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A"Streetcar"We"Desire" A!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
Cambridge*Streetcars*running*on*bi2directional,* centre2lane*expressways*along*Cambridge’s*radial* routes*to*reduce*peak*hours*commuter*congestion* ! ! Helen!Bradbury! Niki!Fanouraki! Gabriel!Fox! Terry!Spencer! Roger!Tomlinson! 30*November*2015*
1!! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
The"Authors" !
Helen!Bradbury!MA!is!Chair!of!the!Transport!Working!Group!of!Coton!Parish! Council.!Formerly!Sales!and!Customer!Services!Director!of!Cambridge! University!Press,!Helen!has!20!years!experience!in!various!sales!and! communication!roles.!She!has!recently!obtained!a!Postgraduate!Certificate!in! Architectural!History!from!Oxford!University,!and!now!works!as!a!freelance! Historic!Buildings!Consultant.!Helen!is!currently!leading!a!project!involving!the! University!of!Cambridge,!Cambridge!City!Council!and!CambridgePPF!looking!at! the!aesthetic,!functional!and!economic!benefits!of!rejuvenating!Market!Square,! Cambridge.!
Niki Fanouraki MSc is a civil engineer with eleven years of professional experience, research and postgraduate studies. In the UK Niki has worked for engineering consultancies URS (now AECOM) and Peter Dann Consulting Engineers and is currently employed by WS Atkins. She has Master's degrees in Civil Engineering (University of Michigan) and Mechanical Engineering (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) and holds a Postgraduate Degree in Structural Design and Analysis of Structures and a 5-year Degree in Civil Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens. Niki is a Chartered Engineer in Greece and is working towards the equivalent qualification in the UK.
Dr!Gabriel!Fox!MA!MB!BChir!is!ViceRchair!of!Coton!Parish!Council.!Gabriel! obtained!a!firstRclass!degree!in!Medical!and!Natural!Sciences!at!Cambridge! University!and!completed!his!medical!training!at!Addenbrooke’s!Hospital.!He! has!spent!18!years!in!the!pharmaceutical!industry,!including!a!senior! managerial!position!in!the!largest!business!unit!of!HoffmannRLa!Roche,!one!of! the!world’s!ten!largest!companies!by!market!value.!He!is!currently!Chief! Medical!Officer!of!Acacia!Pharma!Group!plc,!headquartered!in!Harston,! Cambridge.!
Terry!Spencer!BSc!MSc!CEng!MICE!is!a!retired!civil!engineer!with!over!40! years’!experience,!including!project!management!and!strategic!planning!of! sustainable!infrastructure!for!commercial!and!residential!developments.!He!has! considerable!expertise!leading!multiRdisciplinary!engineering!and!environmental! teams!in!strategic!planning!of!developments!in!UK,!including!the!master! planning!of!urban!and!rural!housing!development!projects.!
Roger!Tomlinson!BA!has!a!degree!in!Geography!and!in!Economics,!and!is! former!Assistant!Chief!Executive!of!Clwyd!County!Council!and!Director!of!the! Welsh!Arts!Council.!He!has!been!a!management!consultant!for!over!25!years,! advising!governments,!states,!regions,!cities!and!local!authorities!on!strategic! planning,!especially!in!relation!to!quality!of!life!and!cultural!provision.!He!has! completed!many!feasibility!studies!and!undertaken!project!management!on! major!capital!projects.!
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! 2! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
Contents" 1! Executive"Summary"...... "4! 2! Introduction"...... "5! 2.1! Problem!Statement!...... !5! 2.2! Vision!...... !6! 2.3! Key!Objectives!...... !6! 2.4! Key!Strategies!...... !6! 3! System"Description"...... "7! 3.1! BiRdirectional,!centreRlane!expressway!(“Biclex”)!...... !7! 3.2! Vehicles!...... !10! 3.3! Ticketing!...... !11! 4! Economics"...... "13! 4.1! Costs!...... !13! 4.2! Capacity!...... !13! 5! Safety"...... "14! 5.1! General!safety!considerations!...... !14! 5.2! Bus!safety!...... !14! 5.3! Safety!of!other!road!vehicles!...... !14! 5.4! Pedestrian!and!cyclist!safety!...... !15! 6! Marketing"...... "16! 6.1! Importance!of!marketing!...... !16! 6.2! Making!sure!the!system!works!...... !16! 6.3! Understanding!the!needs!of!groups!likely!to!use!the!buses!...... !16! 6.4! Developing!unique!branding!to!instil!civic!pride!...... !16! 6.5! Communicating!effectively!...... !17! 7! CentreGlane"Busway"Experience"and"Research"...... "18! 7.1! Examples!of!implemented!centreRlane!busways!...... !18! 7.2! CentreRlane!expressways!under!consideration!...... !21! 7.3! Academic!and!professional!research!...... !22! 7.4! Bus!Operating!Companies!(UK)!...... !22! 8! Case"Study:"Madingley"Road"...... "25! 8.1! Overview!...... !25! 8.2! SectionRbyRsection!guide!...... !25! !
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! 3! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
1" Executive"Summary"
•! We"propose"a"Bus"Rapid"Transit"System"for"Greater"Cambridge," running"on"biGdirectional,"centreGlane"expressways"on"the"city’s"major" radial"routes."
•! Single,!central!lanes!capable!of!carrying!public!transport!vehicles!in!either! direction!are!a!highly!efficient,!flexible!and!scalable!use!of!Cambridge’s! constrained!roads.!
•! Such!lanes!can!provide!a!range!of!solutions,!from!oneRway!to!tidal!to!fully!biR directional!busways.!
•! Service!will!be!provided!with!“Cambridge!Streetcars”,!tramRlike!buses! running!on!their!own!lanes!on!the!regular!highway,!requiring!no!tracks!or! overhead!wires.!
•! The!design!and!branding!of!the!transport!system!–!from!vehicle!and!station! liveries!to!smart!ticketing!options!to!convenient!routing!and!connectivity!–! will!attract!passengers!and!instil!civic!pride.!
•! The!complete!implementation!would!involve!regular,!frequent,!rapid!services! connecting!major!residential!and!employment!centres!across!Greater! Cambridge.!
•! Smart!technology!would!ensure!reliability,!safety,!environmental!respect!and! userRfriendliness.!
