The Nautilus : 7 ( 1 ) Plat E 2

T H E N A U T I L U S

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

V L O . 57

JULY 1 943 to APRIL 1 944 , ,

E DITO RS AND P UB LIS HE RS

A PILSB Y HENRY . R

D e a e o f M l us s and Marine ve e rates p rtm nt o l k In rt b , Academ y o f Na tural Scie n ces H B IN N BAKER . URR GTO

Pr fess o f Zo o lo ni ve rsit o f Pe ns a a o or gy , U n ylv ni E PHIL AD LP HI A, A.

CO NTENT S

Na mes of new genera and species in i tali cs

Am phidro m us pa tti n sonae Iredale Ana den u lus co cke relli Hemphill Ape ro sto m a Tro schel

Apertural Ridge of Bulimulidae . Aporrh ais occidentalis m ain ensis Johnson Bl a rin a hoarding snails Bostryx B ostryx a ba nca yen si s Pilsb ry B ostryx a nom pha lus Pilsb ry B ostryx dereli ctus ascenden s Pilsb ry B ostryrc endoplax Pilsb ry ’ B ostryx h ua razen szs Pilsb ry

B ostryx megom phalus Pilsb ry . ' B ostryx m ulti volvzs Pilsb ry ' B ostryx weyra uchz Pilsb ry Bulimulida e B u rchi o Bartsch Busy con caric a L erv ersu m a b Busycon p , l ino ' Castali a or on ocenszs M orrison

Ceri on ca bocru zen se Pilsb ry Torre . Cerion crassilab re Shuttleworth ’

Ceri on deam M .

Ceri on pa uli M . Smith Cerion st ri atellum Guerin Cerithi dea h egewischi Philippi

Ch ry so do m us saturns M a rtyn . Cingula eyerdam i Willett

Conus , poison . ’ Con us verr ucosus van hyni ngz Rehder M x Conus , West e ic a n ﬁgured

a a Pa . C ypr eidae , Centr l cific Cypraeidae of Hawa ii Dero ce ras agreste M iiller De ro ceras gra cile Rafinesqu e ' Di ad ora ja u mez Agu ayo Rehder Di plodon flucki Morrison ' Dryma eus a ngulobaszs Pilsb ry Drym ae us bourgeoi sae Rehder Drymaeu s flex uosus m ega s Pilsb ry m Drym aeus i nca M . S ith i v TH E NAUTI LUS

Drym aeus i nterpi ctu s di versi pi ctus Pilsb ry . Drym aeu s tora llyi peruvi a n u s Pilsb ry Drym aeu s pu n ctatu s Da Cost a Drym aeu s produ ctoru m Rehder

En si s m i n or m egi stus Pilsb ry M cGinty .

E . H . sh n aur Mrs . W . ,

il r . Epi phran phora a tahualpa P sb y . E piphragm removal . E m n i l u a co a C .

Fa sciol aria di stans Lam .

Fa sciolari a princeps Sowb . Fossu la venezu elen si s Pilsb ry Olsson Fusin us du petith ou arsi Kiener G ui a nadesm a si n u osum M orrison . Heli costyla sub pu ella Pilsb ry

H li l k n n i f r . e costy a tu a e s s P . Heli cost la a a y , T l ud Islands H x eli minim a True . Helm inth ogly pta n i ckli n i an a Lea Hem i m i tra tangi Chen H ’ emphill s C at alogue . Hesperari o n h em philli Binney Hu a n Chen , ew genus . u J li a equ atori a li s Pilsb ry Olsson . ax ﬂ Lim avu s L . . Lim ax marginatus Muller Lim ax m ax imus L Li o cy m a sch eﬁ eri B artsch Rehder . i r a l to L . Littorin ea .

a a . a a a Lymn e s ppressa S y , radul of Lymn a ea stagn alis L M acro chl m a ys Benson . M M aine , arl deposits . M e alo m a o m st a P . g , orto Rican M el ani a henriettas Gra y Mel ania telon aria Heude M elaniidae , Chinese M elo n gen a p atula Brod M eso n do pennsylv anicus Green . M x e ico , tra velling an d collecting in . M i crona i a s m ars a M h lli orrison . M ax a a r r il g g tes D a pa n aud . M x n i ritus P ure g hilippi . M ss s u el poi oning . N b as a e r k , l a nd shells of Neni a u ni n ensi M S . j s . mith Ne w York mollu sks TH E NAUTIL US

il b r Ncapetra e us weyra uc hi P s y . Obeli sc us lai i spi ra Pilsb ry

O li v ella b iplicata Sowerby . O livell a pedro a n a Conra d O livell a py cna Berry O reo h e lix of Ut a h

Ori nella va n hyni ngi Bartsch . O t al a l actea in Te xas

O t al a ve rm i c ulata in Te xas . ri n r Pa pui n a gartne a a Pf . .

Peruvi a n la nd mollusks .

Ph ena cotaxus . m l Ple u ro b e a les eyi Lea .

Ple uro b em a patul a Lea . a Pom a cea , sinistr l , ri a Po te a Gr y .

P sada ra pi za rro Pilsb ry . Pseu do m o notis

Punctum minutissimum Lea .

M a . Quebec , rl deposits n il Ri m ula lo ga P sb ry . Rimul a of Florida m n on il r Ri ula pyc em a P sb y . ko w o S erm yla l onensi s Chen . m r di i ri i m ri S a ag a viridis v d a s M aury .

Solomon Is . , collecting in Spissula so lidissim a Dillwyn Sph a eriidae Tany ch lam ys Benson Tara nis Jeff rey s Thais l apillus L T a u m astu s ro r at Pil h be tsi s i poensi s sb ry . T u m a stu w r ha s ey a uchi Pilsb ry . Typhi s jordi Pilsb ry Unio granadensis Conra d U r n n i m a ade s L a M . r h li nio g s e a s al . Unio patulus Lea V m ca hi n i m . enus pec e s s G . V mi n l ertigo uscu a Sterki . V r a e tigo p rvul a Sterki . Vi tri n ella bla k ei Rehder . V o luto sius a p fr gilis D a ll . Wa n a g Chen , new genu s . Xenophora robust a Verrill

INDEX O F AUT HORS

a s a . B ily , Jo hu L

H a . B aker , or ce Burrington a r Pa B tsch , ul 1 B e uaert . 3 q , J C E e M . Bourg ois ,

a l a H H . Brooks , St n ey Trum n , errington ,

M . R . . C arriker ,

- ui . Chen , S Fong W li m Clench , il a J

Curtis , Brya n . D De xt er Ralph W .

E . L. . mery , D E e rdam W y , alter J '

iﬁ o rd . . E . W G , D S i Goodrich , C alv n G W l O regg , endel

H A . ackney , nne Gray

Ha . D . . rris , G

H H . . errington , B a Wi a M a 22 1 1 1 35 1 38 Ingr m , lli m rcus , 7 , 8 , , a 1 Ired le , Tom 0

R . . Jackson , alph W

a M K . 1 1 1 3 J cobson , orris 3 , 00 , 3 MacM ill n G 1 2 1 3 1 32 a , ordon K 7 , 0 , M cGin t y , Thomas L M P . E orrison , J . N icol , D a vid N E oland , Lowell N l n r 4 y a de , Olof O 5 O Ax A. 9 lsson , el 80 , 3 Pilsb r H A 34 3 4 1 1 8 144 y , enry , 7 , 0 , 08 , 80 , 89 , , R Ha a A 2 2 2 7 1 0 ehder , r ld 8 , 3 , 0 , 9 , 0 R E 8 eichel , leanor 100 S M mith , ax well . 59

S A . 1 orensen , St Ma a t 2 9 ewart , rgre C W 4 2 G E . . ebb , lenn

TH E NAU TI L

94 3 N 1 1 o . Vo l . 57 July,

T RAV E LI NG AND C O L L E C T I NG I N M E XIC O

S ORENS EN BY A .

Now th at Me x ico has become one of the combatants in this the gre atest of all world contests it is going to be more di ffi cult

a a a a for other n tionals to enter or le ve it , bec use border regul tions

s a S o m a on both side are much stricter th n formerly . it y be of interest to record some previous trips an d tell what was seen and what was achieved in the way of collecting marine life in the Gulf of C aliforni a . For some years previous to 1 940 the writer had made short

a a trips into the northern p rt of Lower C lifornia , known to the

x a a Me icans as Baja California . It is th t long n rrow peninsula w ith its b ackbone of fairly high mount ains th at ex tends south

from C alifornia for more than 750 miles . It is bordered on the west b y the Paciﬁc Ocean and on the east by the Gulf of Cali

a a a formi . The backbone mentioned is the southw rd continu ’ N A Ra tion of orth merica s mighty Coast nge , which , under

a s a a a v riou n mes , forms a barrier against the inro ds of the P

c iﬁc A a a a an from l sk to C bo S Lucas at the southern tip .

a S an are a E a a The ro ds from Diego f irly good to nsen d , but “ a ar e a a s south of th t they not m int ined . There are no culvert or bridges across the numerous arroyos and short swift rivers

Pa so a w a a a ﬂowing into the ciﬁc , tr veling south rd is pr ctic lly at

a a st ndstill during the winter .

a a H . R . 1 940 a a Mr an d Mrs . In J nu ry p rty consisting of .

T r ver an d Mr n d r r u a M s . S t oh b een all . John , connected with the

S a a a a M s Na a H a n d nt Cruz , C liforni , u eum of tur l istory , the

Pa G a a s s writer from ciﬁc rove , C liforni , were de irou of going

s as a a at a as f ar as an down the we t co t of Lower C liforni , le st S

B a a a a a Quentin y , but prefer bly f rther . Investig tion proved th t

a s a s so h ad the stre m were swollen and the ﬂ t were boggy , we to

a a M x look for nother entr nce into e ico . ( 1 ) TH E N U TIL U V O] 57 1 2 A S [ . ( )

M x a a x From e icali , on the border , ro d e tends south for about 1 35 miles to S an Filipe a sm a ll ﬁshing vill age on the Gulf and not far south of the mouth of the Colorado River .

a a a This would be desir ble pl ce to go , for the marine life there

P a a a a is the an mic f una , while th t of the west co st is classiﬁed

a a P with the C liforni rovince , which means that you would ﬁnd

a a as an practic lly the s me mollusks there at S Diego , about half

a way down the peninsul , though , in the vicinity of Cedros Is

P a an d a a land , the namic the C lifornia faunas seem to overl p .

a a an But no m tter how desir ble a trip to S Filipe might be , still

W a was a it , like the est Co st trip out of the question , for the ro d a at a A was actually impass ble th t time of the year . considerable

a portion is a quagmire in wet we ther and a speedway when dry .

a s - a S o we had to look still farther east , and le rned of a o c lled

a N A 2 65 good road le ding south from ogales , rizona , for miles to

Guaymas on the e ast side of the Gulf of California . This we

x then decided to e plore , and thus it was that we discovered this ’ naturalist s fairyland an d bec ame so enr aptured of its ch arms

a a that we are making it the object of our nnu l outing . Three

ar e such trips are behind us , and we hoping for more as soon as

war conditions permit . N 4 an x ogales is 98 miles east of S Diego , over such e cellent

a a roads that this added distance is not much of a h ndic p . The

x a road in Me ico is well l id out and well graded , but it is not

an d paved and in m any pl aces is poorly surfaced quite rocky . The Mex icans take their ro ads philosophic ally and use only si x

l No a a p y tires on their autos . four ply tires were for s le in th t

a M x p rt of e ico .

a a An a x an d The towns of Magd alena and S nt , some si ty

- ﬁ v ar e a seventy e miles below the border , interesting pl ces with

a their adobe buildings and n arrow streets . Consider ble mining

s an d a ex of copper an d silver is c arried on in thi region , f irly

a tensive f arming is found in the lowl and s ne r by .

H a a S a a ermosillo , the st te C pital of onor , is about nother hun

dred miles south . h as It i s a n ancient city with modern improvement . It paved

s s s W e a a n d G a treets a n d good chool . found th t both here in u y

m as E s i s a s s an d , ngli h t ught in the high chool in the upper

a s s is a s gr des of gramm a r chool . It noteworthy th t mo t of the bu s in ess p eople speak Engli sh quite well a n d a number of them 1 943 TH E N UTILU S July , ] A

t ake prid e in h aving gotten p a rt of their educ ation in th e United

a s s a ll s M x an d m a S t te . Thi bode well for e ico will help to ke it

A s A s w as a dv ance r a pidly . feeling of friend hip for merican

univ e rsally shown . W e went on to Gu ay m as an d put up at the Mir am ar Beach

b a s a Hotel which i s loc ated on a be autiful y ju t north of Guay m s .

a an d a s a Here the accommod tions were good the r te reason ble , and the e x ch ange of our doll ars into Me x ic a n pesos w as al so in ’ a a a am s as our f vor . Don t think for minute th t I over enthu i tic

sa a a a x when I y th t the clim te is ide l , that collecting is une celled an d that sport ﬁ shing for m arlin an d s ailﬁsh i s h ard to be at

s At as s h as x any where el e . le t uch been our e perience from

a a s a a D a a a J nuary to M y of ever l ye rs . uring J nu ry of this ye r the thermometer in our brick cott age at Mir amar never went ° a 70 F an d at a bove . , night with the windows wide open it f iled

6 0 W a E a to get below degrees . h t do you stern people think of this for Janu ary ! I s it any wonder th at we could be out from

a morning till night in our shirtsleeves , w ding , digging , collect

a ing , sailing , or autoing to beaches f rther off .

a M x a I h ve not bragged on the condition of e ican ro ds , but in f airness will add that this ye ar work is being done on all the

‘ ro ads I have referred to and that this summer will see the com pletion of the numerous culverts and concrete bridges now being “ ” a vados an d a built across the m ny , or dips , sm ll rivers between

H an d ermosillo the border .

A a an d a bout the people we came in cont ct with , they were m ny an d f a a . of di ferent st tions , we all formed f vorable opinions They were friendly an d alw ays willing to a ccommodate an d aid

an d a w as a a us th t a l rge f ctor in m aking our stays so pleasant . Among other things we took in a d ance given in honor of one of the two contest ants for queen of the a nnual ﬁest a soon to be

. w as as an af a a held It nice f ir s could be seen a nywhere . The young people were jolly an d well mannered an d absolutely no

w as a a a liquor indulged in . The ﬂoor m n ger told us th t liquor

b a w as a an d a a a drinking y d ncers inconceiv ble , th t ny one bre k

s s a a ing thi rule would be umm rily ejected . The girls wore be u tiful dresses m any of which were ﬂowered or S p angled or l avi shly

an d s sa a embroidered , ome were id to be heirlooms d ting b ack for

a s gener tion . ’ But now b ack to bu siness : W e didn t go to Mex ico so m any

I E I V 7 1 4 TH NAUT LUS [ ol . 5 ( )

times just to see the country or even to observe the customs of the people ; we went there primarily to study the marine life

W e a and to get specimens for our collections . worked at th t in du str i o sl an d as a u y , result were able to bring back more than three hundred diﬂ er en t species of which about three - fourths were mollusks . I will not attempt to give a complete list or

a a a even to mention very m ny , but will c ll ttention to the four

a a a S a pl tes ccomp ny ing this . They how better th n I can tell how we did our studying .

P a 1 a n us ﬁ r l te , Conid e , shows ten rows of C o , each row a di e ent species an d all t aken last January wi thin a few miles of

a a a Gu ym s . The species ﬁgured on Pl te 1 are

1 n u ri n m ah n i o s ce s . 6 . . o a Rve . C p p L C g . 2 . r r en 7 . . er lex us w . u u asc s o b . C p p Brod . C p p S

3 i r t r Rv . a ch on . . v a u s 8 . . C g e . C Brod 4 i lari . lad at r . . r e u w o s b 9 . . C g S o . C g Brod

5 . m t l co a s d 1 0 . . m i x . C p G . C Brod .

a all I think this is a record , for I have never seen or heard th t of them had previously been taken so far north .

P a 2 3 4 - l tes , and picture growth series , and show these inter esting gastropods from juveniles up through the developmental a st ges to the adults .

Melon en a a tu la B roderi P a 2 w as g p p , shown in l te , found in

M a a a a s numbers in the ir m r L goon , the young ones in sh llow pool and the older ones well buried in the s and .

S tr om b u s al a t fﬁ g e us Swa inson w as the most di cult to get . It

a M x a grows to a l rge size an d i s very he avy . The e ic ns call it “ ”

a . a x Conch It st ys outside of e treme low tides .

F u sus du cti th ouarsi K P a 3 w as s a p iener , in l te , found thi ye r

a a w as in outside s nd b rs , while on other trips it observed only in muddy lagoons .

F i lar i r i n 2 a asc o a ce s P a 3 . p p S owerby , l te , ﬁg , gener lly keep

a s a th e w themselves in pretty deep w ter , but thi ye r y ere found in

S an a B h ll t b i o lo r a C rlos ay feeding on P y mw us c , the be utiful

x w mure hich i s so plentiful there .

M u r i i t a s ws a y: n r us 4 . r g Philippi , pl te Thi series sho th t

a r e a s a h as a s s the young ne rly white , omething th t c u ed con ider a s w ass ble confu ion . Frequently you ﬁnd the hite ones cl iﬁed a M u a t r i e s n c s is a n f a a . r p p , which entirely di ferent nim l ‘ l l l l ‘] 3 7 ( l )

‘ v s ( o n idzw of G u u n m . 7 THE NAUTILUS : 7 ( 1 ) PLAT E 2

Muh o m m x x I' Hrm lv r i p

’ P A E 4 TIl E NAI TI LUS : 7 7 ( 1 ) L T

' M i max x u m i 'ri s

' m s r a lv n u lv l l m .

T V ] 5 6 THE NAU ILUS [ 0 . 7 ( 1 )

O B SERV ATI O NS O N TH E L O CAL M O V E MENTS O F

L L AND AI LAPILL L . I TTORI NA LI TOREA ( . ) TH S US ( )

RA H W D DEX TER BY LP . .

K e S a U rs K O nt t t e nive ity, ent , hio In connection with an ecological study of intertidal marine

x a communities , preliminary e periments on sn il movements were

1 93 w as conducted during the summer of 6 . The purpose to de

a an d termine the general direction , r te , range of movements of individual snails in their dispersa l over the shore in order to L understand more fully their role in community dyn amics . . li t rea E T a illus o . l the nglish periwinkle , and p the

r ock a common sn il , were chosen for study because they are the most signiﬁc ant of the herbivorous an d carnivorous snails r e specti vely of the intertidal hard - su r ﬁ ng communities investi a W g ted . hile many studies have been made on these species , nothing seems to h ave been published on their local movements .

When the tide was low , the snails were marked with a quick

a drying red en mel paint without removing them from the rocks , and their locations were then mapped . During each succeeding day for a period of one week , and at irregular intervals there a a a fter , the dist nce travelled by each sn il was measured in a

a str ight line f rom the previous location , which represents the

a a A minimum radial dist nce tr velled . fter submergence in salt water over a period of severa l days the red p a int lost its brilliant color , but it retained enough pigmentation to enable one to ﬁnd an d identify the marked individuals . In some cases they were found with difﬁculty and occ asion ally one w as lost for a day or

a s a . two . They were selected origin lly in m ll groups Two

a L litor ca an d 4 groups of 5 individu ls of . two groups of indi

id al T i la llu s a . v u s of . p were m rked The groups were clustered on separate rocks at about the h alf tide level . The tidal inter v al is 1 1 hours and 1 4 minutes at the loc ation of th e ex periment a a a s a An n long the shores of a tid l inlet t Glouce ter , on C pe ,

Massa chusetts .

D x a w a r e uring e posure the sn ils of both species ere in ctive ,

a A m ining atta ched in po sition w ith little or no movement . fter submergence they bec ame a ctive an d w andered about in v arious y 1 943 TH E N UTILUS Jul , ] A

s a is direction s and for v arying di t nces . Their movement very

a a pronouncedly rhythmic l , being controlled directly by the tid l

a nd a n d s a ﬂow ebb , for the mo t p rt is concerned with their feed ing activities . li to r ca a a The s pecimens of L . moved a d ily aver ge minimum

s a a di st ance of inche . In recording directions of tr vel , e ch sn ail w as plotted at the intersection of 4 equ a l sectors design ated

s w ns an d a as up hore , do hore , left , right qu rters , the directions

a A a ar e being those of the observer f cing upshore . ver ges based u pon the d a ily records of the ﬁrst week of observation . The li t r ea L . o m arked specimens of moved in all directions . Those

a a moving upshore ver ged inches each day . Downshore movements aver aged 2 3 inches each day . Those moving to the

an d a a left right ver ged and inches respectively . Four individua ls at one time or another did not move at all over a

a 5 h ad period of at le ast 2 4 hours . Five d ys after one set of

a 38 49 1 1 4 an d been m rked ( July four individuals were , , ,

A s 1 42 i a a . t a nches from their origin l loc tions that time , nine d y a a fter the other set had been m rked , three individuals of the 1 3 39 56 second group were , , and inches away from their orig

a N a a 4 in l positions . ine d ys l ter (July snails of this set 50 52 94 1 51 a were , , , and inches aw y from the original locations , an d 1 7 d ays still l ater (July 30 ) the only individual which

w a 1 2 4 s could be found sat a distance of inches . The periwinkle a did not follow any pattern , given direction , or uniform r te M movement . any reversed their directions at various intervals

an d of time , their movements seemed to be entirely fortuitous .

At a a li tor ea the time of spring tides gre t qu ntities of L . , espe ci all a d y sm ll specimens , were observed to move upshore an

liter ally coat the rocks between the ne ap and spring high - tide

lines . Following the spring tides they migrated downshore ai ag n .

la ill T. u s a da p aver ged inches of tot a l movement per y . Upshore movements aver aged 1 9 inches while those moving

a a a downw rd aver ged inches . S n ils moving into the right sector averaged 7 inches ; none was observed to move into the left a qu rter . Five individuals at one time or another remained stationary 2 4 E over a period of hours . ighteen days after one set w as T V ] 57 1 8 TH E NAU IL US [ 0 . ( ) marked (July two individuals were 2 2 and 34 inches away

x a a S from the original location . Si ty d ys l ter ( eptember

x a or eleven weeks after the beginning of the e periment , one sn il

- six was 6 2 inches from its original position . Twenty days after 30 i 2 2 the other set was marked , ( July ) two indiv duals were

- ﬁ A 2 4 ve a u . an d 2 8 inches away . Twenty d y s later ( g ) two were

1 0 and 1 8 inches away ; a nother eighteen days l ater ( Sept .

a e a or nearly eleven weeks after the sn ils w re m rked , three were

6 7 an d 30 a . only , inches aw y respectively

i B alan b alanoi des T. la llu us p s, which feeds principally on

L an d M ti lu u li L a a . s ed s . ( ) y , showed tendency to rem in on bar n acles a an d , in crevices , and under se weeds for long periods to

a a a rem in within a restricted loc lity . In general it did not tr vel

li t r ea as much n or as ex tensively as L . o which feeds chieﬂy on a a lg e , both microscopic and macroscopic .

LIFE CY C L E O F LY M NAEA STAGNAL I S CO M P L E T E D AT R O O M T E M P E RA T U RE W I T H O U T ACC E S S TO AI R

B Y OWE E NO ND AND E E NOR B EI HEL L LL . LA L A C

Univ ersity of W i scon sin

h as a a a s m a It been known for some time th t pulmon te sn il y ,

- u s a . a nder certain condition , become water bre thing In f ct P la n or b i s cris tatus is said to h ave its lung per i n en en tly ﬁlled

W 1 895 1 92 4 an lan with water ( illem , ; von Buddenbrock , ) d P or b i s co rn ea s is reported to h ave developed accessory gills in its

h as lung cavity (von Buddenbrock , It been further cl a imed by Precht ( 1 939 ) th a t Ly m na ea s tag n i cola a ssumes 0 a s a a s a at a a 5 purely cut neou , qu tic re pir tion temper ture of C .

- A a 1 934 E elisom er, a m an a or below . ccording to Che tum ( ) c p la tu m sm i th i i H e n trosa m cr ca r in a i u m L m n ae r i . a m a na ta , p , y e g a n g u la ta a n d Ph ysa. sa g/ i c r assa a r e prob abl y able to complete their life cycles a n d reproduce norm a lly without coming to the s a a i r e ] a n d D u P ss s 1 874 a n d 1 8 4 urf ce for . For le i ( ) Brot ( 7 ) reported Lym n a ea. a b yss iro la living a t depth s of 2 5 to 2 50 meters

a a a \V G S . in L ke enev , witzerl nd hen collected , their lung c avi ti es e a a n d a t s s were ﬁll d with w ter , living uch depth , they could 1 943 TH E N TILU 9 July , ] A U S h a rdly h a v e m ad e c o nt act with the surfa c e a t a ny time during

s their life hi tory .

V e 1 875 s a s ee a o n S i bold ( ) record h ving n , in deep w ter , col

s o m na ea a u i cu la i a h is ouie f Ly r r which , during the period of

w s s th e s s s a s a . ob erv tion , ere never ob erved to vi it urf ce Fre h w ater pulmon ates th at spend the winter under th e ice are prob a a a x x s bly forced to depend to l rge e tent , if not e clu ively , on

s a W 1 896 a L m n a ea cutaneous re pir tion . illem ( ) showed th t y a n d Plan o rb i s could be kept submerged for long period s in well

a a s a aer ated w ter , but died in few hour when immersed in w ter

a ad an d a ai r th t h been boiled protected from cont ct with . In

a H li an d the l and sn il e x , with the shell removed the body kept s a a a a ubmerged in norm l s line , cut neous respir tion has been s w x a an d ho n to e ceed pulmon ry respiration ( Courtois Duval ,

1 92 7 Raff an d 1 934 a ; y Fischer , Cheatum ( ) showed th t nine species of fresh -water sn ails can withst and enforced an d

2 a prolonged submersion ( 6 days ) . The percent ge of survival ° ° 1 a a w as less in w arm w ater ( 2 6 to 2 56 C . ) th n in cooler w ter ° ( 1 1 Re mova l of the air from the lung c avity likewise r e du c d a a e the percent g e of surviv l .

H a 1 9 1 2 si x . B . B ker ( ) reported species of pulmonates from

as a M a L m n aea sta nalis eram la Dougl L ke , ichig n , including y g p p V alk r m r i n t n la ta P h sa an i llar ia I e L . e a a a a u c , g g ( Sowerby ) , y

a rk ri i r i t t i e P . b ca na us or a ens s a . l) r e P . p ( Currier ) , p g B ker , p ca i n a tus W a an d P lan o b i s cam an u la tus sm i th ii a r lker , r p B ker , “ which according to his observations appe ar to be all deep w ater forms an d h ave app arently become a dapted to bre athe w ater i n ” s a f a i r H e a a te d o . suggested the possibility th t the w ter breathing h abit h ad even affected the body form of some of the species to the e x tent of modify ing the shell ty pe of Lym n aea s ta n ali e m s s . cra la an d g s app r ssa toward th at of L . p p the hell

h a i l r i a k er i . a a a . form of typic l P ysa nc l a S ay towa rd th at of P . p r Two ye ars l ater ( B aker 1 9 1 4 ) he recorded further ob servation s

a - a a D a a a s on the w ter bre thing h bits of ougl s L ke sn il , in the course of which he noted th a t the adults of P h ysa an ci lla r ia “ p a rk eri were so completely h abitu ated to bre athing w ater th a t

a a a a a s a x a s when pl ced in sm ll qu ri , they died oon fter e h u ting

a i r w a a the in the ter , without ever ttempting to come to the

a to a a a a ai r surf ce bre the ; lthough when once t ught to bre the , V ] 57 1 10 TH E NAUTILUS [ 0 . ( ) by the simple method of ex posing them out of water until the water in their lungs p arti a lly evapor ated or w as otherwise r e placed by air , they could be kept in a small dish for several months and would come to the surface regularly like any ordi ” - nary , air breathing form . In the course of other studies on the biology of Lym n aea stag n ali a r essa a s pp S y , pursued in this laboratory , it occurred to

a us th t it would be interesting to ﬁnd out whether this snail ,

a ai r - which is norm lly breathing , could be grown through a complete life cycle in the l abor atory at room temperatures without ever being permitted to come to the surface for air .

m etal

Fi 1 . D a r a s s w rs u s r h s g . i g m ho ing conta in e ed to p ovid e t e egg m a ses and g rowing sna il s with a era t ed water whil e a t th e sa m e time p r eventing

h r a ccess to t e su fa ce .

A a a s ccordingly sever l newly deposited egg m s es were collected ,

ar 1 1 40 2 8 M . 9 a a on Feb . and , , and pl ced in sh llow gl ass con tai n ers P a ( one member of a etri dish p ir ) . Three such dishes

an d a w as - were set up , e ch covered with coarse meshed bolting

w as a cloth , in which there a sm ll feeding hole plugged with cot

a a s ton th t could be removed t feeding times . The e dishes were submersed in w ater in a l arge gl ass container kept at room

a a All temperature in the l bor tory . air bubbles were carefully

Th e s removed after immersion . di hes were pl aced ne ar an a i r releaser which m a inta ined a const ant current of aer ated water

a clo th s s s p st the bolting cover of the di he , but not so nea r th at any bubbles from the a ir releaser would come in contact with A 1 . the cloth ( Fig . ) 1 943 TH E N UTILUS 1 1 July , ] A

The room in which the sn ail s were kept h ad a thermo static ally ° w as n a x a 2 0 . controlled temperature , which orm lly ne r C , e cept in the summer when a somewh at higher temperature w as re ached

at as a . ( up to C . one time , will be mentioned l ter )

a Mar 2 8 A r Hatching occurred within month ( . to p . The

s a s s a young n il were fed m ll pieces of tender green lettuce , which h ad been previou sly immersed in w ater an d freed of all a i r

A a a P bubbles . s mple of water t ken from the inside of the etri

s a - W a a di h g ve , with the micro inkler method ( Lund , re d

s x a ing of cc . di solved o ygen per liter , as comp red with to

a a cc . in the outside w ter , indicating that the utiliz tion of o x y gen inside the di sh w as gre ater than its replacement b y the

a circulation of the w ter .

n 1 2 a O July , about three months after hatching , all the sn ils in one of the dishes died , apparently due to depletion of the

x a o ygen supply p st the point of toleration . These snails had

a a rox i shell lengths of to mm . at the time of de th , pp

a a a a m tely ten weeks fter h tching . In this s me period of time , norm al snails fed on lettuce an d allowed access to ai r ordinarily 30 reached a shell length of 2 0 to mm . under the culture methods

at a a a E employed th t time in the l bor tory . vidently , therefore , there w as a considerable reta rd ation of growth in spite of the a f ct th at a small e x cess of food ( lettuce ) was regularly provided .

A r e fter the death of the snails in the one dish , those in the m aining two dishes were transferred to more commodious qu ar

a ar six a ters , a b ttery j inches in di meter and eight inches high , as 1 equipped , shown in Fig . B , to provide for better aeration of

a the water but , as before , preventing access to the surf ce . In

an d all a these in other transfers when water w as ch nged ,

a s at interv l of one to two weeks ) , care was taken to keep the

a all a a snails immersed in water t times during the tr nsfer , so th t there would be no possibility of their t aking ai r into their lung a s at a s i s f c vitie this time . In young sn il , the shell su ﬁciently

a s a s a i r an d tr n p rent to detect the pre ence of in the lung , the sn ails were regul arly checked when the tr ansfers were m ade to see ai r w as s A w as s a if pre ent . nother check po sible bec use sn ails w ith no a i r in the lung are considerably heavier th an w ater an d sink r apidly when allowed to f all through the water ; sn ails

ai r a s a A with in the lung either ﬂo t or ink r ther slowly . t no V ] 57 1 1 2 TH E NAUTILUS [ 0 . ( ) time was a i r observed in the lungs of any of the sn a ils ex cept the

as w two that esc aped mentioned belo . 2 6 1 940 a a On Dec . , , nearly nine months fter h tching , the ﬁrst

ar N a a egg m ass was found in the j . orm lly under our labor tory

a a cultural conditions , sn ils start l ying about three or four

E h ad a . months after h tching vidently , therefore , submersion more th a n doubled the time required to reach sex u al maturity 8 1 94 1 la . On . and y eggs Jan , , another egg mass was found ,

an . 9 . O a and on J , four more ther egg m sses were laid at inter

1 a At a A 1 a . v ls up to pril , when four of the sn ils were still live

a a a this time , two of the nim ls esc ped , through an opening caused

a an d by an undetected bend in the wire b rrier , took air into

a an d a their lung cavities . These were disc rded , the two rem in

a Ma 3 1 1 94 1 at ing ones retained until their de th on y , , an age

a x 1 4 a of ppro imately months . In our usu l laboratory cultures ,

a 1 2 1 At sn ils of this species commonly live from to 8 months . 0 a 4 an d 50 . death , the shell length is usu lly between mm , as com

a 33 an d 34 p red with mm . respectively in the two oldest sub m ersed a D sn ils . uring most of their adult life , the submersed

a h ad - a x sn ils a dull , leaden gr y color in their e posed ﬂeshy parts , as comp ared with the light brownish or olive sh ade of norm a l animals .

E a s A r 1 1 94 1 w ggs l id by the submer ed snails about p . , , ere pl a ced on April 1 2 in cont a iners made by removing the botto m from a sm all drinking gl ass a n d covering both ends with cloth

a a a s netting ( org ndy for the e rlier st ges , mo quito netting for

s a s s a the older one ) . These cont iner , su pended in current of

a a a a a 1 w ter m int ined by er tors (see Fig . C ) , provided better circul ation of a er ated w ater th a n the Petri di shes u sed in the

x Ma 3 1 a t a n a e a s ﬁrst e periment . By y , g of bout ﬁve week , the w 3 s a s a a nd 1 0 . shell lengths of the young n il v ried bet een mm , only slightly less th a n those of sn a il s of the s ame age in the

a s regul a r l abor atory cultures . In the hot we ther of mid ummer

1 94 1 a s c s a of , when , in the b en e of the writer the c re of the cul

s w as a a a a ss s a w as ture entru sted to l bor tory i t nt , the culture

s 9 1 94 1 a e a th e s a . n 2 lo t O July , , bout the tim th t n ils in the

e a th e a a t a i r a culture died , the t mper ture of l bor ory re ched

a n d a t s a a o C . , the temper ture of the cul ure in the l bor t ry

14 THE V ] 57 1 NAU TILUS [ O . ( )

TW O NE W O R NO I I CO UN O NI D S , W I T H NO T ES O N UNI O GRANADE NSI S L EA AND

U . P ATU L U S L EA

M RRI N 1 . E . O SO BY J P .

S Rev W . H N V ome time ago the . . Fluck of ewfane , ermont , sent a few Orin oco Un i on ids to the United States Nationa] Mu

a seum for determin tion . This material , representing the two

a new species described herewith , serves to accentu te our very limited knowledge of the molluscan f auna of the Orinoco basin .

ST LI RI N E I —4 O OC NS S . P 5 1 . CA A A , new species late , ﬁgures S ] hel subrhomboid , elliptical , slightly inequilateral , moder ately compressed ; sculpture of numerous , ﬂat , radiating ridges , b a crossed y narrow , concentric growth ridges ; nterior end P a evenly rounded . osterior dors l slope obliquely trun cate ; pos ter i or ridge moderate , rounded , ending in a narrowly rounded point a little above the base ; dorsal line arched ; ventral margin slightly rounded ; epidermis olivaceous ; laterals long , slightly seu do ar di n al a as curved ; p c s irregularly radi l , proportionately m a a addu c sive , not line r ; n cre white , iridescent behind ; anterior

a an d a . tor , protr ctor , retr ctor cicatrices completely conﬂuent

2 2 0 was Rev . No . 5 0 0 The holotype , , received from

W H R Ma S . U. . . Fluck , collected on the Orinoco iver at ipures ,

a an d a 2 4 . Colombi , me sures : Length , mm . ; height , mm ;

diameter , mm .

a a The gre ter degree of inﬂ tion , completely conﬂuent anterior

an d a seu docar di n als muscle scars , the subradi l (massive ) p will

ri n ensi s easily distinguish C . o oc from the other members of the t i i t group of Cas al a m u lt su lca a Hupe .

—9 DIPL DO FLU KI . P 5 5 . O N C , new species late , ﬁgures

a - cl Shell of medium size , subsolid , elong te rhomboid to long li ti cal a a a p , inﬂ ted ; posterior ridge rounded or bi ngul te , ending posteriorly in a bi angulate point a little a bove the b ase line ; anterior end regul arly rounded ; dorsal line slightly arched ; ventr a l m argin slightly curved ; th e posterior end obliquely a as a t s asa b i an u lati on trunc te , meeting the b e line the po t b l g ; a a a a s epidermis olivaceou s . Be ks little inﬂ ted , r di lly culptured a s an d with very delic te , pinched up ridge , minute curved down

1 P ubli sh ed b y p ermi ssion of th e S ecret a ry of th e Smith soni a n I n stit ution . 3 I l l " W M " n v i Pi . . — s l ﬂ li ﬂ ll o l t v . g / s 1 4 ( Vi o l Fig , ,

- ‘ —t i li n lu t y e . ‘ li l [ N /m i n " m L , p l l s . ﬂ be a k sc u lpt u re X g , p - ' I] Fi 3 M i u y u . . Iu i u 3 Il c m cm i l ru u g/ . lm l t x Fi Il u u h n m . g g . l , X l

" " ' M 4 ”WW I " lu u r h l / m X l ” 5v S t n la Icu u lm m f n s m lm lu t y v . . K u g/ , p g

‘ ' l u v w fi s Fi ti [ M m u c us u d u v r u m . t ; u l l i n m m m t y e . . / g p . p g g p | 1 943 TH E N ’ July , ] AUTILL S 1 5

a a s a an d s w rd nteriorly , more di t nt traight medi a lly and strik , ° i ng ly diva ric ate a t a 45 a ngle jus t a bove the posterior ridge posteriorly ; the be ak sculpture e x tends only over the umbon a l s portion of the hell , up to a shell length of about 1 5 mm . Sculp a a ture finely concentric lly stri te , with minute traces o f r adi a l s H culpture over the disc . inge teeth distinctive the hinge lin e , a seu doca r di n als a a a n rrow , p l mellar , compressed , two in e ch v lve , a a a the ( upper ) nterior one in the right v lve sm ll , thin , low ; the an d a posterior long , high , tri ngular ; the anterior one in the left a a s v lve low , long , triangul r ; the po terior high , tri angul ar being , a a i n ter den pr ctic lly a portion of the tu m . The two high tri angular posterior pseu docar di n als fit into depressions in the a hinge line opposite , so th t the ventral aspect of the hinge line is a a a . N a s zigz g in this p rt cre white , be utifully iride cent ; the a fl cic trices are moderately deep , the posterior con uent , the an teri or a a deeper , with the nterior retr ctor a deep , distinct pit on e d ar i n a s a the bottom of the ps u oc d al buttress . Dors l mu cle sc rs a pl a inly m arked dia g onal row in the middle of the sh allow a c vities of the be aks . No 52 1 998 The holoty pe , . , was collected from the O R a Mu n du a o V an d a s : rinoco iver bove p , enezuela , me sure ne Length , mm . ; height , mm . ; diameter , mm . O 2 1 x No . 5 999 of two paratypes , , e hibits almost perfect i n ( uneroded ) beak sculpture ; it is a young shell only 2 6 mm . length . a The finely concentrically stri te sculpture , with traces of a a s an d a a r di l culpture , the peculi rly zigz g hinge line produced tr i a ular seu docar di n als by the meshing of the two thin , high , g p . a D su avidi cu s indic tes a relationship with . ( Lea ) from the A a s m zon basin . It differs from that pecies in being more

a a . elong te , little more inﬂated and more pointed behind The

5 s a D . a D u cki . be k sculpture of . fl (fig ) differ from th t of a co n ver sua vidi cus in the stra ightness of the medi l ridges , not g ing ; an d the more definitely clean - cut diva ricate wrinkles on the posterior slope ; also the fine a nterior riblets ar e str aight i n ‘ ki i a u c . suavid c us, regularly curved downw rd in fl

Un i on i d Notes

a Un io Ma Ms . m . Some years ago W . B rshall noted in th t

e na n i P 1 2 : 95 1 86 8 w as a m gr de s s Lea ( roc . , ) homony

7 : 2 56 i i P . of Un o gran aden s s Conrad ( roc , but a h is s did not publi sh the f ct . In recognition of di covery of the ’ a a s a un ten able use of Le s n me , the species is hereby de ign ted

densi s 1 868 Mi i m r h i a . e na cron a as a s all , new n me for U gr Lea ,

a from L ake Nicaragu . 1 ’ ' ' V ] 7 6 TH! : X AC I ILL S [ 0 . 5 ( 1 )

" M 1 55 The type of ( o pa tul us Lea 1 82 9 ( ﬁgur ed i n Ob s . :

] . 1 2 . 2 0 h e i i n No . as n . e . p , ﬁg ) be n fou d Th s sp c me 84 760 i s h r i i i ll . a very c a acter st c member of the spec es usua y

P r m i 30 wn le u ob e a lesle a . 9 : 6 kno as y Le ( Pr oc ,

I n e n l d e m lesle i r fact it had b e n i c ude under th na e y , but pa t of “ ” i in al ink i i n at ul us il th e n i the or g wr t g, p , st l shows on i ter or

v a P le ur b em a tula t l of th e lef t alve . The n me o pa mus rep ace l i l v les e . s r P . a a P . y It mu t be removed f om the synonym y of c

- l Lam . as a glance at th e non clavate dorsa outli ne type ﬁgure w s rt tv i im i ll demon t rate . The un ce ai n about thi s spec es was

y a pli ed b Si mpson in questi oni n g th e placement under cla v . “ ” v i i t t l li i . L m a s The ype oca ty Oh o ( T G. ea ) be que t oned ;

v — t as rob ab l s l i i i . e . p hou d be read as Oh o Dra nage, Ken ucky , i ” is known for les le y .

