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This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Love, sex and marriage : an historical study of English vocabulary. Coleman, Julie Margaret The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 iLrtdy 0f t1 e33Mnti F1-w LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGEmOLd J1jh tn th Prcrnt Di tut- aF Esc,LiC VOCABULM{ thesis submitted for the degree of PhD Julie Margaret Coleman King's College, London, 1992 Volume I t L014J0$ I Abstract This thesis consists of a study of the semantic fields of LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGE. A Classification of HATE is presented in Appendix I, for the sake of comparison, but no Commentary is provided. The Introduction describes the background to this study: the Oxford English Dictionary, Roget's Thesaurus and the Glasgow Historical Thesaurus project. The procedures and methodology used are explained, with particular emphasis on the use of computer-technology. A comparison is made between Classifications of the Old English lexis, derived from my MA dissertation, and Classifications based on the lexis of the whole English-speaking period. Classifications based on the Oxford English Dictionary are followed by supplementary material drawn from my own reading. Volume II begins with Commentaries, consisting of detailed notes on the usage of individual terms and comments on the problems of classifying them. Historical and etymological variations in the four fields are analysed, illustrated and explained in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 consists of a study of the use of animal and food imagery within the fields studied. The use and implications of the use of proper names is considered in Chapter 7, while Chapter 8 contains an examination of the functions and use of phonaestha and other forms of word play. Appendix I contains the Classification of HATE drawn upon in Chapters 5-8. Appendix II consists of tables of synonyms and related words. These are provided to support assertions made in the Commentaries, but also as an aid to literary criticism. An index is also provided in order to aid reference to the Classifications. Some simplification was introduced in order to conserve space, so the index does not represent an exhaustive guide to the contents of the Classifications. 2 Acknowledgements This project, and the MA preceding it, were funded by the British Academy. Throughout the course of this study I have been helped and encouraged by too many people to name individually. The support and interest of my family and friends, particularly Mum and Dad, Mick, Keith, Kathy and Baijit, has been invaluable. I would like to thank everyone in Glasgow for making my time there so pleasant, and for being ready to answer queries arising since. The academic and operations staff in King's College's Computing Centre, as well as providing a friendly place to work, have been apparently tireless in their help, and I'm grateful particularly to Susan Kruse who, along with Louise Sylvester, made sure I found out what computers could do for me before it was too late. Jane Roberts has been generous with both her books and her time, and provided me with supervisions that have been everything I could have hoped and enjoyable. I would also like to thank Janet Bately, for being so flexible an employer in the final stages of this thesis. But my greatest debt is to Harold Short, who, quite simply, is not telling the truth when he says gratitude is unnecessary. Much of this thesis would have been impractical, if not impossible without his help, and certainly would have been less fun. 3 Table of Contents Volume I Abstract p2 Acknowledgements p3 Table of Contents p4 Abbreviations p9 Symbols and Conventions p14 1. Introduction p16 2. OED Classifications LOVE p59 SEX p124 MARRIAGE p182 3. Supplementary Classifications Introduction p224 LOVE p229 SEX p242 MARRIAGE p321 Volume II 4. Commentaries LOVE p333 SEX p358 MARRIAGE p413 5. Historical and Etymological Analysis p442 6. Animals and Food p4.85 7. The Proper Names of the Classification p497 8. Phonaestheia and Other Games with Words p514 Appendix I: HATE Classification p525 Appendix H: Synonym Tables Introduction p556 LOVE p557 SEX p565 MARRIAGE p588 Select Bibliography p598 Index p61! 