CHAPTER-I-Introducnon
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CHAPTER-I-INTRODUCnON 1 * m<£**$^., ** • 1 «1'**jfiSND* ^M.^ 1 **??J?^L -sgfr" '^V-^KVS •A--. * •SfpS H 1 , y--| INTRODUCTION Archaeological evidences showed that the area surrounding Nashik was the early Stone Age. Since the trap rock characteristic of that time have been found buried in the riverbed at Gangavadi. Agastya, the renowned sage was the first Aryan to cross the Vindhya Mountains and live on the banks of the Godavari. There is also mention of Lord Rama accompanied by Lakshman and Sita met Agastya, and he presented Ram with bow and two quivers presumably to fight the Rakshasas, and advised to settle down at Panchavati. Mughal named it Gulshanabad in appreciation of beauty of Nashik, which was then restored as Nashik when Peshwas took over in 1751. Nashik city is regional headquarter of Nashik revenue division and also various offices of Government of Maharashtra. Nashik city is spread on the banks of Godavari River and is at 565 meters above mean sea level (MSL). The banks or the Ghats of the river Godavari are considered to be sacred for people to take holy dip in the "Kundas" (Ponds), Godavari is also known as "Dakshin Vahini", As early as 1864 local body known as Nashik Municipality was there. Presently there are 15 Talukas namely Nashik, Peth, Dindori, Surgana, Kalvan, Baglan (Satana), Devla, Trimbakeshwar, Malegaon, Chandwad, Nandgaon, Yeola, Niphad, Sinnar and Igatpuri. Nashik region is a major hub for grapes, sugarcane and onion. Nashik region also art of Western Ghat known as for its biodiversity (http:// www.mpcb.in"). GENERAL GEOGRAPHY Nashik district lying between 19° 35' and 20° 52' North latitude and 73° 16' and 74° 56' east longitude, with an area of 15,530 km2 (6,015 sq. miles) having population of 49,93,796 with>$21.56 /km2L(832^/sq mi) as per the census of 2001. It is surrounded by Dhule district in the north, Dangs and Surat district of Gujarat State in the northwest, Jalgaon in the east and northeast, Ahmednagar in the south, Aurangabad in the southeast and Thane in the west and southwest. The district has 18 towns and 1931 villages. The district forms part of Godavari basin (southern part) and Tapi basin (northern part). Godavari and Girna are the main rivers flowing through the district. Map 1.1: Taluka Map of Nashik District 3 GENERAL CLIMATE The climate of this district is characterized by dryness, except in the southwest monsoon season. The year may be divided into three seasons, the cold season from December to February followed by the hot season from March to May and the monsoon season from June to November. Rainfall: The average annual rainfall of Nashik and Niphad taluka is 923 mm and 736 mm respectively (Fig 1.1), depending on the location with respect to Western Ghats rainfall. Considering the rainfall, jmgadoji_ac^iyities in Niphad taluka is more, but rainfall is less. Very low rainfall was observed in 2009 considering last decade. (Source: http:// www.mahaagri.com.) Figure 1.1: Rainfall in Nashik and Niphad Taluka, Nashik District. Temperature: Meteorological stations in the district are located at Malegaon and the other are at Nashik. Malegaon being at lower elevation than the rest of the district, the temperatures is about 3 \°C higher than at Nasik in summer and about one or two degrees higher in thev colcPseason. In the Western Ghats region the temperature is much lower than at Nasik depending on the elevations. Humidity: As mentioned earlier humidity is higher in monsoon and dr^ in summer season. The summer season shows relative humidity between 20 and 25 percent. GEOMORPHOLOGY The physiographic configuration has a major role to play in the occurrence of groundwater. The district forms part of Western Ghat and Deccan Plateau. Physiographically Nashik district comprises varied topography. Study area falls under the moderately dissected plateau (Map 1.2). Moderately dissected plateau means moderate relief and shallow soil mantle followed by zone of weathering and area is favourable for groundwater recharge. Primary, secondary and tertiary type of drainage pattern is present in the study area. There are three types of physiography which occur such as 1. MDP-A, exposed rock and thin soil cover. 2. MDP-B, with moderate soil cover. 3. MDP-C, with thick soil cover and thick weathered zone. Nashik district is mainly drained by Godavari and Girna River. Other important rivers in the district are Damanganga, Vaitarna, Darna, Kadva, Aram, Mosam, Panjan and Manegad. 