A NEW AMP H I D R O M US FR O M B UR MA

BY TOM IR EDALE 1

P i n o in o l Mrs . . h r e T att s n, when travel g t ough B urma , c l cted a v er v beautif ul lan dsh ell on a bush on the side of the road to

M a 0 il f M y 4 th st o . hi h l aymyo , bout m es nor ea andala T s s el she h as e e A r a i a Mus u r pres nt d to the ust l n e m , and as it appea s to represent an un n amed species it is here desc rib ed as

AMP HIDB na n PA'I ' x OMU S e o t s e so AE s . . P 6 ( ) p nov late , 5 ﬁg . .

l ini t o i ra S oo t s . Th e hel s s ral , el ngate , mperfo te , sm h , glo sy tip is a u u edi n w o i s e wi t d rk p rple , s cce g h rls whit sh wa h d h green , s l o i ee m i i l a a la t whorl yel w sh gr n , u b l ca are cri mso n lake ; b nded o w h or r e a of i k a thr ughout it two th e b nds b rown sh la e . the b nds W suggesti n g a se ri es of coal esc ed blotches . h o rls sli ghtly

u l l r c i . A co nvex ; sutur e li near . Col mel a s ightly e ed ng pe rtur e

v ] l a o e i t i i m r . e . o a . o 2 8 mm , an gu te bel w p r s me th n , m atu e L ngth , b r ea dth mm .

r nt l The s pecies appea rs to be allied to A . c ue at us More et 1 1 7 ] . 3 IV . 2 64 . 5 8 5 as ( Seri es Co nchy] , p , p , fig , ) figured by V 1 7 r l . . 39 2 e . o 8 . 60 Pilsb Man . o . S . ry ( C nch XIII , p , pl , figs , 40 i s a a 1 900 in i ts . . ) cr m on l ke umbilical are but it is much a rro an d o e e a y a ed an d o ra i o e ar e n wer m r el g ntl sh p the c lo t n s p at s it immedi ately .

1 y M B f t h Trust ees of th e us r al an use um S dn e . pe rmi ssi o n o e A t i , y y l 1 3 THE x At ' r IL r 1 7 Ju y , 94 ] s

TYLA RO M TH E A N HEL I CO S F T LAU D I S L A D S , AN E M O L U CCA I S L D S , AS T I NDIES

B Y W I C EN I LL AM J . L CH

The Talaud Islands ( Tul ar and Talau er are v a ri o us S pellin gs ) co mpos e a sm all archi pe la g o that is situ ate d abo ut m idway b e

Min a o an P i li i an d Hal a ra l i n tw een d na Isl d , h pp nes m he ( Gi o lo ) ar e i e a the Dutch E ast Indi es . They nclud d in the Molu cc gr oup of thes e latter is l ands and ar e app roxim atelv 1 2 0 m i l es

o f Hal ah . N E . m era

e wi n i h H0 in 1 940 During th ter cru se of the yacht C eng , i l Mrs . i r r e r e Dr . and David Fa ch ld co lected a la ge seri s of th e

c s of H elicosf la A n , Kar s n ala spe ie y at ra gkaa akelong I la d , T ud

Islan ds .

H elic sf la f uka ne ns fr hi The i mpo rtance of locati n g o y is F . on t s islan d corrects what has bee n a r ather persistan t error since the

l a Pf eiﬁ er ori gi na cit tion of .

I n 1 871 P i s i in Malak ozoolo i sch e B lﬁ tter . fe ffer de cr b ed the g

1 8 1 1 9—1 2 4 six s ls ﬁv e hi c , pp . . new land hel . of w ch he re eived

w v a H . e e f M s . m a . o o from J Th mson of N B d ord . a s Thoms n h ve c l c l or is o le ted thi s materia as he had b een a shi ps m aster . it eq ually possible th at he may hav e received hi s speci mens fr om

i r i i i i At an v some sa lor f end who had v s ted the Eas t Ind es . rate , material was credi ted to both Tu kan Bes si Island ( 0 5 the so uth

a eas tern peni ns ul a o f Celeb es Isl and) an d fr om Tul ar Isl nd .

The former is 750 mi l es to the south of Tul a r [ Tal a ud ] Isl ands . ther e appears to have b ee n some questi on regardi ng th e data of ce rtai n of these new forms as Pf eiﬁ er had i ndi cated tw o of them wi t h questio n marks . The pres ent collection strai ghtens out a few of th es e un certai n ties b esides co rr ec ti ng an an o ma l y the ex istence of a few spe ci es well outside the kn ow n ran ge of o ther members of th e genus .

al t r l w Ar n a r The loc i y for the fou fol o i ng spec i es is a gka , Ka a la a M a a . kelong Isl nd, Ta ud Group , olucc Isl nds

Hm co sr m ( CALO COCHLEA) TUHAXEX SI S Pfeiff er

H l 8 e ix tuka n 1 . 1 2 2 an 1 1 M l . B lﬁtt . . e ns tls Pf r . 87 a ak p ( Tuk , i — s n i 4 ] 1 2 1 . 72 . 5 9 . (b d 1 2 . o h . . Bes Isla d ) , 87 , Novit . C nc p , p , ﬁg V ] 57 1 8 TH E NAUTILUS [ O . ( 1 )

1 a och l st la alo ch l a t k n en i f r Pi lsb r 891 M n . C o y ( C co e ) u a s s P . y , 7 2 — 2 1 3 2 1 2 . . . 9 . 7 9 Conch ( ) , p , pl . , ﬁg , “ l r P a a Pi sb y ( i . c . ) gives ul r Isl nds on the authority of

a a - a Horn . This is pp rently a mis spelling or an lternative for

Tular .

HELI OSTYLA OR SI BP ELLA Pilsb r C ( G A A ) SU U y .

H i i r 4 l x la s Ff 1 5 . 1 1 4 . 1 2 6 . e 87 N . . . var . , ovit Conch , p , pl , ﬁg

—7 a 6 ( Tukan Bessi Isl nd ) . h c l st la ra i a a lla 1 91 Man . Co o Co s a ell su b u e P . 8 . y ( ) p p ils , Conch

2 7 1 2 1 —2 1 2 a a 2 4 . 1 9 4 2 6 P ( ) , p . , pl . , ﬁg , , ( B sil n , hilippines ;

a Tukan Bessi Isl nd ) . This species w as not cited a mong the new species described

Ma a w a an d . s in the lak . Bl tt , but ﬁgured given the locality of

a . as a a Tukan B ssi in the Novit . Conch . ( l c . ) v riety without

w a a il r w as s b P sb . name , which l ter described y y This another one of the Thomson species which was in error as to loc ality ’ Pi ls r a a a P b y s record of B sil n Isl nd , hilippines is also open to question .

ELI TY RA I H COS LA ( Go sIA) P H YS AL S Pfeiff er .

H li h a i f r 1 1 8 a 71 M a . a . . 1 2 3 e x s l s F . 8 p y , al k Bl tt , p Tul r ” — i i 1 2 4 1 2 1 a b d. 7 N . . . 73 . Isl nd Thomson ) , 8 , ovit Conch , p , pl , 1 —1 1 0 . ﬁg .

h t r i h i l s la as a sal f r i l r 1 1 Ma . Coc o Co s F . P sb 89 n y ( ) p y y , Conch

2 7 1 1 2 7 2 —3 a Tala r f a 5 . . u . ( ) , p . , pl , ﬁg ( Tul r [ ] Isl nd ) This is the only species properly localized b y Thomson .

N OEBA M ARCI ATA Muller .

H li m ar i n a ta M 1 774 V er m i u m v 2 e x . Flu . 4 1 . g uller , , Terr , p .

— - 1 f 1 2 ab . 2 . 1 2 s C ec . 2 . 6 9 P 85 . 7 fei fer , Conchy ( ) , pt , , p , pl . 8

7—9 P s ﬁg . ( hilippine )

s as as s s a w a This specie well two of the other li ted bove , s

s h is a wrongly loc alized by Thom on . In p per on the l and shells 2 0 1 7 1 1 Ma a B lii tt . s . . 873 Ma of the Celebe ( l k , p , ) von rten s

‘ queries the loc a lity of Tukun ( or Tu f u n l ) Bes i for the speci R men s which he h ad received from Thomson . e ading betwee n

s a a a V OII Ma w as a the line , it would ppe r th t rtens h ving trouble

2 0 TH E N TIL V ] 57 1 AU US [ O . ( )

N 9 1 . M U S . . . . No 4 970 The type , cat . , was collected by Dr . C . K a - . P h as C Tang in i ng yang , northern Fukien rovince , and the a : a following me surements whorls rem ining ; length mm . ; a diameter mm . ; perture length mm . Two a ddition a l specimens from the s ame source yield the fol lowing inform ation Whorls Length Diameter Aperture length

(mm . ) ( mm . ) (mm . )

Hem im itr a Heu de This species resembles terminalis ( ) , but has n at th e only one arrow spiral brown band summit .

G S ERM Y LA H an d A A a 1 854 enus . . d ms ,

ERM Y A KOW L NEN I S ] S L OO S P . 6 . 3 . , new species , , Fig

1 88 i l Melan a scu l ta r edler a B I 9 1 3 . 7 . : 6 M p G , M . . (not

s u l ta ou le e c p S y t ) .

] a N S . hel sm ll , solid conic , olive brown throughout uclear Post~ n u c1ear s x whorls eroded . whorl conve , and marked by strong protr active ax ial ribs of which 1 2 occur on the p en u lti mate an d the l ast whorls ; the ribs terminate at the periphery of two a s the whorl . The spiral sculpture consists of thre d of which one occurs on the summit an d the other on th e periphery P a S . of the l st whorl . uture well impressed eriphery well a 7 a rounded . B se short , strongly rounded , and marked by spir l a A a a a a cov thre ds . perture elliptic l ; peristome thin ; p riet l w ll a a a ered with a thin c llus ; columell conc ve .

N M a N 4 804 1 a U . S . . . c t . o . The type , , yields the following me s

u r em en ts a . a : length mm . ; di meter mm ; perture length

a i s K th e a a O H mm . Its loc lity owloon , on m inl nd pposite ong K ong .

a S sc u l ta S ou le et Thi s species is very closely rel ted to . p y , but

a an d s s di ff ers in being bro der posses ing fewer , more di tinctly protr a ctive a x i al ribs .

W NG s Genus A A , new genu

s a s s x S h ell elongate to ubul te , whorl more or le s conve or s a s s s s ax a s an d lightly ﬂ ttened . The culpture con i t of i l riblet n s S pir a l cord s cro ssing e ach other a n d formi g strong nodule , A which a r e much stronger th an th e intervening sculpture . per 1 943 TH E N U I 2 1 July , ] A T LUS

a s a x a a t ase Me la n i a ture ov te , omewh t e p nded the b . Genoty pe : ] 6 P . . 4 n tl a 1 34 . h e ri e ae Gr y 8 , Fig .

The n ame of thi s genu s i s derived from the Chinese word for

- sh s s . a e ﬁ net , in de cription of the culpture In ddition to the gen

s s : W a n a du l i s 1 904 Wa n a type , thi group include g c ( Fulton ) ; g

h sii i a Mela n ia tu ri ta II sii 1 935 K e 1 846 , new n me for r , not l in ; Wa nga la u ta ( Fulton ) 1 904 ; lVan g a n ap ocnsi s ( l l sii ) 1 935 ;

Wa n a eticu la ta 1 850 lVan a sera ea 1 9 1 4 g r ( Lea ) ; g p ( Fulton ) , ea deb i lis 1 9 1 4 an d the v ariety ser ap ( Fulton ) .

HUA Genus , new genus

a a - a Shell rather sm ll , elong te ovate , whorls smooth , somewh t A a x . a a n a ﬂ ttened or only slightly conve perture ov te , with cute

a O a a . angle bove ; lip thin . perculum with subcentr l nucleus Ra a a a a a dul r ther long , the centr l tooth broader th n high with central cusp an d three cusps on e ach side ; the l ater al tooth with a a s r ther long , narrow appendage and two or three side cu ps on a a a a a an d a e ch side of the m in cusp ; m rgin ls r ther long n rrow , a a 5 8 G bro dening at the cutting edge which be rs to cusps . eno l n i a d 1 1 1 : Me a a telon ri Heu e 88 . P . 6 . . type a 8 , Fig

The n ame of this genus is derived from the Chinese word for s a a mooth , in llusion to the sculpture of the m jority of members of the group . In addition to the genotype , this genus includes H ua di m i n u ta ( Boettger ) 1 887 ; H u a f ri n ia n a ( Hende ) 1 888 ;

H ua k eu dei elan ia r e ar m , new name for M o ad u Hende 1 890 ; not Heu de 1 888 ; H ua h o ngko ngi ensis ( Brot ) 1 874 ; H u a jor etian a ( Heu de ) 1 890 ; H u a kw ei ch owensis ( Chen ) 1 937 ; H ua lep r osa

H 1 888 H u a or eadar u m H eu de 1 888 H 1 890 ( ende ) ; ( ) , not ende , with Melan ia n a iadar um Hende 1 890 as a synonym ; H ua p rae n otata Gredler 1 884 an d a raen o l a ta i n te m edi a ( ) , the v riety p r ( Gr edler ) 1 885 ; H ua p ro tea n u ra (B avay an d Dau tzenb erg ) 1 9 1 0 ; H ua sch m ack eri (Boettger ) 1 886 ; H u a tou ch ean a ( Hende )

1 888 an d H ua v ultuosa 1 4 ; ( Fulton ) 1 9 . V ] 57 1 2 2 TH E NAUTILUS [ O . ( )

M EN N A H D E R ’ Y P RAEA E CO M T S O F . . SC I L S C C A R M H AW A E R AND F O II , AND S CH I L D S C H I L D ER ’S “P R O D R O M E O F A M O NO GRAP H O N L I V I NG CY P RAE ID AE ”

BY W I LLI AM MA RCUS I NGRAM

M s C e e Ca r a ill oll g , lifo ni

A a . . 1 933 M cc . P F . Schilder ( , Bernice P . Bishop useum , O p , 1 0 3—2 2 ’ 1 939 . : 3 . A M . vol , pp ) and F . . Schilder and Schilder s ( ,

P M . a] . 2 3 roceedings of the alacologic Society of London , vol , pt

4 1 1 9—2 31 a a a Ha , pp . ) h ve included in ccurate dat concerning w ii an r i a a a Cyp ae dae . In order to cl rify such erroneous d ta this

a 1 p per is written . 1 3 1 3 . 0 S S 9 9 . . childer and childer ( , op cit , p ) make a statement “ ” concerning ecologica l va rieties of Cypr aea sem iplota Migh els

a a a a which w rr nts comment . They gree with the writer ( Ingr m ,

1 936 a 2 1 a r a ea an n ae N . 50 . 5 , The utilus , vol : , pp th t Cyp Roberts an d Cypr aea p oli ta Roberts are merely synonyma of

m i l ta 1 30 . se o . 1 939 . . . C p Schilder and Schilder ( , op cit , p ) “ ” “ ” regard the so- called an n ae and p oli ta as ecologic al v arie “ a a ties . They state , There are three distinct ecologic l v rieties

i a a nn a the small oblong sem plo ta, the callous dil ted e, an d a o i ta x s the l rge pellucid p l , with the e tremitie more produced and acutely curved even in bro a d specimens ; inter mediate shells are less frequent ; an nae an d p o li ta seem to h ave ” not yet been collected in the Leewa rd Isl ands . Three eco i l t Mi h l sem o a e s . logic a l varieties do not ex ist in the species C . p g “ The writer h as sever a l times collected the so - c a lled ecologic a l ” v a rieties under simil ar condition s in a re as from 1 0 to 30 w a W a H H a a . O n squ re feet on the ikiki reef , onolulu , ii the reef “ ” a t Ku iki ik i o P Oa w h as a nn ae p p oint , hu , the riter collected “ ” an d poli ta living side by s ide beneath the same block of

m i lo f a s s w a s s . sc cor l rock . The hell form of C p eem to thi riter “

a a a s . to be merely individu l v ri tion If the three forms , eco ” a a s s a a logic l v rietie , were truly found occupy ing ep r te eco logic a l n itch es they could the n be c o n sidered as ecologic al

o v a ri a nts ; however they a re not so f und .

1 h r s Re fe ren c es a re r epea t ed i n t e bibliog a phy with th e i r f ull titl e . 1 943 TH E N I 2 3 July , ] A UT LUS

“ “ Individu al s of a n na e a n d p o li ta a re in the writers col

a s a s a lection from the Leew rd I l nd of the H awa ii a n Archipel go .

a d 1 939 0 s a a S n S . . . 2 2 childer childer ( , op cit , p ) t te th t the

ra ea c u en ta G a b O ster aa rd 1 92 Cyp r of r y reported y g ( 8 , Bernice

1 2 a d 3 5 . 8 n a 1 9 P s M . 7 . Bi hop useum , Bull , , p ) by Ingr m ( , The

50 3 . h l i h a n a Na s . 78 aea r as e utilu , vol : , p ) seems to be Cyp r g

v il r r d 1 2 Mel l . ste aa 9 . . a 1 9 . O g ( 8 op cit ) and Ingr m ( 37 op . cit ) in referring to H awa ii an Cypr aeid ae did not list a cr u en ta Gr ay ; 2 r n ta w as an n ta u e G . u e their c that of melin In y event C . cr

H a a a Gmelin does occur in the aw ii n Islands , and the bove writ ers could not h ave failed to distinguish cr u en ta from r ash lei gh an a

M lv ill a ster aar d a e . The above p pers by O g and Ingr m were b ased on person al collecting an d on the collections of men who

Ha a a a have collected in the w iian Isl nds for over twenty ye rs ,

Mr T m M A an d a a h aan u r . . n mely , . D vid , the late . L Thurston ,

Mr . D a H . Ted r nga , all of onolulu A 1 C 933 . . F . . Schilder ( , op cit ) lists fourteen species of y

raeidae H a a a p from the aw ii n Isl nds , one of these being a new

raea ai ki ki ensi s species , C yp w ( Schilder ) . In splitting the genus Cyp raea in this paper Schilder placed his new species in the ’ Palm a ta a as genus dus . This species of Schilder s is prob bly b ed

r i t e on two odd specimens of Cyp raea ﬁm b a a Gmelin . The hol

m b r i a ta . type drawings are quite unmistakingly those of C . ﬁ

w ai ki ensis Thus the species , , should be considered a synonym of

m b ri a ta C . ﬁ Gmelin .

1 933 a P alm adusta u n i In the ( , op . cit . ) p per Schilder lists a

as i a ta M l i t c i h e s a raea m b r a a G . f g , sy nonym of Cyp ﬁ melin In

m b r i a ta i s P 1 939 . H a . the rodrome ( , op cit . ) The awaii n C ﬁ

’ a a u m asci ata Mi h els m b r i a ta pl ced as subspecies , f g , under C . ﬁ ,

a i m i asci ata dis the Schilders ﬁnally considering th t P . f is not a

i a ta m b r . tinct species from C . ﬁ The prob able ancestr al ty pe to the endemic Haw a ii an Cyp r a ea tessella ta Swa inson an d Cyp r aea sulcidcn ta ta Gr ay is Cypr aea

a en 3 ster aar d 1 92 8 . osa G a a 1 9 7 . . O r r y , Ingr m ( , op cit ) and g ( , op

a ea a n d 1 93 . . a yet Schilder Schilder ( 9 , op cit ) pl ce C yp r tessella ta a a s P ustu lar i a S a s in a sep r te genu , w in on , including

a tessela ta as s a ci e such unrel ted form s to C . the clo ely rel ted c r

ula a s an d l b u l us a s . a . a r e c Linn eu g o Linn eu , etc They pl ce C

I u s ra e G w er T esaurus Con ch li o rum l . 2 3 ﬁ s . 1 85 ll t t d in . B . S o by, h y , p , g , 1 87 1 8 7 , 0 . 2 H E V ] 57 1 4 T NAUTILUS [ O . ( )

lci den tata n osa an d . su C as they should , together , in the genus

1 . 1 2 a ra a . an d 939 . . 6 Cyp e Schilder Schilder ( , op cit , p ) st te ,

t l ata l b u lu The Hawa iian ese l evidently is allied to g o s, ” ff An though di ering much in size and colour . y one familiar with the Cyp r aei dae would conclude that these forms are as

r n ti m a a m on eta Li n n ea an d . au a u di sta ntly rel ted s C . us C

Marty n . ’ 1 3 a ae arn o la 9 3 . . a c e In Schilder s , op cit ) paper he pl ces Cyp r i Linn aeus in the genus Lyn c n a . In this paper he com ments on the l arge size of carn eola an d states th at the form is cylindric al .

1 r n e la P 939 . c a o In their rodrome the Schilders ( op . cit ) place

n i n in the genus Cyp raea and in the subgenus Ly c a . In the ’ 1 3 S 9 9 . . P childers ( , op cit ) rodrome they consider the large ,

a car n eola vi ath an an d cylindric l as a separate species , le , list the

ro i n u a Ga form p p q rrett , which is merely an ovate individual ’ a a 1 3 93 . . v ri nt , not mentioned in Schilder s , op cit ) paper as the car n eola H subspecies of found in awaii . Schilder and Schilder

1 939 d carn eola ( , op . cit . ) concerning the large , cylin rical state , the l a rge cylindrical ectotype of this r ace p r opi nqu a h as

levi ath an as become a distinct species , , the divergence increased ” by development of some a dditional characters . They give the i th lev a an E . P distribution of C . ( Schilder Schilder ) as oly m Ga H esia to mbier Island , Cook Island , awaii and French

a h a a an d Frigate Sho ls . The writer s a number of l rge small specimens of Cyp r aea car n eola Linn a eus from the Islands of

Ma an d a H a a ui O hu , awaiian Isl nds ; collections of living and de d

a a r o i n ua shells of the individu l vari nt , p p q , have been made on Rabbit Island off the shore of Oahu living together with the

a a cylindric l individual vari nt . Under the circumstances it

a levi a th a n a m seems th t C . ( Schilder Schilder ) is merely sy o

m ar n eola a s a a n c . y of C . Linn eu S hell intergr d tions from the cy lindric a l to ov ate v ari ants in Hawa ii a n s pecimen s a l so indic ate

levi a th an a as a s r n la ca eo . the is only to be reg rded y nony m of C . Of the species listed as occurring in the Il awa i ian Isl ands by 1 3 1 s 9 9 . . 97 the Schilder ( , op . cit , p footnote , p . the Schild ers h a ve only e x amined ﬁfteen s pecies represented as collection s

a i n H W s a a a . a nd m de w ii ith uch incomplete inform tion , never

a I l a wa ii a s s s s h ving collected in , it h rdly eem po sible th at the e

s ca n a s s ec to t es worker dr w conclu ion concerning y p , ecological

a s a n d s a a v rietie , que tion identiﬁc tions of men who h ve been 1 943 TH E N UTIL S 2 5 July , ] A U

s s H a a w ea s a nd s e ta bli hed in w ii for t enty y r , who e collecting a bility a nd scientiﬁc collecting procedure is know n through con

s oologic a l circle .

rodo m e S s 1 939 1 84 s a I n P . . . the the childer ( , op cit , p ) li t

Mau r itia m ac ulif er a S childer which i s th e w ell - know n C yp r aea

ti u la ta Ma P 1 939 1 4 r e c . . . . 8 of rtyn In the rodrome ( , op cit , p )

a a at a S a s 1 930 . they st te th t it is found French Frig te ho l ; ( , op

2 2 0 Ha a a a cit . , p . ) they credit this species to the w ii n Isl nds with a distribution from French Frigate Shoals to Midway I sl a nd s

d a a a a Mau i ti a de essa an then from H w ii to K u i . They list a r pr ’ a a a ea i n te m edi a a i n H a Gr y ( Gr y s Cypr r ) , s occurring the

aii a s a s s as Ha a w n I l nds . Thi pecies is listed occurring from w ii

a ar e a to K ui . There no uthentic collections of this species from

a a a the H wa ii a n Isl nds . The Schilders have dded confusion to authentic records of H awa ii an Cy pr aei das ; on p age 1 84 of the “ P s a a f x a rodrome they t te , It is r ther dif icult to state the e ct frequency of m acu lif er a as it h as mostly been confounded

de r 1 93 . essa . 9 with p by former writers The Schilders ( , op

2 2 a a . 0 s de e sa cit , p . ) y that p r s is found occurring in moder te

H a A a x a frequency in aw ii . pp rently they did not e mine the “ ” as specimens of this species , but b e their moderate frequency

a a a a d t from unreli ble liter ture .

3 a 1 93 . 1 3 a a a Schilder ( , op . cit , p . ) m kes r ther startling st te

raea i a b ella a ment concerning Cyp s Linn eus , listed by Schilder “ as B asili tro na i sa b ell a All LA a Linn eus , shells collected in [ Laysan Isl a nd] and FK [ French Frigate Sho als ] are con traversa [ a n ame applied to i sa b ella by Gray ] 1 X [one s peci

PH P a n d H R a a n d men ] from [ earl ermes eef , Southeast Isl nd ]

2 X s R G ass [ two specimen ] from PG [ Pea rl and Hermes eef , r

a al n t a a r a a Isl nd ] so belong to co ro vers nd a e r ther c lciﬁed , whereas the typic a l i sab ella from PH an d PG ar e more or less

a a con t ove sa ble ched on the shore , but never c lciﬁed : therefore r r ” ff s s a i s a evidently lives in di erent condition . This t tement r ther an interesting hypothesis for one to m ake who h a ve never col lected H a a a a s an d s a in the w ii n Isl nd , e peci lly when one con

a a a s s siders th t this ob servation is a pp a rently b sed on be ch hell ,

a i s s s a e the st tement not very profound . S childer goe on to t t , “ a n t a a n d The v riety c o r oversa i s much l a rger , bro der , higher , more c a llous th a n the typic a l is a b ella but th e number of teeth is incre ased only proportion ately to the length of the ‘ V ] 57 1 2 6 THE NAUTIL US [ O . ( )

so - a shell . It so happens that the environment for the c lled

an d r i s con tr oversa for Cyp aea sab ella s . may be identical in a a the Hawaiian Isl nds . The writer has collected both l rge and

a i sa b ella a small individu ls of C . together on several occ sions on “ ” a con trove sa w as Oahu . In one instance a large individu l , r ,

i b ella ss a a sa . taken copul ting with a sm ll individual , , at 1 M k a P a m 1 39 . . 76 u P ro do e 9 . o p oint , O hu . In the ( , op cit , p ) the S childers prefer to c all the sm all H aw aiian individual

a i sa b ella a a Lu r ia i sa b ella a ntr i v riant of C . Linn eus by the n me

e 1 9 1 Na a H Ha a . c s . a 5 p nov , as listed by Bry n ( , tur l istory of w ii )

P 1 939 1 76 H a i n In the rodrome ( , op . cit . , p . ) the large waiian dividu a l v a riant of Cyp r aea i sab ella Linn aeus i s considered to

a a a a a be sep r te species from the small individual v ri nt , and is

Lnr i a con tr ver a on tr ve sa called o s c o r Gray . The writer has several good series of Cyp r aea isa b ella Li n n eaus from Honolulu

Ha M a s an d P a an d H R rbor , Oahu , idw y I land , e rl ermes eef , H awaiian Islands which show deﬁnitely that the S childers ’ above

a an d two species intergr de one into the other , are merely size

a Lu r i a n tr ve sa c n tr ve sa a an d Lnr ia v riants . Thus co o r o o r Gr y i sab ella a tri ceps S childer an d Schilder should both be c alled Cyp r aea i sa b ella Linnaeus instead of being considered as sep a

a r te species .

d 1 a S an 1 939 . . 72 childer Schilder ( , op . cit , p ) st te concern

r aea ask oi n i easei a ing Cyp g Reeve ( C . p Sowerby is synonym ) , “ W e think th at gask oi n i an d p easei are ecologic al varieties of one single species ( their rel ation seem s to correspond to th a t of

S ta h la ea sem i lo ta an d li ta as i i s a a asl' o-i n i p y p p o ) p c e l rger th n g ,

l s more solid though pellucid , with the outer lip more dec ivou in

an d x a b a a s a a front e tern lly bordered y c llou c rin , which pro jec ts from the b asal level in th e a nterior third ; ( size

k i i n i 2 4 as o n 2 3 n n . a case ty pe of g , me n of p The refer ence to p easei an d g as lro i n i as ecologic a l v a rieties i s w ithout

a ff s th e s s a r e a found tion , the di erence in hell merely individu l v a ri ation s which one encounters in survey ing l a rge series from

a one loc lity .

3 c i 5 s a S 1 9 3 t . . 1 ea childer ( , op . , p ) identiﬁe the common Cypr ca p n ts c r p c n li s Linn a eu s o f th e H a wa ii a n I sl and s as C yp rae a ’ c a m l a n u is I n th e. l ro drm n e th e S s 1 939 / g Philippi . childer ( ,

1 3 s a c a u ts cr r n l is m n l a n u is P as . . 6 op cit , p . ) li t p p p g hilippi “ e E A s a a : a B a y to e s a b ing from S . u tr li Bot ny Qu en l nd , Lord

2 TH E N TIL V ] 57 1 8 AU US [ O . ( )

TW O NEW SP E CI E S O F D R Y MAE U S F R O M M E XI CO

B Y H R D A REH DER 1 A AL .

Miss Marie Bourgeois recently sent a number of lots of D r y m s a M x N Mu aen from various loc lities in e ico to the U . S . ational s n ew eum for determination , and among them were two species

ar e M s which here described . Great credit is due to is Bourgeois for her u n ﬂ aggi n g energy and zeal in e x ploring the rich mala colo i cal M x g fauna of e ico .

DRY M AE B O RGE I AE a 1 0 US U O S . P 6 . , new species l te , Figure

S elon atel a - a hell of medium size , g y ov te conic , r ther solid , con 6 x a a b - im sisting of from to conve whorls , sep r ted y a well of 1 h as a pressed suture . The nucleus % whorls the typic l dr m aei d ar e y sculpture , while the following whorls sculptured a a by low , irregular growth wrinkles, crossed by spir l w vy micro scopic grooves . The ground color is white ( rendered yellow in fresh specimens by the periostracum ) upon which are p ainted a a bro d spiral chestnut b nds , of which there are three on the a an d a a ar e penultim te whorl ﬁve on the l st . These b nds inter r u pted at interv als by irregul ar white streak s m arking th e rest ing stages in the growth of the shell ; on the apertural side of a a a x a these colorless stre ks the spir l b nds are a i lly fused , giving the color pattern the appear ance of consisting in pl aces of wavy x a a s th e a a a ial stre ks . In the e rly whorl spir l b nds are much a a a th e reduced . The perture is n rrowly ov te , outer lip thin

. a s simple ; the columellar m argin reﬂected over a n rrow umbilicu .

H . a . a eight : mm ; di meter , mm ; height of perture ,

mm .

1 550 w as b s No . 5 7 M Ma The type , , collected y i s rie

a P a a N a COl’ dO b ﬂ V a M x Bourgeois ne r r je uevo , ne r , er Cruz , e ico ,

E a h i u m si m a b a L R s on a mul ato tree ( l p r r u ( . ) o e ) . w b s s No . Two other pecimen , ere collected y

V a Ma dc] a a O a a . Dr . rtin C mp , ne r riz b , er Cruz This species prob ably belongs in th e group of D r y m ae us cm c us

a h a h a a s s an d S y , ving , owever , n rrower hell , horter body whorl ,

s a i s D r nzaens s lightly more conve x whorl . In color p ttern it like y

' i ff e s a R a ff e a a ltc nn a l n s va r c osa s Pfei r from Co t ic , di ring m rk c dl th e s a th e as an d a y from it , however , in h pe of l t whorl per

1 h s u P ubli sh ed b y p e rmi ssion of th e S ecret a ry of t e S mith soni a n I n tit tion . 1 943 THE N UTILUS 2 9 July , ] A

a s s e es t a D r m ac us ture . The color tion likewi e re mbl h t of y

r ti ff i s a s s d o ue Pfei er , which , however , horter wider hell .

D T M s s P a RY MAEU S PER U C ORU . 6 s 6 7 D , new pecie l te , Figure , , 9 8, .

elo n atel a - a S hell of medium size , g y ov te conic , r ther thin , con s s n 6 s P ) ar e th e a s i ti g of whorl , of which A nucle r one with the s s ty pic al drym aeid sculpture . The following whorl how only a ss m i cr os0 0 ic s a s irregul r growth wrinkles cro ed by p pir l groove , ostn u clear ar e a which in the ﬁrst p whorl f irly distinct , in the s later whorls , however , become more or less obscure . The whiti h a - a ground color is crossed by slender , t wny olive to cinn mon R a N a ax a a brown ( idgw y Color omencl ture ) i l streaks , irregul rly spaced an d interrupted b y a r ather n arrow band - like gap about h alfway between the suture and the periphery ; these streaks ar e of vary ing strength and may become broa d chestnut - colored a s O r eﬂex ed stre k . uter lip thin , inner lip strongly over the a n rrow umbilicus .

51 7552 a H . No . : The ty pe , , me sures eight , mm ; A a a . di meter , mm . ; height of perture , mm nother speci H a s : . . men me sure eight , mm ; diameter , mm ; height of aperture , mm . The ty pe an d ﬁve other specimens were collected by guides L a as G a a a a a . ne r rut s de C c hu milp , Guerrero

s a D r m aeus h e ewi sch i P f f Thi species is ne r y g fei fer , di fering ,

a a a however , m rkedly in the color pattern . The v ri tion in the

a w 6 —9 6 e color p ttern is sho n in ﬁgures , ﬁgure , depicting the hol type .

NO T E S AND NEW S

D TE H TI — V —36 ls 1 —4 T E NA LU . 5 1 . 1 . S OF U s 6 . A olume , no , pp , p , w as a N 2 3 —72 i—v i i a 2 3 1 942 . 7 m iled July , o . , pp . ( title p ge an d — 3 73 x l 4 942 No . . 5 6 ct . 1 1 . . s . O inde es of vol p , , , pp

1 0 — - — ls 8 l 7 1 1 1 1 9 3 1 09 1 44 i . s . 5 4 . No . 4 . , p , Feb . , , pp vii , p 1 2 —1 5 A 1 9 1 943 — H , pril , . . B . B . S OUTH ERN RE CORD FOR Apo rrh ai s occiden ta lis m a i n ensi s J O H N

S N — h r O . a S w as a a Mass a ﬁs e L st ummer while I in B rnst ble , , m an friend o f mine gave me a specimen of thi s shell which h e h ad a a s a found live in one of his lobster tr p , in deep w ter off V ] 57 1 30 TH E NAUTIL US [ O . ( )

’ ew E B arnstable ligh t. In Johnson s list of N ngland mollusks ” — M RG RET off Du x bury is the farthest south reported for i t . A A

S TE RT. C . WA

TH E P LEONT LOGI C L RESE R H N TITU TION a a N. Y . A O A A C I S , Ith c , ,

h a Mr s . . . s recently received , through the generosity of C S Bent

le P a N. Y R M a y of l ttsburg , . , the collection of ecent ollusca m de

b a . S . y her husband , the l te Dr . C . Bentley , and herself

a W a Though consisting l rgely of est Co st forms , many genotype All S species are represented from v arious regions . pecimens ar e a a carefully l belled and cat logued . It is proposed by the Institution to use the collection as a nucleus around which to build a substantial collection of recent mollusks for use i n f u — ture investigation of our Recent and Terti ary faunas G. D .

H RRI A S . ’ M AS T M A — P ERT I E A . U O R CAN M O LO O I h reply to Dr . Baker s somewh at amusing an d facetious note on Megalo m astom a cro

'm m ceu N . 56 . 1 06 a sa a ( autilus , vol , pp , I y y th t during my three ex peditions to P uerto Rico I collected mollusks over M most of the territory and also kept ecologic notes thereon . y st atements on the species of the subgenus Neop npi n a were b ased on l arge collections which led me to believe th at the S pecies rec o n i zed a h ad a x S g by previous uthors a c use for their e istence , ince m y collecting indic ated th at they represented diff erent fauna] a reas in the island an d did not a ppea r to tr a n sgress on their ’ a a neighbor s territory . I somewh t regret th t I did not give the

S full list of pecimens in our collection , which would probably

a a a a h ve given p use to Dr . B ker in m king the remarks which he

am s S did . I till convinced th at the pecies which I recognized a n d which were described b y the older authors h a ve c au se for ’ x s D r a s s — L RTS H P U . e i tence , . Baker s rem rk notwith tanding A BA C

TH W I I I I ERI I E H EOE IS C I I P P C F C O ST H ELL . C D A ( hilippi ) , A A C A S — Cer i th i n in h eg cwi sch ii P hilippi ( 1 84 8 ) w as described merely

M x w as H s h as from e ico , where it collected by egewi ch . There been some di fference of opinion as to whether it c a me from the

A a a a Na s 4 P s . 2 tl ntic or ciﬁc co t In the utilu for July 1 9 (vol .

56 2 4 s a n d . Ma s i , p ) I ided with Tryon von rten in rega rding t as a er ith i dea P a a a ss an C of the ciﬁc . I h ve recently come cro a a s s s s f ddition l bit of evidence which eem to upport thi view . O the three loc a lities cited b y Philippi in 1 846 with the original 1 943 THE N UTIL 3 ] July , ] A US

Litto r ina as e a P o s ] S c . de cription of p r ( roc . Zoo . London for “ ” 39 s x s As 5 1 i M b H . 1 84 , p . ) one from e ico , found y egewi ch

as era is a a a s a P a as Me x th is L . p ch r cteri tic sn il of the ciﬁc co t of

s ll H s at a a h is . ico , egewi ch did le st ome , if not , of collecting there — B E U AERT. J . C . Q

A R H LA Y — s TANY CH LAM YS VERS US M C O C M s . Question h a been

s a 1 92 8 1 94 1 Tan ch lam s s rai ed in reg rd to my use ( , ) of y y Ben on ( 1 934 ) an d Tany ch lam y di n ae in preference to Ma cro ch lam ys ” h lam di n ae 832 s a 1 847 an d Macr oc . 1 . Ben on Gr y ( ) y In , Jour

A a 3 h a c . 1 : 1 76 t e si . S o Bengal , , Benson publishes binomi l ,

acro h la m s i n i a deﬁ n i M c y d c , without a word of description or ] Ar 2 5 a . N an t . . R tion ( , Intern t ules Zoo omenclature ) or y indi

a 1 834 c tion ( Opinion which leaves it completely nude . In ,

Tan ch lam an P . ] . oc 89 s s roc Zoo S . London : , Ben on uses y y for

a Tan ch lam s 1 3 a s unn med but described species . Thus , y y is ye r

a a a a u s Macr och la ni s prior to wh t is pp rently the ﬁrst v lid e of y .

1 84 P ] ac a a 7 . . oc . : th t of Gr y ( , roc Zoo S London Since , “ O 46 s cording to pinion , the ﬁrst specie published in connection ” i s a t with the genus becomes p o f c o the ty pe , the type of

Tan lam i n i - 1 c s T. d a A H 1 94 . y y is c ( Godwin usten ) . B . B . ( , Bull

Bishop Museum 1 6 6 : A hearty welcome awa its any sug gestions which might obvi ate legitimately this unfortun ate

- — a a H ER . ch nge in a well known n m e . B . BAK

A SU LEM ENT R N TE O N TH E M OLL S F EW R PP A Y O U K S O N YO K , by

Mr A N V 2 9 a . : . 5 rthur Jacot ( aut . XXX I , p which c me to 56 my notice after my a rticle h ad appeared in print ( Naut .

