NASA-CR-192116

FINAL REPORT

"Theoretical Studies on the Chromosphere, Corona, and Solar Wind"

NASA GRANT NAGW-76

to the

University of New Hampshire

under the

NASA Space Physics Theory Program

for the period

June 1980 - December 1990

/ /] Joseph VI Hollweg( Martin A. Lee v Co-PI Co-PI

(NASA-CR-192116) THEORETICAL N9]-19932 STUDIES ON THE CHROMOSPHERE, CORONA, AND SOLAR WIND Final Report, Jun. 1980 - Dec. 1990 (New Unclas Hampshire Univ.) 10 p

G3/92 0143809 PRECEDING PPtGE BLANK NOT NAGW-76 PUBLICATION LIST

l° Bogdan, T.J., M.A. Lee, and P. Schneider, Coupled Quasilinear Wave Damping and Stochastic Acceleration of Pickup Ions in the Solar Wind, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 161, 1991.

, Burlaga, L.F., L.W. Klein, J.D. Scudder, and P.A. Isenberg, Pressure balanced structures between 1 AU and 24 AU and their implications for solar wind electrons and interstellar ions, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2229, 1990.

, Chih, P.P. and M.A. Lee, A Perturbation Approach to Cosmic Ray Transients in Interplanetary Space, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2903, 1986.

° DEmoulin, P. and T.G. Forbes, Weighted Current Sheets Supported in Normal and Inverse Configurations, A Model for Prominence Observations, Astrophys. J., 387, 394-401, 1992.

o Fisk, L.A. ct al., Impact of flares on the solar-terrestrial environment, in Solar Terrestrial Physics: Present and Future, ed. by D. Butler and K. Papadopoulos, NASA Ref. Publ. 1120, 1984.

° Fisk, L.A., Summary remarks, in The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, ed. R.G. Marsden, D. Reidel, 493, 1986.

. Fisk, L.A., The anomalous component: its variation with latitude and related aspects of modulation, in The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, ed. R.G. Marsden, D. Reidel, 401, 1986.

. Forbes, T.G. and E.R. Priest, A Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Models for Steadily-Driven Magnetic Reconnection, Reviews of Geophys., 25, 1583, 1987.

. Forbes, T.G. and E.R. Priest, Numerical Simulation of R'ecormection in an Emerging Magnetic Flux Region, Solar Physics, 94, 315, 1984. (A synopsis of this paper is published in Adv. Space Res., 4, 53, 1984).

10. Forbes, T.G. and J.M. Malherbe, A Shock-Condensation Mechanism for Loop Prominences, Astrophys.J. Lett., 302, L67, 1986.

11. Forbes, T.G. and J.M. Malherbe, A Reconnection Mechanism for Coronal Condensations in Two-Ribbon Flares, in The Lower Atmosphere of Solar Flares, (ed. D.F. Neidig), NSO, Sacramento Peak, NM, p. 443, 1986.

12. Forbes, T.G. and P.A. lsenberg, A Catastrophe Mechanism for Coronal Mass Ejections, Astrophys. l., 373, 294, 1991.

13. Forbes, T.G., and P.A. lsenberg, A catastrophe mechanism for coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 373,294, 1991. 14. Forbes, T.G., Basic Properties and Models of Solar Prominences, in The Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes (eds. C.T. Russell, E.R. Priest, and L.C. Lee), invited paper, AGU Monograph 58, p. 295, 1990.

15. Forbes, T.G., Current Evolution in a Numerical Emerging Magnetic Flux Model, in Measurements of Solar Vector Magnetic Fields, (ed. M.J. Hagyard) NASA CP-2374,

16. Forbes, T.G., Fast-Shock Formation in Line-tied Magnetic Recormection Models of Solar Flares, Astrophys. J., 305, 553, 1986.

17. Forbes, T.G., Formation and Support of Prominences, in Coronal and Prominence Plasmas, (ed. A. Poland), NASA CP-2442, p. 21, 1986.

