Interstellar Probe to Explore the Sun's Influences Propagating Beyond The
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And Type Ii Solar Outbursts
X-641-65-68 / , RADIO EMISSION FROM SHOCK WAVES - AND TYPE II SOLAR OUTBURSTS FEBRUARY 1965 \ -1 , GREENBELT, MARYLAND , X-641-65- 68 RADIO EMISSION FROM SHOCK WAVES AND TYPE II SOLAR OUTBURSTS bY Derek A. Tidman February 1965 NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland * RADIO EMISSION FROM SHOCK WAVES AND TYPE 11 SOLAR OUTBURSTS Derek A. Tidman* NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland ABSTRACT A model for Type 11 solar radio outbursts is discussed. The radiation is hypothesized to originate in the process of collective bremsstrahlung emitted by non-thermal electron and ion density fluctuations in a plasma containing a flux of energetic electrons. The source of radiation is assumed to be a collisionless plasma shock wave rising through the solar corona. It is also suggested that the collisionless bow shocks of the earth and planets in the solar wind might be similar but weaker sources of low frequency emission with a similar two- harmonic structure to Type 11 emission. * Permanent address: Institute for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. iii RADIO EMISSION FROM SHOCK WAVES AND TYPE II SOLAR OUTBURSTS by Derek A. Tidman NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland INTRODUCTION In a previous paper' we calculated the bremsstrahlung emitted from thermal plasmas which co-exist with a flux of energetic (suprathermal) electrons. It was found that under some circumstances the radiation emitted from such plasmas can be greatly increased compared to the emission from a Maxwellian plasma with no energetic particles present. The enhanced emission occurs at the funda- mental and second harmonic of the electron plasma frequency. -
Arxiv:1712.09051V1 [Astro-Ph.SR] 25 Dec 2017
Solar Physics DOI: 10.1007/•••••-•••-•••-••••-• Origin of a CME-related shock within the LASCO C3 field-of-view V.G.Fainshtein1 · Ya.I.Egorov1 c Springer •••• Abstract We study the origin of a CME-related shock within the LASCO C3 field-of-view (FOV). A shock originates, when a CME body velocity on its axis surpasses the total velocity VA + VSW , where VA is the Alfv´envelocity, VSW is the slow solar wind velocity. The formed shock appears collisionless, because its front width is manifold less, than the free path of coronal plasma charged particles. The Alfv´envelocity dependence on the distance was found by using characteristic values of the magnetic induction radial component and of the proton concentration in the Earth orbit, and by using the known regularities of the variations in these solar wind characteristics with distance. A peculiarity of the analyzed CME is its formation at a relatively large height, and the CME body slow acceleration with distance. We arrived at a conclusion that the formed shock is a bow one relative to the CME body moving at a super Alfv´envelocity. At the same time, the shock formation involves a steeping of the front edge of the coronal plasma disturbed region ahead of the CME body, which is characteristic of a piston shock. Keywords: Sun, Coronal Mass Ejection, Shock 1. Introduction The assumption that, ahead of solar material bunches that were earlier thought to be emitted during solar flares, a shock may emerge in the interplanetary space was already stated in 1950s (Gold, 1962). Based on observations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in 1973-1974 (Skylab era), Gosling et al., 1976 supposed that a bow shock should emerge ahead of sufficiently fast CEs. -
Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Published by JAS Educational Publications Copyright Pending 2010 JAS Educational Publications All rights reserved. Including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Second Edition Author: Jeffrey Wright Scott Photographs and Diagrams: Credit NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USGS, NOAA, Aames Research Center JAS Educational Publications 2601 Oakdale Road, H2 P.O. Box 197 Modesto California 95355 1-888-586-6252 Website: http://.Introastro.com Printing by Minuteman Press, Berkley, California ISBN 978-0-9827200-0-4 1 Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory The moon Titan is in the forefront with the moon Tethys behind it. These are two of many of Saturn’s moons Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, ISS, JPL, ESA, NASA 2 Introduction to Astronomy Contents in Brief Chapter 1: Astronomy Basics: Pages 1 – 6 Workbook Pages 1 - 2 Chapter 2: Time: Pages 7 - 10 Workbook Pages 3 - 4 Chapter 3: Solar System Overview: Pages 11 - 14 Workbook Pages 5 - 8 Chapter 4: Our Sun: Pages 15 - 20 Workbook Pages 9 - 16 Chapter 5: The Terrestrial Planets: Page 21 - 39 Workbook Pages 17 - 36 Mercury: Pages 22 - 23 Venus: Pages 24 - 25 Earth: Pages 25 - 34 Mars: Pages 34 - 39 Chapter 6: Outer, Dwarf and Exoplanets Pages: 41-54 Workbook Pages 37 - 48 Jupiter: Pages 41 - 42 Saturn: Pages 42 - 44 Uranus: Pages 44 - 45 Neptune: Pages 45 - 46 Dwarf Planets, Plutoids and Exoplanets: Pages 47 -54 3 Chapter 7: The Moons: Pages: 55 - 66 Workbook Pages 49 - 56 Chapter 8: Rocks and Ice: -