4 1 39 s , p . requires th at certain changes be m a de in my li t . The following species S hould appear in the second p art of m y article ( Sp ec ies app eari n g o n b o th li sts ) instead of the ﬁrst p art

S e i es n o t li te r i n d osa a La ev i s d b M . a o t N et a o e ( p c y J c ) o p r S y ,

ardi um m o r tan i Don ax osso a an d E iton i'um c Conrad , f r S y p h um h re sii K An d s p y iener . the species listed below hould be ’ a Ja o t s dded to the third p art (S p eci es app eari ng on ly o n Mr . c lis t : Ma om a ten ta S a Mesodesm a a r cta tn m a ) c y , Conr d (which I found ex tensively at H ither H ills S t ate Pa rk ne a r Mont auk

P an d P oli n i e i m m a l t As H a m i nea oint ) , c s c u a a Totten . for soli ta ia S a a s P a B a H u n r y , I found m ny specimen in elh m y on

s a ters I l nd . “ Mr i n d et ic o l . Jacot al so li st s Alectr ion f r etens s Perkin s a P r a V ] 57 1 3 2 THE NAUTILUS [ O . ( )

t e Mass . I n v . o da c tylu s Sowerby Gould and Binney : r f , p ’ W s Dis t o neither of which species appears in C . . John on s f ’ n llu et s Don or var i ab i lis a Ma ri e Mo scs, c . Jacot S y is deﬁnitely

a an d ossor . out of r nge should be referred to D . f , as noted by C — N TIL 4 3 2 RRI A B N . U U 8 . MO S K . CO S O W . Johnson , A S : J

DIAD RA JAU M EI A a Re w as 1 936 O gu yo hder , described in from

M a a an d 2 0 . specimens collected near Cub from fms off i mi ,

A h a a Florida . pparently there s been no further ppearance of

A 1 4 1 M i n t 9 . c this shell until ugust , , when Thomas L G y col

le ted a a ﬁ r n a . c t . c e so sever l specimens Ft J , Dry Tortugas , Florid These latter shells differ in proportion from the holotype ( which i s a a a 1 0 . . st ted to me sure length mm . , di m . mm , alt

s a a in being much more depres ed , the typic l specimen me s

1 r 5 . . 9 . . 4 . Ou uring , length mm , diam mm , alt mm specimens

a - a have slightly grey green border around the nal callus . In our opinion this Tortugas shell compares more nearly with

r lter Dio d a m i r i t i ter r . a o c ost c a D al] a D . l s i b D , th n with O . or n a ta S a a s a y , though it is slightly sm ller , le s cle rly spotted and ti — E E NN . m i cros cta . S much more depressed than D . J A

CH EN EL S W G . C ORRECTI ONS AND ECOLOGI CAL NOTES ON SOM E RECENTLY DE — S CRI BED F LORI DA M ARI NE S H ELLS I n a recently published paper A 83 M a Mus . a N t . on some new ntille n ollusks ( Proc . U . S . , vol 3 1 1 . 2 0 1 4 6 Jan . 9 3 1 87 ( no , , ) pp . two of the species de s a m ix - u a cribed therein through some unfortun te p in l bels , bear

F a r t n 1 90 . a s . u lu m eb u los um R . erroneous loc litie ehder ( p , op

. M Ke 1 4 1 5 cit ) should be recorded from issouri y , or miles west

B on eﬁ h K Mi r h r 3 w as c odo c ns i a n us R . 1 9 of s ey . ﬂo d ehder ( p )

M s ﬁ at Ke an d B one sh Ke . found i souri y , not y

h a a s an d h as . R . a s Dr B . B les c lled my attention to the e errors a l so enclosed description s of the h abita t of s ome of the mollusks

s a a He h as s a de cribed in the bove p per . generou ly llowed me to

a s Micr do h us r i a publi sh these interesting ecologic l note . o c ﬂo d n us Rehder w as found u su a lly in crowded colonies under l a rge

ﬂa t s s a F ar tu ln m rock imbedded in tough , ticky m rl together with n e b ulos n m Re a ccn m ca o sc n sc R Co c c m n sc ul tui n hder , C y ehder , p

Ph c n a co le as h o m i llc i sc a n d a llis to ch i t n h u t de Folin , p Fi her , C o s tlew or lh i a n n s i lsb r s c a M ss Ke i s a P y . Thi lo lity on i ouri y rocky

a a w a s a b point p rtly bove high ter , but for the mo t p rt covered y 1 943 TH E N UTIL S 3 3 July , ] A U

es M s s s e e a w c the tid . o t of the hell m ntion d bove ere colle ted

s a t lo w a a llis to ch i ton w as under rock uncovered w ter . The C

s a a s as o a e u u lly found on cle n rock , though occ i n lly collected und r

- s Ph en acolc as h o m i lle i s s a m a rl covered rock . p Fi cher live f rther

s s a a re a s in hore , under rock th t submerged but hort time during

As lh en o th aer us b alesi R w as a a h high tide . ehder t ken from

a s Ke a a other p rt of Mi souri y , h ving been screened out from s ndy

a a s an d a s a m arl cont ining m ny mall stones , sp r ely popul ted with

s eelgras .

a B n eﬁsh Ke a Ri sso ella The pl ce on o y , on the other h nd , where

a r i b aea w as a n a a s c Rehder collected , is rtiﬁci l ﬁll of rock in

Ri ssoella a a a . H i n cle n w ter , free from m rl ere the little lives

a a a a sp rsely popul ted colonies on the cle n rocks , ctively moving a a bout , its white tentacles contrasting strongly with the bl ck

a a S body , which is visible through the almost tr nsp rent hell .

H R L A EH ER R . A A D . D

M I M E I T N B P . E T L RI R Z R ENS IS NOR G S S . SU S W S O O U , A F DA A — M . CL I n ff D a a o . A the course of dredging o estin , Ok loos C , west 2 0 a M . a Florid , one of us ( T . L . ) came upon razor clams in bout a 2 ff a 1 8 a 0 o . f thoms , m rl bottom , from about to bout miles shore The dredge did not dig deep enough to obta in any living shell s entire ; it cut them off nea tly lea ving the lower h a lves in their

H - . a burrows owever , odd dead v lves were quite common , two

a 1 2 r a 6 1 3 . W a e s being shown in pl te , ﬁgs , hile they as long

a E nsis di e ta s f ar the ordin ry r c they are narrower , the 1 proportions being about as in E n si s m i n or D all of which one

Ga x a . from lveston , Te s , is figured for comparison (fig This l arge form here figured from off Destin measured

. 1 7 a mm long , mm . wide . The greatest width is cont ined more

a 8 — i n a a n d th n times in the length three me sured ,

a s times in the length . The v lves are very thin , with ﬂe hy

E m i no . brown concentric streaks on the posterior r ay as in . r

As E nsis m i n o r a s seems to run r ther uniform in size , in lots een ,

m a a it y be well to h ave a n ame for this l arge r ace of deeper w ter ,

are a N I I EGI TUS and we c lling it E S S M NOR M S , the type being 1 792 77 AN S P . a a Mc i n t . , p r types in G y collection

1 E ns i m N t M u s s i n r r c . . S a . . w b a l] U . o a s n am ed b u t not d e sc r ibed y D , P o

2 2 A de : 1 08 1 89 9 th r w th e ca . , ; e a ng e a s give n b ut not e typ lo lity good ’ scr n d u r m e D r e r r s Ma ri e iption a ﬁg e ay b e fo und u nd e r th a t n a m in . P y n S h 4 e s t e S u w es a s r a . 8 1 . 1 9 0 . h ll of o th t Co t of Flo id , p 4 TIL V O] 3 TH E NAU US [ . 57 ( 1 )

Two ble ached and broken valves of this r a ce were found by

Mr a M 1 902 a A t . . Cl rence B . oore in , on the gulf be ch at S ndrews

S Co . 0 ound , Bay , a place about 6 0 or 7 miles east of Destin .

h ad E di r e t s They been labelled . c a in the collection .

E nsi s m i n or A , besides being known from our tlantic coast ,

a a K occurs on the Gulf co st of Florida at Ced r eys , Clearwater

H a a as B a x a arbor , T mp Bay , etc . , as well in Galveston y , Te s ,

a . but the l rgest seen from these places is 75 mm . long , mm

a 6 8 wide ; another l rge one X mm . It is a shell of sandy

a bars and shallow w ter . W e do not know that Ensi s dir ecta s h as been reported from

a a A a any Gulf loc lity , but there is one v lve in the c demy collee

S a a a tion received with hells from Boc Gr nde , Gasparill Bay , col lected H 1 92 — H A P ILSB RY by the late T . Charlton enry in 6 . . . M I NT T . L . CG Y .

N TE N ERI N TRIATELLU M — I n O O C O S Fer . Guerin ) . the lit er atu r e of C er i on this name h as been applied by Poey and some

a a a an d later uthors to a Cub n ( C bo Cruz ) species , by others

a P a 1 4 78 R . M 2 to uerto ican shell In anu l of Conchology , : , I a dopted the former identiﬁcation referring the Puerto Rican “ r i lab ri s h t l . c ass t S . shell to C ( S u . owerby ) In going over cerions which have been pl anted on the Florida Keys I h ad

a occasion to review the matter , and concluded th t the Cabo

stri atelln m A Cruz species is not . fter getting this result inde

a pendently , I found note under the trays in the collection to

ff la a t the e ect that Dr . de Torre and I re ched his same conclu

a a o a sion m ny years g , when going over our series . The C bo

m a a AB R ZEN E Pi lsb r O C U S . Cruz species y be c lled C . C y Torre “ ” tr i a tell m n 1 4 2 78 The description of s n in Ma . Conch . : deﬁnes

4 h s 2 0 ca b ocr u z ense . 6 . t e . . . , pl , ﬁg representing type Fig

2 3 r s a 2 2 a e . m , other topoty pic pecimens It y prove to be con

i tr i t a a V an . a n e ted b s s n m P s . c with C . il , smooth form from the s i n i i s n n Man . 1 4 2 1 2 a a er o lo de s P s . : me loc lity . C g il , . Conch , a a an d s f a a a a l rger stouter hell , with slightly di ferent p riet l rm ture ; but thorough collection s from th e C abo Cruz region a r e n eeded to elucid ate the rel ations e x i sting between the a llied

s i t o r zense n d n i e b a si s tr a n m a b c u a lo d n . form , , c g s C ERIO N S TRIATELLU M ( Gu é r i n ) i s believed to be th e Puerto “ R a s s as cr ass ila b r is P a a rossi ic n pecie commonly known C . ( p c

36 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 1 )

Southern Californi a an d carried on for many years in a way which l a id foundations for much of the work done later . M M R a Nannie ilton ock was born near ockport , Indi na , on A 1 7 1 862 M pril th , , but was living in issouri at the time of her

a W a H Esh n aur marri ge to rren . which took place at Kansas

M 1 h h a r o . 84 . e Mr Es n u City , , in 8 S and . were already inter ested a 1 898 a in shells before they moved to C lifornia in , and fter they settled at Terminal Island in 1 903 they were ab le to spend a great deal of time and enthusiastic effort on collecting grounds that have been completely destroyed by the development of

A Mr H . s Esh n au r w as Los ngeles arbor . not a charter member of the Conchological Club of Southern C alifornia but joined at a a a w a a very e rly date . Because of the poor he lth which s life long handicap she was inactive for several years but was always interested and very kind in a dvising younger collectors in the best methods and localities for collecting the loc al shells .

1 91 Mr Mrs Esh n a r llﬂ 9 . u B e wer an d In . and moved to o shortly

r sh n a r thereafter M s . E u revived her club membership an d as the

x Mr E sh n a r club was no longer e clusively feminine . u joined the ’ A Mr sh n a r . E u s a club roll fter . retirement from ctive r a ilroad ing the Esh n au rs made several long trips an d added a great deal

Mr E h n . s au r a to their already large collection But . p ssed away

1 935 a n d Mr E h n s . s aur in since that time , realizing that none of

a r her f mily we e particularly interested in shells , had given i n

a a a a of P eri lo m a ul a t v lu ble m teri l including the type p s c a Dall , M h ad . S . N. . a to the U , sold her m in collection and a rranged for the distribution of many duplic ates to a new generation of collectors .

Mr Esh n au r s . so n is survived by one , three gr andchildren .

- a and ﬁve great gr ndchildren , but the group of friends an d correspondents who will miss her i s s pread over much of the d — E M H E worl . . C A C .

THE NAUTI L US o z

T h is fo rdi . 3 ltim nla y vnn n c m a . l . y p u . ltin m ln l n ga . p ll im u ln l rm m la tzi . u n i ne nsis. ‘ 9 Xe a j S V o riu n a n . . 7 t o rlu i a . . p li ni tn . ll X v n u lm m m lm s , n lo ni D . p

' t) Hr m a c us i m a . I , y Vo l. 57 O c e 1 9 4 3 N 2 tob r, o .

ANO THER SPECIM EN O F XENO PHO RA RO BUS TA

B M E BOURGEO S Y . . I

In one of the p apers th a t I received in 1 94 1 from the C aliforni a

S n X eno ho ra Ac a demy of ciences , there is a descriptio of the shell p

ob usta V ll hi h at r erri , in w ch it is said t before the Templeton

' l‘ Ex d 1 932 n 6 G ocke pe ition in , which dredged eight specime s , 2 i w as w n li vi ng and dead , th s shell kno n o ly from the description

z P of the two original specime ns taken ne ar La Pa by J . edersen

M a 1 870 . i n rch , i a Im agine my s urpr se on reading this , when I re lized that I had Of i in my collection a perfect specimen th s species , found by me

a a L a A 1 930 . on Pl y arg Long capulco , December , i Before th s , I had not appreciated that it was such a rare speci a i a A men , and which from the ccount of the Cal forni cademy of and th e l Sciences , proves to be the third specimen found , on y w a a r b other S pecimen kno n , p rt from those d edged y the Temple ton Crocker Expedition .

M P a 7 . 5 6 h y specimen ( l te , ﬁgs , ) is a very fres shell and per

a as x a a . feet in det il , to ape , b se and pertural margin The t as if a aperture itself is very brigh and shiny , the anim l had just been removed . f a H O P . An . The two views the shell , kindly taken by rof con of

a M x x i the Biologic l Institute of e ico City , are e cellent ; beaut fully sho wing the details of the b as e of the shell and the one perfect

a Gl c mcri s l a s err tic , a y y , sti l f stened to the shell , besides pebble a and a fragment of another erratic . The ﬁgures are smaller th n

natural size .

FLO RIDIAN S PECIES O F RIM ULA

B H A PI LS BRY Y . .

All are Five species of Ri m ula a re n o w k no wn from Florid a .

D s al ta la rva a R . ac ui c R. rar e shells . Two of them , ll and q p Dall , (37) 3 8 TH E NA UTI LUS [VOL 57 (2 )

a a O . h ve not been ﬁgured , and some structur l points remain bscure “ ” larva as - dim en Thus R . was described long ovate , but by the

a sions given it should be the most shortly ov te of our species , the

- width ne arly thr ee fourths of the length . The highest species is

ae u scul ta a . R. q i p , the height h lf of the length In others the 4 h ne w height is 0 per cent of the lengt or less . The species were

M . S . generously given by rs Jeanne S . chwengel

The follo wing key contrasting the species has been composed . w w The size ill of course vary ith age , but the proportions are prob ably rather stable .

W l . S a i a 1 . idth of shell less than ha f of its length culpture of r d l

riblets and equally spaced concentric threads . Length

1 . ff 8 O “ . . lon a . i 3 . R . s w dth , height m m Destin , Fla g , n p 2 l al h. Width decided y more than h f of the lengt . 2 A x i h t alf . pe at poster or fourt of length ; heigh h the length 40 a Sculpture of equ l ribs and close concentric thre a ds . 3 A x 5 . a R Fla Length , width , height mm j eef, . ' ac s l R . quz cu pla D all Apex ne arer the po sterior end ; height less th an half th e length S a 1 i w h 3 . culpture of ﬁne , gr nulate adiat ng lines , it lines of gr anules 1 n interspaces ; margin enti 1 e ; slit half as long as the e 3 1 ff Fe n n i na . . O 1 a d shell L ngth , width height mm ,

. la a . Fla “ R . rv Dall S t e a nd culp ure of radial threads or ribl ts concentric threads ,

s a i . 4 slit horter ; m rg n crenulate . 4 th 1 e ads a th e . Concentric ﬁne and very close , much lower th n a a b w h ab 6 8 7 3 . r di l ri lets ; idt out per cent of length , length , ff width height m m . O Pal m Beach

' R . cnoncma . s . py , n p Concentric thre ads spaced a bout like r adi als and ne arly as i — 4 w high ; w dth 60 6 per cen t Of length . Length i dth

. 2 a K height m m . to l . w h . mm . Florid and eys ren ulal a R . f Dall

fe ces — la e e n n u la a Gas a . 406 . R r z R. rc f , Bl ke tropod , p , pl

2 4 . . la a P . . S . N M s . . 1 1 1 . 8 . R. v U a t u 70 art 8 3 fig r , roc , ;

s a c i ul la s P . . u 1 c 9 9 . R a . : q p , me roc , art

RI M U L L G N . s . . 2 O P a 7 . A A , n p l te , fig

Th e t s e i s b a a w s whi e h ll o long , r ther n rro , the width slightly les a a th e e t s b a a s e s lo w th n h lf l n g h , with u p r llel id ; , the height con ta i ned a b o t A x s . s a a u time in the length pe m ll , l terally 1 943 TH E N UTI LU 39 Oct . , ] A S

r n a i compressed , nea ly termi l above the posterior end , the m nute gloss y nucleus of a bout one whorl visible o n the right side b u t n o t i P t a n a project ng . os terior slope very shor d conc ve , anterior

- m e xl . S as a w m p conve y arched lit f ciole sh llo , continuous fro a x as t a nd a mi ﬁssure to pe , wide as the sli m rked with se lunar l r increment al lines . Sculpture of even y spaced n ar o w radiating x riblets from ape to margin , crossed by concentric threads , weak

v a s . over the ribs , and di iding the intercostal interv ls into square The ra di al riblets are a little stronger over the anterior half and a i h ne r the posterior margin than at the sides . Interior glossy , w t x x two faint ridges e tending from slit to ape , continued fro m the l a l ca lus bounding the ﬁssure . The m rgin shows s ight crenula

i a 3 . t ons from outer sculpture . Length m m . , bre dth mm , height mm . , length of slit mm .

d 1 3 ath m ff . . Dre ged in f o s o Destin , northwest Florida , by T L M c in 2 M i n G . 1 786 cG t ty Type 3 , others in the y col lection . i e w This s the narrowest and relatively lowest of our speci s , ith

r n lat sculpture similar to R . f e u a, whi ch appe ars nearly related , b ut i is higher and w der .

RI M L PY U CN NEMA . s . 7 . . A O , n p Pl ate , ﬁg 3

i h a t Of The white shell is oval , the w dt bout 6 8 per cen the 4 A x length , height about 0 per cent of the length . pe elevated , A x recurved nearly to the posterior margin . nterior slope conve ,

x x a . posterior slope short and , e cept near the ape , str ight Sculp 34 w ture of about subequal narro radi ating riblets , spreading x d gracefully from ape to margin , their intervals ivided by quite al t l a i sm l in erstitia r d i ; crossed by ﬁne , close , wavy concentric r a a f ar th e ds , in places ne ar the margin becoming almost lamell r, i a u lower than the primary rad l riblets , and somewhat interr pted a i by the inconspic uous secondary r adi als . M argin crenul ted , sl t l about one ﬁfth the length of shell , its posterior end at the midd e

. w of the length of shell Interior smooth , sho ing a slight callus

L t . around the slit . ength m m . , breadth m m . , heigh m m

Off P a a 2 50 300 Dredged alm Be ch , Florid ; in about to feet , by i M cGin Thomas L . M cG n ty . Type 1 78633 ; also in ty l col ection . Thi s species is prob ably somewh a t si m ilar to the u nﬁgured

R. ac ui scul ta a l a q p D l , but is lower and slightly n rrower relatively , x and the ape is nearer to the posterior end . The concentri c

ad o m thre s are much sligh ter and closer than in l nga or f re data . 40 TH E NA UTI LUS [VOL 57 (2 )

l] 1 7 . . TA D . a RI MULA FR ENU LA a Pl te , ﬁg

In thi s species the apex may project a little beyond the posterior ’ a s m off P m h i n outline , as in D ll s ﬁgure , and specimen fro al Beac — th e f . a h 6 5 70 ms , or it may f ll short of posterior end , as in t ose n K w i from B o eﬁsh ey in sh allo water, one of wh ch is drawn in

7 . 1 . Plate , ﬁg

TYPHIS PO R DI , A NEW BAHAM AN M URICID M O LLUSK

B H P L B A. I S RY Y .

Am Rev . a ong Bahaman mollusks received from the P ul D .

P am S e x Ford , resident of the Bah as Conchological ociety , wer e a T hi s n A m amples of handsome yp , quite u like any ntillean me ber w of the genus , recent or fossil , kno n to me .

4 TYPHI F RDI new . P 7 . S O . , species late , ﬁg

i a al The shell s rather sm ll and slender, the diameter less than h f of the length ; c artridge buff ; of about si x whorls parted by a a h l r ther deep suture , whic is irregular by the presence of sma l r b e denticles rising from its anterior margin , about two or th ee a E i tween e ch vari x and the followi ng tube . mbryon c shell want i n s n g in specimen seen , the first two whorls preserved being plai , w v w s i follo ing whorls ha ing narro , straight varice , becoming prom a a re m a i nent on the l st whorl , where they flat , broader the nter or h s 1 5 part , conspicuously fluted on bot side , there being about a a x a w corrug tions on the l ast v ri . Sp ces bet een varices having

a . w spir l cords Tubes are moderately long , bending up ard and a a b h x b ckward a little , and arising a short dist nce ehind eac vari , l w with which the base of the tube is connected by a o ridge . A a a w rim a x a perture ov l , with narro upon the v ri ; the r ther long

a a a . . nterior c n l is quite narrowly O pen in front Length mm , a a 1 2 ANS f 7 7 1 P . 5 Type and p r ty pe 9 , from miles west O N h e a t h a w P . ass u , on nort co st of Ne rovidence

h s b Plcrol hi s J s ea m e T is pecies elongs to the subgenus yp ou s u ,

a a re which is ch ra cteris tic O f we st Me xic a n shores . It is ne rly l d n atc T. i n atu s B ro deri a t to p p, the type of th group , and is interesting as repre senting a nother Pa ciﬁc (Pa n a mic) group in

W I ndies the est .

l 7 2 42 THE NA UTI LUS [Vo . 5 ( )

“ ” whom the natives called one fellow Adam - Ad am and who had A was a saved the lives of the two mericans , a plantation st rted at ﬁ an cé i h B erandi . The died of fever and the g rl married t e im Polynesian . Wild and tough Mal a it a bushmen were ported as and indentured laborers and di sciplined with th e aid of lash gun . Jack London got hi s story directly from the shi pwrecked American wom a n .

1 92 8 P i a h e In , when Dr . arav cini stopped at th t plantation ,

- k a a a met a good loo ing young woman , armed with gun and he vy i f M a a h e v hi m wh p , bossing a gang O l it a men . S in ited to dinner, and soon appe ared dressed as a lady in up- to - date Eur opean h style . S e m anaged the pl ace a lone and h andled the crew of Ma a wh tough lait men , o worked well for her . This girl seems to ’ a L i w h e h ve been the d aughter of ondon s hero ne , who ith t Polynesian father h ad died some years before and left her to

a a man ge the est te .

P av i 2 n w P a a i na 3 Dr . ar icin found e subspecies of p and new speci es and 5 n ew subspecies of P lacostylu s in the Solomons ; these 2 2 w R . ne were described by Dr . ensch I found new species and

' subspe cies of P apai na and 4 new species and 1 subspecies of Placost lus i m . . . y , wh ch were described by W J Clench Af th e if a ter war, conditions permit , a gre t deal of work in the lin e of biological explorations in the Solomons awaits accomplish l ment . The birds and the butterﬂies h ave been quite we l studied , but the botany and the l a nd snails of the mountainous interior b are still u t littl e known .

ABUNDANCE-AREAS O F M ES O D O N PENNS YLVANI CUS (GREEN)

B E WEBB Y GL NN R .

During appro x imately six years of casual collecting in e astern M a W a it h as evi rion County ( arren Township) , Indian , become

' den t th a t the l a nd sn ail M esodon pennsylva m cus (Gree n) e x hi bits — 1 e x treme v ari ations in a bund a nce in this are a it being rare in

s t a b u a a w I mo loc lities t bund nt a t a f e . t is the purpose of this

O ne n r Po l rids ﬁnds less th a n o e pennsylva ni cus to 2 5 specim ens o f othe ygy ,

e c e a n es a d u - r h n , tim te a b nda n ce a tio o f 1 43 TH E N UTI LUS 43 Oct . , 9 ] A paper to commence a cat alogue of th e pre viously reported ab un

a - s s tw o n w d nce area of the specie , to describe seemingly e are as , and to cite i nformation Of possible use in the loc a tion of other such elsewhere . Among the li m ited number O f reports O f are as where pennsyl a ni us a v c occurs in any degree of commonness wh tsoever, but two a - as a re w indubit ble records of abundance are kno n to me . O ne “ of these is the O hio record of Call ( 1 900) who wrote : Around

n a it m a dr Cincin ati , in favor ble localities , is com on , hun ed being l few co lected in one spot a feet square in a single afternoon .

at i a a M r The other is th d scovered at some loc lity ne r on oe , M i S Of 3 ich gan by the late ister Catherine the convent near there .

a - a As h as been stated , two abund nce are s have been found in

i a a . S eastern Marion C ounty , Ind n ince these are as are both i w h located near Indianapol s , they lie it in the region where the h e n l S H species as be cal ed common by tein owever, the Stein dat a does not seem to necessit ate reporting these are as as other than new . O ne of these are as comprises a segment of the former righ t -of way Of the Indi anapolis Cincinn ati Traction Company between A Ki le A . i w t y venue and Sears venue The ent re segment , ho ever , n a a is not populated by the species , for o ly in cert in parts h ve the ecologic forces of the region bee n allo wed to ru n their course and i a commence reforest ation w th a stand of s plings . Another of the more obvious factors inﬂuencing the ecologic development is s L a the pre ence of ick Creek and its tribut ry , Little Lick Creek , 4 whi ch together meanderingly parallel the segm ent as one stream . Three snail - collecting localities h ave been recognized in this

1 L R h th e : . t area ( ) oc , situated just sout wes of cite of the Brook

- 2 l i w . RR vi le Road underp ass of the former electric ra l ay ; ( ) Loc , that p art of the right -o f- way from the underpass at the I ndi anapo 5 i - R a a l s Rushvil le section O f the FC C . St . L . ailro d to Bro d

- l m R 3 . RR head oad ; and ( ) Loc , that portion fro Broadhead R oad north to the banks of Little Lick Creek .

Deﬁn ed as : An area with a m uch denser pop ula tion of th e spe cies tha n other parts o f th e sa m e region .

Ph M a s P a m un ca . il L . r h : ers on l co m i tion

At di stan ces v arying from 0 to a bo ut 2 00 fee t . h Als o known as th e B altimore O io RR . V l 57 2 44 TH E NA UTI LUS [ o . ( )

At each of the foregoing localities pen nsylvani cu s occurs in considerable abundance and far outnumbers M esodon thyroi dus

a l M esodon h a th e - of -w a (S y) , the on y other in biting right y to any

6 - A a 2 8 1 94 1 . e xtent . preliminary popul tion count June , and Loc

’ RR- l reve aled 1 6 pennsylvam cu s specimens in an are a Of about — 78 square feet a population density of roughl y one specimen per

N r . ﬁ v e square feet . o thy oi dus were found in the cens us plot

- M a a . ention must now be made of the second abundance re , Loc

2 a a - K X . This are is loc ted about the Dietrich line Ditch Bridge

- on the Indian apolis Greenﬁeld section of the P . C . C . St . L . Mi h efe R Railro a d embankment of a mile west of tt o r oad . From the south side of the emb a nkment the population seem s to — have spre ad south w ard into an adj acent woodland only the northern part being i nhabited by the species . Although it is impossible to Off er any e x plan ation as to why

M esodon enn s lva ni cu s a p y should be so abundant in these two are s , it is n o t amiss to emph asize certa in of the more O b vious conditions h 1 which m ay be important fa ctors in t e problem . These are : ( ) the repe ated occurence of a graveled road- bed at the localities ; (2 ) the presence Of a stre a m ne arby ; (3) th e repeated occurence of rel atively undisturbed wooded areas adj acent to the a bundance areas ; and (4) the rel ative absence of other M esodon species in

f cnns lva ni c a i . e O as the populated are s ( . the high ratio the p y n population to th at of any other species of the genus) . O e possi ble test of the relationship these conditions may have on the occurence of penn sylva ni cu s a bundance - areas would be to attempt a h a at to loc te other suc areas , within the r nge of the species , points where these conditions occur .

R E FE R E NCES

TEI F 1 8 1 S N . 8 S M a a , , , y nopsis of the olluscous Fauna of Indi n , — . S a G . Re . 1 79 1 0 . 88 . Ind t te eol p 8 88 , p L 1 L R . E . 900 A Discri tiv e a a a CA , , , p Illustr ted C t logue of the M ” Re . 1 . 1 s a a a . S G . 899 3 9 . ollu c of Indi n Ind tate eol p , p “ , STER I V 1 900 . t a s Wa M a K , , , Lis of the L nd and Fre h ter ollusc ” s a h 1 a a S ci . Re . . . t O O A a . 8 3 of Tu c r w s Coun y , hio , io c d , p , p “ E 2 R . C . 1 90 s h a A BAK , F , , The M ollu ca of the C ic go rea , C a A a S ci 2 . 1 1 . . 3 . . 6 . hic go c d , Bull , pt , p STE 1 i Y . 907 A P a a f h a an d , , , relimin ry C a t logue O t e L nd

— A s a r s e c e M elev u h b u d Lo c l . at s a RR . olit y p im n of (S y ) as ee n fo n at . 1 943 TH E N UTI LUS 45 O ct. , ] A

- M s a O 4 s Wa P . O A a . S ci V . Fre h ter ollu c of hio , roc hio c d . , , 4 1 8 . 0 . pt . , p T 2 “ A D KEM . . 1 9 9 A. R . N CA H N, P , J , , The Terres tri a l Mollusc a ” Of Ru n S a Pa a a Na V 43 2 Turkey t te rk , Indi n , ut . , . , pt . ,

6 7 . p . “ S D . 1 93 . S a TE R . 6 S a FO S , T , ize of hell in L nd n ils of the Genus P olygyra with Particular Reference to M ajor and Minor ” — . 1 7 A M a Na V . V a s . t . 6 . 97 9 2 . rietie , mer idl nd , , no , pp 8 8

N N N MARL DEP O S IT S I BO AVE TURE, NO RTH O F E E ANA A BAY CHALEUR , Q U B C , C D , AND I N

H O ULT O N, M AINE

B O NY ANDER Y LOF O . L

Since the opening of the road from St . Leonards across th e New u u a north of Br nswick to Bay Chale r, I h ve b een able to u make a trip there nearly every s mmer ; sometimes even two . My chief object has been to check up on the many public ations l related to the fossils and to co lect specimens for my collection , a a hs a and to t ke photogr p of the most import nt places . n 1 1 940 we a a O October 9th , , stopped at pl ce along the road to exa mine a marl deposit th a t I h ad noticed in p assing by there

. m Mr several times before This was on a far belonging to a .

az a i H r a a h B a Le r en y , in e st Bon venture , nort of y Chaleur . The da w as a nd m y cold windy , and our time li ited , so I could n ot spend the time to give the subject all the attention it should h a ve a 1 2 i a h ad. The m rl deposit is feet th ck , (overl id by two feet Of

h 1 7 a peat) which as been worked for ye ars . The m rl is sold to

0 a a farmers for 5 ¢ yard and is used for improving the l nd . The m arl is largely deposited by algae with some remains of fres h

a a a water shells . In the top layer of the m rl are m ny l rge fres h

L m naea sla nali s L . a s . water snails , y g , in a good st te of pre ervation

i u m bi i ata . . A a Fossar a l c a . , C B d ms , rather sc rce ’

H li som a lri volvzs S a 7 . e y , specimens

raulus a vus Sa . Gy p r y , common

hae u m su lcal um 1 a s . S p ri Lam , p rtly pre erved ' b Pi si di u m 1 a a n o t . , l rge specimen of species seen efore

’ la na s a a This deposit is rem ark able because L . s g lz is bund nt in

h as no t e the top layer . To my knowledge it be n found living in 46 TH E N l 57 2 A UTI LUS [Vo . ( ) any body Of water in north - e astern M eric a where all th e other species are of common occurence . A 1 1 33 1 i On t 6 9 M a NO . Mr ugus , , near the ine h ghway, on . ’

C . m t H u Edward Currier s far in the northern par of o lton , I 4 i discovered a peat bog of about feet in th ckness . It was under a a hi h a l aid by marl bed about foot t ck , and in t is m rl deposit is

h all a a lot of fres water shells , of which are of a l rge size for their L m naea sta nali s L é species . y g inn is found in the top of the m arl a and must h ve been in abundance , as several specim ens were all a nl there , of good size, but so brittle that o y a few good speci mens were secur ed . The following is a list of th e 1 4 species of shells observed

’ Valvata lewi si Currier Gyraulus parvus Say Physa heterostrOpha Say S phaeri um sulcatum Lamarck Lym naea stagnali s Linné S phaeri um riwmb oi deum Say ’ Fossarza obra sse decampi Streng M usculum securi s Prim e Heli soma lri volvi s Say Pi si di u m vari a bi le Prime P ' Heli som a. anceps Menke i szdi um ventri cosum Prime Heli som a companulatum Say Pi si di um contortu m Prim e

A NEW TYPE O F FRESH WATER CLAM FRO M BRITISH GUIANA

M I N l B P E . ORR SO Y J . .

The writer was fortunate enough to be a student during the 1 92 5 summer session at the Kartab o Zoological laboratory of the ’ Ea s i University of Pittsburgh . ch student s work con sted princi pally of ecological observations and collections of animals of th e M o wn group in which h e was most interested . y knowledge of mollusks was considerably broadened and increased by these ﬁrst

a A E h nd studies in Tropical nimal cology , made possible largely ff at Un t h through the e orts of my professors the iversi y of C icago ,

A H . Dr . W . C . llee and Dr . . C . Cowles Ka b m rta o P b W . oint , widely publicized y Beebe in his books O f G a on the jungle life British uian , proved to be relatively

ar i i n - b ren of M ollu sc a . Lying as t does the second growth jungle are a of formerly e xtensive pl ant a tion clearings in the Gui a na

a s i ff lowl nd , the environmen t s much di eren t from that Of the

1 u l s ed b e mi ss o f th e Se c e a o f the S s ni a s u P b i h y p r ion r t ry mith o n In tit tion . l l ' v P A E s Tf l l l C ~ [ L T

C u ia na desm a s i n uo s u m .

TH E ] 57 2 4 8 NA UTI LUS [VO . ( )

- - al a mollusks that were found mostly on Kyk over Island , and th t in all probability h ave been accidentally introduced by m an 300 eo s oodalli M S ubu sometime in the past years are Op g ( iller) , li na octona Streptaxi s glaber and Lu nti a i nsi gni a B o hri O u a tenui en n S . t d s Ads mith p p (C . B . ) , found o ly in the a le fmold in the dry se ason , but dotting the under S ide of shrub a ff w bery le ves four feet o the ground during the wet se ason , as

m M eri cas as probably brought in fro some other place in the , was h eli cini d P oeni a li a a the little , r t The waters at Kartab o are trans itional in ch aracter ; 4 5 miles m w h E inland fro the seven mile ide mout of the ssequibo , the l a ﬂ . water is practical y fresh , although tid l in uence reaches beyond l at 5 The fa l line , the ﬁrst rapids , is about miles upstream in both

Mazaruni i a u si x the and the Cuyun Rivers . There is bo t feet of tide at Kartab o ; in fresh waters this is not conducive to the survival of many molluscan species in the region . All four species of mollusks of the ordinary freshwater types found here were restricted to waters out Of the reach of the tide

x or were better developed in such situations . For e ample : there is a species of pill - clam (Pi si di u m ) in th e intermittent rain pools

r h Di lodon a nosa s of the vi gin jungle ; one fres water mussel , p gr was found just 1 00 yards above the inﬂuence of the tide in a small tributary Of the Cuyuni River at the fall line ; the large a P om a cea i Dor ssa con pple snails ( ) , and the Black river sna ls , y so i a l d ta an a . (Brug . ) are found at d above the fall line in bundance Occasionally their shells are washed down as f ar as Kartab o in

i l or the dr ft , but on y the D yssa has been found living in the river a Kartab o a a ne r , surviving there in sm ll numbers in the re ches of

tidal freshwater . There are only two S pecies Of fresh w ater mollusks th a t belong

a R a a h to the transition l zone of the Cuyuni iver , sm ll brackis

a Li llori di na t water type of sn il ( ) , and a very distinc type of b a m a yssiferous cl . This little clam , previously unn med , has been W more or less of a puzzle S ince it was ﬁrst collected by Dr . esley

N a a w O f ewcomb lmost century ago . No determination its gross a n a tomy by reconstruction fro m c a mera lucid a dra wings O f serial longi tudin al sec tions O f the entire a nim a l h as m ade po ssible its

e t a x corr c t onomic pl a cement .

a LYONS I I DAE Th ielc 3 : 93 6 : F mily ( , 1 4 T E c . 9 3 H N 4 O t , ] A UTI LUS 9

G UIANAD ES M A ne w s , genu .

S a a hell sm ll , slightly inequiv lve , rhomboid al tra ns lucent , , s - a w s n a creou porcell nous within , furnished i th a v a riou ly wrinkled

s . H a no do nt . a s e s epidermi inge Lig ment hort , int rn al , opi tho is s a s a a w detie , that po terior to the be k , on n rro ledge ; without w ss . Pa a s a s a . R an o icle lli l inus bro d , h llo ight v a lve em argin ate

- postero ventrally . A a a a a nim l byssiferous , foot sm ll , cylindric l ; m ntle l argely ni wi and an d a a u ted , th foot byssal oriﬁce two short , se p r te w a s a . a nd siphon , ith brieﬂy continued intern l septum Inner a a ab a ac outer br nchi e subequal , free below from the domin l s and from the m antle . u a na sm a i nuosum ne w G i de s . enotype : G , species

This genus diff ers from all other kno w n members Of the fa mily in the complete absence of the lithodesm a or S helly structure in

a a a i if the lig ment . It might be pl ced in a sep rate fam ly it were not evident that the loss of o nl y one character is of insuffi cient

x a a ta onomic v lue , this loss h ving also occurred in certain forms m P of the related fa ily andoridae . w h a The single species kno n is estuarine , in practically fres (tid l)

a E ui anadesm a w ter in the ssequibo drainage in British Gui an a . G

a a h a is best reg rded as a geogr p ic lly isolated , aberrant member of L o nsiidae h h h as the y , w ic has lost the ligamental ossiﬁcation , but maintained the other general characters of the group during its a s a tr n ition to a freshwater hab itat . Its most simil r living relative

A ri odesm a 1 09 a seems to be g Dall , 9 , from the southern C lifornia coast .

G I A AD E MA I M n P . U N S S NU O S U ew . 8 , species late

S a S and hell small , long rhomboid l , regularly lightly sinuous a s a w - a w a inequiv lve , perio tracum light str colored ; n cre ithin h rd , a s h a m s porcell nous , tran lucent w itish . Lig ent short , opi thodetic , a w h a w intern l , it out an ossicle , on narro ledge behind which is w w s a w the ide shallo be a k cavity ; hinge ano dont . The light tr w a e w colored epidermis , becoming slightly darker ith g , is rinkled in a chara cteristic fash ion on both valves ; the a nterior portion is ri k a a a w n led irregularly concentrically , to give the ppe r nce of O f a nd scaled ﬁsh skin ; the median portion , in front over the a a b posterior ridge , is raised into bout twel v e irregul r or dou led radial epidermal folds ; a bove the posterior ridge there is u su ally a return to a concentric folding ; in s o m e specime ns both r adi a l a nd concentric wrinkles are present a bove th e posterior ridge . The T E l 7 2 50 H NA UTI LU S [Vo . 5 ( )

- umbones , one third from the anterior end , eroded even in the

a S . a a . sm llest pecimens seen mm long) , are pp rently smooth a Adductor muscle scars subequal , the posterior the l rger , in front O f which are the large posterior retractor scars (in eff ect th e byssal retra ctor muscle scars) ; anterior retra ctor and protractor sc ars

. a small , inconspicuous The pallial line is dist nt from the margin ; w x the pallial sinus is shallow and ide , e tending entirely across f a n the posteri or end O the shell . The left v lve is usually eve ly a w rhomboid l , the dors al line straight to slightly arched belo the umbones to meet the dors ally trunc ate a nterior slope in a widely w rounded curve . The anterior end is narro ly rounded at the a base . The ventral m rgin is entire , straight to slightly curved ; the posterior end abruptly truncate , the posterior point at the

- . S th e a a a a base ometimes left v lve is little cut w y post ventrally , corresponding to the emargination of th e righ t valve . The right a f valve is irregul rly rhomboidal , di fering in outline by an irregular a a a a ventr l margin , which is bro dly em rgin te behind the middle , in a w k the region of the r dial epidermal rin les , and is not so abruptly

a . truncate , but little more evenly rounded behind The shell is - x hardly sinuous above , but the post ventral e tension and overlap

of th e right valve produces a marked sinuosity belo w .

