Quantum Information Processing a Hands-On Primer
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1 Postulate (QM4): Quantum Measurements
Part IIC Lent term 2019-2020 QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION Nilanjana Datta, DAMTP Cambridge 1 Postulate (QM4): Quantum measurements An isolated (closed) quantum system has a unitary evolution. However, when an exper- iment is done to find out the properties of the system, there is an interaction between the system and the experimentalists and their equipment (i.e., the external physical world). So the system is no longer closed and its evolution is not necessarily unitary. The following postulate provides a means of describing the effects of a measurement on a quantum-mechanical system. In classical physics the state of any given physical system can always in principle be fully determined by suitable measurements on a single copy of the system, while leaving the original state intact. In quantum theory the corresponding situation is bizarrely different { quantum measurements generally have only probabilistic outcomes, they are \invasive", generally unavoidably corrupting the input state, and they reveal only a rather small amount of information about the (now irrevocably corrupted) input state identity. Furthermore the (probabilistic) change of state in a quantum measurement is (unlike normal time evolution) not a unitary process. Here we outline the associated mathematical formalism, which is at least, easy to apply. (QM4) Quantum measurements and the Born rule In Quantum Me- chanics one measures an observable, i.e. a self-adjoint operator. Let A be an observable acting on the state space V of a quantum system Since A is self-adjoint, its eigenvalues P are real. Let its spectral projection be given by A = n anPn, where fang denote the set of eigenvalues of A and Pn denotes the orthogonal projection onto the subspace of V spanned by eigenvectors of A corresponding to the eigenvalue Pn. -
A Usability Study of the Opera Web Browser and Its Contexts of Use
User Attitudes and Environmental Factors: A Usability Study of the Opera Web Browser and its Contexts of Use Curtis Peterson Nick Bateman Luke Burnett Introduction Information from a usability study on a product can provide beneficial information for a specified group or individual with user problems, ideas for development, and recommendations for the product. Our usability test compares a new option for browsing the web called Opera with the more familiar browsers Internet Explorer (IE) and Netscape. Opera has recently become available in Michigan Technological University’s Center for Computer-Assisted Language Instruction (CCLI); our intentions were to invite CCLI users to take the test and record the data straight from the actual environment. We found seven participants. Dawn Hayden, the director of the CCLI, accepted our proposal to conduct this test; in turn, we promised to provide her with information for further recommendation of the product, in future considerations of CCLI software. The question we want to answer is this: Is Opera initially impressing users as an improvement over existing web browsers? To answer this question, Opera’s aspects of initial attraction for new users must be defined. There are three areas where a new browser must succeed in impressing intended users: · Adaptability of user features · Accessibility of user option preference · Navigability of user interface. Methodology Imagine you are asked to design your “ideal” web browser that will compete on the big market. True, it is not an easy task. So do you think you could just draw a picture of it? What would your options be? We asked a group of users to do just this exercise during this usability test. -
A New Sletter from the Ins T Itute F OR Qu Antum C O Mput Ing , U N Ive R S
dition E pecial S | Bit Issue 20 Issue New A NEWSLETTER FROM THE INSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING, UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, WaTERLOO, ONTARIO, CANADA | C I S | NE CANADA NSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM QUANTUM FOR NSTITUTE PECIAL OMPUTING | NE NEWBIT ThisE is a state-of-the-art “ DITION | | research facility where I SSUE 20 SSUE scientistsW and students from many disciplinesBIT | will work Photos by Jonathan Bielaski W together toward the next BIT | I NSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM QUANTUM FOR NSTITUTE big breakthroughsI in science SSUE 20 | SSUE | and technology. SPECIAL EDITION I ” uantum Valley SSUE 20 | SSUE FERIDUN HAMDULLAHPUR, C OMPUTING, President, University of Waterloo Takes the Stage S S The science of the incredibly small has taken a giant leap at the Just asPECIAL the discoveries and PECIAL “ University of Waterloo. On Friday, Sept. 21 the MIKE & OPHELIA innovations at the Bell Labs LAZARIDIS QUANTUM-NANO CENTRE officially opened with a U led to the companies that ceremony attended by more than 1,200 guests and dignitaries, | NIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO, CANADA | NE CANADA ONTARIO, NIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, created SiliconI Valley, so will, including Prof. STEPHEN HAWKING. NSTITUTE F NSTITUTE E E I predict,DITION | the discoveries and DITION | innovationsC of the Quantum- OMPUTING, Nano Centre lead to the creation of companies that will lead to Distinguished I NSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM QUANTUM FOR NSTITUTE guests at the I Waterloo Region becoming NSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM QUANTUM FOR NSTITUTE O ribbon cutting of known as R QUANTUM the Quantum Valley. ” the Quantum-Nano Centre included Prof. U MIKE LAZARIDIS, STEPHEN HAWKING, NIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO, CANADA | NE CANADA ONTARIO, NIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, MPP JOHN MILLOY, Entrepreneur and philanthropist and MP PETER BRAID (behind). -