Breakthrough Propulsion Study Assessing Interstellar Flight Challenges and Prospects
Breakthrough Propulsion Study Assessing Interstellar Flight Challenges and Prospects NASA Grant No. NNX17AE81G First Year Report Prepared by: Marc G. Millis, Jeff Greason, Rhonda Stevenson Tau Zero Foundation Business Office: 1053 East Third Avenue Broomfield, CO 80020 Prepared for: NASA Headquarters, Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) and NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Washington, DC 20546 June 2018 Millis 2018 Grant NNX17AE81G_for_CR.docx pg 1 of 69 ABSTRACT Progress toward developing an evaluation process for interstellar propulsion and power options is described. The goal is to contrast the challenges, mission choices, and emerging prospects for propulsion and power, to identify which prospects might be more advantageous and under what circumstances, and to identify which technology details might have greater impacts. Unlike prior studies, the infrastructure expenses and prospects for breakthrough advances are included. This first year's focus is on determining the key questions to enable the analysis. Accordingly, a work breakdown structure to organize the information and associated list of variables is offered. A flow diagram of the basic analysis is presented, as well as more detailed methods to convert the performance measures of disparate propulsion methods into common measures of energy, mass, time, and power. Other methods for equitable comparisons include evaluating the prospects under the same assumptions of payload, mission trajectory, and available energy. Missions are divided into three eras of readiness (precursors, era of infrastructure, and era of breakthroughs) as a first step before proceeding to include comparisons of technology advancement rates. Final evaluation "figures of merit" are offered. Preliminary lists of mission architectures and propulsion prospects are provided. -
Abstract Observation Overview Nustar HXR Imaging Microflare
Imaging and Spectroscopy of Six NuSTAR MicroFlares SH11D-2898 Contact: J. Duncan1, L. Glesener1, I. Hannah2, D. Smith3, B. Grefenstette4 (1Univ, of Minnesota; 2Univ. of Glasgow; 3UC Santa Cruz; 4California Institute of Technology) [email protected] Abstract MicroFlare Time Evolution Hard X-ray (HXR) emission in solar flares originates from regions of high temperature plasma, as well as from non-thermal particle populations [1]. Both of these sources of HXR radiation make solar observation in this band important for study of • NuSTAR observed 6 MicroFlares during this observation. Time evolution is shown in both raw and normalized NuSTAR flare energetics. NuSTAR is the first HXR telescope with direct focusing optics, giving it a dramatic increase in sensitivity countsLivetime acrosscorrection several applied energy ranges for each flare. Counts are livetime-corrected (NuSTAR livetime ranged from 1-14%). Livetime correction applied over previous indirect imaging methods. Here we present NuSTAR observation of six microflares from one solar active Livetime correction applied 5 5 6 5×10 4×10 2.0 10 5 × 4×10 5 region during a period of several hours on May 29th, 2018. In conjunction with simultaneous data from SDO/AIA, data 3×10 5 2-4 keV 2-4 keV 6 3×10 1.5 10 Orbit1, Flare B 4-6 keV 2×105 4-6 keV × 5 counts 2 10 2-4 keV × Orbit1, Flare A 6-8 keV counts Orbit1, Flare C 6-8 keV from this observation has been used to create flare-time images showing the spatial extent of HXR emission. Additionally, 5 5 1 10 1×10 8-10 keV × 8-10 keV 6 4-6 keV 1.0×10 (Left) Estimated GOES A5 flare, with 0 0 1.2 1.2 16:07 16:08 16:09 16:10 16:11 16:46 16:48 16:50 16:52 16:54 NuSTAR lightcurves show time evolution in four different HXR energy ranges over the course of each flare. -
Build a Spacecraft Activity
UAMN Virtual Family Day: Amazing Earth Build a Spacecraft SMAP satellite. Image: NASA. Discover how scientists study Earth from above! Scientists use satellites and spacecraft to study the Earth from outer space. They take pictures of Earth's surface and measure cloud cover, sea levels, glacier movements, and more. Materials Needed: Paper, pencil, craft materials (small recycled boxes, cardboard pieces, paperclips, toothpicks, popsicle sticks, straws, cotton balls, yarn, etc. You can use whatever supplies you have!), fastening materials (glue, tape, rubber bands, string, etc.) Instructions: Step 1: Decide what you want your spacecraft to study. Will it take pictures of clouds? Track forest fires? Measure rainfall? Be creative! Step 2: Design your spacecraft. Draw a picture of what your spacecraft will look like. It will need these parts: Container: To hold everything together. Power Source: To create electricity; solar panels, batteries, etc. Scientific Instruments: This is the why you launched your satellite in the first place! Instruments could include cameras, particle collectors, or magnometers. Communication Device: To relay information back to Earth. Image: NASA SpacePlace. Orientation Finder: A sun or star tracker to show where the spacecraft is pointed. Step 3: Build your spacecraft! Use any craft materials you have available. Let your imagination go wild. Step 4: Your spacecraft will need to survive launching into orbit. Test your spacecraft by gently shaking or spinning it. How well did it hold together? Adjust your design and try again! Model spacecraft examples. Courtesy NASA SpacePlace. Activity adapted from NASA SpacePlace: spaceplace.nasa.gov/build-a-spacecraft/en/ UAMN Virtual Early Explorers: Amazing Earth Studying Earth From Above NASA is best known for exploring outer space, but it also conducts many missions to investigate Earth from above. -
