Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48568-5 — the Origins of the English Marriage Plot Lisa O'connell Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48568-5 — The Origins of the English Marriage Plot Lisa O'Connell Index More Information

Index

Absolute Unlawfulness of Stage Entertainments, Austen, Jane, 3, 9, 112, 113, 135, 174, 184, 185, 186, The (Law), 87 190, 208, 218, 229, 231 Account of Marriage, An, 59 and canonicity, 218 Adam Bede (Eliot), 232 and Gretna Green, 204, 219–21 Addison, Joseph, 106, 138, 143, 146, 147–52, and the Patriot marriage plot, 186, 221–2 169, 182 Emma, 213, 218, 221, 222, 223 Adventures of David Simple, The (Sarah Mansﬁeld Park, 186, 204, 213, 221, 222–9 Fielding), 163 Northanger Abbey, 221 Adventures of Eovaai, The (Haywood), 187 Persuasion, 221 Aeschylus, 152 Pride and Prejudice, 186, 213, 218–20, Alleman, Gellert Spencer, 58–9 221, 222 amatory ﬁction, 5, 55, 90, 93, 187 Sense and Sensibility, 221 ancient constitution, 33, 154 Austin, J. L., 60 Anglican Church, 2, 3, 11, 20, 36, 38, 39, 47, 106, 141–44 banns. See wedding banns ‘Broad’ church, 16, 148, 243n99, 244n104 Barnard, John Sir, 63 diminution of the, 180, 212, 226, 229 Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount and outreach, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17–18, 89, 91, 112 Barrington, 57 and parliament, 15–16, 24 Barry, Spranger, 75 See also Erastianism; High Church Barthes, Roland, 205 Anglicanism; High Church Toryism Beau’s Duel, The (Centlivre), 58 Anglican clergy, 2, 29, 70, 89, 106, 107, Beckford, William the Elder, 197 173 Bedford, Duke of. See Russell, John, fourth duke and pluralism, 20, 142, 160, 167, 238n39 of Bedford See also parsons; subaltern clergy Beggar’s Opera, The (Gay), 44–5, 64, 65, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 16, 17 69, 73 anticlericalism, 16, 122 Behn, Aphra, 6, 58, 59 and Fielding, 70–1, 136, 146, 151, 152 Belinda (Edgeworth), 230–2 and the theatre, 46, 58, 73, 136 Bennet and Spencer v. Wade (1742), 29 Apology for the Life of Mrs Shamela Andrews, Berlinische Monatsschrift, 2 An (Fielding), 98, 136, 140, 262n5 Best, G. F. A., 106 Apprentice’s Vade Mecum, The (Richardson), 63, Bickerstaff, Isaac (Irish playwright), 75, 82 86–7, 88, 89, 255 Bickerstaff, Isaac (Tatler pseudonym), 41, Arbuthnot, John, 44 42 Armstrong, Nancy, 95, 256n19, 259n61 Biester, Johann Eric, 2, 233n3 Ashley-Cooper, Anthony, third Earl of bigamy, 23, 60, 96 Shaftesbury, 139 Bildungsroman, 230 Atterbury, Francis, 86 biopower, 7, 26, 61 Aubin, Penelope, 6 Birch, Rev. Thomas, 19 ‘Auction Room’ (New Theatre), 77 Blackburne, Francis, 16 Auerbach, Eric, 268n1 Blasphemy Act (1698), 2

299

300 Index

bluestockings, 163, 207, 217 Carrington, Catherine, 79 Blumenberg, Hans, 7 Carte, Thomas, 87 Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 109 Carter, Elizabeth, 27, 85 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, 17, 139, Catholicism, 17, 19, 20, 24, 30, 119, 142, 146, 263n20 145, 151, 163, 177, 197 and marriage, 39, 123, 244, 245 and Fielding, 70–1, 135, 145, 154–5, 262n7 in Sir Charles Grandison, 112, 117, 121–2, 123, Idea of a Patriot King, The, 154 131, 261n78 Book of Common Prayer, the, 38, 47, 111, 113 Cecilia, Or Memoirs of an Heiress (Burney), 186, book trade, 86, 91 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211–12, 213–14 Boswell, James, 12–14, 25, 99 Census Bill. See National Registration Bill Bottle Conjuror, the, 74 Centlivre, Susanna, 58 Boulton, Jeremy, 37, 244n4 Cervantes, Miguel de, 139 Bowers, Toni, 113, 257n43, 257n45, 259n63, 269n9 Champion, The, 135, 136, 138, 141, 146, 151–2, boy Patriots, 135, 136, 139, 141 153, 165 Bradshaigh, Dorothy, Lady, 164, 166 Chapone, Hester Mulso. See Mulso, Hester Bray, Thomas, 89 ‘Character of a Good Parson, The’ (Dryden), British empire, 40, 42, 51, 179, 200, 202 146–7, 150 and female patriotism, 199–201 Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times Bronte, Charlotte, 213 (Shaftesbury), 138 Brooke, Frances, 75, 273n55 charity, 126, 141, 147, 150, 151, 153–4, 155, 163, 168, Brown, John, 21, 177 176, 182 Brown, Marshall, 174, 183 ‘Charlotte Bateman, A Tale’ (Lady’s Magazine), Brown, Peter, 19 194, 200, 205 Burke, Edmund, 202 Charlotte Temple (Rowson), 202 and the Marriage Act, 201–2 Charlotte’s Daughter (Rowson), 202 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present chastity, 78, 97, 105, 117, 141, 153 Discontents, 201 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 146 Burn, John Southerden, 52, 247n58, 248n62 Chesterfield. See Stanhope, Philip Dormer, Burney, Frances, 9, 11, 81, 112, 135, 184, 185–6, 187, fourth Earl of Chesterfield 190, 204–18, 230, 231, 253n144 Cheyne, George, 87 and ‘female difficulties’, 204, 205, 206, Child, Sarah, 191 209, 218 ‘Choice Collection of Pictures, A’ (Foote), 77 and clandestine marriage, 204, 211–12, 217–18 Christianity, 1, 20, 26, 89 and conservatism, 203, 205, 207, 211 freedom of worship, 15 and critical reception, 204–5 practical, 116–18, 151 and literary innovation, 185, 186, 204, 207–13 primitive, 88, 150, 155, 173 and literary subjectivity, 207, 210–11, 217–18 Church of England. See Anglican Church and radicalism, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 216, Churchill, Charles, 239n47 218, 273n56 church-state relations, 16, 18, 94, 141, 159–60 and secularism, 212, 214, 217 and marriage, 3, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25–6, 28, 34, 93, Camilla, Or A Picture of Youth, 186, 204, 205, 105, 109, 134, 146, 151, 186, 197, 232 209, 210, 214–18 Cibber, Colley, 64 Cecilia, Or Memoirs of an Heiress, 186, 204, 205, Cibber, Susannah, 75 208, 210, 211–12 circulating libraries, 186, 195 Evelina, Or the History of a Young Lady’s Citizen of the World, The (Goldsmith), 173 Entrance into the World, 204, 205–6, 207, clandestine marriage, 10, 23, 24, 36–7 210, 211, 273n68 amongst Catholics and Dissenters, 245n16 and elite fashionability, 52–3, 54–5, 56, 130 Camilla, Or A Picture of Youth (Burney), 186, and itinerancy, 40, 44 204, 205, 209, 210, 214–18 and polite consumption, 55 and the Gretna Green romance, 217–18 and Restoration comedy, 58–61 and the vicar-squire plot, 213–17 and the English marriage plot, 37, 94 Campbell, Mary, Duchess of Argyll (neé Ker), 55 and the licensed/unlicensed stage, 74–8 canon law. See marriage law and the novel genre, 93, 94 Canongate (Edinburgh), 190 and the plebeian public sphere, 9, 36, 48