18. Forbes, T.G., The Role of Magnetic Reconnection in Flares and Prominence Eruptions, in Basic Plasma Processes on the Sun, (eds. E.R. Priest and V. Krishan), invited paper, IAU Symp. 142, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrccht, p. 293, 1990.

19. Forbes, T.G., J.M. Malherbe, and E.R. Priest, The Formation of Flare Loops by Magnetic Reconnection and Chromospheric Ablation, Solar Phys., 120, 185, 1989.

20. Forbes, T.G., Magnetic Recormection and Solar Hare Loops, in Small-Scale Plasma Processes, (ed. A. Pederson), invited paper, ESA SP-275, Utrecht, p. 3, 1987.

21. Forbes, T.G., Magnetic Reconnection Models of Flares, in Activity in Cool Star Envelopes, (eds. O. Haynes, B.R. Pettersen, J.H.M.M. Schmitt, J.E. Solheim) invited paper, Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 115, 1988.

22. Forbes, T.G., Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Conditions for Global Models, in Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma, (eds. T.E. Moore and J.H. Waite, Jr.), invited paper, AGU Monograph 44, p. 319, 1988.

23. Forbes, T.G., Numerical Simulation of a Catastrophe Model for Coronal Mass Ejections, J. of Geophys. Res., 95, 11919, 1990.

24. Forbes, T.G., Shocks Produced by Impulsively Driven Reconnection, Solar Phys., 117, 97, 1988.

25. Gary, S.P., C.W. Smith, M.A. Lee, M.L. Goldstein, and D.W. Forslund, Electromagnetic Ion Beam Instabilities, Phys. Fluids, 27, 1852, 1984.

26. Goldstein, M.L., H.K. Wong, A.F. Vinas, and C.W. Smith,, Large-amplitude MIlD waves upstream of the Jovian bow shock: reinterpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 302- 310, 1985.

27. Gordon B.E., and J.V. Hollweg, 1983, Collisional damping of surface waves in file solar corona, Astrophys. J., 266, 373-382. 28. Greenstadt, E.W. et al., Collisionless Shock Waves in the Solar-Terrestrial Environment, in Solar Terrestrial Physics: Present and Future, ed. D.M. Butler and K. Papadopoulos, NASA Reference Publ. 1120, 1984.

29. Hollweg, J.V. and P.A. lsenberg, On rotational forces in the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11,463, 1981.

0° Hollweg, J.V. and W. Johnson, 1988, Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes: some 2-fluid models, I. Geophys. Res., 93, 9547-9554.

Hollweg, J.V., 1981, Minor ions in the low corona, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 8899-8905.

ltollweg, J.V., 1982, Heating of the corona and solar wind by switch-on shocks, Astrophys. J., 254, 806-813.

33. Hollweg, J.V., 1982, On the origin of solar spicules, Astrophys. J., 257, 345-353.

34. Hollweg, J.V., 1982, Surface waves on solar wind tangential discontinuities, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8065-8076.

35. Hollweg, J.V., 1983, Coronal heating by waves, in Solar Wind Five, ed. by M. Neugebauer, 5-21.

36. Hollweg, J.V., 1984, Alfv_nic resonant cavities in the solar atmosphere, simple aspects, Solar Phys., 91,269-288.

37. Hollweg, J.V., 1984, Resonances of coronal loops, Astrophys. J., 277, 392-403.

38. Hollweg, J.V., 1985, Alfv6n Waves, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science.

39. Hollweg, J.V., 1985, Alfvdnic heating of the chromosphere and corona, in Proc. Sac Peak Chromospheric Workshop, ed. by B. Lites, National Solar Observatory, 235-251.

0, Hollweg, J.V., 1985, Viscosity in a magnetized plasma: physical interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7620-7622.