5 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND DRAINAGE MAP OF STUDY AREA Map 1.2: Geomorphology and Drainage pattern of Nashik and Niphad taluka. GENERAL GEOLOGY In general Deccan trap is present in the district. It is entirely of volcanic, consisting of compact, stratified basalts, and an earthy trap. The basalts are the most conspi cuous geological feature (Map 1.3). The formation at the base of the traps is chiefly amygdaloidal, containing quartz in vertical veins, crystals and zeolitic minerals, especially apophyllite weathering into a gray soil, (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in). The shallow alluvial formation of recent age also occurs as narrow stretch along the banks of Godavari and Girna Rivers flowing in the area. The main minerals are lime nodules and Kankar are found practically all over the district. At isolated locations the deposits consists of magnetite and ilmenite are reported (http://www.cgwb.in). 6 GEOLOGY AND DRAINAGE MAP OF STUDY AREA Map 1.3: Geological Map of Nashik and Niphad Taluka AGRICULTURAL (rf NASHIK As regards the soil, the valleys are filled with disintegrated basalt of various shades from gray to black. It is of argillaceous nature. This soil is not favorable to the growth of large trees but it is very fertile for cereals and pulses. The black soil contains high alumina and carbonates of calcium and magnesium with variable amounts of potash, low nitrogen and phosphorus. The red soil is less common and is suitable for cultivation under heavy and consistent rainfall. (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in) 7 LANDUSE MAP OF STUDY AREA INDEX • Cooing nonoXootog Reservoir • industrial • Ktwit+Kata i.L*j*jbte topped] • Kharif'S • Land wth sen* • Open(r4atitied) D Others • Rabi*SfTvner • Residential • Sen* ForwtfNobfred) Map 1.4: Land use map of Nashik and Niphad taluka. Mainly kharif*and rabii crops were irrigated in the study area (Map 1.4) The main kharif crops are bajra and rice, especially in Malegaon, Baglan, Yeola, Nandgaon and Chandwad talukas. Jawar and groundnut are grown on a large scale in the western parts of the district - Niphad, Igatpuri, Peth, Nashik and Surgana talukas. In recent past, Nashik is known as 'Grape city". Besides certain irrigated crops like Sugarcane, (GrapesyOnions and other vegetables. Niphad, Nashik, Baglan, Yeola, Malegaon and Sinnar talukas produce large quantities of sugarcane, which require an excess amount df chemical fertilizers (Fig 1.2). Nashik, Niphad, Dindori, and Kalvan talukas have many vineyards. Onions are grown in Lasalgaon, Niphad, Nashik, Sinnar and Malegaon areas. Brinjal, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Tomato, Cucumber, Carrot, Potato and Coriander are some of the vegetables grown in the district. Niphad taluka is well known as high irrigation zone because cultivation of land (Fig 1.3) by using groundwater sources like dug wells and bore wells (Fig 1.4) is more than Nashik taluka. Distribution of Chemical Fertilizers in Nashik and Niphad Taluka s o 50000 c u 40000 30000 20000 fi 10000 5 £ 0 IH mil nil 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 I Nashik Taluka • Niphad Taluka Fig 1.2: Distribution of Chemical Fertilizers in Nashik and Niphad Taluka Land Under Cultivation in Nashik & Niphad Taluka 100000 80000 -I O 60000 <D fl) *•' -T- 40000 > 20000 0 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 I Nashik Taluka D Niphad Taluka (Source: Nashik Arthik ani Samajik Samalocham Ahaval, 2003-2008, District Inspector, Land Survey, Nashik) Fig 1.3: Land under Cultivation in Nashik and Niphad Taluka 9 YIELD OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES The yields of the wells are the functions of the permeability and transmissivity of aquifer encountered. This varies with location, diameter and depth of wells. There are mainly two types of ground water structures i.e. dug wells and bore wells in the area. Dug wells are generally used for both domestic water requirements and for minor irrigation purposes in the district. The depth of dug wells in Basaltic area of the district ranges from 12 to 15 m and the yield varies from 45 to 90 m3/day depending upon the local hydro geological conditions. Bore wells drilled down to 70 m depth, tapping weathered and vesicular basalt are found to yield 18 to 68 m /day. This variation of yields in the single type of aquifer is due to lateral/spatial variation in permeability of the formation/aquifer material (http://www.cgwb.in). *jaoundwater level of sources-ef the study area bocoincs \oyc,-h£nc&-farmers use surface water for irrigation purpose in pre monsoon season. Irigation by Gropundwater in Nashik & Niphad Taluka s _!--' 30000 Well g 20000 r Du f 10000 o . No o 1 • 1 • • 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-200 7 2007-2008 • Nashik Taluka Q Niphad Taluka (Source: Nashik Arthik ani Samajik Samalocham Ahaval, 2003-2008) Fig 1.4: Irrigation by groundwater in Nashik and Niphad Taluka 10 WINE PARK OF NASHIK Nashik Wine Park is ^rape wine park) administrated by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). It contains 97 plots developed for winery activities. There are about 34 wine projects in Maharashtra, out of that, 20 are only in Nashik district. The total installed capacity of all the wineries are around 25-lakh lit/year.