•! Bus!rapid!transit!typically!costs!a!quarter!as!much!as!light!rail!to!install.!
•! A!major!system,!involving!five!of!the!city’s!key!radial!routes,!could!be! developed!for!Greater!Cambridge!within!a!£100m!budget!and!a!3!year! timescale!–!ideal!for!securing!further!City!Deal!funding.!
•! Such!a!system!will!enable!a!significant!modal!shift!away!from!private!cars,! doubling!bus!use!and!substantially!relieving!peak!hours!congestion!in! Cambridge.!
•! This"is"an"imaginative"and"exciting"but"highly"feasible"and"affordable" plan"which"has"the"potential"to"be"a"gameGchanger"in"public" transportation"in"Greater"Cambridge."
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! 4! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
2" Introduction"
2.1" Problem"Statement"
2.1.1! Cambridge!is!one!of!the!world’s!great!historical!and!architectural! treasures.!But!its!greatest!strengths!are!its!greatest!weaknesses! when!it!comes!to!transport.!Road!space!is!heavily!constrained!and! options!for!expansion!are!limited.!Existing!public!transportation! provision!with!buses!is!significantly!hampered!by!congestion!caused! primarily!by!private!vehicular!traffic.!This!has!created!a!vicious!circle,! forcing!more!people!into!cars!and!exacerbating!the!problems!of! buses.!
2.1.2! Congestion!is!highly!concentrated!at!peak!hours!in!the!morning!and! evening!and!clogs!the!vital!radial!routes!connecting!Cambridge!city! centre!with!satellite!communities!and!centres!of!employment.!
2.1.3! A!public!transportation!system!will!only!succeed!in!its!aims!of! reducing!congestion!and!improving!the!environment!if!it!can!offer! passengers!compelling!benefits!over!the!private!car!in!terms!of!an! overall!package!including!journey!times,!cost!and!convenience.! Current!provision!in!Cambridge!does!not!achieve!this.!
2.1.4! Offline!busways!can!provide!a!rapid!pointRtoRpoint!connection!to! improve!journey!times,!but!they!are!expensive,!inflexible,! environmentally!destructive!and!offer!poor!value!for!money.!
2.1.5! Traditional!bus!lanes,!running!at!the!outer!edges!of!existing! roadways,!may!improve!journey!times!but!they!are!wasteful!of! valuable!road!space!and!liable!to!blockage!by!parked!and!stopped! cars!and!often!cannot!be!accommodated!in!both!directions!on! Cambridge’s!narrow!and!constrained!streets.!
2.1.6! Other!modes!of!public!transport,!such!as!light!rail!and!trams,!can!be! inflexible,!very!expensive!in!terms!of!infrastructure!and!unattractive!in! terms!of!overhead!power!wires.!
2.1.7! The!use!of!roadRrunning!streetcars!using!biRdirectional,!centreRlane! expressways!addresses!many!of!the!above!problems.!Existing!road! space!is!used!highly!efficiently.!Infrastructural!costs!are!minimised.! Public!transport!routes!are!unobstructed,!giving!fast,!reliable! journeys.!Implementation!is!flexible!and!scalable,!ranging!from!a! cautious!uniRdirectional!or!tidal!service!to!an!ambitious,!fully!biR directional!service.!The!system!is!safe,!environmentally!friendly!and! faultRtolerant.!The!vehicles!themselves!offer!the!opportunity!for!a! major!rebranding!of!the!city’s!public!transportation!system,!to!create! something!for!Greater!Cambridge!to!identify!with!and!be!proud!of.!! !
! 5! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
2.2" Vision"
2.2.1! A!superior,!onRline!public!transportation!system!for!the!Greater! Cambridge!area!based!on!biRdirectional,!centreRlane!expressways!for! Cambridge!Streetcars:!freeRflowing,!reliable,!flexible!and!scalable,! responsive!to!the!needs!of!an!expanding,!productive!population.!
2.3" Key"Objectives"
2.3.1! Mode!shift!from!private!car!to!onRroad!public!transportation!(bus!or! streetcar)!for!travelRtoRwork!trips!from!all!areas!to!Cambridge!from! 8%!to!16%!within!three!years!of!service!introduction.!
2.3.2! Weekday!journey!reliability,!as!measured!by!the!Traffic! Commissioners’!definition!(up!to!one!minute!early!to!5!minutes!59! seconds!late!averaged!over!origin!and!intermediate!timing!points),! increased!from!69%!to!90%!within!two!years!of!service!introduction.!
•! Increase!in!reliability!for!4R6pm!weekday!time!period!from!38%!to! 80%!in!same!period.!
2.3.3! Passenger!satisfaction!score!in!excess!of!90%!within!three!years!of! service!introduction.!
2.4" Key"Strategies"
2.4.1! Introduce!biRdirectional,!centreRlane!expressways!for! buses/streetcars!on!major!radial!routes!and!as!required!on!key!intraR city!roads!to!enable!unobstructed!flow!of!public!transportation! vehicles.!
2.4.2! Introduce!environmentallyRfriendly,!visually!appealing!vehicles!with! unique!Cambridge!Streetcar!livery.!
2.4.3! Provide!smart,!offRvehicle!ticketing.!
2.4.4! Control!or!subsidise!costs!such!that!fares!are!highly!competitive!with! direct!private!car!costs!(fuel,!wear!and!tear,!parking).!
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! 6! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
3" System"Description"
3.1" BiGdirectional,"centreGlane"expressway"(“Biclex”)"
3.1.1! The!Biclex!is!a!single,!dedicated!public!transport!lane!located!in!the! centre!of!the!roadway,!capable!of!carrying!public!service!vehicles!in! either!direction.!
3.1.2! Principal!advantages!of!a!centrally!located!busway!are1:!
•! Central!busways!do!not!suffer!from!the!illegal!parking!which! commonly!disrupt!withRflow!kerbside!lanesg!!
•! Moving!violations!are!much!less!likely!as!central!lanes!are!easier! to!segregate!from!other!traffic!and,!if!space!permits,!physical! segregation!can!be!used!–!not!always!possible!with!kerbside! lanes!due!to!the!demands!of!servicing!and!accessg!!
•! The!high!profile!such!schemes!give!to!bus!travel,!particularly! where!they!are!associated!with!upgrades!to!stops!and!buses.!