N 536 90 1 a The type O . ) was person lly collected July 2 7 1 92 5 m R O , from rocks in the midstrea of the Cuyu ni iver, ppo Kartab o P w M a z aru n i R site oint , near its junction ith the iver, E G a a . : ssequibo District , British ui n The type measures L R . L H . R . . . m m . , mm . . , long ; eight , m m , m m ; f . are O Diameter , mm There a number paratypes in the U S N a M nited tates ation l useum collections , and in those of the

C arnegie Museu m (collected by the wr iter an d Joseph Benkert) .

a a a a The nim l is byssiferous , with a sm ll cylindric l foot ; the byssiferous gl a nd and pit immedi a tely behind and as large as the x s h a ac and s w foot , e tend through t e abdomin l s to connect ith the a a sub l rge posterior retra ctor muscles . The dductor muscles are a a a a equ l , the posterior little l arger ; the nterior retr ctor and a protra c tor mu s cles are sm all a n d incon spicuous . The m ntle m argins are united e x cept for the midventral foot a nd b yss al a e a n d s h s s a a s p rture , the two ort , trong , ep r te siphon , whose s ep ara tion is continued intern ally a s a b rief horizont al septum . a a s a ill a e a a a an d Br nchi l iphon p p osc ; the gills r eul mellibr nchi te , e s w fr e from bo th th e vi cera l m as s a nd the m a ntle b elo . There is n o b a a s e Th a a s a re a s r nchi l ptum . e l a bi l p lp moder te in ize , x e a s is a e t nding b ckwa rds a lmo s t to the. b a e of the foo t . There a e s a s a ac - a s a s a nd a l rg cry t lline tyle in s one fourth long , l rger in 1 943 TH E N UTI LU 5 1 O ct . , ] A S

a nd a a s m a m . Th e b s s di a eter th n the intestine , pp rently s ooth y u is a s h a x a a nd h as a a he vy , hort , muc br nched e tern lly , the ppe r a as a m a s a h ance of being dded to only the ni l grow , to nc or in one a s as M ti lu s as . spot , not dventitiou ly applied in y

Thi s s pecies w as collected in modera te a bund a nce fro m the igneous rocks that jut out of the Cuyuni River opposite Ka rtab o

n d m S a s am P a . oint , fro imil r one two miles upstre in the Cuyu ni They were always found attached to the rocks or to s m aller frag

s l s ments (gravel) by their b yssu , and were on y pre ent in ch a nnels

n th a t the river current utilizes through or around the rocks . O

a thos e rocks surrounded by mud bars , there were no cl ms to be w l w t o . found . They were found at or jus belo the tide line In

s O u both localitie , on the rocks pposite and on those two miles p s m Kar ab o clam s w a f e w tream fro t , these little were collected ith

Dor ssa consoli date h wa specimens of y T is fresh ter snail ,

a a n d a x so bundant at above the f ll line , does not e tend farther

am i M a z aru ni downs tre into tidewater, at least in the Cuyun or Rivers ; its presence here indicates h o w completely freshwater the h a bit a t of Gui a nadesm a re ally is . The Isaac Lea Collection cont ains three specimens W N an d No . 86803) collected by Dr . esley ewcomb , incorrectly l abelled as B a rllelti a slef a nensi s Moric aud (from the Am a zon m a a A . S River , South merica) There y be dditional pecimens pre served in the Ne wcomb Collection a t Cornell University or in

n N w m a collectio s of correspondents of Dr . e co b other than Isa c l 1 2 N w b A i S a Na 5 3 . Lea . ccord ng to te rns ( uti us : ) Dr e com 1 4 — collected in Demerar a sometime in 8 6 7 . During this time he “ collected Doryssa consoli date a t the Fa lls (fall line) of the 98095 t Essequibo River NO . It is thus eviden that he collected these specimens of Gui a n adesm a fro m the Esse i ff qu b o . The shells in question are very slightly di erent in u a b appearance from those pers on a lly collected in the Cuy ni ne r y ,

s s a re so but are not speciﬁcally distinct . The individual hell v ari a ble that it would require l a rge series O f specimens from e ach loc ality to demonstrate any possible sub spe ciﬁc distinctions of thi s species as found in the limited tid a l fre s h wa ter re a che s of the

Es M a zaru ni an d u R s . sequibo , , Cuy ni iver l 57 2 52 TH E NA U TI LU S [Vo . ( )

EXP LA NA TI O N O F PLATE 8

i anadesm a si nuosu m a 1 . Gu Fig . , diagram of gross an tomy of B P AA . a . a . a p ratype , anterior dductor muscle B , byssus ,

G a T a . a . C . CS byss l pit , cerebr l ganglia , cryst lline style sac INT H . G . ES x . . , e current siphon F , foot , gill , heart , intes LP a IS LN a . tine . , incurrent siphon . , lig mental notch , labi l E PA a . M a . O S a . p lps , m ntle , oesoph gus , posterior adductor M r e P R m . R . E . R muscle , pericardiu , rectum , posterior

ST V G a . S m . . tractor muscle . , septu , stomach , visceral gangli 2 — n n m 2 . i 6 . Gui a adesm a s u osu . Figs , holotype , Inte 4 V a . . 3 . rior of left valve , Interior of right valve , entr l view

x Ex . 5 E . 6 t , terior of right valve , terior of lef valve

VARIABILITY , DEVELO PM ENTAL CHANGES , AND DENTICLE-REPLACEM ENT I N TH E RADULA O F LYM NAEA S TAGNALIS APPRES SA S AY

B M CA KE R . RR R Y . I

Z ca a a r Un e s of W sc s oologi l L bor to y , iv r ity i on in

In the course O f other researches on Lym naea stagna li s appressa Say carried out in this labora tory cert ain points on the morphol ogy and functioni ng of the radul a h a ve come to our attention

a which are worthy of record , bec use of the importance placed by x some workers on radular dentition in ta onomy . These points concern the marked variation in r a dular p attern in different indi v idu als a a m t O f a , the development , we r , loss , and repl ce en radul r h a an d a Of denticles t roughout the life of the sn il , the elimin tion the discarded teeth through the alimentary tract .

Hi stori a H f 1 2 a c l. o fmann ( 93 ) described the form tion O f the

a L a l s a s a . st na i w radul in g , revie ed the controversi l i sues of e rlier w a nd a O a n riters , concluded th t , once the dontobl stic cushio is

x an d a h O as built , it is permanent and ﬁ ed e c dontobl t produces all h O f w h e a a H of the teet one longitudin al ro in t r dul r ribbon . e O b se rved th a t the p art of the ra dul a which h as only recently se p a ra ted fro m the odontob l astic cu shion is soon j oined ﬁrmly to th e s ubra dul a r epi thelium b y th e S ecretion O f the sub radul ar t H chi in . e s ta te d a ls o th a t the ra dul a prob a bly doe s no t p ass o u t s a a e a n over the ubr dul r pithelium by independen t movemen t, 1 943 TH c . E O t , ] NA UTI LU S 53 but r ather by a relative displ a cement O f the ra dul a out of the radul ar sac as a co nsequence O f the grow th O f the entire b uccal w 1 2 3 1 4 ass . a s 9 8 1 9 0 9 0 as s s a l m C ton ( , , ) ert th t y m n ae ids add new rows of teeth from the n a scent posterior border O f the radula ; th at the number of tricuspid teeth is incre ased by co ales cence of the cusps of the marginal teeth ; th a t older snails h a ve more rows of worn a nterior teeth and also a greater number of tot al rows of t eeth than younger snails ; and th a t shedding of mollusc a n teeth is a less frequent process than is commonly supposed ! He counted 500 teeth in the radula of B uli n us tropi cus at hatching i a f ew h t me , and in weeks the number of teet increased from to a number which he believed remains fair ly const a nt

h i Pru v ot- 1 2 t roughout the l fe of the sn ail . Fol ( 9 6) describes th e ﬁrst very small teeth observable on the anterior portion of the

a reradula i r radul as the teeth of the p , wh ch , she w ites , are the ﬁrst formed set Of embryonic cusps and are noted most promi

a ne tly in Pulmona t a . The radulae of other snails have been 1 92 4 H 1 930 studied by Bowell ( ) and by owe ( , The l atter worked on Pleuro ceratidae and found a distinct increase in the l size of the teeth concomitant with the increase in size of the shel . He concluded that in this fam ily the radular formulae are not s afe H criteria for speciﬁc di a gnosis . e maintained that the size of the snail should al ways be stated when the radul a is to be used for

Of a purposes classiﬁc tion .

M ethods . Fres h radulae were dissected from recently killed , a l and sn i s mounted temporarily in distilled water for study . For permanent radular mounts the radulae were removed from the bucc al mas s with a minim u m of muscle tissue and digested in 10 %

KOH a for one to two days at room temperature . When cle n they 1 10 1 5 were rinsed and stained in % chromic acid for to minutes ,

a run up through the alcohols including absolute lcohol , and ’ Seiler s a mounted in alcohol b lsam (Lee , By the method of Campbell ( 1 92 9) the r adul a e were found to be

a 88 a composed of chitin . Further , after he ting in % lkali at ° 1 1 a 60 . 5 s a s C for minute , and staining , the radul e appe red vi ibly S 1 92 1 a . unch nged , indicating the high content of chitin pek ( ) h as sho w n the radul a e of Heli x and of Ari on. to be composed m ainly of chitin . 54 TH E N L V l 57 2 A UTI U S [ o . ( )

Vari ati on o the Derdi ti on l P 2 a t e n . 1 a t . f r . F C Baker ( 9 8) gives a a f L s . the radul r formul O . appressa as follows :

3 1 9 1 1 9 3 3 — 4 3 2 1 2 3 3 — 4

2 s . a ssa Ex amination of 0 radulae of L . ppre taken from (1 ) appro xim a tely the tenth l ab oratory generation of snails collected

a Fo x W s 2 Fo x origin lly in Lake , iscon in , ( ) recently collected Lake 3 a m M eton a W snails , and ( ) native sn ils fro Lake g , isconsin , has disclosed a wide variation in the radular dentition not indicated ’ 2 0 i by Baker s formul a . These sna ls varied in shell length from

4 6 . ax m m m 33 to mm The m imu and mini u numbers of lateral , a r intermedi te , and ma ginal teeth , respectively , found in the radulae of these snails were as follows : (1 ) l a boratory Fo x La ke : — — — — — — 1 4 1 9 2 5 2 1 30 2 Fox : 1 8 2 5 3 4 2 3 2 8 a nd , , ; ( ) native Lake , , ; — — e n 1 —2 5 1 1 2 M to a : 5 5 3 8 . . . a h (3) n ative g , , F C B ker gives t e

wi ff sta na li s: L s . follo ng ﬁgures for three di erent subspecies of g . a essa 1 9 1 1 1 9 3 2 4 ai 1 902 : 1 3 4 ppr ( , , , ; for the same sn l in , ,

i nae 1 1 L . a li ll a 5 8 . s sanct em ari a 2 L . s . 6 e 9 ; , , ; and for in 4 2 4 a : 1 8 . the same ye r , , In almost every tra nsverse row Of teeth in th e radulae e xamined

a h a the ﬁrst l teral toot was distinctly tricuspid , and occ siona lly

x some of the other laterals e h ibited three cusps . In contra st to “ this Baker 1 92 8) points out th at NO tricuspid ﬁrst laterals have ” b a n A m S sta na i s een seen in y merican speci ens of this pecies ( g l ) . There appeared also considerable v ari a tion in the numb er of longi tudin al ro ws of l a tera l teeth on both sides of the same ra dula : a

f w w as a nd a x m di ference of three ro s not uncommon , ma imu diff erence of seven rows was noted in one c ase . The average

n number of intermedi a te teeth was three . The median u icusp w a a w as cons t a nt throughout . The number of m rgin l teeth as u su ally th e sa me on either side of the sa me ra dul a . Th e nu m ber of tra n sverse rows O f teeth varied in the sn ails fro m the diff erent

F x s s . a ess loc alitie : 0 11 the a vera ge in the n a tive o L ake L . ppr a a b ou t 100 rows ; in the tenth genera tion l a b ora to ry Fo x L a ke s s 1 2 M e o n 1 4 a 0 a nd th e a a t a a 0 . n il , ; in n tive L ke g sn ils , The milde r e nvironment a l condi tion s in the l ab ora tory m ay reduce th e o ss e e a n d ss b a th e a O f l of t th , po i ly ccounts for gre ter number tra ns ve rs e ro ws O f t e eth of th e l ab o ratory sn ail o v er th e sa me s a its a a a b a Th e b a h a n il in n tur l h i t t . num er of teeth in e c tr ns

TH E ] 2 56 NA UTI LU S [V0 . 57 ( ) trans parent image ; proceedi ng forward the teeth bec a me grad

ll a u a y tr nsformed into the fully hardened chitinous denticles . The teeth in the ﬁrst trans verse ro w on the anterior m argin of the radula had been reduced to rounded stubs by constant we ar . Posteriad for approx im ately 2 5 tra nsverse rows the teeth di s a Of a a pl yed progressively less wear . The anterior border the r dul was rounded and not squ ared as one might ex pect from the fact

h a h ar m that the teet in e c trans verse row e produced si ultaneously . The rounding is eff ected by the earlier loss Of the more weakly

a a att ached m rgin l teeth . Evidence for the fact th at teeth are dropped from the r adul a

x was found in the e amination of fresh radul a e and of fecal pellets . In fresh ra dulae the scars Of 4 to 5 denticular plates of attachment in the radular membrane were evident anterior to e a ch of the l ast

a att ched anterior teeth .

x Microscopic e amination of the fecal pellets of a normal 40 mm . sn ail over a period of 2 3 days showed that a surprisingly large a a l w l w and number of r dul r teeth are dislodged dai y , s a lo ed , l p assed out in the fecal m aterial . This snai was isolated in a two liter glass container containing a half inch mesh paraﬂi ned metal screen over the bottom which permitted the feces to collect there undisturbed by the snail ; snails commonly consume their own

a h was a a feces . Th t t is snail normal one was indic ted by the 2 fact th at it oviposited three egg capsules and added mm . to the

x M length of its shell during the e periment . oreover at the con

x t a elusion of the e periment , dissection revealed tha the radul was A 6 13 e w as normal in all respects . total of te th of all types dis

i 2 w a 1 1 2 1 c arded n 3 days as follo s (d ys in parenthesis) : ( ) , ( ) , 3 0 4 0 5 1 6 6 0 7 75 8 0 9 7 10 1 6 1 1 4 2 1 2 ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) 42 1 3 2 5 1 4 4 1 5 60 1 6 59 1 7 2 4 1 8 33 1 9 95 2 0 , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( )

2 2 2 2 1 2 Ra a a 6 5 1 6 5 3 7 . , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) ndom s mplings of the fec l pellets of other sn ails al s o showed the presence O f dis carded teeth . Further evidence for the theory th a t the radul a is const a ntly gro wing forw ard (although no e x pl an a tion as to h o w the radul a p ass e s forward is a ttempted here) and dis c arding the old worn

e a nd a a a s s 9. t eth , th t the teeth in e ch tr n ver e row undergo meta

s a h r s w as morpho is fro m the primary m argin l tooth to t e l ate a l , fo und in a s tudy of the radulae of a series o f consecutively older a n d a e a Th e s a s l rg r l bora tory s n ail s . shell length of the n il used 1943 TH E N UTI LU 57 O ct. , ] A S

varied fro m to mm . and the ages from 4 5 to 1 1 5 days

a a (T a ble I) . The t bulation in T ble II shows that the medi a n

a and tooth remained unicuspid and const nt throughout , that the

TAB LE I

f C arac s o f L s r . a w Varia ti on o Ce rtain h te r . pp essa ith Age and with Shell Le ngth

Ch ar ac te rs Snails

Nu mb er o f sn ail

A da ge , ys S e e m m h ll l ngth , . S e pir length, mm . A e ure e . p rt l ngth , mm w d A e m . p rt ure i th , s l w No . he l horls Num ber o f transverse rows 1 t a e t s . te a 4 L ng h of l r l , in 1 Ra d ular di s s m en ion , mm . f h r Tota l no . O tee t pe radula

TAB LE I I h f u s . a ressa w Vari ation of t e Ra d lar For m ula o L. pp ith Age and with Sh ell Le ngth

Types o f Teeth Nu mber of Tee th

Nu mb er of sna il

P “ A“ P A P P A P A

IVIargi nals 2 1 2 2 1 8 18 2 0 1 9 1 9 1 2 12 — Interm edi a tes 4 - 6 4 6 3 4 5 2 2 9 8

Interm edi a te s 4- 5 4 - 5 4 4 2 2 Marginals 2 1 2 1 1 8 1 7 2 0 1 8 1 8 1 2 13

Pos teri or po rtion of ra d ul a ; Ante rior po rtion of radula . TH E l 57 2 58 NA UTI LUS [Vo . ( ) number of intermediate teeth varied onl y within the limits of 2 to

W as and a 5 . ith incre ing size age of sn ils there was a progressive incre ase in the number of lateral and marginal teeth , the length of the ﬁrst lateral (measured from the tip of the cone to the ante th e h rior edge of plate of attachment) , the width and the lengt of the radula , the number of transverse rows of teeth , and the num h an r w th e ber of teet in y transverse o . Inspection of the form of individu al teeth through the series shows vividly the increase in ” m Of wi the total nu ber teeth th age , and the metamorphosis N a O . 5 of the marginals to the laterals . In the youngest sn il ( )

a w as no laterals were yet formed , and the radul consequently di visible into two regions only : m arginals and intermediates . The intermedi ates were all distinctly tricuspid an d in form were a bout midway between the intermediate teeth and l a teral teeth . 4 a NO . In the 10 mm . sn il ( ) the complete separation into the

a a . later ls , intermediates , and marginals had lready taken place The ﬁrst lateral on either S ide O f the median tooth persisted

x through all radulae e amined as the tricuspid intermediate form .

The right l a terals and intermediates of the radul a of the 1 8 mm .

x snail (No . 3) were so intermi ed that the two regio ns could not h be delimited . The nascent half of the left side of t is same radul a showed clearly a transition from the marginals to the i nterm e diates in one longitudinal ro w of teeth ; a similar transition w as f shown in the right side of the same radula . In the radula O the 2 w mm . snail (No . ) the nascent left end sho ed one more

a ro w a a a longitudin l of l terals th n the nterior end , thus indicating transition from the intermediate to the l a tera l form . The successive teeth down any longitudinal row in a given

Th e f radul a do not v ary perceptib ly in length . length O the

a a xa t individu l teeth of the sn il , for e mple of the ﬁrs lateral , incre ases fro m 1 5 a in a 4 5 day O ld sn a il to 6 0 u in a 1 1 5 day Old s f n s n a il . This suggests a sufﬁcien t production O a d sub equent disc ard of tee th such th a t the length of the teeth in any lo n gitu din al ro w of the r adul a e of v arious S ized sn a il s rem ains fa irly

s con t a n t .

um m a 1 Th e a a S ry . ( ) v ari a tion in the r dul r dentition in the su b s pe ci e s of Lym n a ea stagna li s mentioned here seems to m a ke th e u s e a a a ab a t as s u b s eeiﬁc of r dul r formul e undepend le , le t for p

a o di gn s i s . Bec au se of th e ch ange O f the denticul ar p a ttern with 1 43 TH E N UTI L S 59 O c . 9 U t , ] A

s O f a a b e a a the ize the snail , the r dul would more reli ble tool in

w s s a s f 2 cl as s iﬁc a tion hen u ed with n il O known dimensions . ( ) I t is sugges ted th a t in the younges t sn ail s the ra dul a is prob a bly — formed by a f e w ro ws of m argin al like teeth produced by rela

ivel f ew as s . W as a e b t y odontobl t ith incre e in g , the O donto l astic cushion grows laterad producing a n increasing num b er of longi

Ea O tudin al rows of teeth . ch portion of the dontobl as tic cushion which produces e a ch longitudin al ro w of teeth progr essively dif f eren tiates to produce successively the series of types O f teeth a ro w a 3 found across tra nsverse in the adult sn il r adul ae . ( )

a h a a a Fin lly, t ere is indic ted a remark ble turnover of teeth , r ate

x a Of production and discard far e ceeding e rlier estimates .

LI TE R A TUR E C I TE D 2 i 1 0 . 3 N . H . A . S c . ER . C . 9 at S BAK , F , , Bull , ist urvey , Chicago cad

A . ci . 1 9 1 1 S Pub ] . 3 S , pecial , Chicago cad 1 2 7 i . . N . H . S . P . W a 9 8 t . 0 s G t , I , Bull , eol ist urvey — 2 1 7 4 . LL E 2 4 . i . E . W . 1 9 . M cro sc . 5 5 6 B O W , , , J Quek Cl ( ) : 2 2 2 1—4 2 B . M ELL . L . 1 Ann E . c . A . 4 6 9 9 . So : 0 CA P , F , , ntom mer 2 — 1 1 4 1 4 2 . T . 1 S O N . G 9 8 N 4 1 CAW , F , , autilus — 2 2 . 1 3 . c . Af a 1 9 . 5 0 Ro So . S 8 : 3 3 6 , Trans y ric

1 94 N 1 46 54 . 0 , ature , London : 6 2 — H FFM NN H . 1 . w 3 O 93 Natur . 6 7 : 5 5 55 . A , , , Jena Z 3 1 — E W . N 44 5 . HO S . 930 53 6 W , , , autilus — 1 A . l . N 2 4 1 . 938 Mid at . 0 5 9 56 , mer

- 1 0th . LE E B o LEs 1 937 . , , , The microtomists vade mecum ed

London .

- — PR T F L A 2 x n 2 09 343 . O O O . 1 9 6 A . . E . et . é . 5 V , , , rch Zool p G 6 2 — S E . 1 1 w . ] 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 . P K , J , 9 , Z . iss Zoo . 8 : 6

N P D DRYM AEUS EW S ECIES O F CERIO N, NENIA AN

BY M AXW ELL SMITH

E RI D E A P 7 . O N NI . 7 C , new species late , ﬁgure

S - a a a hell small , subcylindric ov te , translucent , rim te perfor te ,

r a - a w h g ound color cre m white , surface shining , orn mented it longitudin al chestnut colored ﬂ a mes which are about equ al in

a a r w h are to the light gr ound . Longitudin l g o t lines numerous ,

a s a as r ther ﬁne , Slightly oblique . Spire omewh t swollen com l 57 2 60 TH E NA UTI LUS [Vo . ( )

- - 2 pared with body whorl , post nuclear whorls nuclear whorls ,

x . the latter ﬂesh color , the former slightly conve Suture moder P a a . a ately impressed , occasion lly slightly puckered ariet l lamell

x a i strong, deeply placed , light in color, a i l lamella ind stinct when P m i present . eristome of the cream ground color, the ter nals a a somewh t dist nt from one another, no change of color pattern

x visible upon the parietal wall . E terior chestnut colored pattern w visible ithin the aperture . w m The holotype , together ith a good series , were received fro

P N a a . aul Dean Ford , of assau , B ham s They were collected at ” A a . The Current , south tip of baco , Bah mas The holotype , in

h L h 1 . a the collection of the aut or , me asures : engt 6 m m di meter

6 mm .

eri on ni m arm oratu m P ff C ded is closely allied to C . ( fei er) from

H . Fortune Isl a nd where it was collected by John B . enderson Jr n w h and Charles T . Simpson . The e species is ﬁrst of all muc a a w sm ller, the post nucle r whorls fe er in number, the aperture not so elongate and much more obliquely extended . Furthermore in

m arm ora um w C . t there is a tendency to ard a continuous peristome by the presence of a S h arp edge of enamel connecting th e terminals

ded ni . of the lip . In C . this character is practically absent

E RI I n w P 7 . O N U L e . 8 C PA , species late , ﬁgure

S x w a hell of moderate size , e tremely narro , solid , rim te per

- forate , ground color whitish or cream , surface with a silk like w a e lustre , ornamented ith chestnut colored longitudinal ﬂ m s

- which cover less th a n one h a lf the surfa ce . Sculpture consisting w of slightly oblique longitudinal gro th riblets of varying size , a f e w h t O of whic suggest sligh varices , becoming more blique upon S a the body whorl . pire somewhat swollen ne r center, post nu

a 10 x h a cle r whorls , slightly conve , eac whorl keeled nteriorly ” a a t and a n a . S dj cent to the su ure forming overh ng uture deep ,

th e ﬁ ve s wa bey ond ﬁrst whorls slightly de cending , especially to rd a t N . a m m urity ucle r whorls 3 , the second the largest , crea color

a a - with pe rl like sheen . Parietal l a mina strong , slight indica

s a a ax . A a o h tion of l min upon ial wall perture ngulate above , li ue l xt x x a ax q y e ended , e terior of e tension dj acent to the is ch a ra cterized b y sever al previous lip form a tions which stand o u t

e . P s promin ntly eri tome continuous , outer edge somewhat c 1 943 TH E N UTI LUS 6 1 O t . , ] A

h s pointed adjacent to suture , wit in cert ain individu al a previous

ts a a labru m ou ide and which t its termin tion is b ifurc ate .

w t S m s The holotype , together ith o her peci en were collected on

S war M a H Ex a a a a a e as . te t nor ill , um (m in isl nd) , B h m The hol 2 a : h 3 m m . type , in the collection of the author, me sures Lengt ; di a meter m m .

e on a u i NO C ri p l is the most Slender Cerion so far discovered . x a A other species seems to appro im te it . study O f the a n a tomy n w m ay reve al th a t it should be placed in a e genus or subgenus . A few e x amples of this species lack the chestnut colored ﬂam e-like

n f . markings , being of a u i orm light color The two ne w Cerions are n amed in honor of Paul De an Ford w N s a a P the well kno n malacologist of a sau , B ham s , resident of m a a a . The B ham s Conchologic l Society , who supplied the speci ens

N P 7 . ENI JUNI NE NS I S new . 9 A , species late , ﬁgure i S . Ea hell fairly solid , fusiform , sinistral rly whorls brown sh s w h w h h ex ﬂe h color, later covered it a thin bro nis cuticle whic hi i m b ts a faint sheen . Sculpture co nsisting of nu erous longi tu di n al wavy interrupted riblets which h ave the tendency to become more plentif ul a nd crowded anteriorly at the suture .

S x N d h . u pire broadest in the mid le , w orls slightly conve cleus hi h S w tis and tilted slightly to one side . uture moderately impressed .

a b o w a The superior l mella is high , shaped like the of a bo t when

i m w S m v ewed fro outside , continuous ith the piral la ella , which in turn is strongly developed . The lunella is deeply curved , the

x visible portion trowel shaped . The aperture is well e tended m a fro the body whorl , peristome continuous and well spre d out

s erture adj acent to and belo w the lamella . Interior of p and the

- peristome ivory white .

h x T ree e amples , including the holotype , are in the collection of h 30 . a the author . The holotype measures : Length mm , bre dt h e t 7 mm . Collected at an elev ation of 1 1 00 meters in t Depar P P . ment of Junin , rovince of Jango , eru

D RYMA w 1 0 . EUS I NC ne . P a 7 A , species l te , ﬁgure

S l a a hel of moder te size , perforate rimate, r ther thin , ground i h - h n w a a color yellow s white , s i ing , ornamented ith stre ks or m sses 2 TH E T V l 5 7 2 6 NA U I LU S [ o . ( )

- w w of grayish bro n ith occ asional narrow lighter intersp aces . G a rowth lines the domin nt sculpture , chieﬂy on the body whorl , crossed by more or less distinct ﬁne , incised spiral striation .

i a x x S i . W p re con c , pe ﬂattened horls slightly conve , body

a . S a whorl very l rge uture indistinct , its termin l slightly ascend

A x ing behind the lip . perture large , well e ceeding half the total

w . P length of the shell , sho ing the e xternal p a ttern inside eri stom e a x a bro dly e panded throughout . Columella almost str ight w x . w ith a is Base ﬂattened belo the carina . The holotype and several e x a mples are in the collection of the

. 30 . author The holotype me asures : Length m m , diameter 1 8 mm . Collected at an elevation of 1 1 00 meters in the Depart i P Jau o P . ment of Jun n , rovince of g , eru

D r m r y aeus inc a is allied to D rym aeu s ex pan su s (Pf eiff e ) . The S n ex ansu s pire of the ew shell is much shorter than that of D . p , the posterior termination of the peristome being much more

removed from the suture than in the latter species . Further the color pattern and the shape of the aperture are distinguishing

a a ch r cters .

N HLIS O TES O N THE NAM ES P O TERIA, PTYCH O CO C , AND APERO STO MA

BY PAUL BARTSCH

Cura D v s s of M us s an d Ce z c e te a es tor, i i ion oll k no oi Inv r br t

and

R EH ER HARALD A. D

Ass c a e Cu a D v s O f M usks o i t r tor, i i ion oll United Sta te s Nation al M useu m

f N H . O . a a Dr Burrington B ker , in recent number The autilus h Of . 56 . 4 A 4 1 as 1 9 3 . 3 5 (vol , no , pril , , pp questioned the use P l h oridae tychocochli s Simpson as a v alid group n a me in the Cy c o p , H h as a a i i a 1 850 . e cl iming t s a synonym of P oteri e Gr y , lso dis sented fro m the concept of Aperostom a a s recently u sed b y

a S Na a M s 1 8 1 1 942 . 1 2 4 . B rtsch , U . . tion l u eum Bulletin , , p

a t as a s t a Th our silence m ay n o t be regarded s en , we are st ting our

posi tion as cle arly a nd briefly as possible .

S Nat . P tycho cochli s w as propo sed b y Simps on (Proc . U.

M se 4 1 95 as a s s Plat 1 1 9 . 43 1 8 . 7 8 u um , vol , , p ( ) ub titute for y

l 57 2 6 4 TH E NA UTI LU S [Vo . ( )

’ ex amin ation of the type of Wood s species in the Britis h Museum i can deﬁnitely settle the quest on . i n e 1 4 B artschi v d x H . . 9 3 B Baker, , becomes , therefore , in our P t choco li s i . O pinion , a synonym of y ch S mpson

The Type of Aperostom a Troschel 1 8 47 4 1 4 7 . i M alak o z o lo i e . 8 Troschel in the Zeitschr ft fur o g , vol , , p 44 A erostom a i xa , proposed the genus p , nam ng as the e mples

Lam x M n m M . v . a lan ch e i a u vol ulus me ic num enke , and b t oricaud

The type of the genus must of course be one of th es e three . Pfeiffer in th e article i mmedi a tely following states that in his “ A eros om a i Opinion p t st ll embraces two heterogeneous elements ,

a w h n a mely , shells wi th a he vy calcareous and others ith a t in ,

A ero o m horny operculum . I would restrict the genus p st a to the

i . v e . w a ﬁrst those ith a calc reous operculum , and I would re ive M ’ for the others ontfort s name Cyclophorus , whose type in ” Cyclostom a volvulus M uller . To the two n a med species left in

r h ix Ape ostom a t ereby he a dds s more species . Aperosto m a b lanch eti anu m was known to h ave a calcareous

x w operculum , and the operculum of me icanum as unknown

l z l 4 P i f ii r M a ak ie . ( feiffer states this in Zeitschr ft o oo og , vol , 1 4 1 03 a S A r m a . 8 7 . o , pp , but he placed th t pecies in pe ost Since Pfeiff er as ﬁrst reviewer restricted Aperosto m a to cyclo a a a S phorid mollusks h ving a c lc reous operculum , and ince b lanch eti anu m is the onl y one of the three original S peci es h aving such an O perculum , that species should have been selected as the type . To preserve the genus Aperosto m a as it was used by the ﬁrst revisor ne arly one hundr ed years ago and as it h as rather generally

s as been used until quite recently , we propose to pre ent the c e to a m N the Intern tional Co mission on omenclature , with the request

a b l n h i anu m M A er s m th t they rule A. a c et oricaud the type of p o to a

Troschel .

PAPUI NA GAR TNERIANA PFEIFFER

B W AM C ENCH Y ILLI J. L

There h as been considerable confusion concerning this as well a s a s s N A llied pecie from orthern ustrali a and the East Indies . In the sa me p aper Pfei ff er described both P ap ui n a ga rtneri a na 1 43 TH E N UT L 6 5 c . 9 I US O t , ] A

P oi reti a n a Ga w and . p from the ming collection , the former ith the w as m P E locality unkno n , and the latter coming fro ort ssington ,

A a a . A r P . N r . . C o x o thern Ter itory , ustr li ccording to J C ,

ne ri a a P t E n o re i a ga rt na c me from or ssington a d P . p i t na c a me

N off a a from ight Island the northe stern Queensl nd co as t . It would a ppear to be e x ceedingly doubtful if either c a me fro m

P artneri n . a a Port Essington The ﬁgure of . g is prob a bly over dr awn and may well represent a slightly m alformed specimen

P ff a a a wh ich h ad led fei er astr y in his origin l di gnosis .

x We h ave specimens originally from J . C . Co be aring the n a me of poi reti a na from Night Island a nd a specimen l abeled ga rtneri a n a “ ” N A a m h ad from orthern ustralia , origin lly fro Dohrn who pur ’ x ch as ed Pfeiff er s collection . Both the specimens of C o and

Dohr n are indistinguishable . Ta aro ne Canefri artneri ana as a Later , pp had listed g questioned synonym a of P ap a i na blai nvi llei Le Guillou from the Aru Islands Unf Off the southwest co a st of New Guinea . ortun ately sa bse quent writers accepted th is relationship without question and the h P i n n . artneri a a are err or as persisted apa a blai nvi llei and P . g quite distinct . l w M l v a Na a s The fo lo ing account is by John acgi li r y , tur li t to

E N V H . t nake S . a tles the xpedition ( arrative of the oyage of M . R , 1 1 — 1 852 1 . 5 1 1 6 , , pp ) who had originally collected the shells that

Pfeiff er described through C u m i ng .

On September 8th [1 848] we anchored to the westward of th e N h N a i O ff and a n ort end of ight Island , m le shore , rem i ed there

a . h l for the two succeeding d ys T is island is two mi es in length , a and a half a mile in breadth , surrounded by a n rrow reef of dead

n a w a . coral a d mud . the pl ce is densely covered ith m ngroves A a a x s ndy portion , of bout ﬁve acres in e tent , is thickly covered E i with bushes and sm all trees . ven th s small spot produced a Heli x — it ﬁne white , not found elsewhere , occurred on the ” bra nches of the cotton trees .

An outline of the litera ture follows

PAPUI NA GARTNE RI ANA Pfeiff er 2 li a . . 53 He x rtne a . c 1 1 Pr . So ri na Pf r . 85 g , oc Zool London , p l a ( oc lity unkno wn) .

i . 7 . 79 NO . H el x ae rtne ri an a Pfr 1 85 1 . g . , Reeve , C onch Icon , pl ,

4 1 9 N a N h A a a s 1 852 . M ac ( ight Isl nd , ort ustr li ) ; Forbe , [in] J 2 6 6 TH E NA UTI LUS [Vol . 57 ( )

M . . attlesna e illi vra N V Of H . S R k g y , arrative of the oyage , 2 - 7 N if 1 54 . . 1 2 . 3 P 8 London , , p ( ight Island) ; fe fer , C onchy Cab , 2 — 2 . 3 . 40 . 1 4 . 2 w . x 1 5 1 . Co pt . , sec , p , pl , ﬁg locality unkno n) ; J C

A . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 868 M . S S 6 6 , ono ustralian Land hells, ydney, p , pl , ﬁg P E (after Reeve) ( ort ssington) .

1 1 . 2 H i o r ti ana Pfr . el x i e 85 P . . c . 54 p , roc Zool So London , p 1 2 4 1 7 . 79 No . P E R 5 h . . 8 ( ort ssington) ; eeve 8 , Conc Icon , pl , P i 4 - 1 1 2 P E 1 5 . . . 3 . ( ort ssington) ; fe ffer 8 , C onchy . Cab , pt , sec , p 2 1 4 — 1 . 3 7 . 0 . 5 P E . . ox M , pl , ﬁg 6 ( ort ssington) ; J C C 868 , ono A l 2 1 N a S S . . 6 6 . ustralian L nd hel s , ydney , p , pl , ﬁg ( ight Island ,

N. E . A coast of ustralia) . i P 2 Hel x a ui na blai n l il 1 1 M n . vi lei P b r 9 a . ( p ) s y 8 , of Conch ( ) 7 2 5 — — 8 . 57 5 . 9 . 75 7 s s . . 8 , p , pl , fig , pl , fig 6 [de cription and the e Heli x blai nvi llei L i 1 42 R u figures] not e Gu llou 8 , ev e Zoologique , 4 1 Am a . p . 0 ( Isl nds) i He x P a a i na oi reti ana Pfr Pil r 1 1 M an . . l ( p ) p . , sb y 89 , of Conch 2 2 N 7 . 7 . . 4 N a . E . A a . ( ) , p , pl 8 , fig 64 9 ( ight Isl nd , ustrali )

N r m In addition to ight Isl and, we possess th ee speci ens of

L nk ell e ar ne an . a g t ri a collected by P . J D arlington along y Cre k ,

McIlwr aith R . anges , C ape York , Queensland This mountain range parallels the co a st a short distance inl and O pposite Night 1 3 m S m n Island . This island is iles north of C ape id outh , Quee s land .

NO TES AND NEWS

L F — O O O . NYLAND ER We are grieved to record the death of

An a h i this veteran M aine naturalist on July 30 . ccount of s life w and work ill be given later .

M E I LL E as M D R . RR M O O R is at present serving a ajor in the

M Ar He h as edica l Corps O f the my . recently been assigned to foreign duty as Chief of the Psychiatric Service of the 3 9th General Hospital (Ya le Uni t) with the Americ a n Expeditionary

Forces overse as .

S i NI sT AL —I n a a a R PO MA C E A . my r mbles few d ys ago I found

a a a P o m a cea alu dosa in priv te pond here , ﬁne live specimen of p

S a w si n s s O f a ( y ) which as i tra l . Is thi very r re occurrence or are

a a ! a O f a n d they found occ sion lly I never he rd one before , others — a a s a D EM ER 1 2 1 t Ave . s e . . in Florid y the m L Y , Twen ieth

S O . St . P b l s F a . eter urg , 1 4 TH E N U L 6 7 c . 9 3 TI US O t , ] A

— A S O U RC E O F M I S LE AD I NG M O LL U S CA N R ECO R D S Durin g nine

a An n M as a years of collecting m rine mollusks on Cape , s chusetts , the wri te r found th a t one O f the best locations for ﬁnding washed ia shells w as a s andy shore known as Pa vilion Beach on the w northern shore of Gloucester Harbor . It as at ﬁrst believed that m any of these shells would give a good indic a tion of the H G a . a molluscan fauna of loucester rbor and vicinity Later , number O f S pecies thus suspected were actu ally collected or An n i e . olu s sti m soni dredged from the subtid al region of Cape ( . C p

m tatu a B uc n um u n atu L M Ne tuna dece cos s S ci d m . orch , p y , , A ti a i landi a i ssu la soli di ssi m a i u m i o L . c c M od ol s od lus , r c s Sp

m n a L P t i cola hal di orm i s i l en us e e a i . e a D l wyn , V rc r , r p f O thers , however , were not , and this led to an investigation which h showed the possible misleading ch aracter of suc collecting .

L t a ni a P t n i rradi an s . arge numbers of Os re vi rgi c Gmel . , ec e Lam ,

A m i a m l r a a h n si M al a n d a a ne si ex O b . Ce e o te s p , and p r ( l) occ sion l shells of B u sycon canali cu la tu m Say and P ecten grandi s Sol ander W i Ce aea ho tensi s were found . h le p r is an introduced land form , “ h a a a it as been reported as very bundant on S lt Island , ne r ” l G G Binne . loucester by ould and y , and often near the S horeline a Ann hi a a x t B us con C pe is wit n the r nge of ll of the others e cep y , although the wr i te r h as not been able to collect live specimens i from th s region . The fact that all the species are edible forms i was a gave the clew wh ch l ater substanti ated . In b ck of the beach is an It ali an settlement and the above mollusks were popular items of food , the shells being scattered over the beach to i E f a d spose of them . ven many of the Shells O loc l species have found their way to the strand in this manner . It had been taken

a te a l M a a n ari a a for gr n d th t shel s of y re L . had thereby re ched the n beach , but the others were ot at ﬁrst suspected . These shells were also found buried in the sa nd to a depth of several inches . Hence this beach mi ght be somewhat compared to the well kn own m A kitchen iddens of the merican Indians . Should these shells become foss ilized they m ight le ad to a false record in the distri b tion a u of such Species . While the disposition of m rine shells of a c food mollusks is common on land and O ffers no problem , the i a cumulation on the ntertidal zone , especially close to the norm l

A A n th e e e a a o f Go uld . B o a d W . . e 1 Re , . G inn y 870 . p rt on Inv rt br t M e assach us tts . l 57 2 68 TH E NA UTI LUS [Vo . ( )

range of certain species m ight e asily lead to a mi sinterpretation .

E TER U O . H W . S R ALP D X , Kent tate niversity , Kent , hio

— AN INTERES TI NG V A RI A NT O F VE NUS CAMPE CHI ENS I s . The

a a new a d appe r nce of a , striking , pparently here itary , character w in a molluscan shell is of unusu al interest . The matter as

E S . P M r . t brought to my attention by D . L . mery of etersburg ,

v Venus cam Florida , who transmitted to us ﬁ e specimens of e hi ensi s all p c Gmelin for determination . These have , on the n h a i side of bot valves , an elevated sharp ridge p ssing from the umbo obliquely backward toward the pallial sinus ; in some of the i Specimens it almost reaches this . The fact that this character s present in a number of indi vidu als suggests hereditary transmis

. Mr sion and makes one wonder what its ultimate fate may be . Emery states that some Of h is friends have additional specime ns P with these chara cteristics . They were all taken near St . eters — T H a . P U L R S C burg , Florid A BA

— TH E TYP E O F EUAMNI CO LA C R O S S E AND FI S CH ER I n their ” v l 2 2 54 ci en i u e x M . o . M S t ﬁ au M . ission q e ique , oll , p on , Crosse and Fis cher included the species n ow referred to Lyrodes in Am ni ola W i 1 840 as c as a second section . h le they give the date of ’ Am ni cola H hi , they quote aldeman s brief notice on the t rd cover 1 M a h . page of the onogr p , pt , and apparently overlooked his

a 3 P a ludi n a . note on p ge , in the matter under They therefore ’ t a ke Gould s 1 84 1 work to be the ﬁrst mentioning any species of

A or . A lu stri a . ata Sa as . c the genus , and accept p ( y) the type N A n Sa t . . o ( y) is not contained in their lis of species , and is t mentioned by them e x cept th at incidentally i n a footnote they ’ a A li m osa w as st te that Haldeman s figure of . reproduced by ” 1 W . G . A s la tri ca . Binney under the name of . It is O bvious therefore that Am ni cola Gould and Haldem a n of Crosse and A a . orata Sa Fischer pplied to the group typified by p y , and not P a as lu stri a S a . to th t b ed upon . c y O n p age 2 6 1 Crosse a nd Fischer divide Am ni cola into two “ s s Eua m ni cola section , the fir t being Crosse and Fischer (on

“ ‘ A la stri ca use d b W B u d r h i n - G e e s . a d F W h N II . r y . inn y n (L . . S . . A. I )

. 1 60 w as e de a a h ca e n e f r i It i w l ﬁg , vi ntly ty pogr p i l or p rror o l m osa . s ho ly ' “ " u e B i n ne s P matio si s astri 11 nlik y o p l ca 0 p . 94 . 1 943 TH E N TI LUS 6 9 Oct . , ] A U

is A o Am ni cola sensu stri cto . m ni la ) That , c as understood by

o r a a s Am n o a o a Sa w h at . s i c l ot them , it the type p Th t pecie , p r ( y) ,

a Eu a m ni cola Eu a m ni ola is . c therefore design ted type of C F .

s a n xa a Am ni cola as s is thu rem i s e ctly equiv lent to , Cro se F cher ’ “ ” Hal t P lu stri ca S a was intended , since deman s ﬁrs genotype , . y , ,

A m o sa as f a . li he a terward cknowledged (in synonymy of ) , an

A i mosa S a a t Of . l h a a S a erroneous determination y , of whic p r y a n x e— in seems to be O bese e trem fact , the end term of a contour — A. I L B H . P S RY . cline .