Quantum Circuits with Mixed States Is Polynomially Equivalent in Computational Power to the Standard Unitary Model
Quantum Circuits with Mixed States Dorit Aharonov∗ Alexei Kitaev† Noam Nisan‡ February 1, 2008 Abstract Current formal models for quantum computation deal only with unitary gates operating on “pure quantum states”. In these models it is difficult or impossible to deal formally with several central issues: measurements in the middle of the computation; decoherence and noise, using probabilistic subroutines, and more. It turns out, that the restriction to unitary gates and pure states is unnecessary. In this paper we generalize the formal model of quantum circuits to a model in which the state can be a general quantum state, namely a mixed state, or a “density matrix”, and the gates can be general quantum operations, not necessarily unitary. The new model is shown to be equivalent in computational power to the standard one, and the problems mentioned above essentially disappear. The main result in this paper is a solution for the subroutine problem. The general function that a quantum circuit outputs is a probabilistic function. However, the question of using probabilistic functions as subroutines was not previously dealt with, the reason being that in the language of pure states, this simply can not be done. We define a natural notion of using general subroutines, and show that using general subroutines does not strengthen the model. As an example of the advantages of analyzing quantum complexity using density ma- trices, we prove a simple lower bound on depth of circuits that compute probabilistic func- arXiv:quant-ph/9806029v1 8 Jun 1998 tions. Finally, we deal with the question of inaccurate quantum computation with mixed states. -
Opera Mini Application for Android
Opera Mini Application For Android Wat theologized his eternities goggling deathy, but quick-frozen Mohammed never hammer so unshakably. Fain and neverfringillid headline Tyrone sonever lambently. reapplied his proles! Tracie meows his bibulousness underdevelop someplace, but unrimed Ephrayim This application lies in early on this one knows of applications stored securely for example by that? Viber account to provide only be deactivated since then. Opera Mini is a super lightweight browser that loads web pages faster than what every other browser available. Opera Mini Browser Latest News Photos Videos on Opera. The Opera Mini for Android lets you do everything you any to online without wasting your fireplace plan It's stand fast safe mobile web browser that saves you tons of. Analysis of tomorrow with a few other. The mini application for opera android open multiple devices. Just with our site on a view flash drives against sim swap scammers? Thanks for better alternative software included in multitasking is passionate about how do you can browse, including sms charges may not part of mail and features. Other download option for opera mini Hospedajes Mirta. Activating it for you are you want. Opera mini 16 beta android app has a now released and before downloading the read or full review covering all the features here. It only you sign into your web page title is better your computer. The Opera Mini works the tender as tide original Opera for Android This app update features a similar appearance and functionality but thrive now displays Facebook. With google pixel exclusive skin smoothing makeover tool uses of your computer in total, control a light. -
Release Notes (PDF)
RELEASE NOTES April 2020 Elcomsoft Internet Password Breaker Version 3.10 Elcomsoft Internet Password Breaker instantly extracts passwords, stored forms and AutoComplete information from popular Web browsers and email clients. Obtain individual passwords or export all data in order to build a perfect custom dictionary for password recovery attacks performed with other tools. Summary In this release, Elcomsoft Internet Password Breaker receives an update to add compatibility with the newest addition to the Web browser family. This release introduces support for the latest Chromium-based Microsoft Edge browser for both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows editions. In addition, the tool was updated to support the latest builds of Google Chrome, Opera and Chromium. Essential updates The Chrome update The latest versions of Chrome no longer employ Microsoft DPAPI for protecting stored passwords. Instead, the passwords are protected with industry-standard AES 256 GCM encryption, while DPAPI is only used to protect the vault encryption key. The latest versions of Opera, Chromium, and new Microsoft Edge browsers are based on the same encryption scheme. Elcomsoft Internet Password Breaker 3.10 was updated to support the latest encryption scheme employed in the latest versions of Chromium-based Web browsers. Microsoft Edge (Chromium edition) With Microsoft planning to ship the new Chromium-based Edge browser with every Windows installation, Microsoft Edge can become Chrome’s major competitor. Thanks to using the same engine as Google Chrome, Microsoft is offering a straightforward migration path by importing data including stored passwords in a click of a button. New Elcomsoft Internet Password Breaker 3.10 retrieves user-saved and synchronized passwords from the new Microsoft Edge (Chromium) browser, both 32-bit and 64-bit. -