3.1.3! Central!busways!compare!well!with!light!rail!schemes.!Busways!can! offer!the!benefits!which!are!associated!with!light!rail!schemes,!which! are!also!often!centrally!located,!but!can!offer!those!benefits!in!a!more! costReffective!and!operationally!flexible!manner.!Construction!and! operation!costs!of!busways!are!much!lower.!Busways!have!the! advantage!that!there!is!no!requirement!to!remove!statutory! undertakers’!equipment!as!buses!can!simply!divert!around! roadworks!in!emergency.!At!"pinch!points"!it!is!also!possible!to! discontinue!a!busway!and!allow!buses!to!run!with!other!traffic.!Buses! can!join!and!leave!busways!readily!and!this,!unlike!fixed!track! systems,!enables!more!passenger!journeys!to!be!made!without!the! need!for!interchange.!!
3.1.4! The!Biclex!has!the!added!advantage!of!significantly!reduced! roadspace!requirement!compared!to!a!twoRlane!busway,!making!it! much!more!widely!implementable!in!Cambridge.!The!reduced!need! for!public!transport!vehicles!to!use!the!conventional!highway,! minimizing!the!risk!of!delays!due!to!congestion,!is!a!major!strategic! benefit!of!this!proposal.!
3.1.5! There!are!no!formal!design!standards!for!busways!in!the!UK,!but!it!is! proposed!that!the!Biclex!is!approximately!3.25!metres!wide,!with!the! possibility!to!reduce!the!width!to!3!m!at!“pinch!points”.!This!may!need!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!“Centrally!Located!Busways:!Problems!of!Design!and!Implementation”!by!Paul! Cobain!(London!Transport!Buses)!and!John!Cracknell!(TTC)!! !
! 7! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
to!be!increased!to!around!3.5!m!if!other!vehicles!are!to!use!the! Biclex.!
3.1.6! The!Biclex!is!clearly!differentiated!from!the!regular!highway!lanes!on! either!side!and!may!or!may!not!be!physically!segregated!from!them.! Differentiation!may!be!as!simple!as!a!distinctive!surface!colouring! and!bounding!white!lines.!More!substantial!segregation!options! range!from!a!“Vibraline",!through!raised!but!traversable!bands!(as! used!in!France)!to!a!fixed!kerb!or!flag!system.!Segregation!may!run! in!stretches,!with!unsegregated!portions!to!permit!access!by!busway,! emergency!or!recovery!vehicles.!
3.1.7! The!Biclex!operates!in!sections!of!generally!500R1,000!m!in!length,! connected!by!wider,!twoRlane!nodes!or!“stations”,!which!perform!two! key!functions:!
•! Passenger!embarkation!and!disembarkationg!
•! Vehicle!retention!to!ensure!that!two!vehicles!travelling!in!opposite! directions!never!use!a!section!of!Biclex!at!the!same!time.!
3.1.8! Stations!comprise!two!3!m!lanes!and!may!be!around!25R50!m!long,! sufficient!to!accommodate!one!or!possibly!two!(endRtoRend)! articulated!buses!or!streetcars.!The!expressway!lanes!are!flanked!by! station!platforms,!each!2.5!m!wide.!These!are!generally!linked!by! signalRcontrolled!crossings!to!the!regular!footway!for!pedestrian! access!and!protected!from!the!regular!highway!by!guardrails!and/or! shelters.!
3.1.9! A!typical!Biclex!segment!from!a!Park!&!Ride!site!to!Cambridge!city! centre!along!a!radial!route,!such!as!Madingley!Road!(A1303)!is!likely! to!have!5R6!sections!and!4R5!station!nodes.!
3.1.10! Since!public!service!vehicles!may!travel!in!either!direction!on!the! Biclex,!flow!of!vehicles!must!be!faultlessly!controlled.!This!is! achieved!through!various!mechanisms.!
3.1.11! Firstly,!timing!of!services!is!planned!so!as!to!minimise!the!use!of!the! Biclex!by!vehicles!travelling!in!opposite!directions.!The!proposed! frequency!of!services!on!Biclex!routes!on!the!key!Cambridge!radial! routes!is!sufficiently!low!(rarely!more!than!one!vehicle!in!each! direction!every!six!minutes)!that!the!need!for!synchronous!use!of! Biclex!sections!by!more!than!one!vehicle!will!be!rare,!even!at!peak! periods.!!
3.1.12! Where!such!a!need!does!arise,!sectional!traffic!lights,!supported!by! other!technologies,!hold!one!of!the!vehicles!at!a!station!node!until! the!next!section!is!clear.!This!employs!a!similar!zeroRfault!system!to! that!used!in!railway!level!crossings,!and!ensures!that!two!vehicles!
! 8! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
can!never!be!on!the!same!section!of!Biclex!at!the!same!time!(see! also!Section!5).!
3.1.13! In!the!unlikely!event!that!safety!concerns!cannot!be!addressed!by! current!technologies,!the!Biclex!can!be!used!in!its!most!cautious! implementation!as!a!fully!uniRdirectional!system!or!as!a!switchable! system!giving!inbound!access!in!the!morning!peak!and!outbound!ion! the!evening!peak,!to!provide!a!“tidal!busway”,!until!such!time!as! satisfactory!technological!solutions!are!available.!
3.1.14! It!is!possible!to!incorporate!guidance!systems!into!the!Biclex!to! reduce!roadspace!requirements!and!reduce!the!risk!of!driver!error.! The!most!suitable!system!may!be!the!optical!guidance!system!used,! for!example,!on!the!Rouen!TEOR!system.!Lines!painted!on!the!road! surface!are!used!by!an!onRboard!tracking!camera!to!maintain!the! vehicle’s!road!position.!!
3.1.15! Right!turns!across!the!Biclex!are!only!permitted!at!signalRcontrolled! junctions.!Some!of!these!junctions!allow!signalRcontrolled!URturns!to! provide!access!to!and!from!streets!and!properties!on!the!other!side! of!the!highway,!where!a!specific!junction!is!not!provided.!
3.1.16! Typical!roadway!widths!are!provided!in!Table!1!and!diagrammatic! representations!are!shown!in!Figure!1.!
Table"1:"Typical"roadway"widths"
Standard!twoRlane!roadway! 7.3!m! Plus!centreRlane!expressway! 10.5!m! With!addition!of!single!turning!lane! 13.4!m! With!addition!of!two!turning!lanes! 16.3!m! Station! 17.5!m! !