Index 301

and the theatre, 57, 84 Colman, George, the elder, 10, 81, 83, 84, 200, as ‘improper’ marriage, 4, 36, 37, 57, 93–4, 253n144 139–40, 181 colonialism, 24, 89, 105, 168, 197, 202, 223, 230–1, at common law, 38–9, 245n14 270n24 at ecclesiastical law, 38, 39 internal, 20, 192, 196 censure of, 29, 34, 39, 47–8 See also British empire; slavery demography of, 37, 41 comedy, laughing, 174, 181, 196 historiography of, 39 comedy, sentimental, 74, 75, 81–4, 174, in Joseph Andrews, 139–40 194–6, 200 in Marriage Act, A Novel, 167–8 comic epic fiction, 136, 137, 139, 161, 189 in Pamela, 95, 105, 106, 109, 110 and marriage as closure, 140, 163, 178 in Sir Charles Grandison, 47, 113–15, 125, comic marriage plot, the, 9, 73, 174 128–9, 130 See also comedy, laughing; comedy, in The Vicar of Wakefield, 178–80 sentimental post-Marriage Act, 78–83, 84, 185, 190–2 commerce, 42, 43–4, 55–6, 97, 137, 150 pre-Marriage Act, 57–61, 64–74 and fiction, 90, 186, 187, 190, 192–4, 205, See also clandestine marriage market, the; 207, 211 Fleet marriage market, the; Fleet and marriage, 3–4, 7, 34, 42, 43–6, 52, 54, 173, weddings; lawless churches; 192–6 clandestine marriage market, the, 3, 10, 37, 40, commercial fiction. See commerce, and fiction 45, 84 common law, 19, 20, 28, 38–39 See also and Pamela, 105 marriage law and representation, 40–2, 45 Common Sense, 135 and Sir Charles Grandison, 128 companionate marriage, 89, 98, 102, 233 and theatrical mock marriage, 58, 61, 73 Comus (Milton), 75, 77 the Fleet as a metonymy for, 48, 51 Congreve, William, 40–2, 57 Clandestine Marriage, Act for the Better Conjugal Lewdness or, Matrimonial Whoredom Preventing of (1753). See Marriage Act (Defoe), 44 (1753) consent, 25, 30, 36, 38–9, 58, 83, 190 Clandestine Marriage, The (Garrick and age of, 199, 200 Colman), 81–4 parental, 25, 26, 27, 31, 79, 162, 166, and proper marriage, 83 169, 190 and sentimental comedy, 82–3 conservatism, 2, 183, 185, 202, 203, 205, 207, and the Lord Ogleby character, 81–2 211, 218 Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady Considerations on the Causes of the Present (Richardson), 18, 27, 53, 59–60, 87, 112, Stagnation of Matrimony, 201 172, 194, 256n21 constitutional settlement (1688), 9, 15, 33, 86, 143, Clark, J. C. D., 165 146, 154 Claydon, Tony, 15, 237n28 constitutionalism, 15, 20, 28, 34, 122, 197 clergy. See Anglican clergy; parsons consumerism, 45, 176, 189, 195, 272n53 Clergyman’s Vade-Mecum, The (John Johnson), and commodity fiction, 8, 86, 185–6, 192, 194, 157, 158 203, 205, 207 clerical marriage, 2, 36, 38–9, 42, 43, 245n8 and women, 55, 56, 186, 190, 192–4, clerical monogamy, 173, 179 195, 199 clerical subplot, the, 94, 106–12, 113, 133, 214 Contrast, The (Hoadly brothers), 69 and Patriot fiction, 134, 136, 140, 141 Convocation, Lower House of, 86, 89 See also vicar-squire plot, the Conway, Alison, 125, 260n68 Coates, William, 1–2 copyright, 185 Cobham, Lord. See Temple, Richard, first Coram, Thomas, 89 Viscount Cobham country estate. See landed estate Cochran v. Campbell, 23, 29, 240n58 Country interest, 16–17, 85–6, 223, 237n18 Colley, Linda, 17, 143 Country Wife, The (Wycherley), 58 Collier, Jeremy, 66, 88 Court Whigs, 10, 12, 14–20, 33, 86, 197, 230 Short View of the Immorality, and Profaneness of and church-state alliance, 17–19 the English Stage, A, 59, 87, 249n81 and Fielding, 135–6, 162, 163

302 Index

Court Whigs (cont.) and Drury Lane entertainments, 83–4, 194 and natural law, 28–9, 241n78 See also Gretna Green; ‘Scotch marriage’ and Richardson, 85, 86, 106, 115, 119, 123, Elopement, The, 84 126–7, 133 Emma (Austen), 213, 218, 221, 222, 223 and state-building, 20–6, 33–4, 47, 61, 73 Emmeline, The Orphan of the Castle (Smith), 203 case for marriage restrictions, 29–31, 34, 48 English marriage plot, the, 3–6, 8–9, 86, 93–4, See also Erastianism; Hardwicke, Lord; 162, 175, 185–6, 190, 203–4, 212–13, Warburton, William; Whigs 230–2 courtship fiction, 3, 9, 93, 94–5, 97, 99, 106, 113, and church-state politics, 12, 18, 85–6, 94, 115, 116, 122, 139 160–2 heroine-centred, 185–90, 202–04, 204–32 and clandestine marriage, 34, 36, 37, 56–7, 113 Covent Garden Theatre, 75, 80 and Gretna Green, 192, 196, 202–4 Cowper, William, 223 and Marriage Act debate, 4, 27, 162–6, 170–2, Craftsman, The, 37 173, 177 crime, 34, 43–4, 61, 168 and moral reform, 8, 18, 94 Curran, Louise, 88 and narrative closure, 5, 6, 104, 115, 160–2, 166, 178–80, 212–14, 231–2 Daily Gazetteer, The, 61 and patriot themes, 134–5, 161–2, 172, 175 Davys, Mary, 6 and proper wedding ceremony, 4, 34, 86, 93–4, ‘Defence of Marrying the Younger Part of the 213, 231 Sex’ (Lady’s Magazine), 199 and the novel form, 8, 9, 86, 94, 183–4, 185–6, Defoe, Daniel, 5, 44 207–8, 218–19, 230 deism, 71, 88, 149, 173 and the theatre, 8–9, 10, 84, 93–4, 229, 230 Devil to Pay or, the Wives Metamorphos’d, The, Burney and Austen’s reinvention of, 11, 185–6, 75 213–14, 218–19, 229 Dissenters, 1–2, 16, 24, 28, 87, 190, 270–1n27 secularisation of, 11, 180, 183–4, 186, 189–90, divine law, 32, 115, 132, 173 230–2 divorce, 33, 58, 166 Englishness, 4, 9, 14, 35, 51, 122 domestic fiction, 3, 6, 103, 139, 141 and Anglicanism, 143, 161, 263 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 138 and anti-Semitism, 22–3, 55–6 Douglas, Archibald James Edward, first Baron and female patriotism, 199–201 Douglas, 13 and Fielding, 163–4, 238 Douglas, Francis, 271n36 and Jane Austen, 218–19, 221–2, 229 Downie, J. A., 136 and liberty, 17, 21, 23, 28, 154–5, 167–8, 172, 197, Draper, William H., 46, 48 198–200 Drury Lane, Theatre Royal, 64, 68, 74, 75, 78, and Marriage Act protest, 23, 163–4, 165, 172, 79–80, 81, 82, 83–4, 174, 194 197–9, 201 Dryden, John, 146, 151, 152, 158, 189 and Richardson, 5 ‘Character of a Good Parson, The’, 146–7, 150, and Shakespeare, 225 168, 182 and the rural parish, 141, 143, 160–2 Duchess of Argyll. See Campbell, Mary, Duchess Enlightenment, the, 2, 233n3, 242n87 of Argyll (neé Ker) Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, An (Fielding), 162 Eachard, John, 143 Epaminondas, 170 East India Company, 87 Epicoene, or The Silent Woman (Jonson), 57–8 Edgeworth, Maria, 124 epistolary form, 6, 11, 91–2, 100, 109, 122, 123, 136, Belinda, 230–2 138, 189, 207 education, 138, 188, 189, 229 epithalamion, 45, 127 Bell and Lancaster systems, 226 Erastianism, 12, 15–16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 28, 29, 34, elite marriage practices. See polite marriage 47, 106, 109, 226 market and Addison, 147–50, 227 Elliott, Rev. Adam, 40 and Court Whig state-building, 17–19, 23, elopement, 11, 55, 82, 172, 190–96, 199, 201, 32–4 202–04, 215, 217, 220 and the Patriots, 146, 151, 156–8, 160, 187, 212 ‘northern elopement’, 190, 191 and the Tories, 28, 32, 47, 56, 143