4 Tables 1A: Suggested etymologies for fuck p56 5A: Key to Etymological Codes and Groupings p446 5B: New Usages According to Etymological Category p477 5C: New Forms According to Etymological Category p478 5D: The etymological make-up of the lexes of HATE, LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGE p479 SE: Last Usages according to Etymological Category p480 5F: The distribution of new usages across the fields of LOVE, HATE, SEX and MARRIAGE (i) absolute figures p481 (ii) as percentages of the lexis p4.81 5G: The distribution of new forms across the fields of LOVE, HATE, SEX and MARRIAGE (i) absolute figures p482 (ii) as percentages of the lexis p482 5H: The relative sizes of the lexes of HATE, LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGE p483 51: New forms in HATE, LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGE as percentages of new usages p483 5J: Obsolescence as a Proportion of the lexis of each period p4.84 5K: The adoption of loanwords and the development of existing resources p484 Tables of Synonyms and Related Words (Appendix II) Li: 07.02.02 LOVE p557 L2:07.02.02/01 GREAT LOVE p558 L3: 07.02.02.01, 07.02.02.01/01 & 07.02.02.01.02.01 IMAGES OF LOVE L3.i: uniqueness, importance and preciousness p559 L3.2: the senses p560 L3.3: delicacy, smaUness and insignificance p56i L3.4: children, pain and insults p562 L3.5: animals p563 L4: 07.02.02.05 AMOROUS LOVE p564 Si: 07.02.03 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE S 1.1: Nature, animals, food, love and knowledge p565 Si .2: Sleep, beds, lying down and lying on top of p566 Si.3: Joining and Mixing p567 Si .4: Nearness, Touching, Companionship, Conversation and Domesticity p568 5 Si.5: Movement and Labour p569 Si .6: Pleasure, Dancing, Naughtiness, Nastiness and Violence p570 Si .7: Penetration and Genitals, Women, Possession and Deception p571 S2: 07.02.03.02.01 & 07.02.03.02.02 MASTURBATION and ORAL SEX p572 S3: 07.02.03.02.03 ANAL SEX p573 S4: 07.02.03.03.04.01 TOO LUSTFUL S4.1: Non-gendered terms p574 S4.2: Gender-specific terms p575 S5: 07.02.03.03.04.02 INSUFFICIENTLY LUSTFUL p575 S6: 07.02.03.03.05.03 NON-MARITAL SEX S6.1: General Terms and fornication p576 S6.2: Adulteiy p577 S7: 07.02.03.04 PROSTITUTE S7.i: Worthless, dirty, untidy, unnatural and undiscriminating p578 S7.2: Animals, food, victim and other professions p579 S7.3: Night-time, urbanization, street-walking, shipping, the military and danger p580 S7.4: Over-dressing and commerce p58i S7.5: Sex, pleasure and proper names p582 S8: 07.02.03.04.01, 07.02.03.04.03 & 07.02.03.04.04.01 PROSTITUTION S8.i: Prostitution and procurers p583 S8.2: Male Procurers p584 S8.3: Female Procurers and Brothels p585 S8.4: Brothels continued p586 S9: 07.02.03.05 etc. SEX CRIMES p587 Ml: 07.02.04 MARRIAGE p588 M2: 07.02.04.01 SPOUSE p589 M3: 07.02.04.01.01 & 07.02.04.01.01.01 WIFE and MARRIED WOMAN M3.1: English sources p590 M3.2: Non-English sources p591 M4: 07.02.04.01.02 & 07.02.04.01.02.01 HUSBAND and MARRIED MAN p592 M5: 07.02.04.02, 07.02.04.02.01 & 07.02.04.02.02 THE UNMARRIED p593 M6: 07.02.04.05 WEDDING M6. i: Without marked social or financial connotations p594 6 M6.2: With reference to social or financial considerations p595 M7: 07.02.04.07 etc. WIDOW(ER) p596 M8: 07.02.04.08 & 07.02.04.08.01 DIVORCE and SEPARATION p597 Diagrams and Graphs Fig. 1.1: An example GHT slip p18 Fig. 1.2: Roget's Classification of the parts of the body, based on Lloyd (1982) p20 Fig. 1.3: The Structure of the Glasgow Historical Thesaurus and the positions of HATE, LOVE, SEX and MARRIAGE within it p21 Fig. 1.4: A database entry p27 Fig. 1.5: LOVE. OE compared with the complete Classification p48 Fig. 1.6: SEX. OE compared with the complete Classification p4.9 Fig. 1.7: MARRIAGE. OE compared with the complete Classification p50 Fig. 4.1: The Semantic Development of the term gay p380 Fig.
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