinë-asketinë literatûra, pasako- jimai apie vyskupijos, Baþnyèios istorijà. Lituanizuota katalikybë taip pat paskatino dalá to meto dvasininkijos raðtijos, atstovavusios tiesio- giai su religija nesusijusiai lietuviø kultûrai lietuviø kalba (lingvisti- kai, poezijai). Katalikø baþnyèios poreikiø paskatintas dvasininkijos darbas, susijæs su lietuviø kalba, lietuviðka raðtija, iki ðiol istoriografijoje buvo priskiriamas lietuviø etninës kultûros puoselëtojams, arba etnokultû- rininkams, kurie irgi vartojo lietuviø kalbà ir kuriø veikla istoriogra- fijoje vadinama lietuviø etnokultûriniu, arba lietuvybës puoselëjimo, sàjûdþiu. Negalima neigti, kad etnokultûrininkø idëjos veikë kai ku- riuos dvasininkus, taèiau negalima nepaisyti ir to, kad XIX a. viduryje dvasininkija lietuviðkai veiklai jau turëjo kità svarø motyvà. Kad et- nokultûrininkø lietuvybës tikslai, mastas, poveikio liaudþiai galimy- bës skyrësi nuo katalikybës poreikiø sukeltos lietuvybës galimybiø, rodo ðiø parametrø lyginimas. Etnokultûrininkø veiklos iðtakos siekia XIX a. pradþià, kada lietuviø kalbai dëmesá ëmë rodyti Lietuvos bajorija. Po Rusijos okupa- cijos ieðkodama dvasinës atramos svetimoje kultûrinëje terpëje, ji at- sigræþë á savo istorines iðtakas. Ðios bajorijos dëmesá lietuviðkiems dalykams dar skatino ið Vakarø plitæs romantizmas ir lyginamoji kal- botyra, paskelbusi lietuviø kalbà seniausia gyvàja indoeuropieèiø kal- ba, turinèia ypatingà vertæ mokslui. Atsirado bajorø, kurie suskato aukðtinti senosios Lietuvos praeitá, árodinëti lietuviø kalbos vertæ, sa- vo individualybæ reiðkë lietuviðkais raðtais. Europoje toliau vykstant kultûrinei integracijai, sklindant Johanno Gottfriedo Herderio tautos dvasios idëjoms, prasidëjus lenkø atgimimui ir bræstant socialinëms reformoms, prie lietuvybës puoselëtojø bajorijos atstovø prisidëjo ne- maþai ið valstieèiø kilusios inteligentijos. Dël to keitësi etnokultûrinës saviraiðkos turinys. Simono Daukanto veiklos metais (maþdaug nuo XIX a. 2-ojo deðimtmeèio pabaigos 3-iojo deðimtmeèio pradþios iki 11 7-ojo deðimtmeèio vidurio), ðalia Lietuvos praeities ir kalbos aukðtini- mo, lietuviø etninës kultûros puoselëtojai jau stengësi ugdyti naujo tipo, istoriniu ir etniniu poþiûriu savità Lietuvos kultûrà átraukdami á jà valstieèiø kultûros vertybes, taip pat sudaryti galimybes valstie- èiams ðviestis1. Taèiau sustokime ties savitos lietuviø kultûros ugdymo, vals- tietijos ðvietimo iniciatyvø apytakos sfera. Lietuviø etnokultûrininkø istoriniai, lituanistiniai raðtai buvo skirti iðprususiam skaitytojui ir aktyvino visø pirma bajorijos tautinio tapatumo konfliktà. Dialogo tarp jø ir liaudies tuo metu dar negalëjo bûti, nes juos skyrë didelë socialinë ir kultûrinë distancija. Pastangos átraukti liaudá á civilizacijos procesà irgi ið tikrøjø buvo pastangos paveikti aukðtesniuosius visuo- menës sluoksnius, kad jie leistø ágyvendinti lietuviðkas ðvietëjiðkas iniciatyvas (áteisinti parapines mokyklas, leisti laikraðèius liaudþiai
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