From the Heliosphere Into the Sun Programme Book Incuding All
511th WE-Heraeus-Seminar From the Heliosphere into the Sun –SailingagainsttheWind– Programme book incuding all abstracts Physikzentrum Bad Honnef, Germany January 31 – February 3, 2012 http://www.mps.mpg.de/meetings/heliocorona/ From the Heliosphere into the Sun A meeting dedicated to the progress of our understanding of the solar wind and the corona in the light of the upcoming Solar Orbiter mission This meeting is dedicated to the processes in the solar wind and corona in the light of the upcoming Solar Orbiter mission. Over the last three decades there has been astonishing progress in our understanding of the solar corona and the inner heliosphere driven by remote-sensing and in-situ observations. This period of time has seen the first high-resolution X-ray and EUV observations of the corona and the first detailed measurements of the ion and electron velocity distribution functions in the inner heliosphere. Today we know that we have to treat the corona and the wind as one single object, which calls for a mission that is fully designed to investigate the interwoven processes all the way from the solar surface to the heliosphere. The meeting will provide a forum to review the advances over the last decades, relate them to our current understanding and to discuss future directions. We will concentrate one day on in- situ observations and related models of the inner heliosphere, and spend another day on remote sensing observations and modeling of the corona – always with an eye on the symbiotic nature of the two. On the third day we will direct our view towards the future. -
Deuterium – Tritium Pulse Propulsion with Hydrogen As Propellant and the Entire Space-Craft As a Gigavolt Capacitor for Ignition
Deuterium – Tritium pulse propulsion with hydrogen as propellant and the entire space-craft as a gigavolt capacitor for ignition. By F. Winterberg University of Nevada, Reno Abstract A deuterium-tritium (DT) nuclear pulse propulsion concept for fast interplanetary transport is proposed utilizing almost all the energy for thrust and without the need for a large radiator: 1. By letting the thermonuclear micro-explosion take place in the center of a liquid hydrogen sphere with the radius of the sphere large enough to slow down and absorb the neutrons of the DT fusion reaction, heating the hydrogen to a fully ionized plasma at a temperature of ~ 105 K. 2. By using the entire spacecraft as a magnetically insulated gigavolt capacitor, igniting the DT micro-explosion with an intense GeV ion beam discharging the gigavolt capacitor, possible if the space craft has the topology of a torus. 1. Introduction The idea to use the 80% of the neutron energy released in the DT fusion reaction for nuclear micro-bomb rocket propulsion, by surrounding the micro-explosion with a thick layer of liquid hydrogen heated up to 105 K thereby becoming part of the exhaust, was first proposed by the author in 1971 [1]. Unlike the Orion pusher plate concept, the fire ball of the fully ionized hydrogen plasma can here be reflected by a magnetic mirror. The 80% of the energy released into 14MeV neutrons cannot be reflected by a magnetic mirror for thermonuclear micro-bomb propulsion. This was the reason why for the Project Daedalus interstellar probe study of the British Interplanetary Society [2], the neutron poor deuterium-helium 3 (DHe3) reaction was chosen. -
On One Effect of Coronal Mass Ejections Influence on The
On one effect of coronal mass ejections influence on the envelopes of hot Jupiters Zhilkin A.G.,∗ Bisikalo D.V., Kaigorodov P.V. Institute of astronomy of the RAS, Moscow, Russia Abstract It is now established that the hot Jupiters have extensive gaseous (ionospheric) envelopes, which expanding far beyond the Roche lobe. The envelopes are weakly bound to the planet and affected by strong influence of stellar wind fluctuations. Also, the hot Jupiters are lo- cated close to the parent star and therefore the magnetic field of stellar wind is an important factor, determining the structure their magne- tosphere. At the same time, for a typical hot Jupiter, the velocity of stellar wind plasma, flowing around the atmosphere, is close to the Alfv´envelocity. This should result in stellar wind parameters fluctua- tions (density, velocity, magnetic field), that