Secretariat-General of National Security Bureau the National Security Council Republic of Poland Republic of Turkey POLISH-TURKISH RELATIONS FROM NATIONAL SECURITY PERSPECTIVE RELACJE POLSKO-TURECKIE Z PERSPEKTYWY BEZPİECZEŃSTWA NARODOWEGO MİLLİ GÜVENLİK PERSPEKTİFİNDEN POLONYA-TÜRKİYE İLİŞKİLERİ Editor in Chief: Meftun Dallı, Deputy Secretary General Secretariat General of the National Security Council Project Co-Editors: Kazimierz Sikorski, Director of the Strategic Analyses Department, National Security Bureau Abdullah Akkaya, Head of the Research and Evaluation Department, Secretariat General of the NSC Address: Mustafa Kemal Mah. Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 254 Çankaya 06800 Ankara Tel.:+90 (312) 284 43 25 Fax:+90 (312) 285 74 81 Publisher: Secretariat General of the National Security Council ISBN: 978-975-19-5933-1 Edition 3000 copies For any citation from the bulletin, a written authorization is required at the editors’ discretion. All the articles contained in the bulletin reflect the authors’ views only. Typesetting, revision, print and cover: Uyum Ajans / Ankara Tel.: +90 (312) 229 39 72 Fax: +90 (312) 229 31 07 Table of Contens / Spis treści / İçindekiler Preface / Słowo wstępne / Önsöz ..............................................................................5 European Security and Added Value of Turkey and Poland to the European Security Bezpieczeństwo europejskie i wartość dodana Turcji i Polski wniesiona w bezpieczeństwo europejskie Avrupa Güvenliği ve Türkiye ile Polonya’nın Avrupa Güvenliğine Katma Değeri Şehnaz Tokatlı ............................................................................................................9 New Challenges and Added Value of Poland and Turkey to European Security Nowe wyzwania oraz wkład Polski i Turcji w bezpieczeństwo europejskie Yeni Tehditler ve Polonya ile Türkiye’nin Avrupa Güvenliğine Katma Değeri Dominik P. Jankowski ...............................................................................................21 NATO’s Enlargement Policy: A Turkish Perspective Polityka poszerzania NATO – perspektywa turecka Türkiye’nin Perspektifinden NATO’nun Genişleme Politikası Özgür Ay ..................................................................................................................37 NATO Open Door Policy – Poland’s Perspective Polityka otwartych drzwi NATO – perspektywa Polski Polonya’nın Perspektifinden NATO’nun Açık Kapı Politikası Przemysław Pacuła ..................................................................................................51 Potential for Cooperation Between Turkey and Poland in Aerospace and Defense Industries Potencjalne obszary współpracy Turcji i Polski w zakresie przemysłu lotniczego, kosmicznego i obronnego Türkiye ve Polonya Arasında Havacılık ve Savunma Sanayii Alanında İşbirliği Potansiyeli Canan Uslu - Murad Cinoğlu ....................................................................................63 Significance of Defence Industry and Cooperation in this Field between Poland and Turkey Znaczenie przemysłu obronnego i współpraca w tym obszarze między Polską a Turcją Savunma Sanayiinin Önemi ve Savunma Sanayii Alanında Polonya-Türkiye Arasında İşbirliği Witold Lewandowski ...............................................................................................73 Biographies / Notki Biograficzne / Biyografiler ........................................................81 Preface This year marks the 600th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Poland. Both countries decided to pursue comprehensive and multi-dimensional activities reflecting historical relations and promoting the strategic cultures of two countries. 600th anniversary constitutes an excellent occasion to carry out the existing cooperation between the Secretariat General of the National Security Council of Turkey and the National Security Bureau of Poland. This bulletin on security issues of common interest is a concrete contribution of both institutions to the commemoration of the th600 anniversary. The articles on European security, NATO enlargement policy and defence industry cooperation give us an opportunity to share our views internationally, reflecting not only the similarities, but also geopolitical specificities of our respective countries. Turkey and Poland have become new hope for the Old Continent as they spread political dynamism and economic growth. Today, both countries – being border nations of the Alliance – actively contribute to the effectiveness and cohesion of NATO. Tomorrow, Turkey and Poland might share this approach within the European Union. Turkey and Poland promote security and stability through the regional formats as well as international institutions they are members of. Both countries pursue policies that prioritize regional peace, stability and welfare. We hope that our cooperation, including this bulletin, will further encourage the cooperation of other institutions from Turkey and Poland. Stanisław Koziej Muammer Türker Head of the Secretary General of National Security Bureau of Poland National Security Council of Turkey President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül - President of Poland, Bronislaw Komorowski (Wojcıech Grzędzıńskı-Kprp) European Security and Added Value of Turkey and Poland to the European Security Şehnaz Tokatlı Today’s Security Environment and The Risks Europe Faces The security environment is constantly evolving. Threats towards national and international security have differentiated due to the dynamic environment created by globalization, and this differentiation altered the classical security concept in turn. Now, the world faces new threats and risks that were not foreseen before. Within this context, combating asymmetric threats, such as terrorism, violent extremism, radicalization, organized crime, disruption of the flow of vital resources, uncontrolled mass movement of people as a consequence of armed conflicts, and cyber war risks have turned into threats that require implementation of joint efforts to provide international security in the 21st century. The threats and risks that the world faces today recognize no national boundaries, are connected, and must be addressed at the regional and global as well as the national levels. This, in turn, further strengthened the linkage between the two main interrelated pillars of the general concept of security, that is national security and collective security and also confirmed the indivisibility of security. Factors such as acceleration of cooperation on a global scale and development of a security perspective based on partnership, dialogue and soft power gain prominence in this new international security architecture. While preparing the ground for the establishment of a secure and peaceful environment to promote international security, stability as well as sustainable development and human progress consist the general objectives to reach; this new security environment necessitates employing a broader combination of military, economic, social and political policies in a better coordination to confront contemporary security challenges. The prevailing security environment above mentioned and the risks that Europe faces today find its wording in security strategy document of the European Union, as well as similar documents of various member states. 8 Actually, the provision of peace and security has been at the core of the European integration process since the outset.1 This motivation was made explicit in the 1950 “Schumann Declaration” which reflected the underlying intention to transform Europe from a “conflict formation” into a security community, by furthering interdependency among countries. This was, indeed, a very “indirect approach” to security – and especially so as interdependency and integration were supposed to proceed almost automatically.2 However, the way in which the member states have decided to involve the EU level in the provision of peace and security has changed over time. Although, for example, steps to set up a European Defence Community were taken as early as 1952, the very architects of the plan came to reject the European Defence Community Treaty’s ratification. However the end of Cold War signaled a new era for the EU. In the period of Cold War, NATO was responsible for the security of Western Europe, but with the end of that period, although NATO still had a significant role in defence and military issues; budgetary constraints began to be voiced, fostering the need for cooperation and bilateral and multilateral collaboration in this arena. The newly created pillar structure of the EU introducing a Common Foreign and Security Policy was not a coincidence within this context. This new international environment also let the EU gain a new political self confidence in modeling its relations with Eastern neighbours, as well as with Finland, Sweden and Austria with the removal of a possible threat of military intervention from Soviet Union.3 Moreover, shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it became abundantly clear that collective security could not continue to be defined as the mere absence of international armed conflict, as it was during the four long decades of the Cold War.4 All these factors arising out of the end of the Cold War provoked a renewed interest in the EU in security and defense-related issues, in a way forcing the member countries to realize the need to involve the EU level in the aforementioned issues. This renewed interest has been reflected in the European Security Strategy,