Figure"1:"Example"roadway"diagrams"
Typical road with Biclex
10.5 m
Station stop
17.5 m
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! 9! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
3.2" Vehicles"
3.2.1! Any!bus!could!use!the!Biclex.!The!proposed!vehicle!for!optimal! implementation!of!this!scheme!is!the!“Cambridge!Streetcar”,!which! may!be!adapted!from!one!of!several!commercially!available!vehicles,! such!as!the!WrightBus!StreetCar!or!Phileas!bus.!The!use!of!an! articulated!bus!would!be!subject!to!confirmation!of!feasibility!in! respect!of!the!required!turns!in!Cambridge!city!centre!and!likely! terminus!provision!at!or!near!Emmanuel!Street.!
Figure"2:"A"proposed"Cambridge"Streetcar"
! 3.2.2! The!Wright!Group!is!a!Northern!IrelandRbased!bus!manufacturer! which!supplies!a!range!of!public!service!vehicles.!Its!StreetCar!rapid! transit!vehicle!is!18.7!m!long!with!an!articulated!modular!chassis! featuring!ISE!(Siemens)!hybrid!driveline!with!Cummins!ISL!engine! and!water!cooled!nickel!metal!hydride!batteries.!The!dieselRelectric! hybrid!drivetrain!offers!significant!advantages!in!terms!of!emissions.! The!passenger!capacity!is!104,!of!which!44!seated.!The!gross! vehicle!weight!is!30!tonnes.!The!StreetCar!has!been!deployed!by! bus!operator!First!Group!in!York,!Swansea,!Luton!and!Leeds.!
3.2.3! Phileas!is!a!guided!bus!developed!in!Eindhoven!by!a!consortium!of! companies!including!APTS!and!Bombardier.!Vehicles!have!guidance! technology,!including!the!potential!for!driverless!operation!using! magnets!in!the!bus!lane!surface.!Recharging!of!the!vehicle’s!battery! by!electromagnetic!induction!from!the!roadway!allows!for!a!smaller,! more!environmentallyRfriendly!battery.!
! 10! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
3.3" Ticketing"
3.3.1! The!“Cambridge!Streetcar”!is!a!marketing!concept,!designed!to!be!an! attractive,!memorable!and!distinctive!brand.!The!experience!of!that! brand!of!course!has!a!huge!impact!on!the!public’s!perceptions!and! reactions,!and!ticketing!is!central!to!that!experience!and!part!of! making!the!Streetcar!attractive!and!heavily!used.!It!needs!to!be! applied!CambridgeRwide!in!a!joinedRup!solution,!which!must!be!easy! to!understand!and!engage!with.!
3.3.2! There!are!some!basic!principles!in!bus!rapid!transit:!
•! Boarding!(and!drivers)!should!not!be!slowed!by!ticket!purchase!or! ticket!checkingg!
•! Multiple!arrangements!offered!for!preRboarding!ticket!purchaseg!
•! Ticket!inspection!is!separate!from!drivers!and!is!only!about! checking!that!passengers!have!valid!tickets!(and!selling!tickets!to! nonRvalid!passengers)g!
•! On!board!‘touchRin’!or!‘checkRin’!machines!record!usage!(if! needed)!and!may!enable!so!called!‘contactless!payment’g!
•! MultiRride!tickets!and!multiRuse!timeRlimited!journey!tickets! encourage!public!transport!useg!
•! InterRoperability!is!preferred!(tickets!valid!on!all!public!transport!in! a!zone)g!
•! Ticketing!assumes!multiRleg!journeys!–!changing!between! vehicles!or!transport!types.!
3.3.3! The!latest!developments!are!changing!the!nature!of!ticketing,!and!we! recommend!the!adoption!of!smart!cards!and!contactless!payments! plus!onRline!purchases!shown!on!any!handRheld!device!the! passenger!prefers,!with!machineRreadable!QR!codes.!The!type!of! tickets!sold!may!vary!according!to!purchase!method/purchase! location.!Tickets!can!also!be!made!available!for!purchase!by!cash!in! participating!shops!(usually!newsagents)!and!sometimes!by!an!onR board!staffed!booth!(usually!only!staffed!at!peak!times).!
3.3.4! Bus!stop!ticket!machines!are!a!major!issue,!since!they!need!to!be! ruggedized,!not!affected!by!the!sun!(screen!visibility),!waterproof!and! secure,!require!cash!collection!and!maintenance,!and!need!reliable! power!and!high!speed!Internet!connectivity!for!database!interfaces! and!card!payment!systems.!Slow!machines,!as!in!Cambridge!today,! are!a!major!deterrent.!Some!systems!now!have!the!machines!on!the! vehicles!to!escape!the!problems!of!bus!stop!machines!and!this!is!a! recommended!solution.!
! 11! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
3.3.5! Most!systems!operate!some!form!of!touchRin!or!checkRin,!rarely!in! addition!touchRout.!TouchRin!with!accompanying!QR!code!readers! are!recommended!and!can!identify!the!user/ticketholder,!in!some! cases!adding!the!incremental!charge.!TouchRin!on!each!vehicle! boarded!will!record!the!legs!of!each!journey!made.!CheckRin,!most! often!the!stripRticket!in!slot!used!across!continental!Europe,!is!being! phased!out!as!paper!tickets!are!replaced!by!smart!cards,!which!can! be!topped!up!for!those!passengers!not!making!contactless!card! payments.!This!is!an!area!where!practice!is!changing!rapidly.!
3.3.6! However,!the!major!issue!for!ticketing!outside!London!in!the!UK!is! interRoperability.!The!Government!has!already!agreed!to!fund!an! OysterRtype!interRoperable!card!system!for!Greater!Manchester,! which!requires!transport!providers!to!participate!in!the!scheme.!This! is!essential!for!Cambridge!where!there!are!multiple!bus!operators! and!longRterm!potential!for!local!train!journeys.!It!must!be!possible!for! a!timeRlimited!single!ticket!(usually!valid!for!2!hours!from!the!start!of! the!journey)!to!be!valid!on!each!leg!of!the!passenger’s!journey!within! the!2Rhour!slot!on!any!public!transport.!