— S H ELL HE APS O F TH E HE RRI NG GULL The food h abits of the

La r us a r entatu s sm i thsoni a nus G x herring gull , g oues , are e tremely varied . Best known and most important economically are the scavenging acti vities of thi s bird wh ich does much to keep th e harbors and shore lines free from e xcessive organic debris . The a a i herring gull also feeds on a gre t variety of invertebr tes , al ve l ne a as we l as dead . O of its feeding habits is to collect l rge l s h mo lusk , carry them high over rocks on whic they are dropped h th e i w to break the shells , and t en b rd ﬂies do n to feed on the soft p arts . Certain rocks or groups of rocks are often used l habitual y for this purpose , and in time accumulate large quanti

l S are h ties of shel s . ome of these shell he aps above hig water

i a . l ne , and occ sionally at a considerable distance from the shore On e shell heap investigated during the summer of 1 93 5 on a tid al in G M s o n an x let at loucester , a sachusetts , was located e posed - i a ledge near spring high water line n a salt m arsh . The gre ter

l w as M ti lus eduli s L bu k of shells made up of y . , the blue mussel ,

M odi olu s dem i ssu s i w and (D ll yn) , the ribbed mussel , both of

hi S w ch were very abundant . Somewhat less numerous were hells

M a a ena L na li torea i a L . a i ttori of y r r , the soft shell cl m , and

E w os Sa s n l . l ni es he the ngli h peri i k e Several she ls O f P oli c r ( y) ,

- a t t the sand collar snail , were lso found . These represen the mos

u i n th e numero s , the largest , and the most accessible mollusks — l 57 6 1 . nearby in et . For a complete list see the Nautilus 56 Shells of Mya a rena ri a would undoubtedly h a ve been more numerous if the population of this species h ad not suff ered such

s 1 4 O a dra tic decline in the se ason O f 93 . S ome of the lder shell

a are a a ena ~ he ps composed very largely of the shells of M y r ri a . R L H W. E TER S a U K n O . A P D X , Kent t te niversity , e t , hio T E L V l 57 2 70 H NA U TI US [ o . ( )

— MUS S EL PO I S ONI NG O N TH E PA CI FI C C O A ST The source of the poison is a microscopic m arine organism called Gonyaulax catanella which at times occurs in sea water in enormous numbers . The h n w a mussel ingests t is orga ism , along ith the rest of the pl nkton w f elements which form its food , ithout suf ering harm ; but the if human being who eats the mussel may die , the numbers of on au lax G y in its digestive tract are sufﬁciently abundant . The chain then is a very Simple one : the poisonous Gonya ulax goes i into the mussel , which it does not harm , and then w th the mussel into the human being , which it does harm . The mussel is merely a vehicle for the transportation Of Gonyau lax from the sea water P into the hum an . ismo cl ams and Washington clams have at n i h times been found to contain this orga ism , but mollusks wh c live in lagoons and situ ations remote from the Open sea are pro tected m a fro cont ct with it . The abalone does not feed on plank ten , and is therefore free from it . There is no w ay of distinguishing poisonous from sound mussels H h . t by their appearance , or by their behaviour w ile cooking ea n on aulax h does ot destroy the poison . G y is muc more abundant along the C aliforni a coast in the summer months than at other oi omn M a times , all recorded p s g cases having occurred between y 1 M an 1 A . S 5th d O ctober 5th . ccording to Drs ommer and eyer ,

r : eat there is one simple, safe ule D o not the viscera (dark meat) Of h , nor drink the juice from mussels , clams or similar shellfis from the open Pacific Coas t between the first of M ay and the first

N — li o ni a Fi sh a nd Ga me . RI N U RTI S a of ovember B A C , in C f r , 2 9 :

RTH E E B T B ELS — FU R R MA R KS A O U LA . The article about the hum a n element in writing l a bels by Calvin Goodrich in the April number of THE NAUTILUS appeals to me and prompts me to R a . report a few th t have come to my attention ecently , I came into possession of a collection of shells th a t h ad been assembled

b y the O fﬁcial in ch arge of prohibition enforcement in San Diego .

His O a fﬁci al activities were duly entered in a c rd catalog , and after repe a l the c a rds were made to do duty as l a bels for the shell

is a a a t . as a collec ion Thus , occ ion lly one confronted by l bel re d “

: En i na li neata R a a s . ing like this g eeve , Loy lty Isl nd John Doe ” a es e h R a R a a rr t d wit ich rd o e . This form is occ sion lly varied ,

a nd . o bi u l s P . a we ﬁnd : C r c la i nsu a ri rime T ihoku , Formosa

TH E N L V l 7 2 72 A UTI US [ o . 5 ( )

Fo rty - eight hours after the fecal string h ad been deposited a ten degree ma xim um rise in temperature (from 70 to 80 degrees

Fahrenheit) the snail formed a third complete epiphragm . This was of the s a me non - tra ns parent n ature as the ﬁrst ; both were

- i n A a p archment white color . pp rently the third epiphragm was S ecreted to prevent dessication (with a lo wered humidity which accomp a nied the raised temperature) which could h a ve taken m pl a ce through the opening in the second epiphragm . In su mary : three epiphragms were n aturally secreted in appro x im ately — 8 1 hours ; two Of the epiphragms were p arch m ent white in color

- a a an a and were non tr nsp rent , one was tr sp rent ; the foot alone w as used in removing an epiphragm ; a fec al string w as deposited n outside of the shell through a opening in the second epiphragm . WI LLI A M MA RCU S I NGRA M

PUBLI CATI ON REC EIVE D

2 i n . A . i N 7 . 8 L tto a B e u a JOH NS ONI O ert . , , pp , r , by Joseph C q 2 ll u ca i na a i n N . . 0 Fi ssu e a L Luc lla a O 8 , pp , r , p and p e , by Is bel

rf n a s Perez Fa a te . These c reful and well illustrated studie of genera of com m on occurrence will be much a ppreciated by collee n tors . In many cases there has been co fusion in speciﬁc nomen — la ure d H AP . c t , which is here fully discusse

E E ELL m . . h TH POI S O N C O N SH . By W J Clenc Yoshio

M . A . . 2 No 1 . Kondo ( mer Jour Tropical edicine 3 , The

a authors h ve brought together from many sources , the various

on us a accounts of victims of venomous C , together with natomical notes and ﬁgures of the radula an d other details Of the poison a s st i a s w pparatus of C onu r tu . The shells of species kno n to be

m o s i u i a . m a r reu . a a re . text le . t l d ngerous ﬁgured : C , C p , C , C

eo r i us all s Pa . A a hu s a n d . a u l c t g g p C , of the we ern ciﬁc timely a nd s a u eful p per . ’ E L L G AB B R EV I ATI O NS O F AUTH O R S NA M S I N MA A C O O Y . By L h . An A e . ws . e A Jac o ki Don ald C Scott n rbor . Lithoprint ,

. 38 A a at a a pp . ddi tion al to the bbrevi ions ctu lly in use in con ch o lo i cal s are n o a f e w s b g work , there t newly compo ed y the a s a nd a a a a a a uthor , m ny for uthors pr ctic lly unknown in m l c o lo gy . o . 57 an ar 1 944 V l J u y, No . 3

CALIFO RNIAN O LI V E L L AS

8 . AND E W BY D. . . GI FFORD

l s Oli vella b li cata The fo lowing paper pre ents further data on ip , 1 n s an d a species already co sidered in our two earlier paper , a 2 discussion of the variation in Oli vella p edroana and Oli vella ona py .

Olivella biplicata

On A 2 6 1 42 ugust , 9 , a large series of you ng of this species was c Del N ollected at Crescent City , orte County, while we were

li n i i ta a r ox i gathering O vella pyc a . The you ng b pl ca were pp t n ma ely of the same size as the pyc a, so we garnered both spe es l ci , especial y since the indication in each case was the same ;

a l x a . namely a sm l ridge in e posed sand , a groove in s nd in pools a l t The l rger ridges we assumed were all made by adult b ip ica a .

i u bi i a t Mr Th s large series of yo ng pl c e (now in the collection of . A n G lly . Smith ) suggests that summ er is the breeding seas on for

i a th s species t Crescent City .

On Ma 2 2 1 943 i S z S y , , we v sited anta Cru , anta Cruz County , u and there saw many hun dr eds Of this species . Large n mbers

s x a were seen in tidal pool , while others were e posed by r king the n s sand with our ﬁngers . In all only three very small you g one l were seen . The adu ts , however , were apparently breeding , for we found many couples in contact . In the large series of adults

r - i obse ved we di scovered four oran ge colored ndividuals , but these

1 —1 2 r ari a i n Oli vella b i licata Th N u us . 55 . 1 0 Co lo V tion p , e a til , vol , pp , l t u ca es Th e 1 941 ; Color Var ia tion in Oli ve la b i plica a i n Vario s Lo liti ,

N l u 4 —4 8 1 42 au s . 56 3 9 ti , vol , pp. , . 2 W e are l eavi ng to th e t ax onomi st s th e moot question of wh eth er thi s ul d b al edroana o r b a eti a b etic a or w e er ese two speci es sh o e c l ed p c ( o ) , h th th f d i All our s e l s ca ed edro an a a nam es sta nd or two ist n ct sp eci es. h l ll p p r b e b ut si s ec s pea to a ngl e p i e . 74 THE NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 )

i n had more or less purple the canal region , so that none was u truly comparable to our nique orange shell from Bolinas , which lacks all trace of purple . They are , however , similar to a 3 second Bolinas orange specimen with purple in the canal region . At M M n N 2 1 1 942 onterey, onterey Cou ty, on ovember , , there

n li ella bi li cata were no small you g shells of O v p , but a consider

- Si able number of half grown ones was taken . nce we do not n know the rate of growth of this species , we are still u certain as n M to the breedi g season at onterey , but assume that it may be summer . Ou r 1 942 paper on color vari ation in this species l acks ade H i quate series south of Santa Barbara . ence , the follow ng are

A A i a a . t O of interest naheim Land ng , range County , on J nu ry 31 4 2 1 943 and February , , eleven adult shells were taken , one

i a an a alb no , the others of normal coloration . These l ck y tr ce of

a x or nge in the aperture , but (with the e ception of the albino )

- A have much purple on the inner surface of the body whorl .

2 67 l a i series of young shel s was collected , r nging from tiny ndi vidu al s with striped ventral surface to others a third grown . O ut of the total of 2 78 specimens (adult and young ) none shows

a a f x ar e a . O or nge in the perture this total si teen lbinos , thus

ix a yielding a frequency of about s per cent . This correl tes with 5

S a . x a the ﬁve per cent occurrence at anta Barb ra S i teen d rk ,

- a . re steel gray , youn g and imm ture shells were taken The i “ ” m a n der of the series is normal in color ation . The evidence

a A seems to point to winter breeding season at naheim Landing , as a at S nta Barbara . S an a From False Bay , Diego County , we now h ve a series of

- ﬁ - M E twenty ve . Twenty two of these were collected by iss dna

N W 2 1 1 943 an d . ilson on January , , three by ourselves on Feb ru ar 3 1 943 N - ﬁve y , . one of these twenty shows any trace of a E or nge , nor do four specimens previously recorded from nse

a a a a B a are a n d , Lower C lifornia . Two F lse y specimens lbinos ,

a thus yielding a frequency of eight per cent , which is prob bly much ne arer the truth th a n the twenty - ﬁ ve per cent for Ensen ad a

3 Th N 5 — 56 4 4 u 5 1 2 . . e a us 1 0 . til , vol . , pp . ; vol , p 4 O ur f r c ec a s M r a n d M rs . u rc o a us s th nk to . . John Q B h t king to thi oll t r u ing g o nd .

5 Th e Na u us l 6 4 Vo . 5 ) 5 til , , I . . 1 944 TH E N U I L 75 Jan . T U S , ] A

0 s c s E e is f ar bas e d 0 11 one out of four pe imen . ight p r cent not from the s ix per cent frequency of a lbinos a t An aheim L a nding

n d e r c at S a a a a a e s 8 6 5 a . s the ﬁve p ent nt B rb r Th e ﬁgure ( , , ) prob ably give a n a ppro x im a te ide a of the fre quency of a lbinos. 0 11 the southern C a liforni a n and northern Lower C a liforni an

a co st . App arently corrobora tive O f a prob able winte r breeding sea 7 so n a t Bolin as is a considerable number Of one - third grown

as 1 M 2 3 1 943 W s at 0 1 a . e ar e as shell collected Bolin y , suming

- H a m a s a s . a th t these y repre ent winter h tched shell owever , fter

a Ma 2 3 s writing the bove statement concerning y , we pent June

1 8—2 1 1 8 an d A 1 5 1 943 at a a , July , ugust , Bolin s in se rch of

li ll cn O ve a a . a h an p y In the course of collecting the l tter , we

l a liv lla b i lica ta d ed m ny young O e p , which would seem to indi

a a a i a a s as at a c te l te spr ng , s well s a winter , breeding e on Bolin s ,

a or perh p s the breeding is continuous through sever al months .

Mr h a an a S . O s The l te . T . ldroyd described d ﬁgured , on the “ ” s a a a Oli vella ba es of sh pe and size , number of v rieties of i 8 b ip l ca ta .

5 5 s a . O The ﬁgure ( pl , ﬁg . ) which ldroyd pre ents as typic l for

M a s a i onterey is bit too obe e to be typical , but it does f ll with n

a Hi s the r nge of sh apes for the loc ality . s ﬁgure indicate the

a r bre dth as 58 per cent of the length . O u specimens from

Monterey r ange from 50 to 60 per cent in breadth - length index bre adth divided by length ) ’ Oldro d s 5 4 li vella bi li ca ta u can a y ﬁgure ( pl . , ﬁg . ) of his O p f

s a n x 51 h is as 1 1 8 an n x yield inde of ; me urements ( p . ) yield i de

s of 50 . Suggesting these in rel a tive slimness and height of pire i s s P O O : a s our eries from ort rford , Curry County , regon bro de t

x 55 a s 44 with inde of , n rrowe t . ’ O ldro d s 5 6 Oli vella bi li ca ta an eli n a y figure ( pl . , fig . ) of his p g 7 i 5 . an x 4 8 v ll i ta a va . y elds inde of ; his Oli e a bi pl ca p r ( pl , fig )

2 . an x 6 . Hi s inde of s length an d brea dth ﬁgure for the type , p

1 1 9 an x 57 a , however , yield inde of , suggesting th t the ﬁgure in

a h as a S an d the pl te been retouched b dly . From outhern Lower

6 Th e Na u us 56 4 5 til , vol . , p . . 7 Th e Nau u s 56 4 7 til , vol . , p . . 8 — 1 S e a r e es W es er O e a s Th e Na u u s . 3 4 . 1 1 7 1 9 om V i ti of t n liv ll , til , vol , pp , 5 1 9 2 1 pl . , . 76 TH E N AUTIL US [V OL 57 ( 3 )

Californi a our series yield the followi ng ranges i n breadth - length — — i ndex : Morro Bay 51 58 ; Santa Barbara 50 60 ; Anaheim Land

47—55 M s 48—58 E s a ing ; i sion Beach , False Bay ; n en da , Lower 49—52 C alifornia .

At M i n - i x Bolinas , arin County , the range breadth length nde es 4 8—59 B a M i 4 9—57 d is ; at Tomales y , ar n County , at Trinida

H a H u 50—62 at N e d , umboldt Co nty , ; Crescent City , Del orte

4 8—57 a a 52 —62 S S . County, at anta Cruz , nt Cruz County , S an is i d c ning large series from various localities , one mpresse

s M a with the relative obesene s of onterey , S nta Cruz , and Trini

a P O a an d dad shells , the rel tive slimness of ort rford , Bolin s ,

a f a southern C li ornian shells . The me n ﬁgures from south to

E a l 53 An a north are as follows : ns en da Fa se Bay , heim

n 51 S a a a 55 M M 55 Landi g , nta B rb ra , orro Bay onterey , S a 56 i 53 56 ant Cruz , Bol nas Tomales Bay , Trinidad , Crescent City Port Orford

The r ange in shapes represented by the above brea dth - length i Mr O ndices seems to indicate that . ldroyd digniﬁed mere indi

a a a n vidu l variations by names , r ther than geographic v riatio s . “ ” M x 58 Thus , his onterey typical specimen with inde could

a S a a M S a a h ve come from False Bay , nta B rbara , orro Bay , nt Hi n x 5 a . ca a 0 Cruz , Bolin s , or Trinidad s f u type with inde or

51 a P O i a could h ve come from ort rford , Crescent City , Tr nid d ,

B a M S a a a A Tomales y , Bolinas , orro Bay , anta B rb r , naheim

a a B a E His an eli n a x 4 8 L nding , F lse y , or nsenada . g with inde

E s a a in the ﬁgured specimen could have come from n en d , False B A P a a a O . y , naheim L nding , Bolin s , Crescent City , or ort rford

S a a va x 6 2 57 imil rly , his p r type with inde from his ﬁgure , or

a a a a from his me surements , could h ve come from v rious pl ces

a P A r o a other th n oint b eoj s, Lower C lifornia .

Oli vella p edr oan a

W e are using the n ame p edr oa n a instea d of b oetica or b aeti c a o n ass a a s a sa s s the umption th t both n me pply to the me pecie , ’ a s a dr o a n e a Conr d n me p e a b ing the e rlier .

O ur person ally collected littora l ser ies of p edro an a. a re from

A a e a O a 986 s a a 3 1 n h im L nding , r nge County ( specimen ) , J nu ry a n d a 2 1 94 3 a n d M ss a a s B a S an Febru ry , , from i ion Be ch , F l e y , 1 944 TH E N UTILU S a n . J , ] A

Mis E a 6 s s a 3 1 943 . Diego County ( 1 5 pecimen ) , Febru ry , s dn N W l an d e a t M ss a . i son our hostess guid i ion Be ch , contributed ,

a O u r A a 4 1 9 addition a l specimens from th at loc lity . n heim and L a nd ing series w as increased by seven specimen s from Mr .

h ad O 1 940 . Mrs . . John Q Burch , who collected them in ctober , The Mission Beach shells are in gener al l a rger th a n those

O n Oli vella edr oan a h as from An aheim L a nding . the whole p a n higher gloss an d more porcel a neous surface th a n Oli vella pyc a .

a a The color r ange is much greater lso , being from white ( lbino ) to chestnut brown an d deep grayish olive . The commonest colors ’ a an d . are Ridgw ay s olive l ke , smoke gray , light gray ish olive

M x a s a a oreover , e mple with p le blue color tion (mostly burn blue )

NO x an th och r o istic were common . specimens were seen , unless

n s ff one co sider as such a few specimens that match bu y olive ,

a ff a cre m bu , ch mois , and cartridge buff , not all over but in

a a a p atches . The p ttern of brown m rkings in some inst nces sug

a li l n a gests somewh t th at of the vertical w avy lines of O ve la pyc , especi ally in some grayish - Olive specimens from An aheim Land

O ar a a . ing . ther S hells of this color e virtu lly without m rkings

a a a In some shells , p rticul rly lbinistic or pale bluish ones , the m arkings may t ake on a parti a l plaid or checker p attern . Dredged shells (from the B u rch es ) are frequently reddish brown i n a a gener l color , a fe ture noted also for dredged specimens of

li v ll a a O e a pyen a . The nearest appro ach we have in littor l

a N edroan a h as specimen is light vin ceous gray . one of our p the reddish brown spot alongside the fold at the b ase of the colu

in n a mella , which is so common p yc . The colors described above

are . not over the entire shell , but chieﬂy on the body whorl

The color of the inner surface of the body - whorl v aries with

x A are a s a the color of the e terior . lbinos white , d rker shell h ve a a d rk color tion on the inner surface . Certa in specimens of Oli vella p edr oan a h ave a lip c allus on

i s a is the nner urf ce of the body whorl . It in the form of a ridge lying roughly p arallel to the lip an d a mill imeter or so is x . within , but not e tending for the full length of the lip It

a a a . usu lly white , in which c s e it can be re dily seen But , whether

r white or blending in color with the surro unding su face , it can be felt with a pin point moved tra nsversely over the inner sur face

l B a s of the shel . It occurs most frequently in False y p 78 TH E NAU TILU S [V OL 57 ( 3 )

4 5 a as a six per cent of them h ving it , ag inst a frequency of only

A a a ar e per cent in n heim L nding specimens . These the only loc alities from which we have adequate series of specimens ( 575

a 993 A a a from F lse Bay , from n heim L nding ) .

a a In cert in sm ller series , which we have received from gener a N a ous friends , the c llus occurs . From ewp ort Bay , Or nge

72 Mr A a f re County , a series of from . llyn G . Smith shows

4 S an P A queney of per cent . From edro , Los ngeles County ,

1 0 a 1 1 Mr an Mr d s. fathoms depth , series of specimens from .

a John Q . Burch cont ins two specimens with the lip callus . Three R a A edondo Be ch , Los ngeles County , dredged series from the

B u r ch es 1 5 a 1 7 show the following frequencies : f thoms , speci

a 2 0 a 1 1 8 1 a mens , none with c llus ; f thoms , specimens , with c llus ;

2 5 a 3 1 9 a . f thoms , specimens , with c llus Five specimens from

S an B a a r B u ch es a . Diego y , lso from the , lack the c llus

Mr W a E er dam h a A a all . lter J . y s sent us lask n specimens ,

l acking the lip ca llus : 1 1 from Hi n ch i nb rook Island ; 1 2 from

K s a P W l a Drier Bay , night I l nd , rince il i m Sound .

TO Oli vella edr oan a Olivella the eye , p is distinctly slender ,

R a r an a an a pycn a obese . el tively stout specimens of p ed o d rel tively slender specimens of pycn a suggest the possibility of over

a as ou r l pping , but so far series are concerned there is no over

- a . a of a x l pping The r nge sh pes , e pressed by the breadth length

x 36 47 edr a n a 49 58 cn a . inde , is to for p o , to for p y The pro

h as portion of lip lengt h to shell length , however , virtually the

a a edroa na a s me r nge in the two species . For p lip length r nges

51 cn a a from to 6 7 per cent of shell length . For p y the r nge is 54 6 6 to per cent . The fold a t the b ase of the columell a is usu ally slightly re

ﬂ ex edr a na a ed . o in both species It tends to be thick in p , delic te

b a n O n cna a y comp ri son in pyc a . the whole py is thinner shell

a edr oan a th n p .

O liv ella pyc na

9 D D r es s s b . cribed as a hitherto unrecognized pecie y Berry ,

s s s a a n d so f a r as s s s thi pecies seem to be v lid , our erie of peci

ll droa na m e n s a re concerned do es not intergra de with O li ve a p e ,

9 Ma a c S A11 U sc r e Ca r a O e a r c . S . a rr e tillm n B e y , nd ib d lifo ni n liv ll , P o l o — 5 c a S 1 2 6 2 2 6 5 1 9 3 . c e 2 . logi l o i ty , vol . , pp ,

TH E N UTIL U V 0 ] 57 3 80 A S [ . ( )

O u r single x an th och r oi sti c specimen is capucine buff in gen

a a an er l color , with the vertic l striping Obsolete d discernible only

ff n as a slightly di erent tone . The i terior of the aperture is even

a x richer in color th n the e terior . The brown zigz ag lines ru nning longitudin ally on the shell

' v ar i n x a y spacing and in the e tent of the zigz g or w ave . In some c ases the lines are veiled by glaucous gray or olive gray

an ground color , which seems most prevalent in the older d

ar thicker shells . In the thin young shells the brown lines e most

a a conspicuous and equ lly cle r from inside or outside of the shell .

A a D r i color ch racter , not mentioned by . Berry , but occurr ng

7 2 a in per cent of our specimens , is a m roon or reddish brown spot , sometimes obsolete or veiled by white , beside the fold at the

f a base O the columell . This feature is absent in four dredged

a Ma n specimens from Tom les Bay , rin Cou ty , presented to us by

Mr A G S P O . lly n . mith ; in our single specimen from ort rford ,

- O an d a . Curry County , regon ; in the afore mentioned p ratype It is present in some of the shells from other localities ranging 1 1 from Morro B ay in the south to Crescent City in the north . The following are the d ates an d pl aces we have collected

Oli vella cn a li ttorall : P O py alive y ort rford , Curry County , O 1 0 1 94 1 1 regon , June , , adult specimen ; Crescent City , Del N 9 1 941 7 A 2 6 1 942 orte County , June , , adult specimens ; ugust , ,

6 50 a an d as as a specimens , many imm ture young well dults ; — as Ma Ma 2 3 1 943 2 1 8 2 1 Bolin , rin County , y , , adults ; June ,

1 94 3 357 a a an d a , dult , imm ture , few young specimens ; July

1 8 1 94 3 79 a an d a A s 1 5 1 943 , , dult h lf grown specimens ; ugu t , ,

s M M 6 a dult an d h alf grown pecimens ; onterey , onterey County ,

Ma 3 1 1 942 2 4 a an d a s y , , dult imm ture pecimens ( including the a N 2 1 adult x an th och ro isti c o n e alre dy mentioned ) ; ovember ,

a a Ma 2 3 1 94 2 6 a dult specimen s . This gives time r nge from y ,

N 2 1 a a s to ovember , for littor l occurrence , with the pe k of a bu n d ance at Bolin as in l atter June a n d at Crescent City in

a A s l tter ugu t .

1 1 u r f r M r r B a a n d M r a n d M rs . . c o W e a re ind ebt ed to . John Q B h o o y r s M r r R c s ec e s th e a e r d red e d se e a . o o o k p im n , l tt g f om v n f thom a n 1 944 TH E N UTILU S 8 1 J . , ] A

T R O P IC AL C E NT R AL P AC IFI C C YPR AEI DAE

B Y W I LLI AM MA RCUS I NGRAM

i e a r M ll s Coll eg , C lifo ni a

The kn owledge of the di stribution of the Cypraeidae is here supplemented an d ex tended by listing the species of this mollusk

a a a fa mily occurring 0 11 speciﬁc tropic l centr l P aciﬁc isl nds .

New P a a a ar e records for ciﬁc isl nds are listed , and cowry f unas revealed for isl ands from which the Cyp r aei dae h ave not yet been reported . The following islands are included here in separ ate sections

a a U S with discussion of the reef w ters about each , nited tates

N M i a avy Department ortlock Islands , Carol ne Isl nd

G Na a P a a roup ; ss u Island , uk puk Island , Jarvis Island , Line

H a a G a an d . Isl nd roup ; B ker Island , owl nd Island The species P listed here from the above islands are housed in the Bernice .

M H Ha a All r e Bishop useum , onolulu , w ii . were collected by

a li ble collectors . Schilder and Schilder ( 1 939 ) in the most recent published summ ary of the distribution of the Cypr aeidae gener ally i nclude “ w a a an M d s i . e . co ries from re s not from speciﬁc island , , arquesas P ” Is . , Fl int I . to almyra I . and Johnston I . The writer believes th at since so m any of the published records of the Cypraeidae were based on coll ections where locality data were in a dvertently

x a a a a collec mi ed , th t speciﬁc isl nd lists , b sed on known reli ble

are a a tions , necess ry to cl rify the distribution of this well known ’ a an a f mily . Thus the writer s e arlier work is continued in t tempt to cl arify the somewh at mix ed geographical distribution

a ei ae a 1 1 1 93 1 939 of the Cypr d , Ingr m ( 937 ) ( 937a ) ( 8 ) ( ) ( 1 939a ) Ex amples of past and present mix ing of

a a are Ha a x cowry distribution l d ta found in w ii . The e amples cited here are only incident a l to the m any th a t the writer h as n x a S fou d in e mining collections in the United States . pecimens

a brought into the H awaii a n Islands by the mission ry ship ,

M a a a a H a a a orning St r , from dist nt isl nds ﬁltered into loc l w ii n

i n a s P collections , when re lity they were found el ewhere in oly

i P a s a n es a . ublished reports on H awa ii n cowrie h ve included

M S a a a orning t r m terial , thus giving distorted report of the 82 TH E NAUTILUS [ V OL 57 ( 3 )

H a a a cowries actually found in the w iian Islands ( Bry n ,

an d S a ( S childer childer , In recent ye rs specimens were brought to the H awaiian Islands by the Pan - Americ an colonizers

a an H a a aw a from Johnston , B ker , d owl nd Isl nds . The writer s number of very ﬁne Cypr aei dae for sale from the above isl ands

H H a a 1 3 N 9 7 . o while collecting in ilo , w ii in doubt this mate ri al will eventually ﬁlter into collectors h a nds as being from

H a a a a H a a a a waii , and once gain the cowry f un of the w ii n Isl nds

n a an H will be distorted . O e ccurate d complete list of the a w ai i an r aei dae 1 937 Cyp was published in ( Ingram , based on person al collecting an d 0 11 the collection s of the following scientiﬁcally trained men who h ad collected in the isl ands for

Mr A Mr D T W G . a h aan u m Mr twenty y ears , . . nderson , . vid , .

P M O ter aar d a Mr A a a . s . . . Ted Dr ng , rof . Jens g , and the l te L

h as a a u n Thurston . This list lre dy been distorted by accepting ’ b a a 1 91 5 a S an d S relia le d ta , n mely Bryan s d ta ( childer childer ,

R EI E FROM TH E MORTLO SL N RO LI NE CYP A DA C K I A D S , CA I SLAND GROU P

M s a N a s The ortlock I l nds , omoi Isl nds , consi t of three distinct

s a a s as Lu k u n o r S ataw an group of cor l isl nds and reef known , , an E a Lu k u n or a ar e a 0 11 a a rox i d t l . The Isl nds situ ted reef pp

a s an d an a - a m tely eighteen mile in circuit , enclose ov l sh ped

a aw an l agoon ly ing in a northwest an d southwest direction . S t

Reef con sists of s i x ty sm all i slets surrounding an ova l - sh a ped

a a s a x a l goon , bout seventeen mile in length with ppro im tely the

E a s o same trend as the a bove i sl and group . The t l I l a nds lie t

S atawa n an d a re a s s . the north of , bout even mile in circuit

s s a w s e s e They con i t of number of low , thickly ooded i l t , connect d

is a b y a reef i n who se center there a l goon . The mollu sk s from th ese isl a nd s were pres e nted to the Bernice

- P M s e Mr E e s . e a re . s b . S . Bi hop u um y . J m r on Th re thirty two

as sp e ci es repres ent e d in th e c ollection . B ed on the number of

1 I ra 1 9 3 i o r Tw h e s u se b 7 O t . a e c o e c a . c of t e s p iﬁ c n m d y ng m ( , p ) h v

r b S n i e c tly e e a c e s n o n o m c e r a d S c e r 1 9 3 9 O . c t . b n pl d in y y y hild hild ( , p )

' i e C e e a ah m u i R ra ea un c tu la ta . a a s S ra e e C . r e a e i we r C e , y p p o by yp !m v ; yp p

G e wa s c r r c us e to r e r to C ra e a te r cs G e m lin in o e tly d e f yp m lin .

84 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 )

L s a aea ar en osa . . this i l nd ; of these Cyp r , is the most common

a r i t ll ra a n L aea v e us e l x . Two individu ls , Cyp L . and Cyp y , are ex tremely l arge . The specimen of the former species has an

- 84 anterior posterior length of mm . , the specimen of the latter

a 65 - a a x . S pecies me sures mm . long the nterior posterior a is List follows .

r aea an n lu r m n a u s aea o et . Cyp L . Cyp L r a l ea a en osa . a a ta a Cyp r L Cyp r e p L . r aea m ri at i n Cyp ﬁ b a Gmelin Cyp r aea testud ari a L . raea i n ter m edi a G a r a ea ti i s Cyp r y Cyp gr L . r aea i r ra t r l Cyp r o a Gray Cyp raea ven t i c u u s Lam . raea i ab ella r vi t ll s aea e u s . Cyp L . Cyp L r l n L aea x N ri n leu . Cyp y L . u clea a u c s ( ) r aea m au i ti an a Cyp r L .

NASS AU I S LAND

° ’ ° ’ N a 1 1 1 W x a 33 S . 65 2 5 . assau Isl nd , , , is appro im tely forty ﬁ A ve miles southeast by south of the Da nger Islands . fringing

r aea ven tri cu lus C reef surrounds the island . Cyp Lamarck , y

ra m r i ti an L r r ri a ea au a . aea o a . p , and Cyp p L are the most com mon of the species in the collection .

r aea ar en osa raea i sa b ella Cyp L . Cyp L . itia na a ea ca u tser en ti s ra ea m au . Cyp r p p L . Cyp r L ia aea h elvola ra ea or ar . Cypr L . Cyp p L r r din a i a Cyp aea i n te m edi a Gray Cyp ra ea testu r L .

Cyp r aea i r r or ata Gr ay Cypraea ven tri c ulus Lam .

JARVI S I SLA ND

° ' ° ' 2 1 2 IV a s a a a a s a 0 3 . 6 0 0 J rvi Isl nd , S , ” is m ll cor l isl nd of

- r i a n a ea ca u tsc en t s . one d eight tenths miles in length . Cypr p p L is the most common of the nine species in the collection .

r m o n c ta I 1 ra ea ar en osa a ea . C yp L . C yp r ri a a ea ca u tser en tis r a ea o a . C yp r p p L . C yp p L Cypr a ea i n term edi a Gray C yp ra ea sc u r ra Chemnitz i t ll a ea i sa b clla a ea v e us . Cyp r L . C ypr L r a ea l n x Cyp y L .

CYP RAEIDA E FRO M BAK ER AND I IO W LAND I S LAND S

Th e s p ecimen s from th es e i s l a nds were collected by members ’ s e a ff B P s M s W of the ci ntiﬁc s t of the ernice . Bi hop u eum s hip

Ex 1 92 4 E s poorwill pedition in ( dmond on , 1 944 TH Ja n . E N TI , ] A U LUS 85

BAK ER I S LA ND

° ' ° ' k s a 0 1 3 N 1 76 33 W a . is . a a a B er I l nd , , , cor l i sl nd of about a is S b a mile in length . It urrounded y cora l reef from two

a hundred to four hundred feet in bre dth .

aea c r i b ra r i a aea s u a Cypr L . Cypr c rr Chemnitz a ea e osa a ea ta l a C yp r r L . Cyp r p L . aea i sa b ella aea tes tu di n a i a Cyp r L . Cyp r r L . a ea l n x aea ti i s Cypr y L . Cypr gr L . raea m on eta aea vi tellu s Cyp L . Cypr L . a ea o ra ri a Nu lea i a n u leu s L c . Cypr p L . r c ( ) 4 Cypraea teres Gmelin

HO W LAND I SLAND

° ’ ° ' H a s a 4 N 4 a 0 9 1 76 3 W . owl nd I l nd , . , , possesses fringing

an a are reef d is bout two miles long . Seventeen species in the

s aea i n te m edi a G a aea a u t collection , of the e Cypr r r y , Cypr c p

r i t L . se en s an d aea m a i tia na ar e . p , Cyp r u r L . common

raea a n n l r ri a u us aea o a . C yp L . Cypr p L r t r aea ca u se en ti s aea te es G . Cyp p p L . Cyp r r mel raea ca rn eo la r aea eti u la ta Ma Cyp L . Cyp r c rtyn a h l la r r ea e v aea c a h m n . Cyp r o L . Cyp s u r C e raea i n te m edi a a aea tal a Cyp r Gr y Cypr p L . ra ea i sa b ella r aea testudi n a i a C yp L . Cyp r L . aea l n x r i t l C yp r y L . Cyp aea v e lus L . aea m au i tian a N l a i n leu L u e a uc s . Cypr r L . c r ( ) raea m on eta C yp L .

B IBLIOGRAP H Y

N W — 1 5 R A Na a H a a 1 596 1 9 . Y . . . B A , , tur l history of w ii , pp , E M — 5 ON O N H P i 1 4 8 1 92 . S . Mu 2 7 . . s . . . D D , C , B . B . Bull , pp , NGR M W M N — 2 1 937 . . a 50 : 3 77 8 I A , , utilus , , pp . , . a a a Pa a W as t Cy pr eid e from Christm s , lmy r , hing on , — 1 93 7a an d ar m s a s Na 51 1 1 3 . : . F ing I l nd , utilus , , pp , 5—7 a a G a Na s 52 : 1 . Cypr eid e from u m , utilu , , pp ,

Cy pra eid a e from Americ a n S amoa with n otes on s pe —1 5 1 939 P 1 03 0 . a a s a Na 52 . cies from lmy r I l nd , utilus , , pp , a a a a a A Cypr eid e from Mak ate Isl nd , Tu motu rchi 32 3—3 2 5 a P M 1 4 1 8 . O c . a P us : . c . . pel go p , B . B . , , pp , 1 939a .

4 m 2 6 1 h i ru 2 7 . A i r n c l o . s us a ed G . . S we r T esau rus Co ll t t in B o by, h y , pl , ﬁg ,

1 870 . 86 THE NAUTIL US [V OL 57 (3 )

2 1 7 2 1 —2 1 4 1 . : 3 940 of Conch , , pp . , . M IL A . H ER P M IL ER . S C 2 S CH . . . Soc. 3 D , F , and D , roc alac London , 1 1 —2 1 1 4 . 9 3 939 , pp , . S N a H a Offi United tates avy Dep rtment ydrogr phic ce , Sailing di P a E G 2 rections for the ciﬁc Islands ( astern roups ) , vol . , pp . 1

A W E S T AMER I CAN JU LIA

A B N B Y H . PI L RY AND A A. O . S . OLS S

As Ju li a living mollusks , species of are known in the central

Pa J ex ui si ta G H a a an d a O a Ré ciﬁc ( . q ould , w ii ) Indi n ce n ( union ) . Fossil forms have been described from lower to middle

M r idan a iocene of Florida (J . ﬂo Dall ) and the West Indies

J ardn er ae W an d W ( . g oodring) , oodring mentions three from

H a A slightly older , elveti n and quitanian , French beds .

