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Climate Migration in the Dry Corridor of Central America: Integrating a Gender Perspective

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Climate Migration in the Dry Corridor of Central America: Integrating a Gender Perspective Climate migration in the Dry Corridor of Central America: integrating a gender perspective 1 CLIMATE MIGRATION IN THE DRY CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL AMERICA INTEGRATING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE Climate migration in the Dry Corridor of Central America: integrating a gender perspective This document was produced, coordinated and revised by InspirAction/ Christian Aid based on research conducted by the Women’s Environment & Development Organization (wedo) and the Professional Services Co- operative for Social Solidarity (Cooperativa Autogestionaria de Servicios Profesionales para la Solidaridad Social R.L., CoopeSoliDar R.L). Authors of the research: Ivannia Ayales, Eleanor Blomstrom, Vivienne Solis Rivera, Daniela Pedraza and Paula M. Perez Briceño. The research has been coordinated and reviewed by Gaby Drink- water, Arantxa García, Alejandro González, Sagrario Monedero and Kas Sempere. Images: Christian Aid / Ezequiel Sánchez / InspirAction / wedo / Coope- SoliDar. Design and layout: www.Edita.in. The texts in this publication may be reproduced in full or in part, pro- vided that the author is cited. June 2019 2 INDEX Acronyms.........................................................................................................................................................6 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................8 Metodología.....................................................................................................................................................9 1. Background and context ...............................................................................................................10 1.1..The.Dry.Corridor,.a.high.climate.risk.area...............................................................................................12 1.2..Climate.migration....................................................................................................................................15 1.2.1..Terminology,.legal.context.and.figures...............................................................................................15 1.2.2..Climate.migration.in.the.Dry.Corridor................................................................................................16 1.3..Integrating.a.gender.perspective.into.climate.migration.........................................................................21 1.4..An.overview.of.international,.regional.and.natural.institutions.and.policies...........................................24 2. Case studies .................................................................................................................................30 2.1..El.Salvador...............................................................................................................................................32 2.1.1..Climate.migration.and.gender.impacts................................................................................................34 2.1.2..Climate.change.adaptation.and.resilience.from.a.gender.perspective...............................................35 2.2..Nicaragua................................................................................................................................................38 2.2.1..Climate.migration.and.gender.impacts..............................................................................................40 2.2.2..Adaptation.and.resilience.from.a.gender.perspective........................................................................42 2.3..Honduras.................................................................................................................................................44 2.3.1..Climate.migration.and.gender.impacts..............................................................................................46 2.3.2..Adaptation.and.resilience.from.a.gender.perspective........................................................................48 2.4..Guatemala...............................................................................................................................................50 2.4.1..Climate.migration.and.gender.impacts..............................................................................................52 2.4.2..Climate.change.adaptation.and.resilience.from.a.gender.perspective...............................................53 3. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................54 3.1..Environmental.migration.patterns.and.different.gender.impacts............................................................58 3.2..Women’s.climate.change.adaptation.and.resilience.actions...................................................................62 4. Recommendations for public policies to address climate change from a gender equality perspective ...................................................................................................66 5. Annex I..........................................................................................................................................70 6. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................71 . 4 Acronyms Amdv Association.of.Women.Defenders.of.Life FUNdESYRAm Foundation.for.Socioeconomic.Development.and.Environmental.Restoration CAC Central.American.Council.for.Agriculture GCRI Global.Climate.Risk.Index ccad Central.American.Commission.for.the.Environment.and.Development IICA Inter-American.Institute.for.Co-operation.on.Agriculture CdH Human.Development.Centre IPCC Intergovernmental.Panel.on.Climate.Change Cdm Women’s.Rights.Centre mAREmA Ministry.of.the.Environment.(Nicaragua) CEm-H Women’s.Studies.Centre mILPAH Independent.Lenca.Indigenous.Movement.of.La.Paz-Honduras CENTA National.Centre.for.Agricultural.and.Forestry.Technology mNIGR National.Board.for.Disaster.Risk.Management CEPREdENAC Coordination.Centre.for.the.Prevention.of.Natural.Disasters.in.Central.America OdESAR Organisation.for.Economic.and.Social.Development.for.the.Urban.and.Rural.Area CIAT International.Center.for.Tropical.Agriculture IOm International.Organization.for.Migration UNFCCC United.Nations.Framework.Convention.on.Climate.Change NGO Non-Governmental.Organization COmBRIFOL Brisas.de.la.Frontera.Regional.Mixed.Cooperative PARCA Environmental.Plan.for.the.Central.American.Region COmUCAP Coordinator.of.Women.Farmers.of.La.Paz UNdP United.Nations.Development.Programme CONGCOOP NGO.and.Cooperatives.Coordinating.Organization PREvdA Regional.Programme.for.the.Reduction.of.Vulnerability.and.Environmental.Degradation CoopeSolidar RL Professional.Services.Cooperative.for.Social.Solidarity PRISmA Salvadoran.Research.Programme.on.Development.and.Environment CRRHH Regional.Committee.for.Water.Resources SmES Small.and.Medium-Sized.Enterprises CAdC Central.American.Dry.Corridor RdS Network.for.Sustainable.Development ENSO El.Niño-Southern.Oscillation RECmURIC Central.American.Network.of.Rural,.Indigenous.and.Farming.Women ERCC Regional.Climate.Change.Strategy EWS Early.Warning.System FAO Food.and.Agriculture.Organization.of.the.United.Nations SICA Central.American.Integration.System FCAm Central.American.Women’s.Fund UNAG National.Union.of.Farmers.and.Stockbreeders FEm Foundation.Between.Women UNEP United.Nations.Environment.Programme FEmUPROCAN Agricultural.Federation.of.Cooperatives.of.Women.Farmers.in.Nicaragua UNES Salvadoran.Ecological.Unit IFAd International.Fund.for.Agricultural.Development WEdO Women’s.Environment.&.Development.Organization 6 7 Introduction Methodology Climate change is a threat which affects the planet’s most vulnerable people in The following questions were addressed: multidimensional ways and is manifested unequally depending on the population’s natural geographical and social vulnerabilities. It is abundantly clear that climate What are the patterns of environmental migration, the causes of which are now likely change has a greater impact on women. Climate change projections also include to worsen as a result of climate change, in the Central American Dry Corridor and the extremely high numbers of climate change migrants. The Central American region associated gender impacts? is the most striking example of this phenomenon; this region is severely affected by extreme climate phenomena, and the women among the migrants travelling What adaptation and resilience actions have women planned and through the Dry Corridor towards the United States are exposed to violence. implemented to deal with climate change? The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between three factors – What factors must be taken into account when formulating public policy at different migration, gender and climate change – in the Central American Dry Corridor levels to approach climate change from a gender equality perspective? because, although there is a vast body of literature that addresses each of these factors individually, there is a significantly smaller number of sources which cover The research has been conducted during 2017 and 2018. The qualitative field work included the link between three variables, and studies which analyse the three factors focus groups, interviews and visits to communities, NGOs and government representatives together are virtually non-existent. in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. (see Annex I). A total of 251 people
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