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Izvestaj O Stanju Voda 2015

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Izvestaj O Stanju Voda 2015 MINISTARSTVO ZA ŽIVOTNU SREDINU I PROSTORNO PLANIRANJE KOSOVSKA AGENCIJA ZA ZAŠTITU ŽIVOTNE SREDINE IZVEŠTAJ O STANJU VODA 2015 Priština, 2015 Predgovor Zaštita vodnih resursa je moralna, etička i ljudska obaveza svakoga, jer je voda bitan faktor života, zdravlja, hrane, kulture, proizvodnje i obnovljivih izvora energije. Potreba za svežom vodom jedno je od najvećih ekoloških pitanja u svetu danas. Podaci pokazuju da više od 1,2 milijarde ljudi širom sveta nema pristup pijaćoj vodi, dok otprilike 3 milijarde ljudi (polovina stanovništva sveta) nema odgovarajuće sanitarne usluge. Preko 200 bolesti potiče od zagađene vode, a otprilike 6.000 ljudi dnevno umre zbog bolesti dijareje. Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji, oko 5 miliona ljudi umire svake godine zbog zagađene vode. S obzirom na trenutni trend urbanizacije u svetu, do 2025. godine oko 3 milijarde ljudi trebaće vodosnabdevanje, a više od 4 milijarde trebaće pristup uslugama otpadnih voda. Na Kosovu, kao i u mnogim drugim zemljama sveta, ljudskom zdravlju i blagostanju sve više preti loš kvalitet vode ili nedostatak slatke vode. Na osnovu podataka naših institucija, približno 80% stanovništva na Kosovu snabdeva se javnim sistemom vodosnabdevanja, a oko 60% stanovništva ima pristup javnoj kanalizaciji. Zaštita, očuvanje i nadzor kvaliteta vodnih resursa jedan je od najvećih ekoloških izazova našeg društva. Industrijski razvoj, urbanizacija i intenzivna poljoprivreda neki su od faktora koji uzrokuju zagađenje vode. Uprkos neprekidnim naporima, nekontrolisano korišćenje vodnih resursa i oštećenja korita reka ostaju faktori koji doprinose degradaciji naših vodnih resursa. Nedostatak nadgledanja podzemnih voda je još jedan problem koji zahteva rešenje. Posebnu pažnju i značaj treba posvetiti poboljšanju vodne infrastrukture, izgradnji postrojenja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda i prilagođavanje klimatskim promenama u vodnom sektoru. MŽSPP će nastaviti sa opredeljenjem za dovršavanje potrebnog zakonodavstva za sektor voda i prenošenje direktiva Evropske unije, dok je usvajanje Nacionalne strategije za vode i dalje jedan od ključnih prioriteta sektora. dr. Ferid Agani, ministar MŽSPP-a 2 Izrazi zahvalnosti Poštovani čitaoci i partneri, u vašim rukama imate izveštaj koji pruža informacije o stanju voda na Kosovu tokom 2011-2014. Ovo je drugi sektorski izveštaj o stanju voda u Republici Kosovo koji je pripremila Kosovska agencija za zaštitu životne sredine (KAZŽS). Izveštaj je pripremljen u sklopu aktivnosti za ispunjavanje dužnosti i odgovornosti KAZŽS-a u vezi sa izveštavanjem o stanju sektora zaštite životne sredine. Njegovu pripremu su podržala i druga odeljenja Ministarstva zaštite životne sredine i prostornog planiranja, posebno njegovo Odeljenje za vode. Izveštaj takođe uključuje podatke koje pružaju druge vladine i nevladine institucije odgovorne za određene aspekte sektora vode i koji pružaju informacije o sektoru. Stoga želimo da izrazimo zahvalnost svima koji su u bilo kom obliku doprineli pripremi i dovršetku ovog izveštaja. Povećavanje nivoa saradnje između institucija odgovornih za upravljanje vodama i praćenjem uveliko će se poboljšati proces prikupljanja, razmene, obrade i izveštavanja o stanju voda. Nadamo se da će ovaj izveštaj biti skroman doprinos podizanju svesti o stanju vode na Kosovu i da će pomoći kreatorima politika da primene održive politike u sektoru vode i donatorima da pravilno upravljaju projektima. Dr. sc. Ilir Morina, direktor KAZŽS-a 3 Skraćenice KAZŽS Kosovska agencija za zaštitu životne sredine KAS Kosovska agencija za statistiku EU Evropska unija WFD Okvirna direktiva o vodama OV Odeljenje za vode EC Evropska komisija TH Ukupna tvrdoća GIZ Nemačko društvo za međunarodnu saradnju HEC Hidrocentrala KHI Kosovski hidrometeorološki institut NIJZ Nacionalni institut za javno zdravlje KGS Kosovska geološka služba RKVOV Regulatorna kancelarija za vode i otpadne vode MŽSPP Ministarstvo za životnu sredinu i prostorno planiranje SHUKOS Asocijacija preduzeća za vodu i otpadne vode Kosova IPA Instrument za pretpristupnu pomoć IPPC Integrisana prevencija i kontrola zagađenja KEC Kosovska energetska korporacija KFOR Kosovske snage KFW Nemačka razvojna banka IWC Međuministarski savet za