P a a J e ua tori alis is The namic Species here described s . q the l ﬁrst living Americ an species . It seems to be the smal est of

a e u these little cl ams now known . Its r ther long and narrow

J or b on i ca a terior end is most like . b but th t species

iﬁ r x i d e a a a a u si ta Gld. J . e s by h ving a str ight ventr l m rgin . q , as ] a an d R ff a f ea ﬁgured by Dal , B rtsch ehder , di ers by the s me

A a a a 5 . ture . ccording to Gould it tt ins length of mm

AT A 1 1 1 LI E I P 9 . 0 U U OR LI S s . . J A Q , n . p late , ﬁgs , W 2 n . S s a a a d . hell m ll , usu lly between mm in length hen s fresh , the color of the shell is green or greeni h yellow but on a a re a we athering it soon becomes white . The v l ves moder tely x s a a d sa a s conve , ubqu dr te in form , the or l m rgin more trongly convex th a n the ventr al ; the a nterior end i s produced to form a

s a w s a . a t . a s hort to f irly long ing , omewh t pointed the end Be k s a s a s a pro ogyr te , their po ition v rying omewh t with the length of

dc n u l u i s . a e t o s . s the nterior wing . I l inge Lunule deeply unken I n th e le ft v a lve i ts inn e r e dge i s strongly thickened so th a t it h a es e s a a e n t e a . r mble l rge round d tooth , projecti g into v lve c vity I c es a n e h e a is ex ca n fro n t of thi s toothlik e. pro s d b low t be k it

va te I n h e a e s . s o f ar i n d . t right v lv the lunule doe not project w a a n d i s e a a t th e th e a a i s rd not nl rged end , but centr l p rt a s e o e t n th e e x c a a e th e r i d , t othlik , fi ting i to v tion m ntioned in n e o f th e a x e a s is s a a s lu ul other v lve . Te tur of v lve omewh t tr n

88 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 )

a a x a wrinkles on the upper surf ce , the b se with some low a i l a W ridges an d traces of few impressed Spirals . horls the x a a ﬁrst two whorls conve , projecting s an pical mucro , smooth a a a e an d white . Following whorls ﬂ ttened , conc ve bove the p r i h eral a p keel , which projects bove the suture on the penult a a whorl . Lower surf ce concave below the keel , then sloping to

- a a a . strong keel round the bro d , funnel sh ped umbilicus The a A a suture descends r ther deeply in front . perture semicircul r , a a x a cinn mon colored within , the peristome p ler , e p nded , some a a at a wh t angul r the termin tion of the peripheral angle , the

H . a a a a . m rgins ppro ching rather closely eight mm , di meter 2 0 . . mm

N a a a A a P at 2 000 . in bamb , ne r y cucho , eru , meters elevation 1 79979 AN P Type S .

l t tr This is a second member of the subgenus P a yb os yx . It is

B er em oth au m a a s larger than . with more elev ted pire , narrower

a umbilicus an d less a ngular outer lip . The color m rkings de N W W ar e a a . . a . scribed r ther f int amed in honor of Dr . eyr uch

A H P 9 . 4 . T AE W EY R I . s NE PE R U U C . O S , n p late , ﬁg

The shell is a cutely an d bro a dly ovate with an umbilicus n ar row within but becoming very wide b y devi ation of the l ast h alf P Ra . a s whorl . ther solid though not thick le pinki h buff , with chestnut - brown m arkings in form of three spir al series of spots an d as a sub su tu ral a on the penult whorl , on the l t irregul r series a s a a a s s at a n d a i n of stre k , b nd of sm ll pot periphery nother middle of upper surfa ce ; immedi ately below periphery a con ti nu ous a a a a a ne rly bl ck b nd , with n rrower one in the middle

- as a s a s . of the b e , the sp ce below it tre ked with che tnut brown W s a x s a a t Neo e tra eus horl the pe omewh t mucron te , wi h p sculpture ty pic a l in p attern but ex tremely w e ak ; following ﬂ a a a s a t s a . whorl ne rly , with r ther we k , uneven , wrinkle tri tion S a ss as o A t . a uture h rdly impre ed , cending the lip perture ov l . n s a a n s th e a P s pi ki h v in ceou s d howing b nd s within . eri tome s e a n d asa a s x a thin , whiti h , the out r b l m rgin very little e p nded , a c e a a a . nnn . a olum ll r m rgin dil ted forw rd Length , di meter 2 1 6 0 . a e mm , length of p rture mm . l l u a raz S a a V a e P a 32 00 1 9980 t s . 7 nt ll y , eru , meter T pe , y ANS P .

Ne a a ta h u a l a D b u t . ff e s b a th e s n r N. p ( ohrn ) , it di r y h ving tn r e a a ll ess e e b th e e s not t impr d , b ing ﬁlled y k el of the whorl , o e as Th e a whi c h c ontinues n ea rly t th l t whorl . outlines ne r the s a r e e c o a e c o e x as ummit mor nc v , be ming conv on the l t two w h o s s S h u ttL h a s a s N. tcss clla tu a rl . ( ) more tr ightly conic s i e p r . 'l‘ l l l! 3 7 ( Il l

' ' ' ' ' v l i / r i m lln h h l ’Cl i ti m r i n l i l ils l l v . . , u y

“ / o' I l s ( I u m r u m u s i m h t n i y I / c u n . r h u n I u u . tl y / . 7 . m

' l r w N ( I m h i u lu u m x 4 ru u s H ra n c id . . . y/ . ,

h d u l u s ( I uu h i lis 9 I i m . . , q

1 0 1 1 ulia e ua to r ia lis sc a le e 1 , , J q ( lin PLAT E 1 0 TIIE NAUTILUS 57 ( 3 )

l n si s . F o s s ul a vc n e w e e

TH E N TIL V ] 90 AU US [ 0 . 57 ( 3 )

N N D T O B SE R V AT I O S O PS EU O M O NO I S , A L ATE P AL E O Z O I C P E L E CY P O D

BY DAVI D NI COL

S a r d U ers a i r i a t nfo niv ity, C l fo n

W hile the writer was collecting data on the va lidity of reports

Pa O a o f leozoic streid e , he found that the question of the time of o rigin of shell attachment in pleu roth etic pelecypods w as impor E l a w as tant . specia ly for this l tter problem , it necessary to 1 P s udom n tif s P s tudy the genu s e o o , a member of the aleozoic P ectinacea .

x N The writer wishes to e press his appreciation to Dr . orman

N l U W n n h is D . ewel of the niversity of isco si for interest and

helpful suggestions on this subject .

a The earliest pelecyp ods are equivalve free living types . Byss l is a s attachment also found in m ny ancient pelecypod , but some of the other adaptations to various kinds of environment appea r

n e - k much later . O of the latter is the oyster li e habit of having

a a one valve cemented to the substr te . This ad ptation has origi n ated independently many times in various pelecyp od stocks and M O is common from the esozoic to the Recent . ccurrences in the P aleozoic are apparently meager . There is infrequent mention i n the description of P a leozoic

pelecypods about the occurrence of shell ﬁx ation by cementation .

a 1 9 32 5 32 6 a a 8 0 . J ckson ( , pp , ) points out th t the e rliest oyster

B arran 1 81 2 3 2 34 Pra trea de 8 . 3 eos is one described by ( , pp , ) as

b oh em i ca from the Upper S iluri a n . In the description of this species B arran de does not refer to attachment of either valve or

an a a . 4 1 1 1 m a to ttachment scar , lthough ﬁg of plate y show either that there is an attachment sc ar or th at the umbo of the

a a a specimen is broken . This is pp rently the only reference to

P - re a . a a C rboniferous oyster In few sc ttered monographs , most

1 900 a s of which were written before , few poorly preserved peci

h ave a a a mens been described s members of the f mily Ostreid e . According to Newell (person a l communic ation ) these speci mens of so - c a lled Ostr ea from the Pennsy lva nian an d Permi a n

1 P s eu do m o n o ti s is ere u se th e sa e e er c se se a s Newe 1 9 38 h d in m g n i n ll ( ,

. 9 2 a e e Gr h i l es s clzt nca r i us S c b s u se u p ) ppli d it, g notyp e yp p hloth e im , y b q ent es a d ign tion . 1 944 TH E N UTIL an . 1 J , ] A US 9

’ a all a eud m o n o h s A ca n prob bly be alloc ted to the genus Ps o . c areful check of description s a n d ﬁgures h as led the writer to the

P eu do m on o ti s sa . s s w as a a me conclusion , unlike the oy ter , tt ched a M by the right v lve and not by the left one . orphologically the

s a a s genus compri es l rge and heterogeneou group which , because

i ts a a a a of tt ched h bit , showed a reduction of the e rs and as sumed the form of an oyster . Some species are gryph aeo id i n form while others have typically ﬂat valves an d show a pro

a a a P ud m n o ti b awn n oun ce . se o o s i as d tt chment sc r , ﬁgured by 1 1 N 1 938 1 7 . 8 a a ewell ( , pl . , ﬁgs , ) , clearly shows the se r of

x ﬁ ation . Newell (personal communication ) believes that Pseudom on o ti s may have h ad a method of attachment like An om ia bec ause i n many forms the byssa l notch seems to have been so overgrow n at

ff a a the periphery that it was in e ect a perfor tion . The irregul r growth of the adult specimens during later life and the fact th at some P ennsylvanian species show the transfer of surface orna mentation of the host to which the shell was attached has con

n vi n ced Newell th at Pseudom on oti s was ﬁx ed by its shell . O the other hand specimens of Pseu dom on oti s spelu ncari a in the p ale ontology collection at Stanford University show no signs of at

h m en a - tac t . G L rge , ﬂat , oyster like specimens from the amma member of the Kaibab formation of Arizon a clearly indicate that

n l a they were attached duri g the adu t st ge .

Pseud m n ti P en n s l o o o s, which has a geologic time range from y

a P a P deﬁ vani n through ermi n , is the only aleozoic pelecypod n i tel a x a ss on y proved to have cquired shell ﬁ tion . From Tria ic w ard the occurrence o f this adaptive habit a ppears widespre a d among this class of molluscs . W hy this ad aptation w as not more common an d did not occur

a Pa a e rly in the leozoic is not known . Cert inly the number of

P a genera an d species of Paleozoic pelecypods is great . erh ps the best ex pl an ation for the sc arcity of this modiﬁc ation is given

Dac u é 1 92 1 2 96 a by q ( , p . ) who states th t the brachiopods were the domin ant group of anim als in the same typ e of environment in the Paleozoic th at the pelecypods occupied from the Mesozoic

R Ma a n Pa a a to the ecent . ny br chiopods duri g the leozoic tt ched W themselves to the h ard substrate by shell ﬁx ation . ith the r apid dis appear ance of numerous br achiopod genera at the end V ] 57 3 92 TH E NAUTILUS [ 0 . ( )

an d a of Permi a n time , their continued decre se in numbers

M s a a throughout the e ozoic , the similarly d pted pelecypods could take over the environmental niches left by the br achiopods . Adaptive r adi ation in the pelecypods h as been developed to its

x M a fullest e tent from esozoic time onw rd . As a resumé the following conclusions can be presented

1 M a a a a . embers of the f mily Ostreid e do not ppe r in the

P a E ra an d a leozoic , species described in this f mily belong to the

n ti P P seu dom o s a a a . genus o , a member of the superf mily ectin ce

ix a a a a 2 . F tion to the h rd substr te with the ccompanying modi ﬁ cati on s of shell morphology h ave so f ar deﬁnitely been proved to occur only in P seu dom on oti s which h as a geologic time r ange

P P a a from enn sylva ni a n through ermi n . Further investig tion m ay ﬁnd other ex amples of this a dapt ation an d even earlier c ases

ar e . H a of it than recorded here owever , these dditional cases will not alter the f act th at shell ﬁx ation by cementation in

a P a E r a pelecypods occurs r rely in the leozoic .

B IBLIOGRAP H Y

B ARRANDE 1 881 Ex a S du , J , tr ites du Systeme ilurien centre de la A h l 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 6 a ee 33 3 . cé és . S . Boheme , v . , p , ch ( pp , , pl , 1 ﬁgs . DAC U E E 1 92 1 V F or m en k u n de Q , . , , ergleichende biologische der B rn trae er ee 2 91 —2 97 334 ss o S . fo ilen niederen Tiere , g ( pp ,

’ HAA F 1 . 935 H K a s G . O , , , Dr . . Broun s l ssen und rdnungen des A I V 3 b . 3 A a erla e s Ed . t . . s Tierreich , , , T , Leipzig , k d g g ell h a f M H S ee 1 79—1 86 s sc t . . . B ( pp . , II IND W 1 9 4 A a s a . 0 t , , , monogr ph of the Bri i h C rboniferous a a a a P aleo n to r a h i a . l c . . e So L mellibr nchi t , v II , pt I II , g p , V ee 1 2 5 1 2 6 X X V S . . London , v . L III ( pp , , pl , fig . I S BERG O 1 934 S ii b er La m e llib ra n c h i ate n es Le a n a . d t e , , , tudien p ‘ a s Da la rn a I Izi k a n O h lsso n s k lke in , Lund , Buchdruckerei S e e 4 02 ( pp . ’ C S T 1 89 P o f th e l e lec o O N R . 0 a Mem . d . s JA K , , , hylogeny yp , Bo ton S o Na I Ii t I V V S ee 3 2 5 c . t s . . . . . , v , no III ( pp , KO N IN C 1 885 a d Ta l a i r . G de u ( c e a o K , L . , , F nne C rb nifere de la ’ e l i N An n Mu I s . a t du s d t . dc B lgique , . . Belgi q ue , t . XI , pt . 5 La m e 2 0 1 2 2 llih ra n ch es S e . X L fi e 0 . s 1 , ( pp , , pl , g . Mu m ni lsO N l ( V ERNE I L a n A R . E . 10 U d . e KE ER , . , , d Y S LI NG 1 845 , , Th e ( le o lo E e a n d the llra l M n a s ec I S . gy in urop ou t in ( V , 2 2 5 2 — . 3 3 3 3 1 X . 0 3 X fi l 3 . I . s . a p , v , pt , pp . , , pl , g c ) .

94 THE NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 )

A comprehensive programme of research should include

1 a A r e- a l i ( ) study of all shell ch racters , especial y h nge teeth , a general sh pe , the young , etc . , of both recent and fossil forms . i (b ) Comparison with the orig nal description s . 2 Preparation of clear descriptions and good ﬁgures of e ach species . 3 A natomical investigations .

As a ﬁrst step in this direction these preliminary remarks are ff O ered . The authors have been gathering data about the larger eas tern

h ae i ida h i um Mu forms of the family S p r e ( genera Sp aer , scu

i m a i i l u ) , and h ve found the follow ng pr nciples involved

1 a . That the myriad forms hitherto pl ced u nder the genera

S h aeri u m Mu scu li u p and m are generalized groups and/ or , in

a i i ev lu some c ses , species which are even today st ll undergo ng o

i on ar x a r e r e t y development . The generalized forms are e ctly p sented by the groups S ph aer i u m sulca tum and S ph aeri u m stria

ti n x um , both of which form a comple evolutionary structure of

a interrel ted (ecological and geographical ) units . 2 M i . That the genus ( so called ) uscul u m is in reality a di

Of S h a i a a a vision the genus p er um , and c nnot be sep r ted , on the

a a i a b sis of conchological char cters , from that genus . In th s st te ment we are in h armony with O lder American and European

cal culae a a opinion . The y of the shells are not a ch r cter of

a generic standing . It is noted , however , that in this genus further speci ation h as taken pl ace th a n within the genus Sph ae r i a m ( in the strict sense ) .

’ h r m zd h 3 . a ae i u m h o b o e nm ae ium Th t the species Sp r , S p r

walker i h a e i u i den tale S h ae i o n eu , S p r m occ , and p r um c r m form a

s a s a ep ra te group belonging together . The e h ve been included “ ” b V r neum S co . y Dr . ictor terki in the group They impress one as a group of true species rather th a n as a species with va ria

s a re all s tion . They loo ely linked together by the embryonic

s form , however .

4 a t x is s . Th t the su lca um comple di tingui shed by the uniform

s a a tri e n d the sh ape a n d l arge size of the embryonic specimens . I n a ll th es e species ( so c alled ) the s imil a rity of the very young

a n d a n e a a unborn s hell s is a s triking fe ture . O c n tr ce the de

ve lo m en t s a s s a p of the e into the v rious de cribed kind , but fund 1 9 E N Ja n . 44 TH UTIL 5 , ] A U S 9

men tally they form ( the embryos ) one group . The following are fo rms of su lca tum

S su lca tum Lam S sulca tu m la n a t m . u S p t . i nsi n e t m u m S . de s g St . a l e c nse li n ea tu m b s e St . t S . al len: as f St . cr su m S t . ak t n lli ti m d o e se St. e u t p c S . bscu u m scul t m u S t . o r St . p

a h a e i tr ia ti n a a 5 . Th t S p r um s um ( s group ) is distinguish able from the others by the more widely sp aced stri ae (when stri ae a re a present , specimens may be smooth or heavily stri ted ) , and

a i e . a x by the sh pe of the embryos ; . , lthough the te ture of the

a t tr a i n u a an shell is the s me in sulca u m and s i t m , if you t ke embryo of the s ame size from each of these the dorsal margi n of

s ulca tum i a stri a ti num the w ll be str ight , that of will be some w a a a str i a ti n u m what bent do nw rd in front of the be k . This m ke

E can less equilateral in shape . ven though one see the first steps toward speci ation within this group the indefinite limits of va riation are not su fii ci en tly stable to constitute ascertainable

s r specie . The following are forms of st ia ti num :

s tria ﬁi n li l cash en se u m Lam . y Baker r len t ri h ti co u um w St . p St . g m odestum t solidu lum P m S . ri e di u m can ad nse b a St e St . . m b ak e i u osu St St . r g . r li m r so du S to su m t . t . S

m a i n atum P deco r u m St . e rg rime

n ovan li a e wiscon si n en se St . g St . t n r m ltile e e u St . St . a

a tten u a tu m i lsb r an u m St . St . p y

le i i m m h en derson i St . v ss u St .

t i i n s a n eu m Conra d decli ve St .

o r b esi t m St . f S t . o b u su ’

la eve b rowm S t .

n o ta tum St co n ci n n u m S t . . i l a ns St b b osu m St e e . g . g la b u m S ver m on tan um P g r t . rime

acum in atu m P rime or n a tu m St .

dia h an u e ula e S t. p m St . r g r

la cu u ceri n u m St . m St .

r n S t . S . cu m b e la n di cum ede se St . r

n landeri la evi a tu m St . y St . g h S t i o en se . S em i n n t S . o . e s S . 96 THE NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 )

a Mu scu li a Mu sculi u m co n eu m 6 . Th t the ( ) stand close to the r

x a an d group . The ﬁne te ture of the shell is much the s me , very

ca r a M unlike that Of su l tu m or st i a ti n u m which is co rser . ost of M l h the uscu i a are also markedly more fragile th a n the S p aeri a .

ar e a aer walk eri S But the tougher forms s rugged as S ph i u m t.

W a a hen one studies the entire group , neither by me ns of dult ch aracters nor young specimens can one determine where one “ ” species leaves Off and a nother begins (within this

r H x M . errington has found th at by taking the e treme forms of Muscu li a an d pl a cing them along with the less e x treme that they “ ” O n e sa a ﬁt together like the pieces of a puzzle . might y th t this group is on the verge Of speci ation but still retains too many f O the gener a l char acteristics to be divided successfully now . The P ittsburgh member of this present survey feels th at per h aps we have been too greatly overshadowed by the complex in h P our comprehension of the Sp aeri idae . erhaps it is simply a — c ase of great simplicity a few groups widely dispersed an d ex tr em el a a A y v ri ble . t any rate this represents our present out

W e — a look . are seeing some light the more light s we see more

a Ea and more rel tionships within the mass of specimens . ch m ajor group is found to h ave a pattern of distribution and a p attern of anatomic al features which will undoubtedly lead to

x a a the proper vision of this v ast comple of nim l life . To assist u s in this work we ar e asking fellow conchologists to m ake an especi a l effort a t collecting both P leistocene and recent

a a P m teri l . The leistocene picture we hope will be the secret door to the app arent present day complex ity of the group .

a There , we hope , will our simpliﬁc tion be more strongly illus — trated a a a . a an d the p ttern more bro dly illumin ted Tod y , with ’ the specimens of tod ay s evolution we a re l aboring under a burdensome m ass O f observ ation an d specul ation freighted w ith

s a n a a mi conception s d f ll cies .

W e ask a a as a a— a a th t e ch collector will ple e give d t d te , elev

s s a s a s a . w tion , ﬂood condition , w ter hed , l ke , or tre m , etc , ith peci

n s s me ent in . l t m ay be interesting to others to know th at the C a rnegie

Mus eum is keepi n g the S terki Collec tion i n t act. under th e n ames

S e s e O a a h as a n d t rki u d . nly sm ll portion been removed reno

va ted s s W s e s a a as for thi tudy . e till need coll ction from m ny re

98 THE NAUTIL US [V OL 57 (3 )

TH E AP E R T U RAL R I D GE I N B ULI M UL US

B Y GORDON K M MI N . AC LLA

Car n egie Mu seum

Many species Of the genus B u li m u lus in the southern section of the United St ates are characterized by the presence of a ridge

a on the lower portion of the aperture . This ridge , which I h ve “ ” a a a a i n designated as the pertur l ridge , v ries gre tly thickness an d a is usu lly present close to the peristome , about the dis

a as a tance within the perture , or so far back to be ne rly hidden by the pariet al wall . There are a few specimens in which there

ar e a two of these ridges very close together , but in the m jority

of the specimens there is present only one ridge . Specimens

a i n P a 9 7 8 9 . with such ridges are illustr ted l te , ﬁgures , , “ ” The presence of these apertural ridges might indic ate a

a a resting st ge in the life of the sn il , much as the varices of some

r r of the large snails of the f amily O th ali ci dae. The thickness of the ridge prob ably indicates a longer or shorter period of estiva

an tion . In those specimens in which there is absence of the

a a as ridge , it might have been absorbed by the nim l it continued

an a su se to grow d enl rge its shell . For some reason , during the b

a a a ab quent growth of the nim l , m ny of these ridges were not

a sorbed and are thus present on the apertur l ﬂoor . “ ” The apertura l ridge h as been Observed in the following sn a ils

B u li m u lus dealb a tus dealb a tus B u li m u lus dealb a i -as liqua b ilis a R 9 ( S y ) ( eeve ) . Fig . . B u li m u lu s dealba tus ragsdalei B uli m u lus dealb a fu s oza rken sis P l r P ( i sb y ) ils . Ferr . B u li m u lu s dealb a tus p a tri B u li nm lus alter n a tus m ar iae a roh a s ( Albers ) B u li m u lu s dca lb a tus schi cde B u li m ul us a lter n a f us altern a tus m 8 . ( u s Fig . ( S ay ) B u li m u lns ( Icalb a tu s m oor can u s

7 . Fig .

There a re only a few references in mollu sc a n literature which “ m e ntion the e x istence of the apertura l ridge in an y O f the

s ec es B i l s W a 1 2 7 a S u l m u u . G . p i of . Binney on p ge in upple

m e nt to the Terrestri a l Ai r - Bre a thing Mollu sk s of the United

S a tes a n d A a N A c a 4 1 859 t dj cent Territories of orth meri , , , men a 1 944 TH E N UTILU S 9 9 J n . , ] A tions in the description of B uli m u l us a ll c rn a tu s S ay th a t th e “ l a brum ( in some s pecies ) with a thi c ken e d line or rib on the ” a r i s is a e h e a a n s inner s u b m g n . Thi repe t d in t L nd d Fre h

W a S s N A a a 1 1 86 9 a 2 00 an d ter hell of orth meric , p rt , , on p ge

A Ma a A a a S s 1 885 a 396 O n in nu l of meric n L nd hell , , on p ge . p ages 2 00 an d 397 respectively O f the l atter two public ation s a re “ a s s a the following rem rk concerning thi species , The perture ,

i s a a a an d h as a however , lw ys d rk , white , thickened rim within ” s an d s i s a s i s a the peri tome , Thi species re dily di t ngui h ble from the a llied forms by its da rk - colored a perture bordered ,

a a n a within with the white intern l m rgi of the perture . The a a a s a h as a perture , however , is lw y d rk , and white , thickened ” rim within the peristome .

dealb a tus m oor ean us The description O f B . in the

a an d s W a S s N A a a 1 i s L nd Fre h ter hell of orth meric , p rt , found

a 2 P a 00 . a s on p ge rt of this include the following not tion , “ ” peristome with an intern a l delic ate white rim . This is repea ted b y Binney in A Manu al of North Americ an L and

a 4 0 Shells on p ge 0 .

a - A a a a an d a Mol In Biologia Centr li meric n , L nd Freshw ter

s a 1 893 a 2 44 E a Ma a ex lu c , , on p ge , du rd von rtens , fter having “ ” am in ed a B m a i a e x i n number of specimens of . r from Te as ’ G a W B i n n e G . s erm n collections , endorses . y remarks concerning “ B uli m ulu s a lter n a tu an s a s d quote p rt of it as follows , This spe cies is re adily distingui sh able from the allied forms by i ts

a - a a a d rk colored perture , with the white intern l m rgin of the ” “ Ma a a a peritreme . von rtens l so s ys th t the thickened white ” line or rib on the inner sub m a r gi n a grees well with our s pecies

B u li m ulus a lter na tus of .

D r H A P ils r M 1 1 1 897 1 2 9 . b a a . . y , nu l of Conchology , , , , men “ ” s a s a a tion th t the peri tome cute , or with rib within of

B u li m u l ns O r th t i a a t s a ( o o m u m ) de lb u ( S y ) . Among the l arge li st O f mollusc a collected in the s outhwestern St ates were specimens of B u lim u lus dealb a tu s li qu a b ilis ( Reeve ) “ a n d B r a dal Pi l r a re s M s a d s ei sb . s . . g ( y ) The e li ted in the ollu c of the Southwestern St ates II in the P roceedings of the Ac ad , , 1 35 1 3 Na a P a a 58 1 906 7 . emy of tur l S ciences Of hil delphi , , ,

Of Pi lsb r an d ss s a a s s the former , y Ferri t te th t the hell of Lee 1 00 TH E NAU TIL US [V OL 57 ( 3 )

V AR IAT I O NS O F S PI S S ULA S O LI DI S S I M A D I L LW Y N

B Y M RRI K A O N O S . J C B SO

The species th at is the subject of this p aper manifests certain 1 2 R pronounced v ari ations . V errill in 87 noted ( eport upon the

A a V S 358 a Inv . nim ls of ineyard ound , p . ) there is gre t

a a i n l n a v ri tion the form of the shel , some bei g ov l , others more

an d a a a oblong or elliptical , others ne rly tri ngul r ; some are

l all i a swol en , others quite compressed , but the ntermediate gr des ” O can a x i occur . This bservation be m de by anyone who e am nes

a a i even cursorily series of m ture shells . It might be of nterest to h ave these v ari ations m athematically ex pressed . The chief variations m ay be deﬁned as foll ows : the degree Of ov alness (the ratio of height to length ) ; the degree of in equ ilateraln ess (the dist ance of the umbo from the center ) the askew ness (the angle

a an an formed by the gre ter d lesser diameters ) ; d the Obesity .

a a This p per will discuss the ﬁrst three , le ving the last for a

a subsequent ess y . This species is easily the most prominent mollusc an feature of

a a i n our east coast oce n be ches . Though actual numbers it may

M ti lu edu li s a is a be second to y s Linne , the l tter not so notice ble because of its much sm aller size and deﬁnite loc aliz ation on

S i l a a s an d . ssu a rock , jetties posts p is occ sion lly thrown upon A 4 a N . 3 our beaches in incredible numbers . rthur J cot ( aut

59f a a ) estimated , after a violent winter storm , th t no less th n a nim al s to the mile h ad been c ast up along a be ach

x A . i that e tends ﬁve miles in either direction lmost every w nter ,

a a when severe storms undercut l rge reefs , our be ches are literally

a a piled high with live biv lves , where , preserved by the n tural

a a a refrigeration of winter , they provide l sting fe st for the gulls . The shells represented in this study were collected at r a ndom

a at R a a New on the be ch ock w y , York , care being taken however

a s a an to reject v lve too b dly eroded or broken , d to limit the se

s O f a lection to shell medium or l rge size . The shells studied 1 82 a . . a a v ried in length from mm to mm , the ver ge size

A a being mm . lthough no ttempt w as m ade to select right or left v a lves ( actu ally there h a ppened to be 54 left valves an d

4 6 as a s a a a right ) , in no c e were both v lve of the s me nim l chosen .

102 TH E NAUTILUS [ V OL 57 ( 3 )

l n h 1 m 037 5 . an u b o e t . 7 h ave / g ratio of anywhere between and .

a u m o len h 094 a S imil rly an b / gt ratio of . might h ve its corre

i n h ei h len h 5 33 8 . on d t t 65 . sp g g / g between . and The ﬁndings ,

as f ar as a then , the deduction of formul e or rules is concerned , ar e an a a completely negative , d the uthor le ves in the hands of competent biologists an d paleontologists the determination Of the

a a a morphologic l signiﬁcance of the v ri tions studied .

W a A f an d a . O The kind interest dvice of Dr . illi m Clench

H a a a a x Mr Ra rv rd is cknowledged , and th nks e pressed to . ndolph

Gun th ert A a H S New M of John d ms igh chool , York and iss Frieda Rosenfeld of Hunter College for aid in the mathem atic al an d a st tistical aspects of the paper .

TA BLE I

The ﬁrst column ex presses the um b o/ len gth r atios the second the number of shells for e ach r atio .

Ratio from 030—0 34 035—0 39 040—0 44

04 5- 0 49 050—0 54 055—0 59 060—0 64 065—0 6 9 070—0 74 075—0 79 080—0 84 085—0 89 090—0 94 095—0 99

Tota l 1 00

i 93 s a a 032 a s . 0 . The me n , the tand rd devi tion . 1 9 E N U an . 44 TH TIL 1 3 J , ] A U S 0

TA B LE I I

s h e i h t len th a s repre ents the g / g r tio .

750—7 54 755—7 59 76 0 76 5—7 6 9 7 70 775 780—7 84 785 790 795 800—8 04 805 81 0—8 1 4 81 5—8 1 9 82 0—8 2 4 82 5—8 2 9 830—8 34

Total 1 00

a 737 a 0 The me n is . the stand rd deviation 35 .

TA BLE II I

In this t able are represented the v ari ations in the a ngle formed

i . e s a an a . by the inter ection of the gre ter d lesser di meters , the a n ss skew e of the shells .

Degrees Shell s 90—94 7 95—99 2 7 1 00—1 04 37 Total 1 00 1 04 TH E NAUTIL US [ V OL 57 ( 3 )

TABLE I V

This t able represents the correl ation between the ratios of an T able I d Table II .

Heigh t/ len gth Actu al r atios um b o/ len gth ratios

650- 6 54 6 55—6 59

675 9 6 80—6 84 6 5—6 8 89 . 097 6 90—6 94 1 32 . 695—6 9 1 0 1 3 9 07 . 78 0 , , 700 05 1 7 . 08 3 4 0 6 1 053 . 7 0 . 08 . 09 . 9 , , , , 1 1 1 1 1 6 0 3 . 3 . , . , 1 1 075 . 0 3 00 7 5 058 . 8 , , , . ,

0 09 1 1 4 . 77 7 , ,

1 1 3

1 3 . 9

1 4 . 4

1 0 9 . 6 8 , 0

1 00

I I l ra s r e re se e b c rres u l r a s a re e . / tio , not p nt d y o ponding / tio , omitt d

106 THE NAU TILUS [V OL 57 ( 3 ) seum some specimens of a C onus from Florid a th at undoubtedly i s on us ver u cosu s a sub s eciﬁ c close to C r , but deserves distinct p

a a a a design tion . In honor of the indef tig ble student of Florid

a a : m lacology , to whom we owe this striking form , I am c lling it

’

onu s ver u cosus van h m n i . C r y g , new subspecies It resembles

erruc u h a a a v os s but s ground color Of distinct pinkish tint , with

a b e the interior of the outer lip simil rly colored near the edge ,

- coming orange brown deeper within the aperture . In the typical N a . o . form the perture is white within The type ,

537863 a H 1 a . : 7 . , me sures eight , mm ; di meter , mm It and

W A R a Off a a s . o four p r type were collected by . yce on a be ch

P a — H A EH a a R ER . omp no , Brow rd County , Florid . . D

M ARAGDIA I RI I VI RIDEM ARI Ma — u 3 1 1 94 S V D S S ury O December , 0 , “ D r H D R s s S New N a . enry . u sell publi hed ome eritid e from the ” W a E a est Indies , wherein he proposed c lling the urope n green

S m ar a di a vi ri dis é an d W a nerite , g Linn , giving the est Indi n

iﬁ i r i w e se . desc su b s ec c a S v . s form the new p n me of . y In his p

an d a tion he does not include the white form , rem rks that only 3 to 1 5 per cent of the specimens from an y one lot h ave the

s - browni h red broken lines .

‘ i M ﬂf P a r ecen dre n i n . O In the t dg gs of T . L . cG ty in fms lm

a a a S m a a di n Be ch , Florid , were found sever l r g , pure white , with

a a a s s a milky zigz g m cul tion , the e in p rt outlined with double ,

- H A Pil b r a . D r a . . s thre d like , d rk brown , broken lines enry y s a P A N i 1 92 1 396 a a S c . . . a at . t tes ( roc c d . , , p ) th t the zigz g stripes ar e quite prevalent on specimen s from the Gab b collee

S a M a a a tion , nto Domingo iocene , giving them more the ppe r nce

E a of the urope n species . There being no su b sp ec iﬁc n ame for the recent West Indi a n

s S m a ra di a. th e s w specimen of g with broken line . we ould propose

' a ir ide m a ms Ma s \Vo odri n S v . v to c ll them . ury u ed by g

S a D n a n a a c a M c for the nto omi go d J m i n io ene form , either green — h as a s s E NNE S . or white , which the zigz g , browni h line J A

S O H W EN O EL .

O ni N A VA N P 3 S EL s 9 . L N H Y l s . a , new pecie l te , Figure hell

te c li n dro - c o n c a c o w e a a x a minu , i p le horn lored ith irr gul r i l y ,

- s ff . whit e m a rki n gs th at. giv e to th e s urfa c e a w at e red ilk e ect Nu c l eu s dee ply immers e d in th e fi rst p os tn u c lea r whorl which 1 9 N 1 an . 44 TH E UTI L S 07 J , ] A U

a as Pos n l a lend s to th e shell a trunc ted pect . t uc ea r whorl s r ther s a n d s a b a high between ummit uture , m rked y irregul r incre a s a a ax a s ment l lines which omewh t simul te i l rib . Suture very P ns r . a a deeply co t icted eriphery well rounded . B se somewh t

a a a . A a inﬂ ted , well rounded , n rrowly umbilic ted perture r ther a a l rge , ov te ; outer lip thin , evenly curved ; inner lip rendered s at n igmoid by the strong folds the i sertion of the columell a . N 346 650 O . V an H n The type , , was collected by T . y

P h a a . 5 n l ar St. s o e ing in Big B you , etersburg , Florida It p st u c H s an d a : . a 8 whorl me sures eight , mm ; greater di meter , . .

N 346 651 a 4 a o . cont ins topotypes from the s me source , ’ Mr V i n — a r an H n s n P L T H . n d 1 7 more a e in . y g collectio AU BAR S C

AR AN rN — I n a T r. attempting a supergeneric cl ssiﬁcation of the

a Tu r r idae i x f mily , us ng soft parts , radula and shell for e pressing ’ 1 4 a n Tar an i n i 90 . rel tio ship , the disposition of Casey s tribe (

a a n A a S t 1 4 Tr ns ctio s of the c demy of ciences of S . Louis , volume ,

1 68—1 69 a pages ) has come up for consider tion .

s Ta an i eff r e 1 870 A M The type genu r s J ys ( . nnals and agazine Na a H 4 5 a 447 of tur l istory , series , volume , p ge has for the typ e

’ T n i m r h M A re- x a i i a ra s O c i alm . e m nation of the an mal of this ’ species enables us to agree with Krause s st atement ( 1 887 .

a a Nor li h en N 2 0 Beitr g zur m rinen Fauna des d c orwegen , page ) th at the operculum and radul a are absent and that the siphon is moderately long and the single feather - like gill h as the ﬁla

a ments on one side . To this may be dded that very small eyes are present an d situated not on the tentacles as is usu ally the

Tu r r ids i b e case in , but slightly on each side of the median l ne

a tween them . There is no pronounced posterior sinus . C sey evidently mistook the median keel for it . The nuclear whorls bear num erous ﬁn e spiral threads an d incremental l ines which give the spaces between them a somewhat pitted appearance .

I n u all a am s mming up of these ch racters , I led to believe that

is Turrid this genus not . I am equally undecided where else to ’ a a a Taran i n i place it . It seem s possible th t Casey s trib l n me

Taran idae may have to be changed to . Nuclea r ch ar acters ex clude the West Atlantic species referred

V l l a h i tom a am oen a S a here by erri l and Da l . The R p rs listed

Ta an i s am n as r oe a by subsequent authors , while it resembles

Ta a i R an n a . a d r s, bears no rel tions hip to it dula the rest of the

a a ar r — P R T H e Tur i L S C . ch r cters d. AU BA 1 08 THE NAUTIL US [ V OL 57 ( 3 )

’ HEMPH ILL S CATALOGUE OF THE LAND AND F RESH WATER

HELL F T H — i a l 1 6 S S O U A Th s title appears on smal mo . leaﬂet

in O in 1 8 8 H H published akland , California 7 by enry emphill .

i n This must be a rare publication . It is not quoted at all the — bibliography of Chamberlin an d Jones A Descriptive Catalog M 1 9 4 1 u l U . 0 of the oll sca of Utah (Bu l . Univ . of tah , , no , pp . ’ 2 03 A n Pil r L M , gain , it is not quoted i sb y s and ollus ca

N i P l . A M A Nat. S c . of orth merica ( onographs cad . hi adelphia no 1 1 3 . , , pt , where the names are credited to B inney or H 1 886 emphill Binney under the date of .

S U in troduc Though the title covers the tate of tah , the brief “ s s l tion state thi remarkable series of land she ls , collected by me during last summer and fa ll in the canyons of the W assatch ” 2 M . 6 ts . U , tah The list of species of freshwater shells , how l O i in ever , wou d indicate that these , at least , were bta ned terri W s M a h tory beyond the limits of the ah atch ountains . [Wass tc and W asatch are alternate spellings ] Hemphill has included the O quirrh range as part of the W assatch Mountains and Utah i M Lake is in the basin between these two mountain cha ns . any O of the freshwater shells were btained from this lake . “ The few descriptive remarks hardly constitute description n i of the few names ﬁrst i troduced in th s list , all in the genus “ ” h elix P Oreo . atula [ ] However , the terms do cover brieﬂy the varieties in question and are certainly equal in value to a host of names that have been employed by many of his contemporaries , — W ILLI LEN d M . H and now accepted as vali A J C C .

1 10 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 4 )

a m axim u Li m x s is , when fully grown , about two inches long ; ” m ax a vus w as ﬂ is somewhat smaller , would indicate that she unfamili ar with the species mentioned and that she was dealing

M a with other slugs . In later years both orris C ruthers and the

ax i m us at a a a writer have failed to ﬁnd L . m L gun Be ch . It is said by some authors th at this species will not eat green m i m a a L . ax us chlorophyllaceous veget ble m tter . Specimens of which I had in con ﬁnement did eat the dark green leaves of

a a a e rom ine . In addition to various tender veget bles they also t r aw beef and were Observed to attack and rea dily devour live

D r r r t n i n i n ter m edi us specimens of e oce as ag es e a d Ar o . LI M AX FL AVUS Linnaeus

a This is the l rgest of our common slugs in southern California . An unusually l arge specimen ( preserved in 4 % form aldehyde ) 2 0 a 2 0 . H . A collected in my y rd at S arvard Blvd , Los ngeles ,

a a me sures inches ( 1 1 2 mm . ) in length . In a y rd in Long

a a s Beach , I found a colony of bout three dozen individu l which

made their home in a ﬁssure in the earth about eight inches deep . At night they would come out and cr awl about the yard in

a search of bits of g rbage . It is fond of fungus growths and is

a commonly found bout rotten wood . I have frequently taken it

in a A x a c vity in a rotten log . t one time I e amined a rotten tree trunk immedi ately after it h ad blown dow n an d this species and Li m ax m argi n atus were found in cavities in the wood at least 1 2 feet from the bottom of the trunk . There were numerous

a slime trails over the outside of the b rk . It is fond of tender

a an d a a veget bles specimens in captivity h ve readily e ten lettuce ,

a a a an d w as ar ticu rom ine , c bb ge , carrot , potato turnip . It p

lar l a y found of rom ine root .

A Ma 1 1 942 an d El M a . single specimen taken in onte , C lif , y , , which when fully ex tended to slender proportion s me asured 2 5

a x a a s w as a o n ﬁn e mm . long ( ppro im tely 30 d y old ) pl ced in c

an d s a s s w as a ment i ol ted from other lug . It fed princip lly on

w as a x a s 2 6 lettuce . It p pro im tely inche long on December ,

1 n s a 943 ( about 6 34 d ays or 2 1 month s old ) . O thi d te two eggs

s A a s - a h ad a a were depo ited . pp rently elf fertiliz tion t ken pl ce

as 1 5 a s a O n a a 2 3 1 944 a . the eggs b tched d y l ter J nu ry , , three

s s w more egg were deposited but the e ere sterile . The two young

s e pecim n s h a ve since continued to grow . A 1 944 TH E N UTIL S 1 1 1 pril , ] A U

I h ave pe rson ally collected Li m ax ﬂa vu s from numerous loc ali

a a a S an a Los A s a n d a ties in Santa B rb r , Bern rdino , ngele O r nge

Counties .

L I MAX M ARGI NATUS Muller

This species i s second only to Der o ceras agr es f e in its a bun

a a a d nce and wide distribution in southern C liforni . The writer h as pe rson a lly collected Li m ax m argi n atu s from numerous lo ca lities S a a a a a an R s L s A in nt B rb r , S Bernardino , iver ide , o n

s an d a Of a a gele Or nge Counties . The collection the C liforni Ac ademy O f Sciences conta ins specimens from as f ar north as

K a a a a a irkwood , Teh m County , C liforni . In spite of its bun

a d nce and wide distribution , there are , to date , but two pub lish ed O f N A 1 91 7 records its occurrence in orth merica . In

a a Cockerell reported it from greenhouse in Boulder , Color do ; an d a a 1 930 a a a a a 3 g in in , he reported it from S nt Cat lin Isl nd . The l ack of records of this slug seems due to its confusion with

r i m m a i a I/ im ax m ax u s . L cert in color fo ms of Internally . rg n a tus is chara cterized by a posteriorly directed rectal caecum an d a digitiform appendicular structure which is attached to

m a i m us . L . x the penis . Both of these structures are absent in

S n a o pecimens in co ﬁnement fed on dec y ed wood , lettuce , p

a a an d A a t to , turnip , c bbag e calla lily ﬂowers . l dy once told me th at something was ruining her calla lilies and th at she sus

e d a A a s p cte that the d mage was being done by slugs . few d y later I received from her a sm a ll b ox conta ining two or three

L m ar i n a tu s calla lily ﬂowers . The slugs ( . g ) were there too , still eating . Another interesting O bservation on Li m ax m argi n a tus is the

a - u r otom - a a s tendency to uto y , or self mput tion of the po terior

a end of the body . I h ve frequently noticed specimens in my yard with a noticeable constriction about three -fourth s of the

A s dist ance b ack from the posterior edge of the m antle . peci

a a Ma 30 1 943 s s co n str ic men t ken from my y rd on y , , howed thi tion quite pronounced with the a re a posterior to it shrunken as

if from atrophy resulting from restricted circul ation . The

specimen w as conﬁned an d furni shed an abund a nce of food .