Index 303

and Richardson, 86, 90, 94, 106–12, 123, and tavern culture, 43, 45, 47 132–3, 134 and the theatre, 44–5, 57 Erskine, Thomas, ﬁrst Baron Erskine, 191 and women, 48–53 Established Church. See Anglican Church statistics, 246n36 Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Time See also Fleet parsons; Fleet weddings (Brown), 21 Fleet parsons, 43, 46–7, 247n46 Evelina, Or the History of a Young Lady’s Entrance in Sir Charles Grandison, 47, 113 into the World (Burney), 204, 205, 207, Fleet registers, 46, 52, 247 210, 211, 273n68 ‘Fleet Wedding. Between a brisk young Sailor and his Landlady’s Daughter at Rederiff, Fables Ancient and Modern (Dryden), 146 A’ (June), 48, 49 Fair Cambrians, The (anon.), 202 Fleet weddings, 43, 45, 47, 48, 57, 72, 78, 140 False Count, The (Behn), 58 and Beggar’s Opera, The, 45 family, 3, 7, 25, 62, 106, 192 and Pasquin, 72–3 Fane, John, tenth Earl of Westmorland (Lord and Scotch marriages, 191, 192 Burghersh), 191 June’s prints ‘A Fleet Wedding’ and fashion, 55, 145, 192–4, 195, 205 ‘The Sailor’s Fleet Wedding Father and Daughter (Opie), 203 Entertainment’, 48, 49, 50 female education, novel of, 188, 189, 219, 269n10 See also Fleet marriage market, the Fénelon, François, 178 Foote, Samuel, 77, 80 Fielding, Henry, 20, 23, 90, 162, 163, 164 Foucault, Michel, 7, 35 and ir/religion, 71, 135, 136, 141 Foundling Hospital, 89 and politics, 135, 136, 141, 154–5, 251 Fox, Charles James, 28, 198, 201 and Richardson, 98, 104, 126, 133, 136–7 and the Marriage Act, 198–9, 200–1 and the Marriage Act, 162, 163 Fox, Henry, 31, 165, 198 and the novel form, 136–40, 141, 162 free-indirect style, 208, 212, 218 and the theatre, 64–5, 68, 73 Freeman, Lisa, 65 ‘Apology for the Clergy, An’, 151–2 freethinking, 71, 92, 112, 141, 175 Apology for the Life of Mrs Shamela Andrews, Freke, John, 87 An, 98, 136, 140, 262n5 French Revolution, 11, 198, 203, 213 Champion, The, 136, 138, 141, 146, 151–2, 153, 165 Frye, Northrop, 234n8 Enquiry into the Causes of Late Increase in Robbers, An, 162 Gallagher, Catherine, 207 History of Our Own Times, The, 136 Gally, Henry, 29, 30–1, 33, 34, 116 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, The, 163 Some Considerations upon Clandestine Joseph Andrews, 10–11, 134, 136, 137–41, Marriages, 29 144–46, 152–62, 167, 175, 176, 177, 178, Garrick, David, 10, 74–5, 164, 166, 174, 252n126 180, 181, 184, 187, 206, 224, 229 and elopement on the Drury Lane stage, 84 ‘Mum Budget Letter’, 135 and moral reform, 74, 79, 82 Pasquin, 64–5, 68–74, 135, 136, 139, 145 and sentimental romance, 82–3, 84, 194 Fielding, Sarah, 163 and the Court Whigs, 74, 80 ‘Fillial Affection, or a trip to Gretna Green’ and the Marriage Act, 78–81 (Rowlandson), 192, 193 Clandestine Marriage, The (with Colman), ﬁlial piety, 27, 117 81–3, 253n144 Fleet debtors’ prison, 42–4, 51, 54 Garrick, Eva Maria (neé Veigel), 79 Fleet marriage market, the, 42–6 Garrick, George, 79 and capital punishment, 44–5 Gay, John, 10, 46, 65, 71, 72, 73, 77, 138, 164, and commerce, 45 183, 231 and crime, 44 Beggar’s Opera, The, 44–5, 64, 65, 69, 73 and cross-class marriages, 52–3 What D’ye Call It, The, 45, 64–8, 69, 71, 73, 98, and media culture, 53–4 136, 178 and Scriblerian satire, 44 Three Hours After Marriage, 44 and secular wedding culture, 43, 45, 52 Trivia, 42 and sex work, 44, 48–51 Gaynam, Dr (aka ‘Bishop of Hell’), 46 and social division, 44, 48, 51–3, 63–4, 94 General Advertiser, The, 75, 76, 77