can affect the conditions of formation of bow shock waves around a hot Jupiter, i. e. to switch flow from sub-Alfv´ento super-Alfv´enmode and back. In this paper, based on the results of three-dimensional numerical MHD modeling, it is confirmed that in the envelope of hot Jupiter, which is in Alfv´en point vicinity of the stellar wind, both disappearance and appearance of the bow shock wave occures under the action of coronal mass ejec- tion. The paper also shows that this effect can influence the observa- tional manifestations of hot Jupiter, including luminosity in energetic part of the spectrum. arXiv:1911.02880v1 [astro-ph.EP] 7 Nov 2019 1 Introduction One of the most important tasks of modern astrophysics is to study the mechanisms of mass loss by hot Jupiters. -
Nustar and XMM-Newton Observations of the Hard X-Ray Spectrum of Centaurus A
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 27, 2021 NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of the Hard X-Ray Spectrum of Centaurus A Fürst, F.; Müller, C.; Madsen, K. K.; Lanz, L.; Rivers, E.; Brightman, M.; Arevalo, P.; Balokovi, M.; Beuchert, T.; Boggs, S. E. Total number of authors: 31 Published in: The Astrophysical Journal Link to article, DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/150 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Fürst, F., Müller, C., Madsen, K. K., Lanz, L., Rivers, E., Brightman, M., Arevalo, P., Balokovi, M., Beuchert, T., Boggs, S. E., Christensen, F. E., Craig, W. W., Dauser, T., Farrah, D., Graefe, C., Hailey, C. J., Harrison, F. A., Kadler, M., King, A., ... Zhang, W. W. (2016). NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of the Hard X-Ray Spectrum of Centaurus A. The Astrophysical Journal, 819(2), [150]. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004- 637X/819/2/150 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Planetary Science with an Interstellar Probe
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-262-2, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Planetary science with an Interstellar Probe Kathleen Mandt, Kirby Runyon, Ralph McNutt, Pontus Brandt, Michael Paul, and Abigail Rymer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA, ([email protected]) Abstract a) The Heliosphere as a Habitable Astrosphere: Characterize the heliosphere and the The space science community has maintained an interstellar medium to understand other ongoing interest in exploration of interstellar space for astrospheres harboring potentially habitable several decades. In 2016, Congressional language stellar-exoplanetary environments. encouraged NASA to take the enabling steps for an b) Formation and Evolution of Planetary Interstellar scientific probe. In 2018, a study was Systems: Explore the properties of Dwarf initiated targeting 1000 AU within 50 years using Planets, KBO worlds, giant planets, and the current or near-term technology. The ultimate goal of large scale structure of the circum-solar debris this study is to define a mission that would be feasible disk. to launch in the 2030’s, enabling humanity to take the c) Early Evolution of Galaxies: Uncover the first explicit step in to interstellar space scientifically, diffuse extragalactic background light. technically and programmatically. Although the d) Exoplanet Context: Explore the worlds of our primary goal of an Interstellar Probe would be to solar system as exoplanets. understand the heliosphere and the very local interstellar medium (VLISM), a probe designed to exit the solar system and explore interstellar space 1.1 Kuiper Belt Objectives provides a prime opportunity for planetary science. -
Planetary Magnetospheres
CLBE001-ESS2E November 9, 2006 17:4 100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K 50-40-40 75-K 75-64-64 Planetary Magnetospheres Margaret Galland Kivelson University of California Los Angeles, California Fran Bagenal University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, Colorado CHAPTER 28 1. What is a Magnetosphere? 5. Dynamics 2. Types of Magnetospheres 6. Interaction with Moons 3. Planetary Magnetic Fields 7. Conclusions 4. Magnetospheric Plasmas 1. What is a Magnetosphere? planet’s magnetic field. Moreover, unmagnetized planets in the flowing solar wind carve out cavities whose properties The term magnetosphere was coined by T. Gold in 1959 are sufficiently similar to those of true magnetospheres to al- to describe the region above the ionosphere in which the low us to include them in this discussion. Moons embedded magnetic field of the Earth controls the motions of charged in the flowing plasma of a planetary magnetosphere create particles. The magnetic field traps low-energy plasma and interaction regions resembling those that surround unmag- forms the Van Allen belts, torus-shaped regions in which netized planets. If a moon is sufficiently strongly magne- high-energy ions and electrons (tens of keV and higher) tized, it may carve out a true magnetosphere completely drift around the Earth. The control of charged particles by contained within the magnetosphere of the planet.