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Use of Pyrethrum in Vector Control * by Dr RAJINDAR PAL, Deputy Director (NMEP), Malaria Institute of India, Delhi, India

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Use of Pyrethrum in Vector Control * by Dr RAJINDAR PAL, Deputy Director (NMEP), Malaria Institute of India, Delhi, India USE OF PYRETHRUM IN VECTOR CONTROL 595 evidence of benefit in African children from the actual pyrethrum is less expensive than might be reduced parasite rates in a small sample. imagined (even allowing for considerable increases since the trials described were done; in some cases Trials in Nigeria: A. gambiae, A. melas economies could be made by using locally grown pyrethrum). In a paper on malaria in West Africa, Muirhead- o The main objection to pyrethrum sprays is the Thomson remarks that, in villages near Lagos, frequency of application. Apart from labour pyrethrum spraying, even at four or six days a in some could be alleviated week, failed to bring about a substantial reduction in costs (which countries by village self-help schemes), the difficulty of orga- either the number of anophelines or their infectivity. nizing such regular treatments on a national scale would seem to preclude this method as a way of General conclusions achieving malaria eradication. 1. The use of pyrethrum sprays can substantially 3. What, then, are the future possibilities of reduce malaria transmission, at least in some parts pyrethrum for malaria control? There are three of the world. The use of 0.1 0% pyrethrins in kerosene possible uses, all connected with insecticide resis- sprayed at about 20 ml per 1000 cubic feet, prefe- tance: rably twice a week, is necessary. The effectiveness (a) If vectors become resistant to both types of of the method could probably be greatly improved chlorinated residual insecticide, pyrethrum sprays by the use of modern synergists and better sprayers. might perhaps be considered as alternatives to It is not at present clear to what extent the bene- organo-phosphorus compounds. On existing ficial effects of pyrethrum spraying depend on (a) results (mainly over 15 years old) they do not look reduction of numbers of vectors; (b) shortening of as effective; but further investigation with modern the life expectation of the vectors; (c) repelling them synergists and equipment are required. from entering houses (See White et al.1). (b) Admixture of pyrethrins with residual sprays 2. While residual synthetic insecticides are effect- would destroy resistant bed bugs and (for a short ive, they are not likely to be challenged by pyrethrum. time) houseflies. This would greatly assist public This is not so much on grounds of cost, because the relations in antimalaria spray campaigns. (c) It is conceivable that such a mixture might of o Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. (1947) Trans. roy. Soc. help to suppress emergence of resistant strains trop. Med. Hyg., 40, 511 mosquito. Use of Pyrethrum in Vector Control * by Dr RAJINDAR PAL, Deputy Director (NMEP), Malaria Institute of India, Delhi, India Since the advent of organic synthetic insecticides, combined with non-toxicity to man. In view of pyrethrum has been pushed to the background. these properties, pyrethrum may be an effective However, as with many new products, expectations insecticide for vector control and it would seem have tended to outrun performance and not all that insufficient attention has been paid to it. authorities have subscribed wholeheartedly to Pal (1953) has discussed the use of pyrethrum in the optimistic views concerning the organic synthetic malaria control, and the present paper covers other products (Feuell, 1957). For example, it was pointed possible use of this insecticide in vector control. out that pyrethrum possessed certain useful proper- ties not shared by chlorinated hydrocarbons, such Bed-bugs as a quick knock-down effect, and toxicity to The addition of pyrethrins to residual insecticides insects resistant to organic synthetic insecticides has been found to be effective in the control of which tend to hide in * Note submitted to the WHO Expert Committee on insects such as bed-bugs Insecticides, September 1959. crevices during the day. The pyrethrins tend to 886J 596 NOTES stimulate movement and thus result in better contact found that the lice developed less than twofold with residual insecticides (Davidson, 1955). Pyre- resistance to this insecticide. thrum and piperonyl butoxide was found to be It was found by Cole et al. (1958) that pyrethrum more toxic to bed-bugs than many of the chlorinated 0.20% plus sulfoxide 2.0% resulted in 920% mortality hydrocarbon and organophosphorus insecticides. against DDT-resistant body lice, even after 20-22 In residual toxicity tests, also, under laboratory days of application. Pyrethrins (0.5%) had more conditions, pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide gave lasting effect than malathion against resistant lice. 1000% kill within 24 hours even after 