3.3.7! It!is!worth!noting!that,!as!part!of!encouraging!takeRup,!some!systems! offer!chargeRfree!periods!on!public!holidays!or!on!inner!zones!during! peak!periods,!or!before!and!after!peak!periods!to!attract!people!to! the!shoulders,!and!in!some!cases!free!travel!to!attend!publicly! subsidised!events!and!performances!(where!the!admission!ticket!is!a! transport!ticket).! !
! 12! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
4" Economics"
4.1" Costs"
4.1.1! The!cost!of!installing!a!bus!rapid!transit!system!has!been!estimated! at!around!£5!million!per!route!km,!around!oneRquarter!the!cost!of!a! lightRrail!system.!Around!a!half!of!the!typical!cost!relates!to!the! construction!of!the!busway!and!stations!and!land!acquisition!cost,! with!oneRthird!going!on!vehicles,!signalling!and!other!technology.!In! the!case!of!a!centreRlane!incorporated!into!existing!roads,!the!cost! would!be!somewhat!lower!as!land!acquisition!costs!would!be!greatly! reduced!or!even!absent.!
4.1.2! A!5!km!stretch!of!a!Cambridge!radial!route!such!as!Madingley!Road! may!be!expected!to!cost!in!the!region!of!£10R15!million!in!terms!of! roadworks!and!associated!services.!Installing!Biclex!on!five!major! Cambridge!radial!routes!and!providing!a!fully!functioning!bus!rapid! transit!system!to!run!on!them!could!be!achieved!for!the!first!City!Deal! tranche!of!£100!million!within!a!three!to!fiveRyear!timeline.!
4.2" Capacity"
4.2.1! Vehicles!commonly!used!on!bus!rapid!transit!systems!generally!have! a!capacity!of!around!100!passengers,!seated!and!standing.!A! frequency!of!10!buses!per!hour!in!each!direction!therefore!gives! 1,000!complete!terminusRtoRterminus!transportations!per!hour,! somewhat!increased!if!passengers!board!and!alight!at!intermediate! stops.!A!complete!implementation!across!Cambridge!could!therefore! have!a!total!capacity!in!excess!of!80,000!passenger!journeys!per!day! and!a!daily!peak!hours!capacity!of!at!least!20,000!passengers.!Even! modest!use!of!such!capacity!by!current!car!drivers!would!have!a! substantial!impact!on!current!congestion!and!means!that!our!target! of!transportation!mode!shift!can!comfortably!be!met.!
! "
! 13! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
5" Safety"
5.1" General"safety"considerations"
5.1.1! A!key!issue!in!implementing!a!centreRlane!busway,!especially!with!biR directional!capability,!is!safety.!
5.1.2! A!study!of!accident!and!other!data!from!nine!bus!rapid!tranist! systems!and!busways!around!the!world!(including!Bogotá,!Colombiag! Curitiba,!Brazilg!Mexico!City,!Mexicog!and!Delhi,!India)!showed!that! centreRlane!systems!tended!generally!to!be!safer!than!kerbside! systems2.!
5.1.3! A!detailed!review!on!the!safety!of!busways,!bus!lanes!and!bus!rapid! transit!systems!has!been!published!by!the!World!Resources! Institute’s!Embarq!programme3.!
5.1.4! Information!on!safe!implementation!can!also!be!obtained!from!the! many!tram!systems!installed!in!the!UK!and!worldwide,!which!share! many!relevant!characteristics!with!bus!rapid!transit!systems!from!the! perspective!of!safety.!
5.2" Bus"safety"
5.2.1! Technology!is!readily!available!to!provide!a!tripleRredundant,!failRsafe! system!to!ensure!bus!safety.!The!primary!protective!mechanism!is! sectional!signalling!at!each!node,!which!holds!vehicles!until!the!next! section!of!Biclex!is!empty.!This!can!be!supplemented!with!inRcab! GPS!tracking!technology,!which!can!warn!of!vehicles!erroneously!on! the!same!section!of!Biclex,!in!the!unlikely!event!of!failure!of!the! primary!signalling!system.!This!can!be!linked!to!an!automated! braking!system.!Furthermore,!vehicle!speed!does!not!need!to! exceed!36!km/h!to!provide!acceptable!journey!times,!giving!time!for! drivers!to!brake!safely!if!all!automatic!safety!signals!were!to!fail.!
5.3" Safety"of"other"road"vehicles"
5.3.1! The!Biclex!only!differs!from!a!regular!highway!lane!in!carrying! vehicles!in!either!direction.!This!introduces!an!element!of!risk,!as! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2!Nicolae!Duduta!et!al.!Understanding!Road!Safety!Impact!of!HighRPerformance! Bus!Rapid!Transit!and!Busway!Design!Features.!Transportation!Research! Record:!Journal!of!the!Transportation!Research!Board,!2012,!Volume!2317.! 3!Nicolae!Duduta!et!al.!Traffic!Safety!on!Bus!Corridors:!Guidelines!for! integrating!pedestrian!and!traffic!safety!into!the!planning,!design,!and!operation! of!BRT,!Busways!and!bus!lanes,!accessed!on!17/11/2015!at! http://www.wricities.org/sites/default/files/EMB2012_Traffic_Safety_on_Bus_Cor ridors_Pilot_Version.pdf!
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drivers!crossing!the!Biclex!have!to!be!aware!of!traffic!coming!from! either!direction.!The!most!robust!way!to!avoid!collisions!on!the!Biclex! is!to!prevent!other!vehicles!crossing!other!than!at!designated,!signalR controlled!places.!If!necessary,!this!could!be!enforced!by!means!of! physical!segregation.!However,!this!is!often!not!required!for!median! tramways,!which!are!not!considered!unsafe.!
5.4" Pedestrian"and"cyclist"safety"
5.4.1! It!is!generally!considered!that!centreRlane!busways!are!safer!for! pedestrians!and!cyclist!than!kerbRside!lanes,!since!there!is!no! proximity!of!pedestrians!or!cyclists!to!the!bus!traffic.!The!only!area!of! concern!is!at!stations,!which!require!users!to!cross!regular!highway! lanes!to!reach.!This!would!require!standard!signalRcontrolled! “Pelican”!crossings!on!the!roadway.!These!might!be!configured!to! stop!regular!traffic!when!a!bus!is!in!a!station!to!reduce!the!risk!to! passengers!who!may!be!crossing!the!highway!in!a!hurry!in!order!to! catch!the!bus.!
! !