2 N r 1 9 1 7 1 2 rua . a u us . 3 0 . 0 e til , vol , p , F b y , 3 I 2 r 1 9 3 9 . 5 . 1 3 6 bid . , vol . , p , Ap il , 1 1 2 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 4 )

Two weeks l ater the posterior end was quite ﬁlled out but a r e W m a ining slight constriction w as deﬁnitely noticeable . hen the slug was h andled the constriction aga in became more pro n ou n ced. The only instances observed of complete self amputation of the posterior portion of the body have been in

a specimens while in the drowning jar . I h ve before me a set of

i L m ar i n atu a No eleven spec mens of . g s t ken in my yard on 1 1 41 Af vem b er 5 9 . , ter drowning they were preserved in alco f hol . O these eleven , three show no signs of constriction ; four

S how deﬁnite evidence Of constriction ; two are short with blunt

x posterior e tremities , suggesting constriction when very young

- a i deﬁ with consequent non development of their t ils ; two , w th

at nite constriction time of collecting , accomplished complete

- a a a self mput tion of their t ils while in the drowning jar . Though

a P r o h saon h as a h as a this h bit in p y long attracted ttention , it p

ar l i m ar i n t p ent y been overlooked in L ax m g a us .

DERO CERAS A GRESTE ( Linnaeus )

In southern C alifornia this is by f ar the most abun d ant spe

s s an d ar e cie of slug , both in number in locality records . There numerous color forms which are united by complete i n ter gr ada

a a tion . Interbreeding has been observed to t ke pl ce between

s a i s diver e color forms indiscriminately . Intern lly the species ch ar acterized by a m any lobed peni al gland an d by the presence

Of a a a a a rect l c ecum . The penial gland v ries gre tly . There is ab solutely no relation between the v ari ation in color an d the

a a a s v ri tion of the penial gl nd . Though de cribed as h aving a

a a a a pointed t il , cert in of the fully m ture individu ls h ave a some wh at chi sel - sh aped t ail resembling in this respect D eroceras la eve Mii ller S a ( ) . ome of our color forms h ve been confused

la eve . a m a a with D . The l tter y be re dily di stingui shed b y the a a a D ero ceras a r t bsence of a rect l c ecum . g es e usu a lly e x udes milky slime when h andled roughly while la c ve e x udes clea r

s a a ll s colorle s slime t time . Though abund ant in the S an Fr an

s B a o f s a ci co y region , I know no in t nce of the occurrence of

D r a s a e ocer as l eve in outhern C liforni a .

D ERO CERAS GRA CI LE ( Ra ﬁ n esqu e )

Thi s slug i s quite gen erallv distributed over Los Angeles an d

O an a a n a r ge Counties though I h ve at no pl ce fou d it bundant .

1 14 TH E NAU TILUS [ V OL 57 ( 4 ) dec ided yellowish cast while the slugs were living but less notice i n n A able the preserved specime s . single large specimen from

E a P A a lysi n ark , Los ngeles , had a deﬁnite dors l stripe of the

ii r keel , suggesting M . sower b ( Fé ussac ) . It had the character isti c globose spermatheca which would identify it as gag ates.

ANADENULUS COCKE RELLI ( Hemphill )

When origi nally described the type loc ality w as given as Cuya ’

a M . an H mac ts , S Diego County , Calif . emphill s types , now A in the California cademy of Sciences , are indicated as being “ ”

an . from Julian , S Diego County , Calif For over ﬁfty years An aden u lu s was known only from the type lot originally col

h as lected by Henry Hemphill . The writer succeeded in ﬁnding

i M a specimens at the follow ng localities : Upper ill rd Canyon ,

an G Mts A Calb aden S abriel . , Los ngeles County ; Canyon , P H A P uente ills , Los ngeles County ; Carbon Canyon , uente H s O S Re ill , range County ; Limestone Creek above antiago ser

a . voir , Or nge County This species bears a superﬁcial resemblance to a small speci

’ men of P r op h ysaon an dersom but the tripartite sole of An a,

fﬁ n en u lus . O e d is su cient for easy recognition specimen , appar

2 . x ently fully adult , measures 8 mm long when fully e tended . The longest preserved specimen in my collection me asures 2 0

S a . mm . The color varies . ome individuals are ne rly black

Young specimens are generally darker than adult specimens . There ar e genera lly two undul ating longitudin a l yellow stripes

a a on the m ntle . These may be bordered on either side by bl ck

M th e stripes . In a specimen from illard Canyon outer black stripes ar e conspicuous with the area between the two yellow

stripes only slightly darker than the yellow stripes themselves . The distinct dors al keel is lighter i n color th an the rest of the

a s a a b ck and in ome individuals there is deﬁnite dors l stripe .

a The distinctly tripartite sole is irregul rly dotted with bl ack . These bl ack dots are more numerou s a long the longitudin a l grooves which sep ar a te the medi a n a re a of the sole from the l atera l a reas .

H ES PERARION H EM PH ILLI ( Binney )

Previou sly known only from Al a med a a nd S an Mateo Coun

s h as i t tie , the writer found to be quite widely distributed in 1 944 TH E N U TILU S 1 1 5 April , ] A

es the wooded c anyon s in Los Angeles an d O range Counti . I h ave tak en it in the followi ng southern C aliforni a loc alities

o s A s A S a M a Can Elysi an Park , L ngele ; rroyo eco C nyon , ill rd

A a a an Ga M a s Los An yon and S anta nit C nyon , S briel ount in ,

a a An a a a S a a S a geles County ; S nt C nyon , Bl ck t r C nyon , ilver do

an d a a Sa a An a M t s O a C any on Tr buco C nyon , nt oun ain , r nge

County . Southern Californi a specimens are somewhat darker along th e dorsal a re a th an specimens I have seen from the S an Francisco B ay region but they h ave the ch aracteristic markings on the sides an d the milky white sole . Internally the structures agree with descriptions of the northern specimens .

EW E NU S O F TUR RI D S B UR CHI A, A N G

BY PAUL BARTSCH

a f Mr A R Th nks to the kind o fices of . Thomas . Burch of edondo

a a a x n a a Beach , C liforni , I have been ble to e ami e the nim l of 52 a a N . p r types of the mollusks that h e described ( autilus , vol ,

' 1 93 1 —2 l t m a ii n ata r edon doensis 8 . 2 2 Pseu dom e a o sem , pp ) as ﬂ , dr edged by him in 2 5 fathoms on gravel bottom off Redondo

Beach . The placing of this mollusk was quite puzzling . In

a A i n la i s shell char cters it suggests the frican Cl o el , whose typ e

B u c in u m i n t a c s u a um Born . The r dular structures , however ,

a li on ella h as a quite remove this from that rel tionship , for C

a a Y - a a r chidian tooth as well s sh ped marginals , which pl ces it ’ a l v in the subf mily C a atu li n ae . Burch s mollusk , on the other

a a ss s s Y h nd , shows not a trace of a rachidi n tooth , but po e se

a a a a a a sh ped m rgin ls only , character th t pl ces it in the sub

a T rr i n a f mily u ae . Since there is no genus in this subf mily to

r edon do ensis which may be referred , I here propose for it the n ame

B R H IA s U C , new genu

Nu S a a s a . hell l rge , turrited , covered by strong perio tr cum s P clear whorl s small (b adly eroded in all our specimen ) . ost nuclear whorls with a concave sin a l area which ex tends over the a - x posterior third of the turns . The nterior two thirds are conve 1 1 6 TH E ‘ N AUTIL U S [ V OL 57 (4 )

low x and crossed by strong , , broad , retractively slanting a ial a a f ew ribs which evanesce on the base . The sin l rea shows a a incised spiral lines , while the entire rest of the surf ce bears a i n feeble , rather dist ntly spaced , spiral threads which become ten iﬁed l S . s on the base and colume la . uture well impressed

a m . Base moder tely rounded . Colu ella short and stout The r li i V - ape ture is ovate . The outer p w th a deep posterior shaped sinus below the summit ; anterior c an a l r ather broa d ; inner lip reﬂected over the columell a and parietal wall as a heavy callus which may be somewhat thickened at the posterior angle of the O u a aperture . percul m sm ll , oval , with a low ridge on the right an d a a b side pic l nucleus , marked on the outside y concentric lines R a Y - of growth . adul with shaped marginals only .

Type : B u rchi o r edondoensi s ( Burch ) P se udom elatom a

e ii n at r n n s m ﬂ a edo doe sis Burch ) . Here I am likewise placing B u r chi a clion ella ( D all ) ( 2 Leu co sy ri n x cli on ella Dall ) described in 1 908 in the Bulletin of the

M f a 4 3 a 2 0 O 7 . useum Comp rative Zoology , volume , p ge The

1 2 31 2 5 w as No . type , , of this species dredged by the

a Alb a tross at 3394 U. S . Bureau of Fisheries ste mer station in

1 An the Gulf of P anama in 5 1 fathoms . additional series of

9 069 Alb a tross N . specimens , o 7 , was dredged by the at

a 2 92 M a E 4 01 s st tion 7 off ant , cuador , in fathoms . The e speci mens agree in r a dular characters as well as shell a ppeara nce ’ with Burch s species .

T AX O NO M I C H EAD AC H E S

BY PAUL BA RTS CH

a a a and H er The Sphaeriid e , Prelimin ry Survey , Brooks

N 5 93—97 s . 7 rington , autilus , vol , pp . , is mo t interesting and I hope as the title indic ates will resul t i n their prep aration of a

a summ ary volume upon this f mily .

a W a a a a Shortly fter coming to shington , lmost h lf century a o h ad a s D r S an d u s g , we vi it from . terki , the two of in our ’ leis ure hours combed the stre ams a bout the n ation s c a pital for

- s a an x fresh w ater mollusks . Thi g ve me e cellent opportunity of becoming a cqu a inted not only with S terki as the m an ( a lov able ch a ra cter ) but h is wid e knowledge as a ﬁeld n atura list a n d a a a H is Mol l bor tory worker . knowledge was not conﬁned to

1 1 8 TH E NAU TILUS [V OL 57 ( 4 )

problem . It is interesting in this connection to note how some of our w aterfowl still follow the westwa rd course at the foot of

a o a th e the glaciers of long g , when they proceed westw rd from a e stern seaboard .

a a Then there is a second problem , prob bly the much gre ter ,

a . a namely , the question of hybridiz tion This , when speciﬁc lly

a a Men distinct species are able to m te , ppears to produce not

n r a e iﬁ delian features such as we get in i t sp c c crossings , but an

a f ar as x endless number of vari nts most of which , as e periments

a in mollusk breeding show , are ev nescent , but some are capable x es of continuing their kind . Some of these mutating comple occupy limited a reas and may be the result of a mi x ing of an m immigrant waif with a local race . It seems to me what is eces sary in the study of these small bivalves is the gathering of a large series of specimens ( not a few isolated individuals as usu ally reach the Museum tax onomists ) to seew h ow ﬁ x ed or v ari

Ex a able the forms from each locality may be . periment l breed

a ing also seems indic ated . Finally I am mindful th t when one

a a a a uses aquari , in m ny cases a dep uperiz tion occurs in suc ceedi n P or g generations due to possibly a change in h or food , ’ a a a combin tion of other ecologic factors . I c n t help but feel that immigr ants brought into new environments m ay respond

a simil rly . The working l abor atory t ax onomist pondering upon th e whence an d why does not face an e asy t ask in endeavoring the

x ﬁ ation of a name th at is to hold for all time to come .

s as m a The geologic record , intere ting it y be , will furnish more

a a a factors but not complete solution , for the d ys of yesterd y presented problems with as many ramiﬁc ations and i nter digita

a tions as the problems of tod y .

P E R UV IAN LAND M O L L U S CA— II

H N Y P I LS B RY BY E R A .

The following sn a il s were selected as new from a long series

b W W a a of Peruvian s pecies sent y Dr . . eyr uch of Lim . They w ere collected by h i m during tr avels in the interior in the course A 1 944 TH E N TIL S 1 19 pril , ] AU U

h is r s m of work on economic entomology . Furthe specie will for

s a third in s t al lment of this eries .

I P a 1 1 P DARA Z RRO . s 6 a SA P A , new species l te , Fig . 6 ,

s a a s x The very thin hell is n rrowly umbilic te , the pire conve , ar e x n ne periphery well rounded . The whorls conve a d joi d a ss a by deeply impre ed suture , the l st whorl only very slightly a a descending in front . Color very p le brown m rked with three n arrow d a rk brown b ands which ar e interrupted into hy phen s a s s h ped spots , the spots of the upper erie connected with the suture by short r adi a l brown streaks ; the ﬁrst whorls whit s x ish . The surface is dull , the ﬁr t whorl smooth , ne t whorl with a S l a lo w close microscopic radi ating stri e . ubsequent whor s h ve u neven wrink les of growth and low pa pill ae arr anged in ob li qu ely descending order though not very regul a r ; on the b ase

a a . a a the p pill e become lower The perture is wide , lun te , the peristome r ather n arrowly ex panded in its outer and bas a l m ar a x a gins , dilated ne r the a i l insertion , covering a small part of H 1 1 . . the u mbilicus . eight mm , diameter mm

Y an an o H a P 1 00 g , near u capistana , eru , at 8 meters . Type A 1 80355 NSP .

’

P . catem er a a It belongs to the group of f of Colombi ,

P ta a a m P P a and differs from . c r ( hilippi ) and other eruvi n spe

x cies by the conve spire .

E PIP H RAGM PH R T 4 A L a 1 1 s . O O HU . P A A A PA , new species l te , Fig , 4 a 5 ,

l a The she l is umbilic te , the umbilicus rapidly widening in the h alf a 4 a last turn , cont ined about % times in the di meter ; de a a pressed , the height cont ined times in the di meter , the spire in a x . be g but slightly conve , the periphery rounded Color w rm a a th e white with chocol ate b a nd about mm . wide bove a a a periphery , bordered by a whitish b nd of the s me width bove a a s a i s and wider one below . The peripher l whiti h b nd fol

- a a a at . lowed by cinn mon brown b and , f ding its lower edge a The upper surface h as a dull ch amois tint above the light b nd ,

- s s a i s wi th two r ather faint cinn a mon brown b a nd . The urf ce ss w scu tu re a s a n d a glo y , ith p of ﬁne , unequ l growth wrinkle ﬁn e a al a as a s s s s , we k m le tion on the l t whorl , which l o how ome 1 a a s a a s 1 ls sc ttered tr ce of we k spir l groove , the embryonic A, whor i s a a x s as s be ng mooth . The r ther we kly conve whorl incre e lowly to a s s a the wide l st turn . The uture de cends r ther deeply to the a a a perture . The perture is strongly oblique , rounded , little

a a a n d a s s . wider th n high , showing d rk white b nd in ide The 1 2 0 TH E NAUTILUS [V OL 57 ( 4 )

peristome is nearly white , the parietal wall forming less th an - is an d one fourth . It narrowly reﬂected on the outer bas al u are a margins , and the pper , which is less curved , is n rrowly x e panded .

H a eight mm . , di meter mm . width of aperture with peristome , mm . ; whorls . 1 2 A a a P 31 00 a . 80 06 ndahu yl s , eru , meters elev tion Type P ANS .

1 This species resembles H eli x m acasi Higgins in gener al

f a a form and coloration . It di fers by the sm ller perture , its

- greatest width less th a n one h a lf of the di ameter of the shell . ’ 2 H m ascasi as as a K In iggins ﬁgure of , well in th t of obelt , the o f wi dth of aperture ex ceeds h alf of the di ameter . The width

a a umbilicus is about alike , being cont ined bout times in the ’ m acasi 5 K diameter in our shell , and in about times . In obelt s

a 7 a . ﬁgure it is distinctly smaller , cont ined times in the di meter

a 5 Both of these uthors give the number of whorls as , while our sh ell has only

ff a a In view of these di erences , and the r ther wide sep ration

a ﬁ a A a a a a of the localities , speci c st tus for the nd hu yl s sn il seems indicated .

5 a a N a Fig . is sm ller form of the species , from inabamba , ne r

A a P a 1 900 t . y cucho , eru , meter elevation The specimen ﬁgured

as a me ured mm . diameter , nother mm .

B ULI MU LI DAE

When I revised the cl assiﬁc ation of the Bulimulid ae ne a rly 3 ﬁfty years ago the genus B u lim u lu s w as left with r ather wide

s a limits . The subgenera were grouped in three divi ions ccord

s As a a r i n g to the sculpture of the apic a l whorl . gener e some

a s a a wh t more narrowly limited now , it seems de ir ble to llow s s a am ome groups of B u lim u li the generic t tus . I therefore “ a a P a s B u lim u li tre ting the m inly eruvi n Divi ion I , with smooth ’” r apic a l whorls as genu s B os tryx . The limits of B os t y x re — 9 a as 1 0 : 1 2 7 1 3 . m in in Man . Conch .

1 ﬁ r 2 6 5 s . 6 s M E u r c . . S o c . 1 8 7 . 6 8 . 6 6 . acas c a d . P o Zool , p , pl , g , , o

2 - — S H lix . 1 8 2 ﬁ s 1 1 2 s C c e Ca e e . 0 . y t . on hyli n bin t , , pl , g

8 1 1 2 n c 1 0 1 2 7 1 9 2 M . 8 96 Na u us 9 : 1 Ma . C . : 0 a n c u e . C S , til ; on h ; , on h , ppl

e 1 4 . n i i . m nt to vol . , p N u 4 M 4 u xx i a u 9 1 1 a n Co c 1 S . . . til s : ; . n h . , ppl p ii

1 2 2 TH E NAUTIL US [V OL 57 ( 4 )

an d a w suture , two ne rly continuous narro bands , one in the mid le a d of the upper surface ( n d ascendi ng the spire ) , the other a just below the periphery . The upper b nd is surmounted by a series of oblong spots which are p arti ally connected at their up a at per ends . There is double spiral series of dots the periph a are ery and nother on the b ase . The whorls rather strongly x uf conve , the ﬁrst uniform dull b f , smooth ; subsequent whorls with irregularly spaced and partly rather coarse wrinkles

. a P of growth The ovate aperture shows the b nds within . eri stom e a d thin and sharp , the columell r margin ilated above , white .

Length mm . , diameter mm . ; aperture mm . long ;

6 whorls . r z V 1 H ua e a 3 00 . , Santa lley , meters elevation Ty pe 1 80000 AN P S .

a B tu m idu lus Closely simil r to . but it is wider and more openly umbilicate .

TRY M E M PH ALU . a 1 B os x GO S P 1 . 1 5 1 , new species l te , Figs , 6

The shell is ovate with a nipple - shaped apex an d large u m b ili cus cont ained about four times ( more or less i n diff erent ex amples ) in the diameter ; rather thin but calcareous ; white , with a some small dark dots sc ttered on the spire . It becomes gray towards the lip . S urface matt , the embryonic whorls smooth , a w the later whorls h ving irregular , low rinkles of growth . The x a initial whorls are quite conve , following whorls somewh t a ﬂattened , with a peripheral angle or low keel which is to x w s greater or less e tent covered by the follo ing whorl . La t whorl is rounded at periphery and n arrowly rounded a round a a O a the umbilicus . The ovate perture is somewh t blique , cl ret P an d a brown within . eristome thin sharp , the terminations p r a h i n u x a a p o c g , outer margin ne panded , the columell r m rgin

a a . running forw rd , dil ted and claret brown

a 1 3 . a 1 0 Length mm . , di meter mm ; length of perture

6 . . mm . ; % whorls Type

a . a Length mm . , di meter mm ; length of perture

6 . mm . ; whorls

a a a P 32 00—3400 Acobamb a ( ne r T rm ) , eru , meters elevation . 36 AN P Ty pe a n d p aratypes 1 800 S .

’ s a b i n h am i This species belong to little grou p including B . g

a P . . . Na Mus 3 1 0 t alu m D U S t. 8 : Da an d B . . 8 ll p y ll ( roc ,

as a re a B . m e m h l from the Rio Pamp . Both larger th n go p a us .

3 t a lu m h as a a m c o m h alu s i t f s . p y d rk interior , like g p , but dif er

v a s a a n d a a s s a b h aving spir l tri tion in v rious det il of h pe . Tl l l‘l 57 ( 4 ) l l

P e ruvi a n L a nd Moll usk s .

1 2 4 TH E N AUTILUS [ V OL 57 ( 4 )

i n a a peristome th , the columella str ight , its m rgin reﬂected and a ppressed , nearly closing the perfor ation .

. i a a Length mm . d meter mm . ; length of perture 3 9 . mm . 74 whorls Type .

. a a 5 . Len g th mm , di meter mm . ; length of perture mm ;

whorls .

a a E a V a y a S P . n d a nt ulali lley , near Chosica , eru T pe p ra tv es 1 00 2 AN p 8 0 SP .

acr m elas Mor elet It agrees with B . o ( ) in the almost closed

a an d a umbilic l ﬁssure the sc ttered dots . but it is less slender and

cv li n dr not oid in the lower p art .

sTRY r 1 1 1 9 v P . B o x Geoce as M U LTIvOL I s . ( ) , new species late , Fig

sub er f or ate - s a The shell is minutely p . column h ped , the upper a i 1 0 third t per ng ; white , the upper 8 or whorls faintly brown a tinted wi th a few indi stinct brown stre ks . The surface is s a Of t slightly glo sy . with sculpture of very we k lines grow h . the a i a ﬁrst whorl smooth . The shell incre ses slowly in d meter up

a a i . to bout the twelfth whorl , fter which it is cy l ndric The ar e a a x a a whorls r ther we kly conve , the l st being bluntly ngular

at x . a the periphery, the base very slightly conve The sm ll aper i s i P s an d x a th e ture obl que . eri tome thin une p nded , columellar a x m rgin reﬂected and appressed e cept for a very minute crevice . t a . a 4 Length mm . , di meter mm , the penult whorl

a . 2 2 . mm . ; len g th of pertures mm ; % whorls

N a a a a Av acuch o P 2 000 a . in b mb ( ne r ) , eru . meters elev tion 1 79994 AN T y pe SP .

s us idatu M This tr ange b u lim u lid shell i s rel ated to B . c p s ( ore

a let ) , but of n rrower form . It is more slender than any other

Geo cer as an d h as . known , more whorls

B TRY x h n P P a 1 1 os P e aco tar us ENDO LAx . ( ) , new species l te ,

9 9a Figs ,

a a S i s a The regul rly t pering , conic hell slender . the di meter ss a a a a le th n h lf of the length , bro dly umbilic te , the umbilicus occupying a bout one - third of the di ameter ; w a rm white with a

s s a s . a a s few indi tinct brownish tre k Surf ce m tt , the ﬁr t two

s s s a - i whorl mooth , the re t evenly sculptured with close , thre d l ke s w a a a a s . s a r a ﬂ at tri e bout equ l to their interv l The horl e ne rly , b an i ss s as x a a joined y mpre ed uture , the l t whorl conve , c rin te a s a a a i s a a round the umbilicu . The r ther n rrow perture ngul r a an a t P s a n d bove d bluntly a ngul a r the b ase . eri tome thin

s a s a a a . a a imple , the m rgin ppro ching bove The l rge columell r A 1 944 TH E N UTI LUS 1 2 5 pril , ] A ax i s bea rs a horiz onta l l a mell a in th e l atter h a lf of the p enult f a s e e an d beginning O the l st whorl . Thi l a mell a becom s v ry a a a a a t a bro d , re ching ne rly to the outer w ll in the l t er p rt of the a n d its is s e penult whorl , edge trongly thickened th re .

a 5 . 8 Length mm . , di meter mm ; % whorl s .

1 2 . a . 8 s . Length mm , di meter mm ; % whorl

N a a a a A a P a t 1 900 s in b mb , ne r y cucho , eru , meter elev ation . 0 Type an d p a raty pe 1 8 006 ANS P .

is a a n d s a a B n d t e o x s . It l rger more trongly t pering th n . p y Pil

No l tu ae Na a No . H a H a a a ( tur e from u nuco , in the u ll g river

a P v lley , eru .

DRY MAE AN BA s a 1 1 US GULO S IS . P . 1 0 , new pecies l te , Fig

The fusiform shell is rather O penly umbilicate but the c a vity narrows r a pidly to a narrow perforation ; moderately strong ; s x l r a white , with fe tooned a ial stripes of dul plum pu ple ( ne rly a i a bl ck ) speckled with wh te , and crossed by three n rrow , inter r u ted s a s a w s a p piral b nd of the same d rk color , a bro ni h sme r D r m aeu . 7 s s behind the lip There are whorl , the ﬁrst with y a x i w k s sculpture , the rest we kly conve w th low gro th wrin le ; the l ast whorl conc ave above a prominent rounded ridge around m s a a at the u bilicu . The aperture is vertical , oval , ngul r both

s - s a a s i s end , being spout h ped at the b se . The peri tome white ,

x a and - a i n e p nded sharp edged , thickened within , with purple a ter io r a a li . a , d rkest on the c llus within the p Columell r m rgin i s a i . a a a s conc ve , purple w thin , reﬂected The thin p riet l c llu purple .

1 . . 37 . i a 6 Length mm , d meter mm . ; aperture mm long 1 800 2 2 O P 1 600 a . reja de Capelo , eru , meters elev tion Ty pe AN P S .

The type of this species w as associ ated with the following

Dr m aeus D i n ter i ctus Ma t s y which I have referred to . p ( r en ) , “ b h r i s a a a D . su b d u s Da as speci l form . y ( Co t ) is a decidedly

l a a a i . wider shel , but pparently ne r k n

DRY MAE INTERPI T M i v er i i ctu s . U S C US ( artens ) form d s p , new form P a 1 1 1 1 l te , Fig .

a a a x a s ﬂeck ed wi These shells h ve bro d , irregul r a i l stripe th an d w a white dots , ith tr aces of two or three spir l , interrupted a a a i ff i n ter i ctus i n b nds of lmost bl ck color . It d ers from p

a a a s e . m rkings , th t species h ave n arrower , str ight trip s The i x e rather w dely e panded lip is pure white on both sid s , hardly 1 2 6 TH E N AU TILU S [V OL 57 ( 4 )

thickened within . Interior purple , darkest near the white lip . a a a a There is sm ll white umbilic l rea .

. 1 2 . a . Length mm , diameter mm ; perture mm long ; 3 6 4 whorls .

O a P 1 1 2 600 a . 00 1 AN rejo de C pelo , eru , meters elev tion 8 SP .

DRY M AEU P U N TAT S 1 1 . 1 2 C U S a . P a Da Cost l te , Fig

sub er f or ate a uff The fusiform shell is p , of coloni l b color , with , a on the l st two whorls narrow brow n stripes dotted with white , a a - a W cinn mon rufous stre k behind the lip . horls slightly over 6 a a a x a , the l ter ones r ther we kly conve , the e rlier more strongly x a conve . The perture is slightly more than half of the length , a a at w a long ov te , bro dly rounded base , lilac ithin the lip , f ding s a a a ex to white with du ky stripes f rther in . The r ther bro dly

an d s . p ed outer an d b asa l m argin of the peristome are white . a a a a a Columell r m rgin n rrow , but tri ngul rly reﬂected above , re du ci n P a a a l g the perforation to a minute crevice . riet l c llus du l s blui h violet .

31 . a Length mm . , diameter mm ; length of perture

mm .

Ri o a a P 1 400 a . Toro , Ch nch mayo valley , eru , meters elev tion 1 7999 AN 7 SP .

ta t D . u n c us It resembles p Da Costa closely , but differs some

a i n wh t color .

M AE T RALLY E N a 1 DRY US O I P RUVIA s . P 1 . US , new subspecie l te , Fig 1 3

a an d ar e a D tor a ll i The sh pe color much s in . y from which it diff ers b y the decidedly more open umbilicus a n d s a Th e i s a s s ss S . touter , le lender h pe shell moder tely olid , a e s s a a s s w op que , white with num rou unevenly p ced h zel tripe , ith a s s a t e a s a x s c rob brown tripe wid r interv l ; the pe du ky , interior s of umbilicu c a rob brown .

a e . a e Length mm . , di m ter mm ; length of p rture s mm . ; whorl .

e 3 1 00 1 80008 H a a S a a V a e P s . u r z , nt ll y , ru , meter Ty pe A NS P .

D to r a ll i w as sc e s La a a . y de rib d from the province of L gun

A e a s a d e a . a n V alle Gra nd , Bolivi form p rh p identic l with our

’ cr m a n w as ea a a a es as P p u us reported from n r C m n , w t co t of eru ,

5 o . 2 s M s ] . 9 N a t 2 0 00 e a Da 1 9 1 S . . ft . lev tion ( ll , , mith i c Col , 1 4 , p .

1 2 8 TH E NAU TILUS [V OL 57 ( 4 )

f V i la A n m n uscu 3 rd . n . R . ex i stence O . in the ept Ohio State

1 95 34 . A S ci . 8 cad . , , “ In Notes on some Northern Pupid ae w ith Description of a ” New a a Na Species , ppe ring in the number of the utilus men

i on ed D r a t . above , S terki made the following not tion

Among severa l hundred Pupid ae collected in Northwestern A an d a b Mr . . P Ohio ( Summit L ke Counties ) y ettingell , there x a a were two e mples of doubtless new species , which I in the a w a a a a ar v la . s me y n me V . p u It is bout the same size , sh pe , ld an d a a a V An u stu la m i li u m G . ppe r nce of . ( g ) ; but ranges in a a S a a a m ar quite nother group , h ving a quite imple p l t l wall and ”

3 a a . gin , and only l mell e

l r 2 1 1 9 1 0 a H A . Pi sb M 5 9 5 Dr . . y , anual of Conchology , , , , g ve

S as a ar v ula a ummit County , O hio , the ty pe loc lity for p , and s id

W M a a a b A G . th t it was lso found y . etherb y in the ount ins of

N a a a orth C rolin ccording to Dr . Sterki .

M N a a w as itchell County , orth C rolin , the ﬁrst deﬁnite locality

ar a a H A Pi lsb r given for p vu l in th t section of the country by . . y “ an d V a a a A a a h e a E . G . n tt in P rti l Revision of t Pupid e of ” a 0 P A a Nat . i . P a . 2 1 90 U S . S c 5 the nited t tes ( roc . c d hil , , , “ ” D r 3 r d . S N R M a Of terki , in Some otes on ecent ollusc Ohio (

An n R A a i 1 . . O S a . c . 95 a ept hio t te c d S , 8 , m kes the follow ing notation

A a a o a s P a bout ﬁve ye rs g , mong numerou upid e kindly sent b Mr A P H s a a y . . ettingell of udson , O . , two specimen of sm ll V ff a ll s s n ertigo were found , di erent from pecie know . They were m ature an d e x actly alike ; y et it w as con sidered un safe to s a a s s a 1 94 a f ew e t blish new specie upon them . Thi y e r ( 8 ) more were seen a mong m ateri a l collected in th e . m o u n ta i ns of N a a b P A . W a orth C rolin y rof . etherb y , formerl y of Cincinn ti , a n d s x a a a n d a s ent for e min tion , thus the v lidity of this pecies w a P a s s conﬁrmed . rob bly it h a i ts m a in di stribution in the N a n d x s s a A es as so a orth , e tend outhw rd in the llegheni . m ny a a s a n d a s i s a m . V er ti i other nim l pl nt do It n ed go m n usc ula .

O n a 35 o f a a D r p ge the bove mentioned public tion . Sterki

a S a s a m i n us ule g ve ummit County the loc lity for c .

d sc n V m i n usc u la The e riptio of . a ppe a red in a n a rticle e n “ titl e d An aly tic a l Keys for Id e ntifyi n g the L a nd Mollu sc a of A 1 944 TH E N U TILUS 1 2 9 pril , ] A

5 h A e R . O a A a 9 Th is O t n n . S S c i 1 8 7 hio ( pt hio t te c d . . , , i s given belo w

h Al a s a 1 . s s t . . . a di m c rcely mill ; thin , horn colored , tr n a a a a s an d s a s lucent ; p l t l w ll without cre t in ide c llu , with one th e s a 1 a a 1 a s ( inferior ) m ll fold ; p riet l , columell r ; peri tome a l a sc rcely everted ; a t . di m . mill .

’ i lsb r s s V a s P . a vu la Man For comp ri on Dr . y de cription of p r ( .

2 5 1 91 9 1 05 is . a a Conch . , , , ) given below I h ve it licized the ’ k i s s a s ter s V . word th t corre pond to Dr . S de cription of m i nuscula :

s a a s The hell is minute , subcylindric , t pering very little upw rd s th i n su b t a ns a en t sli h tl ello wish the summit obtu e ; , r p r , g y y , i s an d ss a . mooth glo y , becoming ﬁnely stri te beh nd the outer lip ar e a x u The whorls moder tely conve , the last whorl well ro nded , l s ightly impressed behind the projection of the outer lip . The a a a a : a i etal perture is somewh t tri ngul r , with three teeth p r lam ella a a n d co lu m ellar lam ella r ther short high ; short , steeply a a low er a la tal o ld a r a scending inw rdly ; p f r ther high in front , p

l as s a a . id y becoming lower it recede , penetr ting to the dors l side P e is to m e ve li ttle eve t s a a r ry r ed, lightly thickened , and h ving an d distinct callus ridge within . The outer lip projects forward i s a a h ia m Len t d . slightly bent inw rd bove the middle . g

a 5 . m m . ; b rely whorls

’ ter ki s a a A a In one Dr . S handwritten c t logues of North meric n

P a V a vu la . w as upid e he mentions two sets of . p r The ﬁrst col “ lected b A P a y . ettingell in northeastern O hio , Summit or L ke

Pi lsb r County , the ty pe specimen , which was ﬁgured by Dr . y

2 5th Ma s in the volume of the nual of Conchology . The econd

s P a set , consi ting of two specimens , is from Hollow opl r Creek ,

M N a a n A W a d . G . itchell County , orth C rolin , collected by eth 1 94 erb y in 8 .

V e ti o a rv ula h as V m i n usc ule as o n r g p precedence over . , b ed

s a V m i n u sc'ula s a a priority in time , and for thi re son . become s V ar vula . y nonym of . p 1 30 TH E NAU TILU S [V OL 57 (4 )

A S MAL L C O L L E C T I O N O F L AND S H E L L S FR O M NE B RAS KA

B Y ORD ON K MA MI AN G . C LL

Carn egi e M useum

During the summer of 1 941 the C arnegie Museum Ex pedition LeRo V a . . for ertebr te Fossils , under the leadership of Dr J y

Ka a a N a y , spent few d ys in northwestern ebr ska , with the First

V a a Field Conference of ertebr te P leontology , on its return east

a i n N a w rd . In the short time spent this section of ebrask I had

O the pportunity of collecting some mollusks at two localities ,

a A northwest of Cr wford and at gate . The western section of Nebr aska consists of soils which vary

s x a from tho e of ﬁ n e te ture to those of rough stony l nd , with

a an d frequent rock outcroppings , including bro d plateaus , deep

- a a s a an d an d steep w lled c nyon , bold esc rpments , buttes , here

a a a a there re s of This are , the pl ins region , is

a a s - a s a ch r cterized by hort gr ss communitie , domin ted by grama

a a - a - s an d gr ss , buff lo gr ss , and certain grass like sedge , with

a a str ggling western yellow pines scattered over the c nyon sides ,

d a s s an a . the butte , ridge , the t lus slopes The topogr phy con

s a a a a si ts of bro d , slightly uneven , gr ssy pl ins , stre ms running in “ a an d - w a dr sa c nyons which are frequently deep rock lled , y nd ” draw c a ny ons c a rry ing w a ter only after r ain s or from melting

s a s d s an d s s snow , rocky e c rpment , ri ge butte with cattering

s s can pines , deciduous tree or hrubbery in the bottoms of the

s a s a s a a a n d an a yon , long the tre m , or bout the r nches , incre sing

a amount of cultivated l nd . ” b ad a s x ss e s is a a a The l nd , due to e ce ive ro ion , h bit t in the

a an d i s a a b v s a s a an d pl ins region , ch r cterized their p r e ﬂor

a a s s c c a n a f un , re tricted to onl y those form whi h with st nd the

s s s evere condition of thi environment .

A w a a x a b e bout eight miles north est of Cr wford , ppro im tely

R a n d a a s a a c a tween emington Orell , m ll br n h of S nd Creek ,

s a a W R h as c u t a a it elf tribut ry of the hite iver , wide c nyon

b a d a s a s e o a es through the l nd of th t cti n of D w County . The

a n s s s a s a n d s h a ve h a d r i , now , temper ture , wind their eroding

e e c s t s a a x o s n th e w e sa s a n d ﬁ n e a s a ff t in hi re , e p i g hit nd cl y in

1 32 TH E NAUTIL U S [V OL 57 (4 )

ered either of l ate Pleistocene or early modern times . From

a 500 a one of these b nks in the bend of the river , about y rds from

a n Ag te , the followi g terrestrial mollusca were collected

H awai i a m i nu scu le (Binney ) V allon ia costate (Muell . ) V ertig o ova te S ay S u c cin ea gr osven orii Lea S u cci n ea or egon ensis Lea

Ph a L m n a a H eli som a G r e u lus S h ae Species of ys , y e , , y , and p r a o th e iidae were also dug from the bank , which cont ined als jaw of a young B ison about ﬁfty fee t from the top of the ex posure .

AN O V E R L O O KE D D E S CR I P T I O N O F A NO R T H AM E R I CAN GAS T R O P O D

M MIL AN B Y GORDON K . AC L

Ca r negi e Mu se u m

u s Joseph Tr e described a new ga tropod , which , as far as I can a a h as a scert in , not been mentioned in any of the le ding works on North Americ an conchology or in any of the monogra phs on

li a a H e x . This overlooked shell ppe red in the Proceedings of 2 1 3 “ i i i Es x . 857 1 9 H el x m n m a the se Institute , vol , , p . , as , True ,

an d w as s as sp . de cribed follows

— An x a - a e ceeding sm ll species shell , minute , rounded conic l , x ab tuse a smooth ape , epidermis of uniform reddish horn color ; a i s whorls four , rounded bove , and below , w th a well deﬁned u A an d ture . perture rounded , lip simple thin , umbilicus broad

- n d . a a a deep Di meter bout one twentieth of an inch .

H eli x m i n i m a w as at S a Mass w as collected lem , , and found

s s a n d a a a under loo e stone , wood , dec y ed le ves , within half mile

a - a i s s a of Gre at Sw mp me dow , which itu ted in the limits of ” s s s w as as s a S a lem . Thi pecie oci ted with ( I modernize the

a Mesodo n a lb ola b r is Sa An u is i re altern e nomencl ture ) ( y ) , g p a t

a S tr o b i lo s la b r i n th i ce S a H a wai i a m i n u s ule A ( S y ) , p y ( y ) , c ( .

H e lo tr em e co n ca vu m S a Dis us cr on kh i t i a n Binney ) , p ( y ) , c e th o n i Z on i toid es a b o eu s Sa Retin elle ele t in y r r ( y ) , c r e

i n den ta ta S a H elic odis cus ar e ll l G R . e us a ( ould ) , ( y ) , p ( S y ) ,

h cr i n u s S a a n d V al lon ia l h E u con u lus c s ( y ) , pu c elle A 1 944 TH E N U TIL U S 1 33 pril , ] A

From the above de scription I am inclined to c a ll H eli x m in im a

n t m m in u tiss im u m Le a a a n d a synonym of P u c u ( ) . The bro d dee p umbilicu s pl a ces it clos e to S tria tu r a m i li u m ( Morse ) a n d

S e ee M s ar e a H elix . f rr ( or e ) , but these much lighter in color th n i i i s a a a P m n u tiss m um . ni m a i s . m , which close t in th t ch r cter to

i m i ni m a s i s H el x E . . S M a This not of F chlotheim , iner logi ches

1 340 H eli x H a li n a m i n i a as 1 8 m . . T chenbuch , 8 , , nor ( y ) of J C

A s Lan dsh ells 1 8 8 1 0 s x M a 6 . o Co , onogr ph of u tralian , in , L ui Pfeiffer mentions another H eli x m i n im a in h is Mon ogr aph i a

1 1 2 s w as H eli ceo ru m V i ven ti um 7 1 876 . , vol . , , p , but this specie

m i n i m A a P r o described as Macr och la m ys a by H . d ms in the ceedi n gs Of the Zoologic a l Society of London in 1 867 on p age

303 . M W . G . Binney in the Smithsonian iscellaneous Collections , “ 5 1 863 N A a vol . , , in the Bibliography of orth meric n Conchol ’ i a a 2 53 s s ogy prev ous to the ye r on p ge , list Joseph True “ a e a Ma s a a rticle Shells Gath red about S lem , s , with p rticul r ” a a loc lities designated , and rem rks on the species , but does not ’ B i n n e s d Cr e give the complete list of shells . y list en s with ’ i n ate a a 1 92 p d u la for ic , which in True s list is t bottom of p ge

P x a 2 4 in the roceedings Esse Institute , at the end of sign ture

2 . 2 5 n 1 3 a of volume Signature begi s on page 9 , the p rt which

e H eli x m i ni m a a a contains the d scription of , which p rt pparently

a Binney did not see , otherwise he would h ve mentioned this spe

A s cies in his Manual of meric an Land Shells an d other work . From the above evidence H eli x m i n i m a Tru e can be regarded

a n m P u n ctu m m i n u ti ssi m u m Lea as sy ony of ( ) .