24 weeks and the only other insecticides giving this much effect Cockroaches were malathion and dieldrin, whereas DDT tested Pyrethrum spray has an immediate effect on under similar conditions never gave more than 80 % cockroaches, as on bed-bugs, because it tends to kill after the first week of treatment. At the end stimulate their movement from the hiding places of 28 weeks the kill was only 150%. In dwellings and rapidly knocks them down. On the basis of treated with pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide, active toxicant, pyrethrum is several times as toxic newly hatched bugs were found only during the as DDT, and as toxic as gamma-BHC, to cock- second week after treatment. Synergized pyrethrum roaches (McGovran & Piquett, 1945). A powder was also found to be toxic to bed-bugs resistant to containing sodium fluoride and pyrethrum has been chlorinated hydrocarbons (Logfren et al., 1958). successfully used for the control of cockroaches. Furthermore, the toxicity of pyrethrum can be Body lice greatly increased against cockroaches by the addi- tion of synergists (Piquett et al., 1947). Sprays American Myl powder containing pyrethrum, containing 0.050% pyrethrum plus 1 % piperonyl phenol-S as an anti-oxidant, N-isobutyl-undecyl- butoxide, or dusts containing 0.1 % pyrethrum plus enamide as a synergist, and 2 : 4 dinitroanisole as 1 % piperonyl cyclonene, were found to produce an an ovicide has proved quite efficient for the control immediate flush, quick knock-down, and complete of body lice and does not cause irritation of the mortality (Donohue, 1948). Gould (1948) has also skin (Knipling & Dove, 1944; Bushland et al., reported that three commercial mixtures containing 1945). Because of their oily ingredients, the powders piperonyl cyclonene and pyrethrum extract gave tend to clog the duster and do not sift throughout excellent results against the German cockroach but the entire clothing. Such powders have, therefore, lacked residual effect. been found satisfactory for individual use but less Nash (1950) observed that allethrin appeared to suitable than DDT or gamma-BHC for mass be approximately as toxic as pyrethrum in the treatment. knock-down and kill of the German cockroach at Oils containing pyrethrum have been used against a concentration of 0.20% and less toxic than pyre- head lice and preferred to DDT, as they are not thrum against the American cockroach. When the noticeable in the hair (Twinn & MacNay, 1948). toxicity was determined by the topical application Busvine (1946) observed that pyrethrum, with or method, allethrin was found to be less toxic than without synergist, was more effective than thio- pyrethrum against both German and American cyanates and benzyl benzoate, and less effective cockroaches (Mitlin & Babers, 1955). than DDT and BHC, against the lice. Garson & The development of resistance to various Eddy (1949) observed that d-camphoric acid, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in German piperonyl cyclonene, and many other compounds cockroaches stimulated investigations to find other have a synergistic effect on pyrethrins when used insecticides which would give satisfactory control against body lice. Furthermore, these compounds and, at the same time, be safe enough for use in enhance the lasting effect of pyrethrins. barracks, houses, halls, restaurants, etc. Dust Allethrin and cyclethrin with synergists have containing 98.9 % sodium fluoride, 0.1 0% pyrethrum, also been found effective against body lice; but and 1 % piperonyl butoxide was found to be quite pyrethrum with sulfoxide was found to be more effective against resistant cockroaches (Keller et al., effective, with a more pronounced residual effect 1956). Jarvis & Grayson (1957) tested malathion (Burden & Cole, 1956). Cole et al. (1957) selected with and without allethrin against both susceptible lice for 30-35 generations on cloth treated with low and resistant German cockroaches and found that concentrations of pyrethrum and sulfoxide, and these formulations gave good control. Keller et al. USE OF PYRETHRUM IN VECTOR CONTROL 597 (1958) have observed that some strains of German Allethrin was found to be more toxic than pyre- cockroach developed resistance to pyrethrum and thrum to houseflies when tested by the turntable synergists although the degree ofresistance developed method (Gersdorff & Piquett, 1955) and as an was not more than 13 times. aerosol (Nash, 1950), but was found to be equally toxic when tested by the topical application method Fleas (Mitlin & Babers, 1955) and the Peet-Grady method. Smith (1951) has reported that pyrethrum extract Fales et al. (1951), however, observed allethrin to with piperonyl butoxide was more effective against be less effective. Cyclethrin was 1.5 times as toxic fleas than DDT in the form of dust containing as pyrethrum (Gersdorff & Piquett, 1955), whereas 0.5% of the toxicant. Shawarby (1953) determined furethrin was found to be less toxic
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