304 Index

Gentleman’s Magazine, The, 22 Hardwicke, Lord (Philip Yorke, first Earl of George II, King of England, 27 Hardwicke), 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 33 George III, King of England, 16, 27, 197 and clandestine marriage, 29, 245n14 Gibson, Edmund (Bishop of London), 16, 54, and natural law, 28 143, 146 and Samuel Richardson, 105 Gilpin, William, 196 and the Stage Licensing Act (1737), 61 Gin Acts, The, 47 and William Warburton, 18 Glass, D. V., 21 Fielding’s praise of, 162 Glynne, Sir John, 197, 198 life and opinions, 19–21 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 174 Hardwicke’s Marriage Act. See Marriage Act Goldgar, Bertrand A., 135 (1753) Goldsmith, Oliver, 9, 126, 156, 176, 179, 183, Harlequin Statue, 77 207, 230 harlequinades, 62, 71 and the novel form, 163, 164, 174, 175, 183–4 Harris, Robert, 22, 237n18 and Tory-patriot affiliations, 164, 173–4, 176 Haymarket, King’s Theatre, 75 attack upon sentimental romance, 176, Haymarket, New Theatre, 64, 69, 74, 77, 84 195–6, 204 Hays, Mary, 206 opposition to the Marriage Act, 9, 173–4 Haywood, Eliza, 5, 6, 9, 91, 112, 186–90, 215, 230 Citizen of the World, The, 173 and Burney, 206, 207–8, 212, 213 ‘Comparison between Laughing and Adventures of Eovaai, The, 187 Sentimental Comedy, A’, 174 History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, The, 186–90 ‘Register of Scotch Marriages, A’, 196 Love in Excess, 5, 187 She Stoops to Conquer, 174 Love in its Variety, 187 Vicar of Wakefield, The, 4, 11, 106, 173–84, 185, Hazlitt, William, 163, 174, 178, 204, 205, 215 196, 202 heiresses, heirs, 23, 27, 29, 81, 191, 203, 204, 210, Goodman’s Fields, New Wells Theatre, 61, 75, 77 211, 217 Gothic fiction, 192, 203, 209 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 174 ‘Grandison, Plate XIIII’ (Stothard), 114 Heylyn, John, 87 Grandison, Sir Charles (Richardson). See Sir High Church Anglicanism, 15–16, 28, 29, 30, Charles Grandison 52, 71 Grant, Marcia Maria, 191 and Parson Adams, 152, 265 Great Mogul Company (Fielding), 64 and Richardson, 87, 91, 93–4 Gretna Green, 11, 57, 185, 186, 190–2, 193, 270n16 in Pamela, 106–12 and romance, 186, 192, 195, 200, 203–4, 218, in Sir Charles Grandison, 116, 118, 120, 121–2, 219–21 132–3, 148 and the blacksmith priest, 191, 200 High Church Toryism, 15–16, 26, 86, 143 in Austen, 219–21, 224 against the Marriage Act, 31–2, 197, 201, in Burney, 205, 207, 215, 217–18 243n96 novels, 202–04 and Parson Adams, 144–5, 152, 155, 156–8, vs. literary realism, 204, 220–1 159–60, 161 See also elopement; ‘Scotch marriage’ and Richardson, 86, 91, 132–3 Gretna Green, a Comic Opera (Stuart), 84, 200–1 and the good parson, 146–7, 150 Grierson, Dr, 79, 80, 81 See also Tories, Toryism Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Hill, Aaron, 5, 91 Clergy and Religion Enquired Into, History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, The (Haywood), The (Eachard), 143 186–90 Grub Street, 40, 71 and ‘inadvertency’, 188–9, 206, 209 Grub-Street Journal, 52 History of Sir George Ellison, The (Sarah Gunning, Elizabeth (later first Baroness Scott), 163 Hamilton of Hameldon), 55 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, The (Fielding), 163 Habermas, Jürgen, 8 Hoadly, Benjamin, 16, 69, 243n104 Hamilton, Elizabeth (novelist), 203 Hoadly, John and Benjamin (Jnr), 69 Hamilton, James, sixth Duke of Hamilton, Hobbes, Thomas, 17 55 Hockley-at-the-Hole Bear Garden, 135

Index 305

Hogarth, William, 48 Law of Nature and Nations, The (Pufendorf), Marriage A-la-mode, 48–51, 81 29–30 Holmes, Geoffrey, 144 Law, William, 87, 107 Holy Club, 89 lawless churches, 40–1, 79 Hooker, Richard, 15, 160 Holy Trinity, the Minories, 43 House of Commons, 21, 22, 27, 197 Little Chapel, Mayfair, 54, 55 House of Lords, 16, 21, 23, 26 Savoy Chapel, 79 St Bride’s prison chapel, the Fleet, 42 imitatio Christi, 174 St George’s Chapel, Mayfair, 53 Inchbald, Elizabeth, 190 St James Duke’s Place, 40, 42, 43 Ireland, 18, 20, 165, 175, 200, 215 St Pancras in the Fields, 40, 42 irony. See soft irony; parsons, under irony Leavis, F. R., 218 Lennox, Charlotte, 190 Jacobites, anti-Jacobitism, 16, 20, 32, 86–7, Letters Written to and for Particular Friends 89, 187 (Richardson), 91–2 James, Henry, 174 libertinism, 13, 45, 62, 92, 95, 112, 117, 187, Jane Eyre (Bronte), 213 209 Jeffrey, Francis, 93 and clandestine marriage, 93, 99, 102, 104, 113 Jewish Naturalisation Act (Jew Bill), 21, 22–3, 24, and satire, 58, 59, 73, 82 26, 85, 165 and the character of the squire, 6, 67, 98, 134, Jews, 22, 24, 33, 165 162, 170, 175, 224 Johnson, John, 157 liberty, English, 20, 21, 23, 28, 154–5, 167–8, 172, Johnson, Samuel, 13, 210 197, 198–200 Jonson, Ben, 57 See also natural rights and freedoms; Joseph Andrews (Fielding), 10–11, 134, 136, 137–41, radicalism 144–46, 152–62, 167, 175, 176, 177, 178, Licensing Act, the (1737). See Stage Licensing Act 180, 181, 184, 187, 206, 224, 229 Lilley, John (Fleet turnkey), 43, 45 and Englishness, 162, 163, 222 Linebaugh, Peter, 44 and Pamela, 137, 141, 153, 158–9, 160, 161, literary subjectivity, 185, 186, 207, 211, 223, 162 225, 227 and the clerical subplot, 140, 141 literary values, 112, 134, 136, 171, 186, 189, 190, and the marriage plot, 139–40, 155, 162 203, 204, 205, 213–14, 208, 217–18, and the rural parish, 141–2, 144, 146 222–29 and the vicar-squire plot, 145–6, 152, 155, Locke, John, 27, 29 156–62 Lockwood, Thomas, 135 June, John, 48 Longus, Daphnis and Chloe, 5 love, 12, 27, 32, 34, 72, 82, 83, 97, 137, 167, 169, 171, Kant, Immanuel, 2 179, 201, 217, 223, 228, 229, 257n35 Keith, Rev. Alexander, 53, 56 in Richardson, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 107, 112, and anti-Semitism, 55–6 119, 120, 121 and elite clandestine marriage, 53, 55, 56 Love in Excess (Haywood), 5, 187 and Gretna Green, 56–7 Love in its Variety (Haywood), 187 as a Tory patriot, 55–6 Lutrin (Boileau), 109 Observations on the Act for Preventing Lydia, or Filial Piety (Shebbeare), 164 Clandestine Marriages, 55–6 Lynch, Deidre, 206, 207, 216 Ken, Thomas, 146, 158 Lyttelton, George, first Baron Lyttelton, 16, Keymer, Thomas, 109, 251n109, 252n126, 254n6, 135 255n10, 255n15 Knight, Charles, 47 magazine fiction, 91, 192–4, 200 Maid of the Mill, The (Bickerstaff), 75 Lady’s Magazine, 192, 194, 199 Manley, Delarivier, 5, 6, 235n12 landed estates, 4, 10, 16, 22, 85–6, 94, 117, 119, 124, Mansfield Park (Austen), 186, 204, 213, 221, 222, 134, 163, 213, 222 222–9 Lane, William, 202 and literary subjectivity, 223, 225–6, 229 Latimer, Bonnie, 109, 255n15 and the vicar-squire plot, 222–9