41. Hollweg, J.V., 1986, Resonance absorption of MHD surface waves: physical discussion, Astrophys. J., 312, 880-885.

42. Hollweg, J.V., 1986, Viscosity and the CGL equations in the solar corona, Astrophys. J., 306, 730-739.

43. Hollweg, J.V., 1986: Energy and momentum transport by waves in the solar atmosphere, in Advances in Space Plasma Physics, ed. by B. Buti, World Scientific, Singapore, 77-141.

4. ttollweg, J.V., 1986: Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4111-4125. 45. ttollweg, J.V., 1987, Incompressible MHD surface waves: nonlinear aspects, Astrophys. J., 317, 918-925.

46. Hollweg, J.V., 1987, Resonance absorption of MHD surface waves: viscous effects, Astrophys. J., 320, 875-883.

47. Hollweg, J.V., 1987, Small-scale MHD wave processes in the solar atmosphere and solar wind, Proc. 21st ESLAB Symposium, ESA-SP-275, pp. 161-168.

48. Hollweg, J.V., 1988, Resonance absorption of solar p-modes by sunspots, Astrophys. J., 335, 1005-1014.

49. Hollweg, J.V., 1989, Resonance absorption of propagating fast waves in a cold plasma, Planetary Space Scl., 38, 1017-1030.

50. Hollweg, J.V., 1990, MHD waves on solar magnetic flux tubes: a tutorial review, in The Physics of Magnetic Hux Ropes, ed. by C.T. Russell, AGU Geophysical Monograph 58, 23-31.

51. lqollweg, J.V., 1990, Resonant decay of global MHD modes at 'thick' interfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2319-2324.

52. Hollweg, J.V., 1990, Wave-particle interactions in the solar wind, in Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia, ed. by S.P. Maran, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 338-340.

53. Hollweg, J.V., 1990: Heating of the solar corona, Computer Phys. Reports, 12, 205- 232.

4. Hollweg, J.V., 1990: On WKB expansions for Alfv6n waves in the solar wind, J. Gcophys. Res., 95, 14873-14880.

55. HoUweg, J.V., 1991, Cosmic rays: solar system effects, in Encyclopedia of Physics (2nd Edition), ed. by R.G. Lemer and G.L. Trigg, VCH Publishers, New York, 198- 200.

56. Hollweg, J.V., 1991: AlfvEn waves, in "Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating", ed. by P. Ulmschneider, E. Priest and R. Rosner, pp. 423-434.

57. Hollweg, J.V., 1992, Alfv6nically-driven slow shocks in the solar chromosphere and corona, Astrophys. J., 389, 731-738.

58. Hollweg, J.V., and A.C. Sterling, i984, Resonant heating: an interpretation of coronal loop data, Astrophys. J. Letters, 282, L31-L33.

59. Hollweg, J.V., and B. Roberts, 1981, Bound oscillations on thin magnetic flux tubes: convective instability and umbral oscillations, Astrophys. J., 250, 398-407. 0. Hollweg, J.V., and B. Roberts, 1984, Surface solitary waves and solitons, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9703-9710.

61. HoUweg, J.V., and G. Yang, 1988, Resonance absorption of MHD waves at thin surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5423-5436.

62. Hollweg, J.V., and M.A. Lee, 1989, Slow twists of solar magnetic flux tubes and the polar magnetic field of the sun, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 919-922.

63. ttollweg, J.V., G. Yang, V. Cadez and B. Gakovic, 1990, Surface waves in an incompressible fluid: resonant instability due to velocity shear, Astrophys. J., 349, 335-344.

4, Hollweg, J.V., M. Bird, H. Volland, P. Edenhofer, C. Stelzried and B. Seidel, 1982, Possible evidence for coronal Alfv6n waves, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1-8.

65. Isenberg, P.A. and J.V. Hollweg, Finite amplitude Alfv6n waves in a multi-ion plasma: Propagation, acceleration, and heating, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5023, 1982.

6. Isenberg, P.A. and J.V. Hollweg, On the preferential acceleration and heating of solar wind heavy ions, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3923, 1983.