! 15! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
6" Marketing"
6.1" Importance"of"marketing"
6.1.1! Effective!marketing!and!communications!are!vital!ingredients!of! success!for!the!scheme.!If!people!are!not!attracted!to!use!services,! they!will!not!have!a!positive!impact!on!congestion,!will!not!be!able!to! justify!continued!investment!and!will!fall!into!a!vicious!cycle!of! continuing!underuse.!Effective!marketing!requires!attention!to! several!key!aspects,!including!product!effectivenessg!segmentation,! targeting!and!positioningg!and!marketing!communications.!
6.2" Making"sure"the"system"works"
6.2.1! To!be!successful,!this!scheme!has!to!offer!passengers!a!better! experience!than!continuing!to!se!their!cars.!Therefore,!we!must! ensure!journey!times!are!quicker!and!the!service!frequent!and! reliable.!Start!points!must!be!convenient,!which!means!park!and!ride! stations!and!bus!hubs!must!be!optimally!located!and!easy!to!access! for!large!numbers!of!people,!and!stops!must!be!frequent!and!close!to! key!destinations.!Ticketing!must!be!via!automatic!vending!machines! and!the!buses!must!be!easy!to!board!and!alight.!!
6.2.2! We!need!to!minimise!service!delays.!Intelligent!transportation! systems!that!offer!realRtime!passenger!information,!automatic!vehicle! location,!transit!preferential!treatments!and!optical!precision!docking! will!be!crucial!to!the!success!of!the!system.!
6.3" Understanding"the"needs"of"groups"likely"to"use"the"buses"
6.3.1! To!target!effectively,!we!need!to!understand!which!segments!of!the! population!will!use!the!service!and!why,!and!and!then!refining!the! product!offering!and!how!it!is!presented,!so!as!to!appeal!to!them.!For! example,!young!people!may!require!bike!racks!inside!the!buses,! whilst!older!people!need!to!know!the!buses!are!easy!to!board!and! alight.!Pricing!will!be!crucial!to!successg!they!must!offer!good!value,! and!those!using!park!and!ride!stops!must!not!be!penalised!in!any! way!for!so!doing.!
6.4" Developing"unique"branding"to"instil"civic"pride"
6.4.1! To!be!successful,!the!Cambridge!Streetcar!must!be!regarded!as! integral!part!of!the!infrastructure!and!streetscape!of!Cambridge.!It! should!be!instantly!recognisable!with!colour!and!graphics!unique!to! Cambridge.!Consistent!images!and!colours!(predominantly!light!blue)! will!be!seen!on!bus!stops,!vehicles!(inside!as!well!as!outside),! barriers,!pavements!and!signage.!Attractive!landscaping!along!the!
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route!and!at!stops!will!reinforce!consistency,!improve!aesthetic! appeal!and!compensate!for!lost!foliage!where!street!widening!is! necessary.!
6.5" Communicating"effectively"
6.5.1! Having!got!the!product!right!and!the!marketing!strategy!right,!the! final!piece!is!to!communicate!effectively,!across!all!relevant! channels,!so!that!people!know!about!it,!understand!and!buy!into!the! benefits.!Advertising!is!important,!but!also!“customer!relationship! management”,!like!frequentRuser!perks!and!promotions.!Similarly,! customer!complaints!must!be!dealt!with!efficiently!and!effectively!so! that!passengers!feel!valued!and!listened!to.!
6.5.2! Our!aim!is!that!the!Cambridge!Streetcar!is!a!transportation!system!so! efficient!and!effective!that!large!sections!of!the!population!are!not! only!happy!to!use!it!but!also!regard!it!as!a!source!of!civic!pride.!
! !
! 17! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
7" CentreGlane"Busway"Experience"and"Research"
7.1" Examples"of"implemented"centreGlane"busways"
7.1.1! There!are!many!examples!of!central!(also!known!as!median)!bus! lanes,!in!isolation!or!as!part!of!extensive!centrally!located!busway! schemes,!throughout!the!world,!including!in!Europe!(e.g.,!Liège,! Nice,!Paris,!Montpellier,!Geneva,!Zurich,!Madrid,!Stockholm,! Istanbul)g!North!America!(e.g.,!San!Francisco,!New!Orleans,! Cleveland,!Las!Vegas!and!Eugene,!Oregon)g!South!America!(e.g.,! Curitiba,!Port!Alegre,!Sao!Paulo!and!others!in!Brazil!and!Mexico! City)!and!Asia!(e.g.,!Nagoya,!Japang!Guangzhou,!Chinag!Jakarta,! Indonesia).!
Figure"3:"Central"bus"lane"in"Paris"
! Figure"4:"Central"bus"lane"in"San"Francisco"
!
! 18! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
7.1.2! The!Emerald!Expressway,!or!EmX,!in!Eugene,!Oregon,!is!one! example!of!a!system!which!successfully!incorporates!a!biRdirectional,! centreRlane!expressway.!
Figure"5:"BiGdirectional,"centreGlane"expressway"in"Eugene,"Oregon"
7.1.3! The!opticallyRguided!bus!rapid!transit!system!in!Rouen,!France,!is!a! particularly!interesting!model.!Rouen!is!a!city!with!a!worldRrenowned! mediaeval!centre,!which!shares!some!similarities!with!Cambridge!in! terms!of!size!(110,000!in!the!city,!around!400,000!in!the!wider! metropolitan!area)!and!constraints.!A!threeRroute!system!was! implemented!in!2001,!within!two!years!of!the!decision!being!made,! comprising!57!dieselRelectric!Irisbus!Civis!guided!articulated!buses! and!around!16!miles!of!route,!at!a!cost!equivalent!to!$165!million! (about!$10!million!per!route!mile).!Twenty!intersections!in!the!system! require!opposing!vehicles!to!pass!each!other!on!a!single!dedicated! lane.!
7.1.4! The!great!advantage!of!the!optically!guided!bus!is!its!precision.! Buses!can!dock!within!5!cm!of!the!kerb!so!that!all!the!doors!line!up! with!the!platform.!This!precision!eliminates!the!need!for!wheelchair! ramps,!a!major!time!delay.!The!other!advantage!of!optically!guided! steering!is!that!buses!with!the!technology!require!a!narrower!