306 Index

marriage and Burkean conservatism, 201 and Anglicanism, 14, 123, 236n8, 240n65, and radicalism, 32, 197 245n8, 245n19 and women, 199, 202 and Englishness, 12–14 in literature, 170, 174, 178, 187 and mimesis, 59, 60, 72, 73, 181 marriage law, 2, 7, 23–5 and Protestantism, 25–6, 29, 30, 39, 119, 122, and the theatre, 58–9 236n6, 240n65, 245n19 canon law, 7, 20, 24, 25, 36, 38, 43, 58, 122, 157 and Roman Catholicism, 39, 123, 244n2 common law, 38–9 as a speech act, 38, 59–60 English vs. Scottish, 4, 190, 198, 270n16,n27 as consent, 38–9 marriage markets. See clandestine marriage, the; civil-secular, 1–2, 13–14, 25, 26, 29–30, 119, Fleet marriage market, the; polite 233n4, 240n65 marriage market, the Locke’s conception of, 30, 242n88 Matrimonial Magazine, 192 the double function of, 7, 8, 13 McDowell, Paula, 138 See also clandestine marriage; companionate McKeon, Michael, 97, 138 marriage; sacramental marriage; same-sex media, 37, 46, 54, 55, 64, 191, 192, 195, 213 marriage Memoirs of Emma Courtney (Hays), 206 Marriage Act (1753), 7, 8, 9–10, 12, 14, 20, 23–5 Memoirs of Modern Philosophers (Hamilton), 203 and Austen’s fiction, 224 Merrick, Montague, 243n96 and Burney’s fiction, 207, 210, 212, 215 Methodism, 89, 136, 255n18 and Court Whig state-building, 20–1, 22–3, 26 Middleton v. Croft, 1749, 20 and Fielding’s fiction, 162–4 Militia Act (1757), 17 and Gretna Green, 185, 190–1, 269n12 Miller, D. A., 173, 207–8 and Joseph Andrews, 157 Milton, John, 32, 75, 78 and literary culture, 9, 27, 83, 94, 162–3, 230 Minerva Press, 202, 204, 271n38 and natural law, 28, 30–1, 32 mock marriage, 57 and Pamela, 93–4, 106, 110–11 and libertinism, 104, 175 and post-secularism, 7–8, 14, 18, 25, 28, 34 Boswell’s mock marriage contract, 13, 236 and Richardson, 27, 85–6, 105, 116, 162 in The Vicar of Wakefield, 175, 178 and Scotland, 24, 269n12 See also theatrical mock marriage and Shebbeare’s Marriage Act, A Novel, 162–72 Mock Marriage, The (Scott), 58 and the Jewish Naturalisation Act, 22, 26 Moll Flanders (Defoe), 44 and the National Registration Bill, 23, 26 molly houses, 57 and the Stage Licensing Act of 1737, 61, 73–4 Montagu, George, 54 and the theatre, 10, 57, 74–8, 200–1 Montagu, Mary Wortley, 122, 124, 130 and The Vicar of Wakefield, 162, 173, 177, Montgomerie, Margaret, 12–13, 14 179, 183 moral reform movement, 7–8, 18, 59, 61, 138, 181 Boswell’s defence of, 13–14 and clandestine marriage, 37, 47–8 Burke’s defence of, 201–2 and Court Whig state-building, 15, 17–18, 48, 61 and Englishness, 4, 20, 23 and Richardson, 6, 18, 63, 105, 137 and Sir Charles Grandison, 113–15, 116, 122, 128, and the novel, 89, 90, 112, 113, 115, 150 132, 162 and the theatre, 59, 64, 71, 73, 74–5, 82 opposition to, 26–8, 31–2, 55–6, 162–4, 197–201 More, Sir Thomas, 170 Warburton’s defence of, 33–4 Moretti, Franco, 218–19, 268n1 Marriage Act (1836), 2, 8 Morgan, Charlotte, 5 Marriage Act, A Novel, (Shebbeare), 10, 81, 134, Morning Walk, or, City Encompassed, 162, 164–71, 175, 178 The (Draper), 48 and The Vicar of Wakefield, 170, 171, 172 Mulso, Hester, 27–8, 32 Marriage Act repeal movement, 9, 13, 81, 166, 185, Mutiny Bill, 1749, 20 186–7, 196, 197–201 Myers, Mitzi, 206 and Burney, 210, 212 and Edmund Burke, 201–2 national marriage plot, 221, 230 and Patriot fiction, 163, 164, 171, 172, 173 National Registration Bill (Census Bill), 21 marriage debate, the, 7, 10, 12, 28–35, 36, 174, nationalism, 162, See also Englishness 230 nation-building, 4, 56, 134

