Cita, Apropiación Y Montaje En La Obra De Grete Stern Paula Bertúa

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Cita, Apropiación Y Montaje En La Obra De Grete Stern Paula Bertúa Paula Bertúa. Poética de la reinvención. (Auto) cita, apropiación y montaje en la obra de Grete Stern. Papeles de Trabajo, Año 4, N° 7, abril 2011, pp. 74-92. Poética de la reinvención. (Auto) cita, apropiación y montaje en la obra de Grete Stern Paula Bertúa (UBA – CONICET) Resumen En este trabajo se analiza una serie de fotomontajes elaborados por la fotógrafa Grete Stern para ilustrar una columna psicológico-sentimental de la revista femenina Idilio. En ellos, Stern retomó, mediante la cita y la apropiación, fotografías ya concebidas, propias y ajenas, para intervenirlas en nuevas composiciones que resignifican sus efectos estéticos, redefiniendo, a su vez, el rol de la práctica artística en un medio de masas. Palabras clave: Fotografía – Cita – Apropiación – Montaje – Grete Stern. Keywords: Photography – Quote – Appropiation – Montage – Grete Stern. Grete Stern en Idilio En agosto de 1948 la fotógrafa Grete Stern comenzaba un trabajo en colaboración de largo aliento que significaría una intervención cultural singular y original en el campo de las publicaciones populares argentinas de mediados de siglo. Convocada por el sociólogo Gino Germani participaría en una columna de consultorio psicológico- sentimental llamada “El psicoanálisis le ayudará” en la revista femenina Idilio, de la Editorial Abril.46 La sección fue el producto de una intervención interdisciplinaria, que 46 Idilio se comenzó a publicar el 26 de octubre de 1948, por la editorial Abril, fundada por Césare Civita. En sus páginas convivían una serie de géneros discursivos habituales en las revistas dirigidas a la mujer: cartas de lectoras, columna de consultorio sentimental, artículos referidos a problemáticas hogareñas, moda y belleza, publicidades e historias de amor, y novelas por entregas. Combinaba, en iguales proporciones, la selección y recopilación de notas importadas con las de producción local. Algunas secciones fijas, como los noticiarios cinematográficos nacionales. A lo largo de los primeros cuatro años de existencia la revista mantuvo características visuales y de contenido relativamente homogéneas. Su formato era mediano y las secciones respondían a las exigencias del nuevo periodismo: artículos breves, información de fácil lectura, abundancia de fotografías e ilustraciones. Papeles de trabajo. Revista electrónica del Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de General San Martín. ISSN 1851-2577. Año 4, Nº 7, Buenos Aires, abril de 2011. Dossier: “Historia del Arte y Estudios Visuales en la UNSAM”. 74 Paula Bertúa. Poética de la reinvención. (Auto) cita, apropiación y montaje en la obra de Grete Stern. Papeles de Trabajo, Año 4, N° 7, abril 2011, pp. 74-92. conjugó saberes provenientes del psicoanálisis, la sociología y el arte de vanguardia y los transmitió, mediante diversas operaciones culturales y retóricas, en un registro adaptado al gran público, en un lenguaje que sintonizara con el imaginario medio y popular. “El psicoanálisis le ayudará” abonaba cierta idea de la self made woman, una mujer joven y moderna capaz de construirse a sí misma. Gracias a la ayuda del psicoanálisis -y del especialista encargado de administrar dicho dispositivo- se podían detectar y, con empeño y buena voluntad, resolver los “complejos del alma”. Se aseveraba que el bienestar en distintos órdenes de la vida (pareja, vínculos familiares y amistosos, trabajo) podía alcanzarse y dependía de la propia voluntad, del carácter. “Queremos ayudarle a conocerse a sí misma, a fortalecer su alma, a resolver sus problemas, a responder a sus dudas, a vencer sus complejos y a superarse” (Idilio Nro.2, 1948: 2) con la frase precedente, Idilio estimulaba a sus lectoras, a partir del segundo número, a enviar cartas en las cuales relataran sus sueños y expresaran sus preocupaciones y conflictos más íntimos. La sección se ofrecía como consultorio por correspondencia, un medio que vehiculizaba la enunciación de una demanda de atención de las problemáticas relacionadas con la psiquis y también con el dominio de las relaciones sociales (amorosas, familiares, laborales). La sección “El psicoanálisis te ayudará” fue el producto discursivo-visual de un colectivo, un trabajo en colaboración, de elaboración plural, una escritura con intervención de varias manos y miradas. Una clara división del trabajo y de las responsabilidades que atañían a cada integrante del grupo creativo operó desde el comienzo en una distribución amistosa de tareas: el editor y psicólogo Enrique Butelman seleccionaba la correspondencia enviada por las lectoras y contestaba a las problemáticas que allí se planteaban; Gino Germani analizaba los sueños tipo en una parte destacada de la sección. Grete Stern era la encargada de ilustrar con sus fotomontajes el apartado interpretativo de Germani. Una de las particularidades de la columna fue la elección, por parte de los responsables, de la fotografía para ilustrar los relatos de contenido onírico enviados por las lectoras. La fotografía parecería ser considerarada a priori una técnica con un grado de verosimilitud mayor que otros dispositivos de representación. Tiene la reputación de ser la más realista y verosímil de las artes. Tal afirmación, sin embargo, merece ser Papeles de trabajo. Revista electrónica del Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de General San Martín. ISSN 1851-2577. Año 4, Nº 7, Buenos Aires, abril de 2011. Dossier: “Historia del Arte y Estudios Visuales en la UNSAM”. 