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roadway!–!typically!at!least!a!metre!narrower!–!than!buses!that!rely! on!humans!to!guide!them.!The!smaller!paths!the!buses!use!make! them!particularly!suited!to!tight!spots!like!median!strips.!The!Rouen! vehicles!have!global!positioning!satellite!(GPS)!equipment!that!tracks! their!location.!This!information!is!transmitted!to!displays!at!the!stops! so!that!riders!will!know!when!the!next!bus!is!coming.!They!also!have! controls!that!let!the!drivers!change!traffic!lights!ahead!to!avoid! slowing!down.!
Figure"6:"IrisbusGCivis"in"Rouen,"France"
! 7.1.5! Another!relevant!system!currently!in!commercial!use!is!the!Phileas! system!originally!developed!in!Eindhoven,!Netherlands,!and!now! operated!in!a!number!of!cities!in!Europe!and!Asia.!This!has!been! marketed!as!a!roadRrunning!tram!and!uses!both!segregated!bus! lanes!and!the!regular!highway.!
! 20! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
Figure"7:"Phileas"bus"on"a"single"centreGlane"in"Eindhoven,"Netherlands"
!
7.2" CentreGlane"expressways"under"consideration"
7.2.1! A!considerable!number!of!transit!authorities!worldwide!are! investigating!the!implementation!of!bus!rapid!transit!systems,!many! incorporating!centreRlane!busways!and!including!reversible!(tidal)!or! biRdirectional!capabilities.!
7.2.2! A!notable!recent!expression!of!interest!has!come!from!Oxfordshire! County!Council,!which!has!proposed!a!£35m!tidal!bus!lane!scheme! to!link!Oxford!with!a!new!park!and!ride!site!at!Eynsham,!allowing! buses!to!bypass!normal!traffic!at!peak!times.!
7.2.3! Bus!rapid!transit!systems!comprising!both!segregated!busways!and! onRstreet!running!are!also!being!considered!or!developed!in! Sheffield,!Bristol,!Leeds,!Manchester!and!Birmingham.!
7.2.4! More!than!30!US!cities,!including!Washington!DC,!Chicago,!Austin! and!San!Diego!are!considering!or!actively!planning!the!introduction! of!a!bus!rapid!transit!system,!most!of!which!incorporate!centreRlane! busways!in!parts.!!
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7.3" Academic"and"professional"research"
7.3.1! A!significant!body!of!research!and!guidance!is!available!to!assist!with! the!planning!of!a!bus!rapid!transit!system!involving!biRdirectional,! centreRlane!expressway!provision.!
7.3.2! A!detailed!review!of!planning!considerations!for!singleRlane!bus!rapid! transit!systems!has!been!published!by!the!California!Partners!for! Advanced!Transportation!Technology!(PATH)!programme!at! University!of!California!Berkeley4!(see!Appendix!1).!The!authors! concluded,!“BRT!systems!with!a!single!dedicated!lane!have!fewer! requirements!for!physical!facilities!and!are!thus!more!attractive!to! transit!agencies!when!passenger!demand!is!moderate.”!
7.3.3! The!American!Public!Transportation!Association!(APTA)!Standards! Development!Program!has!published!a!Recommended!Practice!Note! entitled!“Designing!Bus!Rapid!Transit!Running!Ways”5,!which! provides!guidance!to!planners,!transit!agencies,!local!governments,! developers!and!others!interested!in!developing!new!BRT!systems.!
7.3.4! The!World!Bank!has!provided!a!detailed!description!of!the!Trolebus! system!implemented!in!Quito,!Ecuador6,!including!road!geometry,! passenger!facilities!and!arrangements!for!general!traffic.!!
7.3.5! Paul!Hodgson,!an!Engineering!Manager!in!Mott!MacDonald’s!Rail! Consultancy!business,!produced!a!report!looking!at!the!suitability!of! the!Phileas!bus!system!as!an!alternative!to!light!rail!in!the!UK!and! concluded!that!“it!does!have!the!apparent!capability!to!provide!many! of!the!benefits![of!light!rail]!potentially!without!the!same!degree!of! capital!investment”.7!
7.4" Bus"Operating"Companies"(UK)"
7.4.1! Involvement!of!bus!operating!companies!in!the!design!and! specification!of!the!scheme!is!essential!for!optimal!success.!Leading!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4!JingRQuan!Li,!et!al.!Planning!for!Bus!Rapid!Transit!in!Single!Dedicated!Bus! Lane.!Transportation!Research!Record:!Journal!of!the!Transportation!Research! Board,!2009,!No.!2111,!pp.!76–82.! 5!Accessed!at!http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Documents/APTAR BTSRBRTRRPR003R10.pdf!on!17/11/2015! 6!Accessed!at! http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTTRANSPORT/EXT URBANTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20237352~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062 ~theSitePK:341449,00.html#historical!on!17/11/2015! 7!Hodgson!P!(2007).!“Looking!beyond!the!GuidedRBus?”!tec!magazine,! accessed!at!http://transportblog.co.nz/wpR content/uploads/2011/07/HodgsonTECApril07p183R188.pdf!on!27/11/2015!
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UK!bus!operators!such!as!First!Group!and!Stagecoach!have! indicated!significant!interest!in!bus!expressways.!!
7.4.2! First!Group!has!operated!Wrightbus!StreetCars!in!York,!Leeds,!Luton! and!Swansea!through!its!“ftr”!subsidiary.!The!Swansea!service!ran! from!2009!until!its!withdrawal!in!September!2009.!
7.4.3! In!2005,!Stagecoach!commissioned!consultants!The!TAS! Partnership!Ltd!to!come!up!with!new!ideas!on!achieving!more!from! bus!services!in!Greater!Manchester.!The!resulting!report,!“A!new! vision!for!buses:!Maximising!the!potential!for!innovative!bus!solutions! in!South!Manchester”!proposed!a!Bus!Transit!system!including!“high! quality!optically!guided!vehicles!on!segregated!alignment”.!A! successful!service,!which!would!encourage!drivers!out!of!their!cars,! “would!be!achieved!with!articulated,!multiRdoor!buses!using!an! established!optical!guidance!system.”!The!report!noted:!“In!many! ways!–!fares,!ticketing,!use!of!tram!stops!etc.!–!the!service!offered! would!be!closer!to!a!Metrolink!operation!than!a!traditional!bus! service.!It!could,!however,!be!in!operation!in!around!12!months!and! could!be!achieved!at!relatively!low!cost.”!