Index 307

natural law, 8, 10, 12, 13, 19, 28–35 and Anglican wedding ceremony, 108, 111, 122, and clandestine marriage, 34 123, 181 and marriage, 28–9, 30, 31, 32, 38, 119–22 and Austen, 219, 222, 229 and Sir Charles Grandison, 116–22, 132–33 and Burney, 206, 208, 209, 212 and the Marriage Act, 28, 31 and Christian missionary outreach, 91, 105, and the Patriot marriage plot, 154, 156, 167, 111–12 169, 179 and clandestine marriage, 96, 97, 104–5 and the repeal debates, 200, 239n47 and sham marriage, 97–105, 109, 115, 125 divine theories of, 32, 201 and the clerical subplot, 90, 106–12, 136, 141, secular theories of, 29–31, 33, 34 150 natural rights and freedoms, 30, 32, 34 and the Marriage Act, 93, 94, 106, 110–11 and the right to marry, 32, 34, 55, 108, 166, 170, and the theatre, 63, 75, 82–3, 94 197–9 Haywood’s revision of, 187–9 of clergymen, 167–8 Joseph Andrews’s revision of, 137–41 of minors, 27, 32, 168, 170, 197–9 subjectivity and soul making in, 95–7, 100, of the people, 16–17, 150, 168, 197–8 104, 123 of women, 199, 200 Paoli, Pasquale, 13 Negus, Samuel, 86 parental consent. See consent, parental Newlyn, Lucy, 226 parish, the, 4, 10, 11, 24, 26, 106, 133, 141–5, Newton, Gill, 37, 41 230, 232 non-conformists. See Dissenters and clandestine marriage, 36–7, 40, 41, 44, nonjurors, 59, 86, 87, 146, 157 57, 190 North, Frederick, second Earl of Guilford (Lord as a rural ideal, 134, 142–3, 146–7, 150, 160–2 North), 183, 197, 198 in Joseph Andrews, 141, 144–6, 153, 155, 158 Northanger Abbey (Austen), 221 in Marriage Act, A Novel, 168 novel, the in Pamela, 85, 108, 109 aestheticisation of, 175, 183 in The Vicar of Wakefield, 175, 182 as a ‘new species’ of fiction, 5, 8, 18, 63, Parliament, 22, 23, 24, 28, 43, 63, 131, 165, 86, 137 190 development of, 4, 9–10, 86, 113, 133, 136, 138, Parrinder, Patrick, 11, 222 141, 196, 209 Parson Adams (Joseph Andrews), 106, 138, 139–41, elevation of, 134, 186, 204, 205, 213, 218, 142, 144–6, 152–3, 154, 155–60, 161, 164, 225, 229 167, 168, 173, 174, 177, 182, 214, 216, 229, rise of, 3, 8, 218 265n39 Nugent, Robert Craggs, Earl Nugent, 31, 165, ‘Parson’s Tale, The’ (Chaucer), 146 174 parsons, 11, 142 nullification (of marriage), 25, 30–1, 32, 33, 34, 83, and parishioners, 142, 143, 148–9, 153, 155, 172, 198, 240n61, 270n16 160–1, 168, 177, 182, 214, 222, 226 as narrators, 164–5, 172, 175 Oakleaf, David, 189 failings of, 143–4, 151 Observations on the Act for Preventing Clandestine ‘the good parson’ character, 146–47, 155, Marriages (Keith), 55–6 167–9, 173, 222, 226–9 Odell, Thomas, 61 under irony, 147–51, 152–62, 175, 183 Ogborn, Miles, 43 See also Anglican clergy; Fleet parsons; Oglethorpe, James, 89, 105 Parson Adams; subaltern clergy Old Corruption, 15, 19, 197 Pasquin (Fielding), 64–5, 68–74, 135, 136, Old Manor House, The (Smith), 203 139, 145 Opie, Amelia, 190, 203 passive obedience, 108, 146, 150, 156, 177 Orazio, 75 pastoral, 41, 134, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148 oriental tales, 192 Patriot fiction, 134, 135, 160 Osborn, John, 92 and Austen, 186, 221–2, 224 and Joseph Andrews, 136, 139, 141, 145, 146, Paisley, Joseph (blacksmith priest), 191 154–61 Pamela (Richardson), 5–6, 10, 85, 91–112, 113, and Marriage Act, A Novel, 166–72 134, 185 and the good squire, 152, 160, 163, 221, 266

308 Index

Patriot fiction (cont.) providentialism, 13, 152, 177 and The Vicar of Wakefield, 175, 176, 177, 178, public sphere, 8, 97, 118, 119, 125, 142, 149, 165, 179, 183 208, 209 Burney’s departure from, 205, 207, 213, 214, commercial, 61, 185 218 female, 124, 199 Patriot opposition, the, 11, 17, 26–7, 56, 162, 165, plebeian, 9, 48, 84, 94 197–8 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 28–31, 33, 116, 117, 118, and Fielding, 135, 154 119, 121, 242n87 and Richardson, 131 and Shebbeare, 164, 166, 266 ‘Quaker’s Wedding, The’, 77 See also Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Quakers, 24, 142, 165 Viscount Quixotism, 138, 152, 160, 173, 195 Paulson, Ronald, 174 Pavel, Thomas, 93 radicalism, 2, 7, 9, 11, 32, 183 Pelham, Henry, 15, 17, 80, 165 and Austen, 222, 223–4, 230 Pelham-Holles, Thomas, Duke of Newcastle and Burney, 207, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, upon Tyne, 15 273n56 Pennant, Thomas, 46 and fiction, 167–8, 203–4 Persuasion (Austen), 221 and Gretna Green, 200–1 Phillips, Con (Teresia Constantia), 29 and Marriage Act opposition, 26–7, 186–7, picaresque the, 93, 139 196, 200 picaresque proletariat, 44 Foxite, 198–201 pluralism, 20, 142, 160, 167, 238n39 Wilkesite, 21, 166, 197–8 Poitier, Jenny, 79 rake’s creed, 99 polite marriage market, the, 11, 52–3, 188, 199 rakes, 14, 58, 64, 81–2, 84, 97, 112, 113, 180 and clandestine marriage, 51, 52–5 Ralph, James, 23, 165 and Gretna Green, 192 rape, 95, 99, 112 and women’s fiction, 11, 187, 205–6, 209–10, readers and readerships, 6, 18, 41, 48, 88, 89, 217, 222 90–91, 92–93, 137, 138, 149, 150–51, 153, in Sir Charles Grandison, 113, 115, 119–20, 162, 183 123–30 literary, 186, 211, 213, 218, 220 Political Romance, A (Sterne), 24 female, 55, 91, 123–4, 189, 192, 194–5, 199 polygamy, 33, 45 realism, 3, 6, 8, 185–86, 196, 204, 205, 208, 218 poor, the, 19, 23, 26, 126, 142, 144, 154, 157, 162, Austen’s, 3, 9, 185, 218–21 166, 167, 168, 263n16 Burney’s, 205, 207, 209, 212–13 Pope, Alexander, 44, 70 Fielding’s, 136, 139, 142, 144 population debate, 21 moral realism, 11, 18, 86, 93, 220–21, 230 post-secularism, 15, 63 Redding, Mary, 29 and marriage, 7–8, 14, 28, 33, 34, 53, 119, 232 Reflections on the Marriage Act (1764), 198 pregnancy, 39, 51, 82, 169 Registration Bill (1753). See National Registration Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 186, 213, 218–20, Bill 221, 222 Rehearsal, The (Villiers), 65 Prideaux, Humphrey, 245n18 repeal movement, the. See Marriage Act repeal priests. See parsons movement prints and engravings, 37, 47, 48, 51, 53 republicanism, 16, 177 Probert, Rebecca, 25, 37, 38, 41 Restoration theatre, 40, 44, 46, 58–9, 60, 65, 67, ‘Progress of a Divine, The’ (Savage), 143 82, 84, 195, 209 Prometheia (thought to be by Aeschylus), 152 Rich, Jonathan, 77 property, 17, 19, 23, 31, 39, 53, 103, 150 Richardson, Samuel, 3, 14, 85–94, 133 prostitution, 44, 47, 52, 61, 187 and Anglicanism, 87, 91, 93–4 prostitute-brides, 45, 51, 99, 195 and commerce, 62, 88–9, 90, 91, 123 Protestantism, 15, 22, 87, 142, 154, 160, and the Court Whigs, 85, 86, 106, 115, 119, 123, 163, 238n41 126–7 and marriage, 29, 30, 110, 119, 122, 240n65 and the Marriage Act, 27, 85–6, 105, Protestor, The, 23, 165 116, 162