A M O L L U S CAN MASS GRAV E

M R I K A N BY O R S . J COBSO

Ou r a A a a s s i ex ce l rger eastern meric n l nd mollu c , w th some p

are s a a . H t an tions , notoriou ly solit ry in h bits ence repor s of y l arge congregations of a pulmon ate so persi stently so li ta ry as

Trio do sis t i den ta te S a n s s p r ( y ) might prove of some i tere t , e pe ci ally if such congreg ations take pl ace in so un favorable a loca

as s to - e a i a P s tion the lime ne fre and gr nitic reg on bout eek kill , New York . 1 34 TH E NAUTILUS [ V OL 57 ( 4 )

n 30 1 943 n - O July , , I u covered a grave of thirty one mature bleached and eroded but completely identifi able specimens of the above named species in a crevice between two soil -covered

av rocks on the eastern slope of a small r ine . The space the shells occupied w as about three inches deep and two inches across and was generously ﬁlled with gravelly sand . The mol luscs were packed tightly one ag ainst the other , with a thin layer

a of s nd between . That this congregation was not brought together by a me

h an i al a a c c gent , but r ther resulted from the voluntary actions of the animals themselves , must be assumed from the following f a cts ( 1 ) Since only one species was represented a mong the speci

a a a a mens , it is hardly likely th t bird or nim l collected them , since the ex istence of so selective a m olluscoph age has not been

demonstrated in this section of our country ,

2 a a ( ) There were no stre ms or rivulets near the gr ve site , even if it could be assumed th at a strea m could bring such a l co lection together .

3 H ad a l s i n con ( ) conchologist collected the mol u cs , it is c i vab le a a e that he would h ve left so rich a h ul in the ﬁeld . It must be a ssumed then th at our unfortunate molluscs gath ered un der conditions described as follows by Binney in 1 869 M 1 . 94 Pa S . . P 2 ( mith isc Coll , rt I , . )

a s In the e rly day s of pring , they ( the Geophila ) sometimes s s a a as emble in considerable number , in w rm and sunny situ s tions , where they pas hours of indolent enjoyment of the a an d a a W w rmth nim ting inﬂuence of the sunshine . hether these meetings serve a ny u seful purpose in the economy of the a are a a a sa an d nimal , or c used by the ple sur ble sen tion , renewed strength derived from the w a rmth of the situ ation after the ’ s is a is a debility of their winter torpidity uncert in ; it prob ble , a s ss a however th t they precede the bu ine of procre tion . It is a a as a s o a n d a a a cert in th t they l t but h rt time , th t fter e rly ” s a a s a re s a a s . pring , the nim l to be found in their u u l retre t

The a n swer to the question of wh a t c a us ed th e w holesale s a c a n a s s a n l ughter I uncovered , perh p be een in uprooted tree ,

a s s o me y a rd s above the gr ve ite . In e a rly Ma rch some ye a rs a o s s s as n a a s g , while our mollu c were thu b ki g in the w rming r y

1 36 TH E NAUTIL U S [ V OL 57 ( 4 )

2 ﬂ a x w as r e On December 4 a t rock , 6 8 inches , overturned vealing a va cated shrew discard shell chamber . Fairly fresh shrew seats showed th at it h ad not long been abandoned . Twenty- nine empty mollusk shells an d two opened chrysalis

a : Trio do si s c ses were scattered about . The snail species were p

l r i s a an d n Mesodon th r oidu s e lb o e b ( S y ) , three adult ten you g ; y

a si x a n Trio do si s tr iden tate S a ( S y ) , dult and three you g ; p ( y ) ,

S u cci n ea ve lis a an d H a lo tr em a ﬁve adult ; o S y , one adult ; p li s All l S . ova con a m a . c vu ( S y ) , one adult individua s but the a h ad an d H on av m . the . c c u had been opened The m jority had the spires cut away by B lar i na i n order th at the soft bodies

a a could be removed by the sm all mamm l . The bre king open of l arge shells by the short - t ailed shrew as well as sm all is contrary

1 90 a a to Shull ( 7 ) who st tes , It seems from these observ tions ”

a a s a a a . . that in the c se of l rge shell , bre king is l st resort Dr

H r . William J . amilton , J , of Cornell University in studying

B lari n e New a O h as about York St te , has bserved , as the writer , th a t when large shells are found in shrew runs they are usually

a S 1 907 broken . Two of the species of mollusks th t hull ( ) stud i d M a a a a ar T e in ichig n bound in shrew runs in Ith c ; these e .

l l ri a an d th r i a e b o ab s S M o dus S . ( y ) . y ( y ) On J anu ary 1 6 while conducting an invertebr ate zoology ﬁeld

a B lari n a s ne trip two winter stor ge piles of were ob erved . O of these conta ined twenty -seven individu als representing five spe cies , and the second fifteen individu als representing two species . In the first stor age ch amber all mollusks were st acked in a cavity

a a in sy c more stump . They were resting on the ground ; snow h ad ﬁltered into the c avity an d w as b anked around the bottom

a s s l y er of shell . The hells were frozen together an d formed a

a a - s a W roundly tri ngul r h ped mound . hen these mollusks were c a rried into the l abor atory all were prodded with a gl ass rod but

s s All a none showed ign of life . were gr du a lly th awed out over

- s forty eight hour , but none recovered from the freezing to which

h ad s s a they been ubjected in the hrew stor ge ch amber . The fa ct th at the sn ail s were a pp a rently frozen solid would have

s s s a a a prevented the e mollu k from cr wling w y . Twelve indi v idua ls h ad a s h ad s complete epiphr gm , three incomplete one , a n d h ad a s . M th r i twelve no epiphr gm Five . y o d us without e piphra gms s howed th a t epiphragms h a d a t one time been pres A 1 944 TH E N UTI LU S 137 pril , ] A

a s a e a s cu t, for fr gment were found dh ring to the perture of the s l s a a s ss a a hel s . The e epiphr gm fr gment po ibly indic te th t the epiphragms h ad been broken by the shrews in their collecting

f t a n m a a a s a ef or s ; too , the indic tio y be th t in tr n porting the l rge

la in a a shells B r often c rries them by gripping the outer lip . The

s w as s entrance into the hrew run just behind the pile of mollusk . Several shell fr agments a n d seats in the region of the pile indi cated th a t mollusks in the stor age pile were being fed upon

th r idu s : M . o above the ground . The mollusk species were y

a a a an d a ( S y ) , fourteen m ture and nine imm ture , one dult of

a V en tr id en s i n ter tex tu s e ch of the following species , ( Binney ) ,

An u is i re altern a te a Mesom hi x cu eus Raﬁ n es u e g p ( S y ) , p p r ( q ) , T i i an d r o dops s n o tate ( Des hayes ) . The second winter storage ch amber w as three feet from the

ﬁ a a s a rst , situ ted between two small syc more stump . Sn ils of this group were not piled but were sc attered over the ground . When they were subjected to the prodding test none showed

Of an a signs life , nor did y become active during the gr dual

- a forty eight hour th awing period . The sn il species in the pile

a six M th r oid u s Sa were eight dults and young of . y ( y ) and

a l A . alt rn a te one du t of e ( S ay ) . N e o empty shell were fou nd in either of the above storage pil s , i ndi cating that shrews prob ably distinguish empty shells from occupied ones by smell or weight an d gener ally do not bother

a s a ] to c rry empty shell to their stor ge piles . None of the mo lusks in the stor age piles h ad cr acked shells indicating th at for “ ” B la ri n e a a the studied , freezing r ther th n injury is relied upon

s to prevent the food upply from wandering off .

B IBLIOGRAP H Y

H M IL TON R 1 930 a a W . J . J . S A , , , , The food of the oricid e , Journ l Ma a —3 1 1 1 6 9 . of mm logy , vol . , no . , pp . 2 ME M . 1 a RRI H . 886 a a A A , C , , The m mm ls of the dirond ck region , H H 31 6 enry olt , pp .

H - la r i LL F . 1 90 a a s B ne S U . 7 H t , J , , bi s of the short t iled hrew , b ev a a s ic u da a A a a . . r ( S y ) , The meric n N tur li t , vol XLI , pp 495—52 2 . 1 38 TH E NAUTIL U S [V OL 57 (4 )

SH E L L C L EANI NG AND EP I P H RAGM R EM O V AL B Y TR I O DO P SI S AL B O L AB RI S ( SAY )

B Y W I LLI AM MARCUS I NGRAM

M l e Ca f r a ill s Col ge, li o ni

a a a Tr io do sis elb o The included d ta show th t the land sn il , p le b ri s a a r e fS y ) , will on occasion spend considerable period r e m oving foreign material from the surface of its shell . The moval of the epiphr agm terminating a estivation i s also described . The included in formation is based on Observations of specimens collected during the l ast week in Augu st 1 940 on the Edmun d

N H P Re s a A New iles uyck reserve , ns el erville , lbany County ,

York . — SH ELL C LEAN IN G The 1 5 specimens upon which these ob ser v a i n ti ons are based were transported to Cornell University, and January 1 941 were moved to the zoological laboratory of Mills

College where the shell cleaning occurred . The sn ails were pl aced in a terra rium supplied with a covering

a a a a of bl ck lo m soil pl nted with W andering Jew . Soon fter the sn a ils were tr a nsferred to the terrarium it was observed that the

a a an d a loam soil often bec me c ked on their shells , occ sionally accumulated in such quantity th at the suture lines were obscured . The initi a l cleaning action w as noted after the snails h ad been in

a n e a w the terr rium 2 months . O sn il as ﬁrst Observed greatly ex tended with its anterior foot region curved over th e dorsa l

a n x a shell surf ce . O close e mination its lips were Observed mov

an d ing , the soil covering the shell could be seen being ﬁled away

s a through the action of the r a dul a . The soil was not cr ped off an d s a w as a a dropped by the n il , but c rried into its limentary

s a 1 5 s a a c a n al . Continued ob erv tion of the n ils showed th t on

as a occ ion all were scr ping soil from their shells . O n e sn ail continued clea ning the surface of its shell for 75

s s a w as s a a minute . Thi individu l e peci lly ctive in removing soil

h ad a s ts s which become c ked in the shell suture . I po terior foot

a - a region , bout one third of the tot l length of the foot , held the a a a a a nim l on one upright w ll of the terr rium . The rem inder of

o w as s a s as f ar a x the fo t tretched b ck over the hell s the ape . Th e individu a l w as seen to be moving its head slowly a long the

140 TH E N AU TIL US [V OL 57 (4 )

Of Mes m h i x cu r eus Raf Two other species snails , o p p ( ) and

H elicodiscus ara llelu s S a a p ( y ) , were kept in the same terr rium T al le b o b ris . with . Individuals of these two species were never

a observed cle ning their shells . Five specimens of the former species possessed corroded apical whorls after 2 months ; the a pica l whorls were without noticeable corrosion when they were

a 2 a s H eli ocodiscus placed in the terr rium . The individu l of did

a a not h ve corroded shells at the end of the s me period . — EPIP H RAGM REM OVAL Five individu al s form the b asis for

a r e these observations . They were forced into estivation by moving all moisture from their conta iner through the medium of

a a a a 72 a cotton . They were llowed to rem in estiv ting for d ys . They were then returned to a moist container with food con

a a an d a a . On e a sisting of pple , c rrot , c rrot le ves hour fter they had been transferred to the more favor able situ ation they h ad

a a commenced to bre k through the epiphr gm . Concerning epiphrag m removal by l and sn ails in general after 1 885 s hibernation Binney ( ) writes , the animal break down an d devours the membr aneous p artitions [epiphragms ] and comes forth to p a rticip ate in the warmth an d freshness of the

A s a an a . t d se son ﬁr t it is we k inactive , but , recovering in a ”

a i ts a . short time its ppetite , resumes former ctivity Binney

a a a does not st te in det il how epiphr gm removal is accomplished . The feat of a sn ail ridding itself of this resistent membra ne

a a a a w rr nts complete description of the remov l process . In the 5 individu als observed pressure by the posterior tip of w the foot initi ated the remov a l process . The foot tip as brought into contact with the epiphr agm a n d b y continu a l pressure w as

n a a t a W ﬁ lly thrust through it the columell r region . hen the foot emerged it c a rried a portion of the epiphr agm with it a n d ’ left an opening through which the rem a inder of the sn a il s foot

a a x e a an d the hea d could m ke n e it . The tim t ken by the foot to pierce the membr a ne a fter it h ad m a de c o nt a ct v a ried from 1

to 2 minutes . After the foot h ad torn a p a rt of the epiphragm a way the r e m ai n der w as left a ttach e d a t the lip of the shell a round the aper

As th e a e s a ture . nt rior body region of the n il continued to

a e w as a a emerge still more of the dh ring epiphrag m c rried way . As the head a ppea red it w as brought i n contac t with the epi A i 1 944 TH E N U TIL S 14 pr l , ] A U 1

h ra m an d s a s p g , oon the mouthp rt of the sn ail w ere ob serv ed

a a at a a s E a 5 s a ﬁling w y the epiphr gm remn nt . ch of the n ils began a sy stem atic cutting aw ay th e epiphr a gm at th e lip region

s As a oppo ite the columell a . the fr gments were torn aw ay in this region the sn ail continued its feeding around the a perture li all a h ad a a a p until the membr ne been cle red w y . Then the sn ail moved its head into the interior of the body whorl just

an d a a r a s a behind the lip beg n cle ning the inte n l hell surf ce .

a a h ad This done the sn il thrust the m ntle , which until up to thi s

a i ts time been held back from the lip , forw rd into normal posi

an d a a a tion beg n to crawl over the substr tum . The time t ken to clean the epiphr a gm away an d to e x plore body whorl behind

a 5 1 0 5 a the lip v ried from to minutes in the individu ls . The weakness which ex ists in sn ails just emerging from biber 1 nation as reported by Binney ( 1 885 ) w as not noticeable in

a a these snails emerging from aestivation . Gener lly spe king hibernating sn ails go through a dorm ant period from approx i 4 a 7 a can a . m tely to months , and weakness be re dily understood

H 72 a owever , the ﬁve day aestivating snails immediately beg n to feed on the provided food supply . In summ a rizing the mech anics of epiphr agm remova l both the

an d a r E a foo t the r dul a a e employ ed . vidence indic tes that the p art of the epiphragm th at is cut aw ay by the radul a is sw al

b a lowed y the sn il .

NO T ES AND NEW S

W e h ave to record the death at the age of 7 8 of F RA NK HARVEY

P s s E NO O A 7th a a . , of Columbus , hio , on ugust of l st ye r rofe or ’ E a w as as w as i n no s voc tion civil engineering , but a hobby he ter ested in mollusks . — M M EN a a . PRECED CE . Before the ide c me to Dr errill oore , in

a a o a fact just a little short of one hundred y e rs g , Fredrick

a an d S Bremer , the tr veler writer , wrote home to weden from “ ' Phil a delphi a : There is a be a utiful mu seum [ h er e ] of stu ﬁ ed

s a a s s an d a s bird and other nim l , with collections of shell miner l , where the diseas ed mind m ay divert its elf an d derive i n str u c ” — ALv1 N OO RI CH . tion . C G D

1 t Mus . Na . r n e s u 2 8 U . 8 . Man ua l of Am e i ca n La d Sh ll , B ll . , 14 2 TH E N AUTILU S [ V OL 57 (4 )

AN AUTOBIOGR H or NORM N W LL CE ER M ON AP Y A A A L D , to be

a published by subscription , h as been nnounced .

E TEN E R N E F M RI NE H EL — I n X D D A G S O FOUR AL AS KAN A S LS . checki ng over p art of my rather ex tensive collection of Alaska shells four species were noted th at were taken from beyond pre vi ou sl All x Ch r sodom us y reported geographic ranges . e cept y se tu r us Martyn were known previously only from the type lo li i ca t es . a A In two i ssues of The N utilus , January and pril , “ 1 938 Ex -ﬁve , I reported tended ranges of seventy species of

a E er dam an d I n var d north P ciﬁc shells collected by Walter J . y g N ” orberg . ’ 1 Li e h r a R a ( ) ocym sc eﬁe i B rtsch ehder . Type loc lity ,

h u i n idak I . A a W . . E er dam C . g , leuti n Is ; coll . by J y , two speci

A A a 1 932 . E x I . mens . Taken at tka . , leuti n Is , tended range , about 2 50 miles westward . i i 1 2 V l t i ra l s 1 9 . ( ) o u ops us f g Dall , 8 Type locality , Unimak

A er dam H A I . . . W . . E , leutian Is ; coll by J y at Dutch arbor , leu tian Is . , one perfect live adult specimen found on a rock at low

x tide mark . It is nearly the e act dimensions of the type speci

Ex a 2 00 . men . tended range , bout miles westward

3 i n le e r am i E I . u e d W . ( ) C g y illett Type locality , vans ,

dam at h ak a W . . E er u Prince W illi m Sound ; coll . by J y S y A 1 . N Strait , fognak umerous specimens from the second lo

calit a W . E . y were t ken from the siftings of nullipores by . J in

x 2 00 . 1 92 4 . E a tended range , bout miles westward Ma K 4 h r sodom us satu r us . a ( ) C y rtyn Type loc lity , ing

Ra A a H a . Georges Sound , udson Strait , Labr dor nge , rctic Oce n

H a a P B a a from udson Str it to Bering Str it ; lover y , S iberi , South A W an d E a a s a . st to C pe Douglas , la k hile studying some of the

a U s a m rine shells in the museum of the niver ity of Tomsk , Siberi , in 1 930 I was given severa l Arctic S iberi a n shells collected by

N r den s ld E x 1 878 a the o i pedition in , from ne r the mouth of

a a P u sto e n e s s the Yeni sei River t the vill ge of j . O of these hell

x a s a tur us a i s a near ty pic a l e mple of C . lthough slightly more

E x a 0 0 a n d so a . a 3 0 slender not quite he vy tended r nge , bout

— E YERDAM W LTER . miles westwa rd A J .

T S I L RI DIS TAN LAM — Th ls as NO E O N FA C O A A s . p t summer

1 943 a a c S a a ( ) fter colle ting trip to Bogue ound , ne r Be ufort ,

l s e s a a a a N. . a l C , of the live pecim n were pl ced in l rge b sin of

1 44 TH E NAUTIL US [ V OL 57 (4 )

versu m s an d L . The shell was pure white , both in ide out , but

er the anim a l w as quite as jet bl ack as any other normal B . p

r m A a an d ve su . thin yellow periostr cum was present we were able to see no diff erence in the coloring of the O perculum from

B r erve sum . a any other . p I h ve not had the opportunity of

a an d can seeing any other live lbino specimens , I ﬁnd very little — NE M . H C ANN R MRS . . written on the subject E G AY ( J ) A K Y ,

1 333 l V a P N . Cornwal lace , orfolk 8 , “ ’ HEM PH ILL S CATALOGUE of the l and an d freshwater shells of ”

a 1 N UTILU S . Ut h , 878 , was noticed in January A It is a little

4 - a a a leaf sale cat logue . The following names occur mong m ny

a unnamed v rieties listed by number , each followed by a word or two noting some peculiarity .

Pa a Hem h illi U a . tul p var . t hensis , keeled , smooth i r r var O u h erisis . . q , revolving ribs

R a . Ha den i v ar Ga a a . y . bbi n ibs ne rly obsolete ” a h n i s No I dah oen sis W ass tc e s . var . ( deﬁnition , though this together with 2 1 other varieties of i dah oensis listed a a by numbers , are s id to h ve more than double the number of ribs or plicate striae th a n the typic a l

In a prefatory note Hemphill states th at the shells in the c ata “

a W assat h Mts . logue were collected in the c nyons of the c , ”

U . tah But his specimens of the ﬁrst three varieties , according

a a to the specimens he sent out , and l ter public tions , were from

O a a a the quirrh r nge , mount ins entirely distinct from the W

a a a s tch r nge . This misstatement of loc lity , together with the

a a brevity of the remarks , in no c se di gnostic , and the reference “ ” of u tah en si s an d o qui r r h ensi s to the Nevad a n P a tula h em p h i lli , would leave the forms quite unrecognizable without the a id of subsequent literature or specimens . The question whether this s ale catalogue an d other simil ar

a H a s s le ﬂets sent out by emphill to dverti e his hells , would be

s s a a R con idered publi hed , in the sense of the Intern tion l ules ,

a d s an m a f . is lso to be decided , of cour e opinions y di fer I did not consider it a scientiﬁc public a tion ; it w as evidently not so intended ; a n d I think th at it would be a n error to d ate from it

o r eo h elices s s s a a the ub equently de cribed under simil r n mes .

h as b e a s l— PILS B Y The line to dr wn omewhere R .

ii TH E NAUTILU S

TH E NAU T I L U S

A u ar er ur a e e th e s u M u s s e e a n d ub Q t ly Jo n l d vot d to t dy of oll k , dit d p li h d b H ENR A P L s e . I S BRY an d H . RRINGT N A ER y Y B U O B K .

Matt er f or p ubli cation sho u ld rea ch th e senio r e ditor b y th e ﬁrst of th e

rece th e ssu a u ar r u n r month p ding month of i e ( J n y, A p il , J ly a d Octobe ) .

M anuscri t sh u ld b e t ewri tten a nd d u b l s a c d r w l p o yp o e p e . P oof s i l not b e su e au rs u ss r u bmitt d to tho nl e eq ested .

’ RE RI NT r ur R ER H L P S a e f ni sh ed at pr inter s r ates. O D S S OU D B E WRITTEN ON OR TT CH E To FI RS T E M N RI T A A D PAG OF A US C P .

4 PP 8 PP 50 copies

1 00 c opi es

Addition al 1 00 3

r ch Pl at es ( p a sted in ) : f o 50 ; a ddition a l l . 5o ea [ POS TAGE EX TRA]

h ff r h r TH E NAUTILUS i s t e O i ci al o ga n of t e Am e i ca n Mal acologica l Union .

r r r r h r r I nfo m ation ega ding m embe ship in t e Union m ay b e Obt a ined f om M s .

M u u I e C. R r s a c a S cr a r u ff a s S c ce mog n e obe t on , Fin n i l e et y, B lo e m of i en , u ff a N Y B lo , . .

E X CH ANGE NO TIC E S

W NTE : O n ar eac w b a f o r u 1 9 38 c es TH E A D e doll h ill e p id J ly, , opi of N TI A s W NTE ac u es an d Nu ers TH E AU LUS . l o A D : B k Vol m mb of N E c 3 n 1 —4 4 TIL s a . os . 6 7 9 1 0 . 1 . AU U S . p e i lly vol , , , , , ; vol , no . ; vol

6 . 3 . 9 . 1 . 1 3 . 4 . 1 7 n o s. 5 6 8 1 0 . 1 8 , no ; vol , no ; vol , no ; vol , , , , ; vol , 1 2 1 9 n —1 0 2 0 n —8 1 2 2 1 ll n os . 3 9 1 1 . o s. 7 . os . 6 . a , , , ; vol , ; vol , , ; vol , 2 2 2 4 n 2 n o 1 3 9 . 3 . 5 . n o s . 7 1 1 o r a n o s . s. 6 ; vol . , , , , ; vol , no ; vol , , ; y

L . U u A r ss H R E . ER . ab . e a . of th ese vol mes . dd e O AC B BAK , Zool , niv P nn

F R E H N E a r s r a ree s a s Li u us c u O X C A G : Fift ee n v i etie , Flo id t n il ( g ) in l ding r th r a r L lidus e x c a e f o r c a e a Am h i dro m u s th ee of e e . so , to h ng A h tin ll , p ,

B ulim u lu s Co ch lost la O rth a li cu s P o r h r ob a h e a n d P laco st lu s. , y , , p y p y

M GI NT r a . S ur U L . C end yo li st to PA P Y , Boynton , Flo id

r WANTED : P u pillid ae p re served in al c ohol f o di ssec tion .

B U C a NOrr ad 1 0 D ar . M S TEEN ERG . e e e e e PRO P . 0 . . , niv of op nh g n , g , nm k

r s r x s s r u es . NEW E NGLAND COAS T S H ELLS f o al e o e ch a nge . Li t ent on eq t

s l r u s Li st of fo reign sh ell s f o r a e on eq e t .

K H LE B o x 3 3 W es New Ma ss. M RS . . F . AD Y , , t ton ,

M s s re u e s . WES T COAS T S H ELLS f or e x ch a ng e . y li t ent on q t R eac Ca E A . . T R H 1 6 1 1 S . e a vo e O M B U C , l n , dondo B h , lif TH E NA UTI LU S iii

FO R E C H NGE : M s u ca e s e s e rs a a e s u w e s X A y li t of d pli t h ll , p on lly t k n in o th t M x r r a r c S s w rs e c c i s s e a e a e e s . e i o , onta n om th tt tiv it m nd li t ith ﬁ t M D 1 4 M i R LES . . 9 W S t . rc O . e e r . . . a C e e l tt B BA , , . n , i l vill , hio

F R E C H N E : Na a e r a f o r e a M u sc s c a Ce a ea O X A G tive m t i l liv l nd oll a , e p e i lly p H e lix a s e a ne m ra lis O ta la s ec e s a n d rs . o , p i , p R W E 53 4 8 O r v I s I a a GLENN . B B e e a a . , hm A , ndi n poli , ndi n

n a S e ur WANTED : Exch a nge of book s a d p mphle t s on m al acology . nd yo

i s k f r l st ; a o min e .

DR H AAs Cura r wer I e r e ra es e Mu seu . F . , to of Lo nv t b t , Fi ld m of

N r H r I a u a s C ca s . t l i to y, hi go , llinoi

M AR I NE S H E L L S O F TH E S O U T HW ES T FL O R I D A CO AS T

B y M P L ouis e . erry

C a e rs e e ra a c c n re a r a s ec s w h pt on g n li , oll e tion a d p p tion of p ime n ; ith c ea r e e escr s s ec es a n d r - i e a es e ra e l , d ﬁnitiv d iption of p i thi ty n n pl t ng v d r ra s s ec i f om photog ph of p m en s. Copie s m ay b e o r d e re d f r om TH E PAL EO NTO L O GI CAL R E S EAR CH I NSTI TUTI O N 1 2 6 K e P h N n ace I aca . Y . lvi l , t ,

a e r c r u ( P p ove , cloth bo nd ,

W O R L D - W ID E S EA S H E L L S b y M ax w e ll Sm ith

No w r eady

I us ra s re a 1 6 00 s ec e s 1 9 00 se a ra te ure s 1 5 1 a es ll t tion of mo th n p i , p ﬁg , p g , s ec a ea u res m a c u s a U e S p i l f t , p, loth bo nd , po tp id in nit d ta tes . S am l a r p e p ges f ee . M AX W E S M I TH LL , an a a o da L t n , Fl ri TH E NA UTI LU S

1 2 3 Y e a r s o f R e s e ar c h LAND MOLLU S CA O F NORTH AME RICA ( NO R T H O F M E XI CO )

HENR A L B Y BY Y . PI S R

’ Since 1 81 7 when Thom as Say s papers appeared in the first “ ” a A volume of its Journ l , the c a demy has occupied an outstand ’ ing position in increasing the world s knowledge of Mollusks . As H the years followed , aldeman , Conrad , Isaac Lea and Tryon ’ a carried on in S y s steps . 1 H A l r 887 . Pi sb In Dr enry . y succeeded Tryon as Curator of M a ollusks , and during the p st 52 years has carried forward the ’ Academy s tradition a l position as a center of conchologica l dis ver i a co es . During these ye rs his researches have so broadened our knowledge of the phy logeny and cl assification of land mol lusks that the Joseph Leidy Med a l was conferred upon him in h i s recognition of discoveries . A a a Today , the c demy takes ple sure in announcing the publi c ation of Land Mollusca of North Americ a (North of Mexi co) H A il r a b . P sb y Dr . enry y , the first comprehensive tre tment of a a H ar e this subject in h lf century . ere presented the sum m ar i z ed conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory an a Pr e investigations by outst nding authority on the subject . vi ou sl a an d y unpublished observ tions , descriptions of new genera species as well as vit ally import ant original dr awings of the soft an atomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis pensable to students of l and mollusks . Th e tw o v o lum es are o ff ered b y subs cription f o r h paya bl e pro p o rti o nately as e ac se ction is issued . V olume I ( divided into two Parts ) will treat the helicoid mol lusks While V olume II will cover the rem aining terrestri al groups . 6 1 939 V P n e . olume I , art O ( issued Dec , ) by subscription , a V P if purchased sep ar tely , olume I , art Two A 1 1 940 s ( issued ugust , ) by subscription , if purcha ed a a V sep r tely , olume II ( in preparation ) by subscription , a a if purchased sep r tely ,

For s ale by TII E ACAD EMY OF NATURAL SCI ENC ES OF PHILADELPHIA

1 9TH STREET AND TH E PA RKWAY

EL H I PA. PH ILAD P A , ii TH E NAUTI LU S

TH E NAU T I L U S

A ua r ter u r a e e th e s u M us s e e an d ub Q ly Jo n l d vot d to t dy of oll k , dit d p li h HENR A P L Y s ed b . I S BR an H RRI N T N E y Y d . B U G O BAK R .

Ma tter f or pu bli ca tion shou ld reach th e senior e di tor b y th e ﬁr st of th e

r h A r ece t e ssue a u ar u an d Oc er . month p ding month of i ( J n y, p il , J ly tob )

Manuscri t sh uld t ri tt u l r wil p o b e yp ew en an d do b e sp aced. P oof s l not b e su ed a u rs u l ss r u s bmitt to tho n e eq e te d .

’ RE RI NTS are ur s e a t r r r OR ER S H OUL BE R I TTEN P f ni h d p inte s at es. D S D W ON OR TT CH E To FI RS T GE F M N RI T A A D PA O A US C P .

4 8 pp . pp . 50 c opi es

1 00 copi es

Addition al 1 00s

5 a Pla t es ( pasted in ) : f or 50 ; a ddition al 1 . c e ch [ POS TAGE EX TRA]

i h f r h A THE NAUTILUS s t e o ﬁ ci al o ga n of t e m er i can Mal acologi cal U nion .

I n r r r r i n h m i r Mr fo ma tion ega di ng membe ship t e U nion ay b e obta n e d f om s . I R r c cr ar uff Mus u mogen e C. obe t son , Fin a n i al S e et y, B alo e m of Sci en ce,

u ff a N Y B lo, . .

E XCH ANGE NO TI CE S

W NTE : One ar eac w b e a f or u 1 938 c es TH E A D doll h ill p id J ly, , opi of N TI A s W NTE a c u s a n d Nu r s TH E AU LU S . l o A D : B k Vol m e mbe of N —4 UTI L S . Es ec a . 3 n os . 1 6 7 9 1 0 . 4 . 1 . A U p i lly vol , , , , , ; vol , no ; vol 9 1 4 1 1 6 . 3 . . 1 3 . . 7 n os . 5 6 8 0 . 1 8 , no ; vol , no . ; vol , no ; vol , , , , ; vol , — — n os . 3 9 1 1 1 2 . 1 9 n os . 7 1 0 . 2 0 n o s. 6 8 1 2 . 2 1 all , , , ; vol , ; vol , , ; vol , 2 2 n 9 2 3 2 4 n o 1 1 o r n n os. . os . 1 3 6 . . 5 . s . 7 a ; vol , , , , ; vol , no ; vol , , ; y

A r s H R E ER . Lab . U a . es u es. e s O C . . e of th e vol m dd A B BAK , Zool , niv P nn

FOR E H NGE : a r e s r a ree s a s Li u us i c u X C A Fifteen v i eti , Flo id t n il ( g ) n l ding r h r r li dus e x c a e f o r c a a Am h i drom u s ee t a e L . e th of e so , to h ng A h tin ll , p ,

B ulim u lu s Coch lost la O rth ali cu s P o r h rob a h e a n d P laco st lu s . , y , , p y p y

M GI NT r a . S ur U L . end yo li st to PA P C Y , Boynton , Flo id

WANTED : P upillid ae p reserve d in al c ohol f o r di ssec tion .

B C a NOr r a d 1 0 D e a r . R M TEEN ERG U . e e e e P OF. C. . S , niv of op nh g n , g , nm k

r l r x s se re u es . NEW ENGLAND COA S T S H ELLS f o sa e o e ch a nge . Li t nt on q t

l r u Li st of fo reign sh ell s f o r sa e on e q e st .

K H LE B o x 33 W es Newt Ma ss . M RS . . F . AD Y , , t on ,

M s se r e u es . WES T COAS T S H ELL S f o r e x ch a ng e . y li t nt on q t

E Av . R ac Ca . T M B RC I I 1 6 1 1 S . e a e e e O U , l n , dondo B h , lif TH E NA UTI LU S iii

FO R E C H NG E : M i s du li ca te s e s e rs a a e s u w e s X A y l t of p h ll , p on lly t k n in o th t

M c r r r w r ex c ai s so m e a e a a c e te s . S e s s i o , ont n th tt tiv i m nd li t ith ﬁ t

r M M D . 1 49 W . r l O . e e . LES . t R . ai S C c e e l tt B . BA , , . n , i l vi l , hio

F OR E CH NGE : Na e a er a f or e a M u sca es ec a l Co a ce X A tiv m t i l liv l nd oll , p i l y p

l n d H elix a s e rse ne m ra is O a la s ec es a . o , t p i , p W B B 534 8 O r Av I I a . G LE NN R . E e e . a a s a , hm , ndi n poli , ndi n

W E x n d a S e u r ANTED : ch an ge of book s a p mphl et s on m al ac ology . nd yo

s sk f o r i li t ; a m n e .

D H A ur r w r I r r M u u R. . C a e e e a s e se F A S , to of Lo nv t b te , Fi ld m of H r a I N ura s C c s . a t l i to y , hi go , llinoi

B ES CHR EI B U NG DER NATURALI EN -SAM M LU NG DER UNIVERS I TAT ZU ROS TOCK ’ c si i r r H F i s r a r a t c s Fa m l e e p int of . . L nk e book o t of ‘

- - E R LE TO M LI N 2 3 sc e R a S t . e ar s on S ea a . J . . B . , Bo ob l o d , L on d , ngl nd

u r ree r u a s e s H a li tis u l ens e r c r u . 1 . Fo g n , o gh Ab lone h ll ( o f g ) , v y olo f l $ — A r c Mu s u a a Ca . ld i h e m , B lbo , lif

MAR I NE S H E L L S O F TH E S O U T HW ES T FL O R I D A CO AS T

B y P L o uis e M . erry

C a er s e e r a a c a n d re ara s ec e s w h pt on g n li , coll e tion p p tion of p im n ; ith c e a r e i e escr s s ec es a n d r - i e a es e ra e l , d ﬁn tiv d iption of p i thi ty n n pl t ng v d r ra f om photog ph s of sp ec im en s .

Copi es m ay b e o rdere d f r om TH E PAL E O NTO L O GI CAL R ES EAR CH I NSTI TUTI O N 1 2 6 K e P h n a e I aca N. Y . lvi l c , t ,

a e r c e r u ( P p ov , cloth bo nd ,

W O R L D - W I D E S EA S H E L L S b y M ax w e ll Sm ith

No w ready

I ll u st ra tion s of mo re th a n 1 6 00 sp eci e s 1 9 0 0 se p a ra te ﬁg ures 1 5 1 a ges , , p , s e ci a ea u re s m a c u s a U p l f t , p, loth bo nd , po tp id in nite d S ta te s. S am l a r p e p ges f ee . MAX W E S M I TH LL , an a na F o d L t , l ri a iv TH E NAUTIL U S

1 2 3 Y e ar s o f R e s e ar c h LAND MOLLUS CA O F NORTH AME RICA ( NO RTH O F M E XI CO )

HEN A L Y BY RY . PI SBR

’ Since 1 81 7 when Thomas Say s papers appeared in the first ‘ ” ou rn al volume of its J , the Aca demy has occupied an outst and ’ a n ing position in incre sing the world s k owledge of Mollusks . As l H a the years fol owed , aldeman , Conrad , Is ac Lea and Tryon ’ a carried on in S y s steps . 1 887 H A l . Pi sb r In Dr enry . y succeeded Tryon as Curator of M ollusks , and during the past 52 years has carried forward the Academy ’s traditional position as a center of conchological dis v ri e co e s . During these years his researches have so broadened our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol lusks th at the Joseph Leidy Meda l was conferred upon him i n recognition of his discoveries . A a a Today , the cademy t kes ple sure in announcing the publi cation of Land Mollusca Of North America (North of Mexi co ) H l A. Pi sb r by Dr . enry y , the first comprehensive treatment of H ar e this subject in half a century . ere presented the sum m ari zed conclusions of over fifty years of field and l aboratory Pre investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject . vi sl ou y unpublished observations , descriptions of new genera and species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft a natomy m ake the volumes comprising this Monograph indis pens able to students of l and mollusks . Th e tw o v o lum es are o ff e re d b y subs cripti o n fo r

e a h n p ay a ble pr o p o rti o nat ly a s e c se c ti o is issued . V olume I ( divided into two Pa rts ) will tre at the helicoid mol lusks while V olume II will cover the rem a ining terrestrial groups . 6 1 939 V a n e s . olume I , P rt O ( i sued Dec , ) by subscription , a a V Pa TWO if purch ased sep r tely , olume I , rt A 1 1 940 s a ( issued ugust , ) by ubscription , if purch sed s a a V a a ep r tely , olume II ( in prep r tion ) by subscription , a a a if purch sed sep r tely ,

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1 2 3 Y e ar s o f R e s e ar c h LAND MOLLUS CA O F NORTH AME RICA ( NO RTH O F M E XI CO )

HE A L B Y BY NRY . PI S R

’ Since 1 81 7 when Thomas Say s papers appeared i n the first “ ” u A vol me of its Journal , the cademy has occupied an outstand ’ i n M s ing position in ncreasing the world s k owledge of ollu ks . As Ha the years followed , ldeman , Conrad , Isaac Lea and Tryon ’ carried on in Say s steps . 1 887 H A Pilsb r In Dr . enry . y succeeded Tryon as Curator of M ollusks , and during the past 52 years has carried forward the ’ Academy s traditional position as a center of conchological di s ri cove es . During these years his researches have so broadened our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him i n f recognition O his discoveries . A n i Today , the cademy takes pleasure in annou cing the publ cation Oi Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mex ico ) H A Pilsb r by Dr . enry . y , the first comprehensive treatment of H this subject in half a centur y . ere are presented the sum m ar i zed conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory Pr e investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject . l O vi ou s y unpublished bservations , descriptions of new genera and S pecies as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indi s

pensable to students of land mollusks . Th e tw o v o l um es are o ffere d b y subsc ripti o n f o r e h e p ayabl e pr o p o rti o n at ly as e ac se c ti o n is issu d . V olum e I ( divi ded into two Parts) wi ll treat the helicoid mol

lusks while V olum e II will cover the rem a ining terrestrial groups . 6 1 939 V n e . olume I , Part O ( issued Dec , ) by subscription , V P if purchased separately , olume I , art Two A 1 1 940 ( issued ugust , ) by subscription , if purchased a V separ tely , olume II ( in preparation ) by subscription ,

if purchased separately ,

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1 2 3 Y e ar s o f R e s e ar c h LAND MOLLUS CA O F NORTH AME RICA ( NO R T H O F M EXI CO )

HENR A I L B Y BY Y . P S R Since 1 81 7 When Thomas Say ’s papers appeared in the first “ ” A volume of its Journal , the cademy has occupied an outstand ’ i a n M ing position in ncre sing the world s k owledge of ollusks . As H aa the years followed , aldeman , Conrad , Is c Lea and T ryon ’ a s carried on in S y steps . 1 8 8 H A Pi l r 8 . sb a In Dr enry . y succeeded Tryon as Cur tor of M 2 a ollusks , and during the past 5 ye rs has carried forward the ’ Academy s traditional position as a center of conchological di s v r i a co e es . During these years his rese rches have SO broadened our knowledge Of the phylogeny and cl assification of land mol lusks that the Joseph Leidy Meda l w as conferred upon him i n recognition of his discoveries . A a a Today , the cademy t kes ple sure in announcing the publi c ation Of Land Mollusc a of North America (North of Mexi co ) H A Pilsb r by Dr . enry . y , the first comprehensive treatment of a a H ar e sum this subject in h lf century . ere presented the m ar i z ed conclusions Of over fifty years of field and laboratory an a a Pre investigations by outst nding uthority on the subject . vi l O Of an d ous y unpublished bservations , descriptions new genera species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft an atomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis pensable to students of l and mollusks . Th e tw o v o lum e s are O ti ere d b y s u bs c ription f o r

e h n p aya ble pro p o rti o n a t ly as e ac se c ti o is issued . V olume I ( divided into two Parts ) Will treat the helicoid mol lusks while V olume II W ill cover the rem aining terrestri a l group s . 1 3 V P n e . 6 9 9 olume I , art O (issued Dec , ) by subscription , a a V Pa TWO if purchased sep r tely , olume I , rt A 1 1 940 s ( issued ugust , ) by subscription , if purcha ed a a V a a sep r tely , olume II ( in prep r tion ) by subscription , a a if purchased sep r tely ,

For sale by THE ACAD EMY OF NAT URAL SCI ENC ES OF P HIL ADELP H I A

1 9TH S TREET AND TH E PA RKWAY

PH I L EL H I P A. AD P A ,