67. Isenberg, P.A., Acceleration of heavy ions in the solar wind, Solar Wind Five, ed. by M. Neugebauer, NASA Conference Publ. 2280, 655, 1983.

68. lsenberg, P.A., Comment on On the dispersion of ion cyclotron waves in It+ -He++ solar wind-like magnetized plasmas by Cuperman, Ofman, and Dryer, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10151, 1989.

69. lsenberg, P.A., Energy diffusion of pickup ions upstream of comets, J. Geophys. Rcs., 92, 8795, 1987.

70. lsenberg, P.A., Evolution of interstellar pickup ions in the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1067, 1987.

71. Isenberg, P.A., H.C. Koons, and J.F. Fennell, Simultaneous observations of energetic electrons and dawnside chorus in geosynchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1495, 1982.

72. Isenberg, P.A., Interaction of the solar wind with interstellar neutral hydrogen: Three- fluid model, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9965, 1986.

73. lsenberg, P.A., Interstellar pickup protons at pressure-balanced structures, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 155, 1991.

74. Isenberg, P.A., Investigations of a turbulence-driven solar wind model, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6437, 1990. 75. Isenberg, P.A., On a difficulty with accelerating particles at slow-mode shocks, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1699, 1986.

76. lsenberg, P.A., P.-P. Chih, and L.A. Fisk, The heating of the solar wind by the interstellar neutral gas, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12040, 1985.

77. Isenberg, P.A., Resonant acceleration and heating of solar wind ions: Anisotropy and dispersion, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6613, 1984.

78. Isenberg, P.A., The continuing mystery of the interstellar pickup protons, Proc. Syrup. Physics of Space Plasmas, ed. by T. Chang, G. B. Crew, and J. R. Jasperse, Scientific, Cambridge, MA, 1991.

79. Isenberg, P.A., The ion-cyclotron dispersion relation in a proton-alpha solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2133, 1984.

80. lsenberg, P.A., The solar wind, chapter in Geomagnetism, v. 4, ed. by J.A. Jacobs, Academic Press, London, 1991.

81. Lee, M.A. and B. Roberts, On the Behavior of Hydromagnetic Surface Waves, Astrophys. J., 301,430, 1986.

82. Lee, M.A, and G. Skadron, A Simple Model for the Formation of Reflected, Intermediate and Diffuse Ion Distributions Upstream of Earth's Bow Shock, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 39, 1985.

83. Lee, M.A. and J.M. Ryan, Time-Dependent Coronal Shock Acceleration of Energctic Solar Flare Particles, Astrophys. J., 303, 829, 1986.

4. Lee, M.A. and L.A. Fisk, Shock Acceleration of Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev. 32, 205, 1982.

85. Lee, M.A. and L.A. Fisk, The Role of Particle Drifts in Solar Modulation Astrophys. J. 248, 836, 1981.

86. Lee, M.A. and S.P. Gary, Quasilinear Evolution of ULF Waves Excited by Cometary Ion Pickup, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21319, 1991.

87. Lee, M.A. and W.-H. lp, ttydromagnctic Wave Excitation by Ionized Interstellar Hydrogen and Helium in the Solar Wind, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11041, 1987.

88. Lee, M.A. and W.l. Axford, Model Structure of a Cosmic Ray Mediated Stellar or Solar Wind, Astron. Astrophys., 194, 297, 1988.

89. Lee, M.A., Acceleration of Energetic Particles at Solar Wind Shocks, Proceedings of the 19th ESLAB Symposium on the Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, ed. R.G. Marsden, D. Reidel, p. 305, 1986. 0° Lee, M.A., Collisionless Shocks and Particle Acceleration, Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p. 627, 1992.

91. Lee, M.A., Coupled Hydromagnetic Wave Excitation and Ion Acceleration at Interplanetary Travelling Shocks, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6109, 1983.

1 2. Lee, M.A., Coupled Hydromagnetic Waves Excitation and lon Acceleration Upstream of the Earth's Bow Shock, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 5063, 1982.