vode RWC Regionalne kompanije za vodosnabdevanje MED Ministarstvo ekonomskog razvoja PI Javno preduzeće WHO Svetska zdravstvena organizacija EO Ekonomski operator PH Koncentracija jona vodonika NP Nacionalni park KAPZŽS Kosovski akcioni plan za zaštitu životne sredine SHA Akcionarsko društvo SHBO5 Biološka potražnja za kiseonikom SHKO Hemijska potreba za kiseonikom TC Termocentrala TCA Termocentrala A TCB Termocentrala B AI Administrativno uputstvo UNDP Program Ujedinjenih nacija za razvoj VML Maksimalne dozvoljene vrednost VMM Mesečne prosečne vrednosti VMV Godišnje prosečne vrednosti SPA Područja posebne zaštite voda 4 Sadržaj 1. UVOD 1.1. Uvod ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2. Opšte informacije o Kosovu ............................................................................................................ 10 1.2.1. Geografski položaj .................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.2. Reljef ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3. Klima ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.4. Hidrografija ................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.5. Padavine...................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.6. Demografska struktura ......................................................................................................... 12 2. PRAVNI I STRATEŠKI OKVIR .........................................................................................13 2.1. Pravni i strateški okvir ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1. Pravna infrastruktura u oblasti voda ............................................................................... 13 2.1.2. Strategija za zaštitu životne sredine ............................................................................... 15 2.1.3. Nacrt nacionalne strategije za vode na Kosovu ......................................................... 15 2.1.4. Plan praćenja vode ................................................................................................................. 16 2.1.5. Direktive Evropske unije o vodama ................................................................................. 16 2.2. Institucionalna struktura ................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Ministarstvo životne sredine i prostornog planiranja .............................................. 18 2.2.2. Kosovska agencija za zaštitu životne sredine (KAZŽS) ............................................ 18 2.2.3. Nacionalni institut za javno zdravlje (NIJZ) .................................................................. 18 2.2.4. Kosovska geološka služba (KGS) ...................................................................................... 19 2.2.5. Regulatorna kancelarija za vode i otpadne vode (RKVOV) ................................... 19 2.2.6. Lokalna samouprava - Opštine ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.7. Javna preduzeća/Regionalne kompanije za vodosnabdevanje ........................... 20 2.2.8. Asocijacija preduzeća za vodu i otpadne vode Kosova (APVOVK) ................... 21 3. POVRŠINSKE VODE ........................................................................................................23 3.1. Površinske vode .................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1. Reke i rečni baseni .................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.2. Veštačka jezera ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.1.3. Prirodna jezera ......................................................................................................................... 29 3.2. Podzemne vode .................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3. Termo-mineralne vode ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.4. Močvare ................................................................................................................................................... 32 4. UPOTREBA VODE I VODNI RESURSI ............................................................................. 35 4.1. Upotreba vode za piće i domaćinstva ......................................................................................... 35 4.2. Upotreba vode za navodnjavanje ................................................................................................
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