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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The political origins of social science : the cultural transformation of the British parliament and the emergence of scientific policymaking, 1803-1857 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b48n807 Author Gabay, Nadav Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Political Origins of Social Science: The Cultural Transformation of the British Parliament and the Emergence of Scientific Policymaking, 1803-1857 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Nadav Gabay Committee in Charge: Professor Gershon Shafir, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Nancy Postero Professor Akos Rona-Tas Professor Michael Schudson 2007 Copyright Nadav Gabay, 2007 All rights reserved The dissertation of Nadav Gabay is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2007 iii What do we do when we trace social connections? Are we not, in effect, writing down accounts? What is an account? It is typically a text, a small ream of paper … No matter how grandiose the perspective, no matter how scientific the outlook, no mater how tough the requirements … the result of the inquiry – in 99% of the cases – will be a report … And that is excellent because there is no better way […] Bringing the writing of reports into the foreground might irritate those who claim to know what the social is made of. They would much prefer to be like ‘hard’ scientists and try to understand the existence of a given phenomenon, refusing to consider the written account and relying instead on direct contact with the thing at hand via the transparent medium of clear and unambiguous technical idiom […] Textual accounts are the social scientist’s laboratory … So, to treat a report of social science as a textual account is not a weakening of its claim to reality, but an extension of the number of precautions that have to be taken onboard and of the skills requested from the enquirers … If the social is something that circulates in a certain way, and not a world beyond to be accessed by the disinterested gaze of some ultra-lucid scientist, then it may be passed along by many devices adapted to the task – including texts, reports, accounts, and tracers. It may or may not . Textual accounts can fail like experiments often do. (Latour 2005: 123-127) iv Table of Contents Signature Page ………………………………………………………………………………... iii Epigraph ……………………………………………………………………............................. iv Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………… v List of Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………………….. vii Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………............... viii Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………………………….... xi Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii 1. Introduction ..………………………………………………………………………………. 1 2. Methodology: The Analytical Model ..…………………………………………………….. 30 PART ONE – THE DISENCHANTMENT OF PARLIAMENTRY POLITICS 3. Government by Talk: The Cultural Organization of the Eighteenth Century House of Commons ………………… 76 4. From Oratory to Reportage: Changes in the Organizational Culture of the Nineteenth Century Parliament …………….. 101 5. Invisible Hands: The Practical Epistemology of Political Reportage ………………………. 131 6. Adjudicative Government: The Common Law Tradition and Parliamentary Inquiries …………………………………. 152 PART TWO – A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE: GOVERNMENT BY COMMISSIONS 7. The Ascendancy of Governmental Investigations and the ‘Discovery’ of the Social …….................................................................................... 186 8. The Logic of Exploration: Governmental Commissioners as Field Investigators …………………………...………….. 231 9. From Legal Adjudication to Social Exploration: Governmental Investigations Vs. Parliamentary Inquiries …………………………………. 267 v PART THREE – A NEW PUBLIC CULTURE: THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 10. The Public Diffusion of Social Knowledge ………………………………………….......... 307 11. Harriet Martineau: From Popularization of Social Knowledge to Social Science ……….................................. 355 12. The Social Science Association and the Scientific Appropriation of Social Knowledge …..….……………………………. 380 13. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 434 Appendix I ……………………………………………………………………………………... 441 Appendix II …………………………………………………………………………………….. 447 Appendix II …………………………………………………………………………………….. 448 References ……………………………………………………………………………………... 449 vi List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: The Knowledge-Political Continuum ……………………………………………… 57 Figure 2: Number of Newly Appointed Governmental Commissions 1800-1900 ……..…… 204 Figure 3: Proportion of NAPSS Papers referring to Governmental Investigations or Using them as a Source …………………………………………………………. 419 Figure 4: Proportion of NAPSS Papers referring to Parliamentary Inquiries or Using them as a Source …………………………………………………………. 419 Table 1: Samuel Scriven’s three-class classification of Factories by District ……………….. 447 Table 2: Locations, Dates and Presidents of the NAPSS Annual Meetings ……….………… 448 vii Acknowledgments I would like to express my grateful thanks to my committee members - Richard Biernacki, Nancy Postero, Akos Rona-Tas, Gershon Shafir and Michael Schudson – for their kind and helpful criticisms and suggestions on early versions of these chapters. I am particular indebted to Gershon Shafir, the committee chair and my intellectual mentor, for invaluable feedback, precious advice and practical guidance at important points, and for helping me get through the bureaucratic and financial hoops as an international student at UCSD. Most of all, Gershon has provided me with a model of the ideal adviser. His unwavering support was never stifling. He allowed me to wander where I eventually chose to go, and for that, among many other things, I am grateful. I hope to be able to emulate his intellectual integrity, his generosity for opinions different from his own, and his deep sense of responsibility for his students. I have also been privileged to have Richard Biernacki and Akos Rona-Tas as close advisers. Both are models for intellectual rigor, acuity and good sense. The scope of their erudition never ceases to amaze me and I came to depend on their advice, keen insights and approval. Other faculty members, whom I met during my studies, and whose teaching, advice and assistance have been particularly valuable are, Isaac Martin, Richard Madsen, Carlos Waisman, Gil Eyal, Jeff Haydu, Eppie Yaar, Andrew Scull and Lisa Catanzarite. My peers at UCSD proved to be an exciting intellectual environment for developing ideas and trying them out. They include my dear friends, who had to endure and sustain my obsessive writing for quite long enough: Daniela Carpano and Manzur Rahman, who opened their heart and their home to me, and whose sparkling minds were a constant source of intellectual stimulation over wonderful Italian and Indian dinners; Moira Mackinnon who offered close companionship, intense intellectual conversations, and long, reflective, walks on the beach; and Paula Gutterize, whose judgment, always incredibly sensible, has never failed me. I am also grateful to my fellow viii cohort survivors: Charlene Bredder, Michael Haedicke, Tanya Karvetz, Miriam Padolsky, David Ribes, and my long-time officemate Caroline Lee. Other friends and colleagues who deserve their own special thanks are: Neilan Barnes, Mariano Bargero, Melody Chiong, Irit Dekel, Michael Evans, Ethan Hollander, Jas He, Rika Yonemura, Katie Marker, Seiko Matszawa, Shezad Nadeem, Martha Poon and Shlomit Stein. This project could not have been conceived without the guidance and support of Yehouda Shenhav, my intellectual mentor and academic godfather, who first introduced me to the world of historical sociology. His intelligence, enthusiasm and originality, coupled with a strong intellectual veracity, provided an eye-opening experience and an unflagging source of encouragement in my earlier years as a student. Ultimately, it was Yehouda’s intellectual passion that inspired me to pursue an academic career. My interest in governmental commissions has begun with a paper that we co-authored together when I was his research assistant in Tel Aviv University, and this dissertation might be seen as a belated response to his stimulating class on the historical and intellectual origins of the social sciences. Over the years I have received generous funds from numerous institutions: Tel Aviv University, the Fulbright-Hays/Institute of International Education, International Sepharadic Education Fund (ISEF), UC Regents Fellowship, the University of Californian – San Diego, and the Institute for International, Comparative and Area Studies (IICAS). The support of these funds has helped sustain my studies and research in the Unites States, as well as my archival work in London, and made possible the completion of my project. For their help I am most thankful. I am especially grateful to Nina Weiner, Ofira Yaish and others in the ISEF Foundation, whose enormous dedication and great affection have made the foundation into an invaluable source of
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