75 Paula Bertúa. Poética de la reinvención. (Auto) cita, apropiación y montaje en la obra de Grete Stern. Papeles de Trabajo, Año 4, N° 7, abril 2011, pp. 74-92. problematizada. Más aún en este caso particular en que el dispositivo fotográfico fue empleado como un medio que ayudaba a (re)construir una escena mental, un conjunto de imágenes plausibles de ser visibilizadas a partir de la puesta en discurso de las soñantes, una vez que el relato había sido atravesado e intervenido por la lectura del analista. Por otra parte, en virtud de la capacidad de captar el instante, ese momento fugaz, la fotografía vuelve aprehensibles aspectos frente a los cuales otros medios plásticos se revelan impotentes de suscitar. Según Walter Benjamin, la cámara fotográfica instaura un espacio no perceptible por el ojo humano, un “inconsciente óptico” únicamente por ella revelado, al igual que el “inconsciente pulsional” del cual sólo podemos saber gracias al psicoanálisis (Benjamin, 2007: 26-28). Es comprensible, pues, que los encargados del consultorio psicológico hayan avizorado en la técnica fotográfica un medio afín a su propia práctica interpretativa Archivera, arqueóloga y montadora de la imaginería moderna Con posterioridad a su colaboración en Idilio -y con motivo de la primera exhibición de la serie de los Sueños como obra autónoma en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, en el Foto Club Argentino en 1967- Grete Stern pronunció un discurso inaugural que opera como metatexto crítico de su producción visual (Stern en Priamo, 2003: 29-33).47 En él expone, entre otras cuestiones, aspectos relativos a las modalidades del trabajo en colaboración en el marco de la columna “El psicoanálisis le ayudará”. La rutina se desarrollaba del modo siguiente: Gino Germani entregaba semanalmente a Grete Stern el texto del sueño, copia fiel, en la mayoría de los casos, de una de las cartas que se habían dirigido a la Editorial Abril con pedido de análisis. Luego ambos conversaban acerca de la interpretación y habitualmente Germani planteaba sugerencias en cuanto a la diagramación para destacar algún elemento del sueño que adquiría relevancia en la interpretación del consultor psicológico. Grete Stern comenzaba el proceso de composición de las imágenes con la diagramación de un boceto previo, en dibujo a lápiz, que organizaba los elementos que integrarían la imagen final; continuaba con la búsqueda de fondos adecuados, cuyos 47 El texto titulado “Apuntes sobre fotomontaje” fue leído en el Foto Club Argentino, Buenos Aires, septiembre de 1967 y publicado en la revista Fotomundo n° 310 en Buenos Aires, febrero de 1994. Papeles de trabajo. Revista electrónica del Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de General San Martín. ISSN 1851-2577. Año 4, Nº 7, Buenos Aires, abril de 2011. Dossier: “Historia del Arte y Estudios Visuales en la UNSAM”. 76 Paula Bertúa. Poética de la reinvención. (Auto) cita, apropiación y montaje en la obra de Grete Stern. Papeles de Trabajo, Año 4, N° 7, abril 2011, pp. 74-92. tonos y texturas manipulaba, para lograr el acabado deseado. Por último, tomaba las fotografías de los objetos o personajes que necesitaba para armar la escena, fotografiaba el conjunto y lo recortaba para disponerlo sobre el fondo preparado. La operatoria puesta en juego en el armado de las composiciones, propia del montaje, devela el sesgo de construcción y artificio (“montar” como sinónimo de armar con habilidad algo para lograr algún fin se vincula a las antiguas palabras techné y mechané que se atribuían en el mundo griego a todo lo realizado con astucia y habilidad). Stern colocaba distintas fotografías entre vidrios, sostenidas por cartones, jugaba con efectos de sombras y contrastes, primeros y segundos planos, como en un “escenario”, en sus propias palabras (Stern en Priamo, 2003: 30). Combinaba elementos gráficos y fotográficos ya que retocaba manualmente las composiciones con sombras, subrayados y bordes, procedimiento habitual en la prensa gráfica de la época. Los Sueños incorporaron fotografías previas de Stern, también ciertas obras de su marido, Horacio Coppola. En la serie de fotomontajes es posible hallar desde citas autorreferenciales hasta sutiles homenajes a tomas ajenas. Las imágenes son de procedencia y datación variadas. Desde este punto de vista, la serie de los Sueños puede ser leída como una galería retrospectiva imaginada que recupera e integra algunas instancias o hitos significativos de su propia trayectoria y del que fuera su compañero en lo profesional y en lo personal: Stern tomó trabajos individuales, en colaboración y ajenos, procedentes de la etapa de formación en Berlín y de las primeras décadas en Buenos Aires y los incluyó en nuevas composiciones, resemantizándolos.
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