Index 309

and the novel, 5–6, 92, 94, 112–15, 132–3 Scheme to pay off, in a few Years, The National and the theatre, 62–4 Debt, by a Repeal of the Marriage Act, and Toryism, 86, 91, 132–3 A (1767), 265n44, 270n24 Apprentice’s Vade Mecum, The, 63, 87, ‘Scotch marriage’, 190–1, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 88–9, 255 203, 204, 206 Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady, 18, 27, Scotland, 20 53, 59–60, 87, 112, 172, 194, 256n21 and romance, 195, 196 Letters Written to and for Particular and the Marriage Act of, 1753, 4, 14, 24, 198, Friends, 91–2 200, 269n12 Pamela, 5–6, 10, 85, 91–113, 134, 185 marriage and freedom in, 190, 191, 196, 198, Seasonable Examination of ...Play-Houses, 200, 203, 204 erected in Deﬁance of the Royal Licence, A, Scottish border, 4, 185, 190, 191 62, 64, 75, 87, 88 Scottish marriage law. See Marriage Act (1753), Sir Charles Grandison, 10, 13–14, 114, 85–6, and Scotland; marriage law, English vs. 112–33, 134–5 Scottish rights and freedoms. See natural rights and Scott, Sarah, 163 freedoms Scott, Thomas, 58 Ripe Fruit, or, The Marriage Act (Stuart), Scott, Walter, 5–6, 196, 230 200 Scriblerians, the, 44, 70–1, 98 Rivals, The (Richard Sheridan), 195 Seasonable Examination of ...Playhouses, Rivington, Charles, 92 A (Richardson), 62, 64, 75, 87, 88 Robinson, George, 192 Secker, Thomas, 22, 26 Rockingham Whigs, 197, 201 Secret History of Queen Zarah, The (Manley), Roe, Sir Thomas, 28, 87 235n12 romance, 5, 93, 134, 161, 187, 190, 257n35 secularism, 2, 7–8, 11, 17, 25, 37, 42, 90, 135, and Gretna Green, 56–7, 191, 192, 196, 202–3, 230, 232 205, 217–18, 219, 220 and natural law, 29, 31, 32–3, 34 and modern commerce, 11, 55, 190, 192–5 Haywood’s, 188–90 and sentimentalism, 74, 82–3, 195, 196 in Burney and Austen, 186, 214, 217, and the anti-Marriage Act cause, 56, 167, 226 198–201 seduction narratives, 113, 180 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 74, 75–7 Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 221 Rosina (Shield), 75 sensibility, 176, 192, 202–04, 207, 217, 220, 221, Rowlandson, Thomas, 192 222, 223, 225 Rowson, Susannah, 202 sentimental comedy. See comedy, sentimental Royal Marriage Act (1772), 198, 201 Sentimental Journey, A (Sterne), 194 Russel, Richard, 52 sentimentalism, 27, 36, 82, 106, 118, 134, 175, 176, Russell, John, fourth Duke of Bedford, 27, 177, 183, 192, 201, 203, 204 165, 170 See also comedy, sentimental Ryder, Sir Dudley, 23, 26 Seven Years’ War, 197 sex, 44, 48, 57, 71, 93, 95, 103 sacramental marriage, 2, 39, 123, 132, 244 in Joseph Andrews, 137, 155–56, 159 ‘Sailor’s Progress, with the Humours of the Fleet and clandestine marriage, 180, 192, 195 Marriage, The’ (anon.), 77 Shadwell, Thomas, 58 ‘Sailor’s Fleet Wedding Entertainment, The’ Shaftesbury, third Earl of. See Ashley-Cooper, (June), 48, 50 Anthony, third Earl of Shaftesbury same-sex marriage, 1, 57 Shakespeare, William, 74–5, 225, 227, 229 satire, 24, 42, 81, 134, 143, 166, 183, 187 sham marriage. See Pamela (Richardson), and Fielding’s, 133, 136, 137, 138, 145, 164 sham marriage Fleet wedding, 44, 45, 47–8, 53 Shamela (Fielding). See Apology for the Life of Mrs Scotch marriage, 195, 200 Shamela Andrews, An stage, 58, 59, 64–74, 77 Shandyean ﬁction, 192 Savage, Richard, 143 She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 174 Savoy Chapel, 79, 168 Shebbeare, John, 9, 81, 164, 176, 185, 189, 205, Schellenberg, Betty, 207, 211 230, 231

310 Index

Shebbeare, John (cont.) on the natural right to marry, 32, 34, 120, and the Marriage Act, 9, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 167, 198 Lydia, or Filial Piety, 164 Enquiry into the Force and Operation of the Marriage Act, A Novel, 10, 81, 134, 162, 164–72, Annulling Clauses in a Late Act ...,An, 175, 178 243n98 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 191 Dissertation on the Power of States to Deny Civil Sheridan, Frances, 190 Protection in the Marriage of Minors, 32 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 191, 195–6 Sterne, Lawrence, 24, 106, 173, 174, 194 Shield, William, 75 Stone, Lawrence, 37, 258n46 Short View of the Immorality, and Profaneness of Stothard, Thomas, 114 the English Stage, A (Collier), 59, 87 Stowe, 170 Sir Charles Grandison (Richardson), 10, 13–14, 85, Stuart, Charles (playwright) 86, 114, 112–33, 134–5 Gretna Green, A Comic Opera, 84, 200–1 and Catholicism, 112, 117, 121–2, 123, 131 Ripe Fruit, or, The Marriage Act, 200 and clandestine marriage, 47, 113–15, 125, subaltern clergy, 39, 40, 106, 123, 143, 144, 147, 128–9, 130 162, 168, 175, 191, 228 and class stratification, 112, 117, 123, 126–7, Sutherland, Kathryn, 186 129, 131 Swinburne, Henry, 38 and gender, 123, 125, 128, 130, 131 and High Church Anglicanism, 116, 118, 120, Tatler, The, 41, 42 121–2, 132–3, 148 Taylor, Charles, 7 and natural law, 116, 122, 261n68 Télémaque (Fénelon), 178 and Patriot fiction, 163, 178, 182 Temple, Richard, first Viscount Cobham, 170 and the Marriage Act, 113, 115, 116, 122, 123, 128, Test Acts, 17 132, 162 theatre, the, 9, 10, 57–84, 94, 230 and the polite marriage market, 112, 115, and ‘irregular drama’, 64–74 119–20, 123–30 and clandestine marriage, 57, 61 and the public wedding, 122–33, 161, 189 and licensed and unlicensed and women’s fiction, 163, 206, 209, 215, 224 entertainments, 74–8 Sirota, Brent S., 7 and marriage vows, 58–61 slavery, 19–20, 97, 168, 199, 223–4, 229, 277n2 and moral reform, 59, 61, 63, 64, 71, 73, 74, 82 Smith, Charlotte, 203, 206 and Pamela adaptations, 74, 75, 82–3, 252n126 Smollett, Tobias, 209 and social disorder, 62, 74–5 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the English marriage plot, 8–9, 10, 84, 89 93–4, 229, 230 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in and the Fleet marriage market, 44–5, 57 Foreign Parts, 89 burlesque, 57, 64, 65, 68, 69, 77, 83 Society for the Reformation of Manners, 89 meta-theatre, 65, 69–70, 73, 98, 136, 138, Socrates, 170 164, 183 soft irony, 148, 150, 153, 158, 160, 164, 175, 183 regulation of, 61–4 soldiers and sailors, 36, 40, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, the High Church attack on, 59, 87 51, 77 See also comedy, laughing; comedy, Somers, John, Baron Somers, 19 sentimental; comic marriage plot Spaeth, Donald, 37, 38 theatrical mock marriage, 9, 10, 57–74, 84, 230 Spectator, The, 106, 148–50, 152 and comic experimentation, 64–74 Stage Licensing Act (1737), 10, 57, 61, 62, 63, and Epicoene, 57–8 74–5, 77, 82, 136 and Joseph Andrews, 140 and Fielding’s Pasquin, 64, 68–9, 70, 73, and Pamela, 94, 98, 109, 111 251n108 and Restoration comedy, 58–60 and the Marriage Act (1753), 60–1, 73–4 and the hermeneutics of marriage, 59–61 and the representation of marriage, 74–8 in Pasquin, 68–73 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth Earl of in The What D’ye Call It, 65–8 Chesterfield, 16, 135, 194 on the unlicensed stage, 74–5, 77 state-building. See Court Whig state-building religious and moral censure of, 59 Stebbing, Henry, 31, 32 Thompson, E. P., 15–16, 19