Browser Requirements & Recommended
Browser Requirements & Recommended System Settings Arena applications are designed to work with the latest standards-compliant browsers. Updated for Arena Fall 2021 Arena 1 Arena Arena Arena Browser 4 4 4 Supported Validated FileDrop PartsList Exchange Mozilla Firefox Latest2 l l l l Microsoft Edge Latest2 l l l l l Microsoft 11 l l l l l Internet Explorer Google Chrome Latest2 l l l l l Apple Safari3 l Apple Mobile Safari Opera For each of its applications, Arena certifies web browsers as either “supported,” “validated,” or “unsupported.” The meaning of each classification is as follows: Supported browsers are those that Arena believes comply with any and all web standards that are required for an application to work correctly, though Arena itself does not test the application with all supported browsers on a formal, ongoing basis. However, if we or our users identify a blocking functional or cosmetic problem that occurs when using the application with a supported browser, Arena makes efforts to correct the problem on a timely basis. If a problem with a supported browser cannot be corrected in a timely fashion, Arena reclassifies the browser as unsupported until the problem is resolved. Validated browsers are those upon which Arena has executed the validation protocol for the Arena application. The execution record is available to our customers through Arena Validate. Unsupported browsers are those with which an application may or may not work properly. If a functional or serious cosmetic problem occurs when using the application with an unsupported browser, Arena does not make any effort to correct the problem. -
Opera Software the Best Browsing Experience on Any Device
Opera Software The best browsing experience on any device The best Internet experience on any device Web Standards for the Future – Bruce Lawson, Opera.com • Web Evangelist, Opera • Tech lead, Law Society & Solicitors Regulation Authority (2004-8) • Author 2 books on Web Standards, edited 2 • Committee member for British Standards Institution (BSI) for the new standard for accessible websites • Member of Web Standards Project: Accessibility Task Force • Member of W3C Mobile Best Practices Working Group Web Standards for the Future – Bruce Lawson, Opera.com B.A., Honours English Literature and Language with Drama Theresa is blind But she can use the Web if made with standards The big picture WWW The big picture Western Western Web A web (pre)history • 1989 TBL proposes a project • 1992 <img> in Mosaic beta. Now 99.57% (MAMA) • 1994 W3C started at MIT • 1996 The Browser Wars • 1999 WAP, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) • 2000 Flash Modern web history • 2000-ish .com Crash - Time to grow up... • 2002 Opera Mobile with Small Screen Rendering • 2005 WHAT-WG founded, W3C Mobile Web Initiative starts • 2007 W3C adopts WHAT-WG spec as basis for HTML 5 • January 22, 2008 First public working draft of HTML 5 Standards at Opera • 25 employees work on standards • Mostly at W3C - a big player • Working on many standards • Bringing new work to W3C • Implementing Standards properly (us and you!) (Web Standards Curriculum www.opera.com/wsc) Why standards? The Web works everywhere - The Web is the platform • Good standards help developers: validate; separate content and presentation - means specialisation and maintainability. -
Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering The
Annual Report to Industry Canada Covering the Objectives, Activities and Finances for the period August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 and Statement of Objectives for Next Year and the Future Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5 Table of Contents Pages Period A. August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2009 Objectives, Activities and Finances 2-52 Statement of Objectives, Introduction Objectives 1-12 with Related Activities and Achievements Financial Statements, Expenditures, Criteria and Investment Strategy Period B. August 1, 2009 and Beyond Statement of Objectives for Next Year and Future 53-54 1 Statement of Objectives Introduction In 2008-9, the Institute achieved many important objectives of its mandate, which is to advance pure research in specific areas of theoretical physics, and to provide high quality outreach programs that educate and inspire the Canadian public, particularly young people, about the importance of basic research, discovery and innovation. Full details are provided in the body of the report below, but it is worth highlighting several major milestones. These include: In October 2008, Prof. Neil Turok officially became Director of Perimeter Institute. Dr. Turok brings outstanding credentials both as a scientist and as a visionary leader, with the ability and ambition to position PI among the best theoretical physics research institutes in the world. Throughout the last year, Perimeter Institute‘s growing reputation and targeted recruitment activities led to an increased number of scientific visitors, and rapid growth of its research community. Chart 1. Growth of PI scientific staff and associated researchers since inception, 2001-2009. -