93. Lee, M.A., G. Skadron and L.A. Fisk, Acceleration of Energetic Ions at the Earth's Bow Shock, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8,401, 1981.

4. Lee, M.A., Ion Acceleration to Cosmic Ray Energies, in Physics of the Outer Heliosphere, ed. S. Grzedzielski and D.E. Page, COSPAR, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p.157, 1990.

95. Lee, M.A., L.A. Fisk, and W.l. Axford, Model Structure of a Cosmic Ray Mediated Stellar or Solar Wind, Proc. Inter. Cosmic Ray Conf. 20th, 2, 187, 1987.

96. Lee, M.A., MHD Waves at Interplanetary Shocks, Proceedings of the International Conference on Collisionless Shocks, ed. K. SzegO, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, p. 194, 1987.

97. Lee, M.A., Particle Acceleration and MHD Wave Excitation Upstream of Interplanetary Shocks, Adv. Space Res., 4, 2-3, 295, 1984.

98. Lee, M.A., Particles Accelerated by Shocks in the Heliosphere, Proceedings of the JPL Workshop on the Interplanetary Particle Environment, ed. J. Feynman and S. Gabriel, JPL Publ. 88-28, 111, 1988.

9. Lee, M.A., Solar Particle Propagation and Modulation Theory -- Rapporteur Paper for Session SH-5, Proc. 17th Inter. Conf. Cosmic Rays, 13, 183, 1981.

100. Lee, M.A., T.J. Bogdan, and P. Schneider, Coupled Stochastic Fermi Acceleration and Wave Damping in Space Plasmas, Proc. Inter. Conf. Cosmic Rays 21st, 5, 348, 1990.

101. Lee, M.A., The Association of Energetic Particles and Shocks in the Heliosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21,324, 1983.

102. Lee, M.A., The Solar Wind Termination Shock and the Heliosphere Beyond, Proceedings of Solar Wind VI, NCAR/TN-306, 2, 635, 1988.

103. Lee, M.A., ULF Waves at Comets, in Plasma Waves and Instabilities at Comets ,and in Magnetospheres, ed. B.T. Tsurutani and H. Oya, AGU Geophysical Monograph 53, Washington, D.C., p. 13, 1989.

104. Malherbe, J.M. and T.G. Forbes, Can Prominences Form in Current Sheets?, in Coronal and Prominence Plasmas, (ed. A. Poland) NASA CP-2442, p. 33, 1986. 9

105. Malherbe, J.M. and T.G. Forbes, On the Thermal Durability of Solar Prominences, or HOW to evaporate a prominence, in Coronal and Prominence Plasmas, (ed. A. Poland) NASA CP-2442, p. 225, 1986.

106. Malherbe, J.M., T.G. Forbes and E.R. Priest, A Numerical Simulation of the Formation of Solar Prominences, in The Hydromagnetics of the Sun, (eds. P. Hoyng and M. Kuperus) ESA SP-220, p. 119, 1984.

107. Mariska, J.T., and J.V. HoUweg, 1985, Alfv_nic pulses in the solar atmosphere, Astrophys. J., 296, 746-757.

108. Newkirk, G., Jr., and L.A. Fisk, Variations of cosmic ray and solar wind properties with respect to the heliospheric current sheet, I: 5 Gev protons and the solar wind speed, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3391, 1985.

109. Nocera, L., E.R. Priest, and J.V. Hollweg, 1986, Nonlinear development of phase- mixed Alfv6n waves, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 35, 111-129.

110. Perko J.S., and L.A. Fisk, Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays 5. Time-dependent modulation, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9033-9036, 1983.

111. Priest, E.R. and T.G. Forbes, Magnetic Field Evolution During Prominence Eruptions and Two-Ribbon Flares, Solar Physl, 126, 319, 1990.

112. Priest, E.R. and T.G. Forbes, Magnetic Hipping - Reconnection in Three Dimensions Without Null Points, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1521-1531, 1991.