Index 311

Thompson, Mary Ann, 1–2 Christian, 85, 100, 107, 112, 115, 117, 119, 132, Thornton, William, 21 140, 218 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents clerical, 140, 146, 151, 154 (Burke), 201 domestic, 73, 97, 103, 170 Three Hours After Marriage (Pope, Gay and female, 51, 53, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 162, 215, 216, Arbuthnot), 44 228, 229 Tillotson, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, married, 59, 79, 104 24, 148 See also chastity; charity; moral reform ‘Times, The’ (Churchill), 239n47 movement tithes, 142, 143, 145 toleration, 16, 28, 56, 121 Wake, William, 16 Topham, Francis, 24 Wales, 14, 20, 40, 144, 228 Tories, Toryism, 11, 16–17, 22, 26, 27, 31–2, 47, Walpole, Horace, fourth Earl of Orford, 53, 54–5, 55–6, 105, 111, 142, 143, 146, 147, 183, 197, 63, 194 201, 229 Walpole, Robert, first Earl of Orford, 15, 16, 17, and Gay, 64, 66–67, 73 19, 44, 61, 63, 70, 71, 135, 136, 143, 146 and Richardson, 85–91, 117, 122, 125–26, 132–3 Waltham Black Acts, 19 and Fielding, 145, 150, 155, 161 Warburton, William, 17–19, 38, 57, 63, 91, 160 and Shebbeare, 163–72 on the Marriage Act, 18, 32–4, 57 and Goldsmith, 175–79 Alliance Between Church and State, The, and Haywood, 187 17–18, 20 See also High Church Toryism Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated, The, Townshend, Charles, 27, 28 31 travel, 194 ‘On the Nature of the Marriage Union’, 32–4, coach, 51, 127, 153, 190 38, 57 turnpike, 190, 191, 195 ‘Preface to Volume III of Clarissa Harlowe, travel writing, 191, 192, 196 1748’, 18 Treatise of Spousals Or Matrimonial Contracts, Watt, Ian, 6, 93, 218, 233n5, 256n19, 257n35 A (Swinburne), 38 Way of the World, The (Congreve), 40, 57 Trinitarianism, 2, 128, 151 Webster, William, 91, 92 anti-, 2 wedding banns, 24, 36, 190, 244n3 Trip to Scotland, A (Whitehead), 84, 194, in Joseph Andrews, 139, 155–8, 265n40 204 wedding ceremony, 1–3, 7, 8, 24–25, 38, 57, 58, 59, True Widow, A (Shadwell), 58 60, 85, 90, 94, 104, 105, 140, 166, 169, 180, 181–3, 212, 231 Unitarians, 1–2 as a solemnity, 111, 125, 128–9, 131, 132, 140, 156, 181–2 Vernon affair, the, 80, 81–2, 83 double, 177, 178, 180, 215, 221 Vernon, Joseph, 79, 80, 82 proper vs. improper, 4, 6, 9, 10, 36–38, 47, 55, vestry, 142 58, 82, 86, 94, 109, 110–11 Vicar of Wakefield, The (Goldsmith), 4, 11, 106, wedding certificates, 43, 53, 80, 245n14 173–84, 185, 196, 202 wedding feasts and celebrations, 51, 122, 126, and clandestine marriage, 175, 178 129–31, 161, 169–70, 182–3 and the Marriage Act, 162, 163, 173–4, 177, wedding licences, 24, 37, 79, 244n3 179, 183 in Joseph Andrews, 155, 156, 158 as Patriot fiction, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 in The Vicar of Wakefield, 178, 180, 181 reception of, 174, 175, 183 wedding registration, 25, 60, 240n60 vicar-squire plot, the, 134, 152, 155, 164, 169, 179, Goldsmith’s ‘A Register of Scotch 186, 221, 222, 214–17, 221–22, 224–29 Marriages’, 196 See also clerical subplot, the; parsons weddings, 53, 54–5, 57, 79, 104, 167, 213, 232 Villiers, George, second Duke of Buckingham, Anglican, 2, 7, 10, 24, 26, 38, 45, 94 65 chamber, 47, 109, 113, 124, 259n62 virginity, 102, 125, 126, 131, 170 forced, 29, 47, 51, 55, 104, 113, 122, 128, 217 virtue, 5, 6, 11, 18, 89, 116, 117, 137, 138, 140–1, 152, parish, 7, 10, 36, 39, 122, 133, 134, 160–1, 190 153, 179, 185, 188, 222 private, 109, 110, 115, 141, 155

312 Index

weddings, (cont.) Wilkes, John, 197 public, 26, 39, 67, 109, 115, 116, 122–32, 133, Wilkesite movement, 21, 166, 197, 156 198 ‘Scotch’, 190, 191, 192, 194, 200 Wilkinson, Rev. John, 78–9, 80, 168 witnesses, onlookers and crowds, 42, 47, 51, Wilkinson, Tate, 79, 80–1 67–8, 122–4, 127–30, 161, 182 William Augustus, Prince, Duke of See also Fleet weddings Cumberland, 27 Weekly Miscellany, 91 Wofﬁngton, Peg, 75 Wesley, John, 107 women’s writing, 6, 93, 163, 185–90, 192, 199, Westbrook, Harriet, 191 202–3, 207, 231–32 Westminster Review, 196 Wordsworth, Dorothy, 196 What D’ye Call It, The (Gay), 45, 64–8, 71, 72–3, Wyatt, Walter (Fleet parson), 46 136, 178, 250n102 Wycherley, William, 58 and Pamela, 64, 65–6, 98 ‘What is Enlightenment?’ (Kant), 2 Yorke, Philip, ﬁrst Earl of Hardwicke. See Whigs, 14–16 Hardwicke, Lord oppositional, 7, 17, 27, 31, 63, 65, 165, Young Philosopher, The (Smith), 203 265n39 Young, William, 136 See also Court Whigs Younger Brother, The (Behn), 59 Whiston, William, 173 youth, 5, 11, 32, 34, 52, 55, 56, 62, 63, 88–89, 165, Whitehead, William, 84, 194, 195, 169–70, 192, 198–202 204 Wild Gallant, The (Dryden), 58 Zöllner, Johann Friedrich, 2