Figure"8:"Proposal"for"tramGlike"bus"in"Manchester
!
7.4.4! A!further!Stagecoach!proposal!was!the!implementation!of!a!“median! strip!guideway”,!i.e.,!a!dedicated!central!bus!lane,!for!Park!&!Ride! services.!The!authors!commented:!“The!pressure!on!existing! highway!space!can!also!present!problems!as,!not!surprisingly,!the! places!where!buses!need!to!have!some!traffic!priority!are!those!that! have!the!greatest!traffic!volume.!It!can!be!very!difficult!to!provide! priority!at!these!locations.!Innovative!approaches,!for!instance!using!
! 23! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
central!reservations!to!provide!‘tidal!flow’!lanes,!use!of!guided!bus! systems!(which!need!less!space)!and!creation!of!junction!‘throttles’! (which!allow!buses!to!get!to!the!head!of!the!queue)!are!proven! solutions!to!this!type!of!problem.”!
Figure"9:"Proposed"Park"&"Ride"bus"on"centreGlane"in"Manchester"
!
!
! "
! 24! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
8" Case"Study:"Madingley"Road"
8.1" Overview"
8.1.1! The!A1303!Madingley!Road!is!a!key!radial!route!connecting!west! Cambridge!communities!with!the!city!centre.!The!ongoing!City!Deal! project!to!improve!bus!journeys!west!of!Cambridge!includes!options! to!provide!segregated!busRonly!roads!to!the!north!or!south!of! Madingley!Road,!or!to!widen!it!to!include!a!oneRway,!inRbound!busR lane.!
8.1.2! A!survey!of!Madingley!Road!confirms!that!installation!of!a!single!bus! lane,!as!envisaged!by!the!“Area!1!Central”!option!of!that!project,!is! indeed!feasible,!with!the!available!road!width!between!property! boundaries!either!side!of!the!highway!being!not!less!than!14.8! metres!at!any!point!along!the!road!(see!Table!2).!
Table"2:"Madingley"Road"widths"(between"adjacent"property"boundaries)" Chainage"(km)" width"(m)" location" 0.00! 20.0! roundabout!at!Northampton!Street/Queens!Road! 0.03! 17.5! near!signalised!pedestrian!crossing! 0.17! 20.0! opposite!Lucy!Cavendish!College! 0.37! 21.2! Grange!Road!corner! 0.54! 19.5! Storeys!Way!corner! 0.72! 24.5! Wilberforce!Road!corner! 0.98! 14.8! Hedgerley!Close!corner! 1.13! 17.5! University!observatory!access!road!corner! 2.28! 16.6! M11!J13! 2.99! 19.5! Coton!turn!bus!stop! 3.12! 21.0! Cambridge!Road!corner,!Coton!turn! !
8.2" SectionGbyGsection"guide"
8.2.1! Between!Madingley!Mulch!roundabout!and!the!American!cemetery,! there!is!ample!road!space!for!a!centreRlane!busway,!with!minor! roadworks!and!minimal!environmental!impact.!The!existing!cycleway! to!the!south!side!would!be!entirely!preserved.!
8.2.2! From!the!American!cemetery!to!the!Coton!turn,!there!is!also!ample! space!for!a!centreRlane!busway!and!indeed!a!central!turning!lane!is! currently!present!for!a!portion!of!the!stretch.!At!the!Coton!turn!itself,!a! new,!fullyRsignalised!junction!would!enable!turning!across!the! busway!for!eastbound!traffic!to!access!Coton,!and!westbound!to! access!Madingley,!as!well!as!for!traffic!from!those!villages!to!access!
! 25! ! A"Streetcar"We"Desire:!Bus!Rapid!Transit!System!for!Cambridge!
Madingley!Road.!To!the!east!of!the!Coton!turn,!a!station!stop!can!be! provided.!
8.2.3! A!bus!lane!already!exists!for!a!stretch!between!Coton!turn!and!the! M11!bridge.!On!the!bridge!itself,!there!are!three!lanes,!one!for! turning!right!onto!the!M11!southbound.!A!centreRlane!busway!could! be!incorporated!in!several!ways,!one!of!which!would!be!to!convert! the!northside!pavement!(which!currently!includes!a!cycleway)!to!a! fourth!highway!lane,!widening!the!bridge!on!its!north!side!to! accommodate!the!cycleway.!!
8.2.4! Between!the!M11!and!Clerk!Maxwell!Road,!there!is!ample!space!for! a!centreRlane!expressway.!It!is!envisaged!that!Streetcars!would!turn! into!the!current!Park!&!Ride!to!provide!full!connectivity!with!services! using!a!future!orbital!expressway!to!serve!northern!and!southern! employment!hubs.!At!J.J.Thomson!Avenue!there!is!a!very!substantial! road!width!currently!occupied!by!a!central!pavement.!This!could! easily!accommodate!a!twoRlane!station!stop!plus!a!rightRturn!lane!on! the!eastbound!roadway.!
8.2.5! Road!space!is!adequate!as!far!as!Storeys!Way!but!consideration! may!have!to!be!given!to!restricting!rightRturns!onto!some!side!roads.! At!Grange!Road,!a!third!lane!is!already!present,!for!the!rightRhand! turn!for!eastbound!traffic.!It!may!be!necessary!to!remove!that!turn,!if! road!widening!is!not!feasible!at!that!point.!A!complete!turning!place! is!available!by!converting!the!layby!on!the!south!side!of!the!road! close!to!the!Queens!Road!roundabout,!which!would!enable! eastbound!traffic!to!have!access!to!streets!and!properties!to!the! south!of!Madingley!Road,!including!Grange!Road.!Similarly,!the! current!right!turn!into!Lady!Margaret!Road!may!need!to!be!removed,! with!a!turning!point!made!available!further!west,!to!enable! westbound!cars!to!gain!access!to!streets!and!properties!north!of! Madingley!Road.!
8.2.6! An!alternative,!though!subRoptimal,!approach!could!be!to!provide!the! centreRlane!expressway!only!as!far!as!Grange!Road!and!return! Streetcars!to!the!regular!highway!at!that!point.!That!would!effectively! mirror!the!segregated,!offRroad!provision!currently!proposed!as!the! “Area!1!South”!option!in!the!ongoing!“Better!Bus!Journeys”!project.!
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