113. Priest, E.R. and T.G. Forbes, New Models for Fast Steady-State Magnetic Reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5579, 1986.

114. Priest, E.R. and T.G. Forbes, The Evolution of Coronal Magnetic Fields, Solar Phys., 130, 399, 1990.

115. Priest, E.R. Current sheets in solar flares, in Unstable Current Systems and Plasma Instabilities in Astrophysics, IAU Symp. No. 107, 233-242, 1985.

116. Priest, E.R., and T.G. Forbes, Steady Magnetic Reconnection in Three Dimensions, Solar Phys., 119, 211, 1989.

117. Priest, E.R., P.J. Cargill, T.G. Forbes, A.W. Hood, and R.S. Steinolfson, Preflare Activity, in Energetic Phenomena on the Sun (eds. M. Kundu and B. Woodgate) NASA CP-2439, p. 1-3, 1986.

118. Roberts, B., On MHD solitons in jets, Astrophys. J., 318, 590-594, 1987.

119. Ryan. J.M. and M.A. Lee, On the Transport and Acceleration of Solar Hare Particles in a Coronal Loop, Astrophys. J., 368, 316, 1991. 120. Sakurai,T., M. Goossens,andJ.V.Hollweg,1991:Resonantabsorptionof wavesby magneticflux tubes2. absorptionof soundwavesby sunspots,SolarPhys.,133,247- 262.

121. Sakurai,T., M. Goossens,andJ.V.Hollweg,1991:Resonantbehaviorof MHD waves on magneticflux tubes1. connectionformulaeat theresonantsurfaces,SolarPhys., 133,227-245.

122. Schmieder,B., J.M.Malherbe,G.M.Simnett,T.G.Forbes,andE. Tandberg-Hanssen, Evaporation in the Transition Region During the Gradual Phase of Flares, Astrophys. J., 356, 720, 1990.

123. Schmieder, B., T.G. Forbes, J.M. Malherbe and M.E. Machado, Evidence for Gentle Chromospheric Evaporation During the Gradual Phase of Two-Ribbon Hares, Astrophys. J., 317, 956, 1987.

124. Simnett, G.M. and T.G. Forbes, Flare Loops and Giant Arches, in Dynamics of Solar Flares, proceedings of the Flare 22 Workshop held in Chantilly, France October 16-19, 1990 (eds. B. Schmieder and E.R. Priest), L'Observat0ire de Paris Press, Paris, p. 121, 1991.

125. Skadron, G., R.D. Holdaway and M.A. Lee, Formation of the Wave Compressional Boundary in the Earth's Foreshock, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11354, 1988.

126. Skadron, G.and M.A. Lee, Temporal Development of Diffuse Ion Events Upstream of the Earth's Bow Shock: The October 31, 1977, Event, J. Geophys. Res.,88, 9975, 1983.

127. Skadron, G.and M.A. Lee, The Two-Dimensional Structure of Diffuse Ions Associated with the Earth's Bow Shock, Astrophys. J., 263, 468, 1982.

128. Smith, C.W. and M.A. Lee, Coupled Hydromagnetic Wave Excitation and Ion Acceleration Upstream of the Jovian Bow Shock, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 81, 1986.

129. Smith, C.W. and S.P. Gary, Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities: Growth at cyclotron harmonic wave numbers, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 117, 1987.

130. Sterling, A., and J.V. Hollweg, 1984, Alfv6nic resonances on solar spicules, Astrophys. J., 285, 843-850.

131. Sterling, A.C., and J.V. Hollweg, 1988, The rebound shock model for solar spicules: dynamics at long times, Astrophys. J., 327, 950-963.

132. Sterling, A.C., and J.V. Hollweg, 1989, A rebound shock mechanism for solar fibrils, Astrophys. J., 343, 985-993.

133. Yang, G., and J.V. Hollweg, 1991" The effects of velocity shear on the resonance absorption of MHD surface waves: cold plasma, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13807-13813.