Web Browser a C-Class Article from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Web browser A C-class article from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems. Contents 1 History 2 Function 3 Features 3.1 User interface 3.2 Privacy and security 3.3 Standards support 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History Main article: History of the web browser The history of the Web browser dates back in to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the foundation for the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That browser brought together a variety of existing and new software and hardware technologies. Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart developed the concept of hypertext long before Berners-Lee and CERN. It became the core of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee does acknowledge Engelbart's contribution. The introduction of the NCSA Mosaic Web browser in 1993 – one of the first graphical Web browsers – led to an explosion in Web use. Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all Web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers). -
Download PDF File Accessing Projectdox on Macs
QUICK STEPS FOR APPLICANTS PDX ePLANS ProjectDox on a Mac Mac users can work in ProjectDox just as well as their Windows-using counterparts. ProjectDox works within all major macOS web browsers, including Safari, Firefox, Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and others. ProjectDox uses pop-up windows (browser windows without toolbars). If you log in, but no ProjectDox window appears, or a warning is received, you probably have a pop-up blocker that is preventing the main project window from opening. All major browsers have built-in pop-up blockers, and you can configure all of them to allow pop-ups from ProjectDox. Instructions to do so are below. SAFARI Safari is the most popular web browser on macOS and comes natively installed on Macs. ProjectDox can be used in Safari, but may require you disable Safari’s popup blocker. Follow these steps to do that: 1. Visit https://eplans.portlandoregon.gov in Safari. You do not need to login at this time. 2. Choose Preferences from the Safari menu in the menubar at the top of the screen. 3. Click Websites at the top of the Preferences dialog. 4. From the left sidebar choose Pop-up Windows. 2020-04-13 Page 1 of 6 QUICK STEPS FOR APPLICANTS PDX ePLANS 5. In the Currently Open Websites list on the right, locate eplans. portlandoregon.gov, and click on the dropdown menu beside it. 6. Select Allow from the dropdown menu. 7. Close Safari’s Preferences by clicking the red circle in the upper-left corner. 8. Quit Safari by pressing CMD+Q on your keyboard and then reopen it to visit https://eplans.portlandoregon.gov/ProjectDox directly or to access ProjectDox via AMANDA. -
Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical—Revisited
Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical—Revisited Wojciech H. Zurek This paper has a somewhat unusual origin and, as a consequence, an unusual structure. It is built on the principle embraced by families who outgrow their dwellings and decide to add a few rooms to their existing structures instead of start- ing from scratch. These additions usually “show,” but the whole can still be quite pleasing to the eye, combining the old and the new in a functional way. What follows is such a “remodeling” of the paper I wrote a dozen years ago for Physics Today (1991). The old text (with some modifications) is interwoven with the new text, but the additions are set off in boxes throughout this article and serve as a commentary on new developments as they relate to the original. The references appear together at the end. In 1991, the study of decoherence was still a rather new subject, but already at that time, I had developed a feeling that most implications about the system’s “immersion” in the environment had been discovered in the preceding 10 years, so a review was in order. While writing it, I had, however, come to suspect that the small gaps in the landscape of the border territory between the quantum and the classical were actually not that small after all and that they presented excellent opportunities for further advances. Indeed, I am surprised and gratified by how much the field has evolved over the last decade. The role of decoherence was recognized by a wide spectrum of practic- 86 Los Alamos Science Number 27 2002 ing physicists as well as, beyond physics proper, by material scientists and philosophers.