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An Analysis on Transition of Non-Cultivated Arable Land

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Journal of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University Vol.18, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2013 The Management of Arable Land in Japan - An Analysis on Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land - ICHIMINAMI Fumikazu * and DINCSOY Enver Erdinc ** In Japan, the number of full-time farm households had continued to decrease since the latter halfof20th century. The number of part-time households has been also decreasing remarkably in the last twenty years. Cultivated acreage also aligned with these tendencies and it has decreased. As a result, the farmland which is not cultivated increased and it may also grow into a social problem. Therefore, the present condition and future view of Japanese agriculture was elaborately examined in the study by analyzing the transition of non-cultivated arable lands from a historical perspective. Key words: Non-cultivated arable land, Part-time farm households, Non-farm households, Japan 1 INTRODUCTION economic growth on and after the middle of the 20th The two of the main labor force features of century, the non-cultivated lands have been increasing agriculture in Japan are a small size of management and gradually resulting in a significant decrease of the high rate of the elderly employment and part-time farm number of farm households and farmers. households, etc. Another characteristic of agriculture in The subject of non-cultivated arable land is also Japan is the rice, which planted in the paddy field of examined by researchers from different points. Arizono almost all areas in the plains; and the varieties of 1974 considered the problems of non-cultivated vegetables and fruit trees, which are also grown arable land at Kutsuki-mura, Shiga prefecture mainly intensively. from the land condition, and presupposed that Even though the landscapes of the four seasons are cultivation abandonment of the inferior place had been remarkably different in any rural area, the number of carried out from the 1920s. Arizono 1974 pointed farm households and farmers has decreased gradually, out the decrease of cultivated land in Japan showed 450 and the cultivated acreage under management has also thousands hectares from 1950 to 1970. decreased. Moreover, the area of farmland which is not A series of researches by Takada 2006a, 2006b cultivated and the rate to the cultivated acreage are and Takada 2007a, 2007b have studied the present gradually increasing. The definition of non-cultivated conditions and the backgrounds of non-cultivated arable arable land is the land where the crops are not planted land consistently at the East Japan. Takada 2006a for more than the past one year and there is no clear dealt with Tajima town in Fukushima prefecture and intention which a farmer cultivates again within several Takada 2006b studied Chonan town in Chiba years. prefecture. Moreover, Takada 2007a examined Non-cultivated arable land was added to the non-cultivated arable land by focusing the relation questionnaire items of the census of agriculture and between the ratio of non-cultivated arable land and forestry in Japan in 1975 for the first time. After rapid history of land use. As the background of stopping to cultivate farmland, he considered weakened farm labor * Faculty of environmental science and technology, Okayama force, low rates of the change on land ownership and University land use through lease and dealing of farmland, land ** Department of Banking, School of Applied Sciences, Trakya acquisition by golf course development, the influences University, Turkey of agricultural policy such as production control of rice 1 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013 and the direct payment system delivered to the hilly Therefore, it seems that there is little research and mountainous area, etc. Takada (2007b) carried which can explain the actual condition of whole out the questionnaire to all municipalities in Japan moderately. Based on such recognition, the Fukushima prefecture, and investigated the actual study tackles to analyze non-cultivated arable land condition of non- cultivated arable land. He pointed in Japan. This research specifies the local difference out that the main causes to generate non-cultivated of the area and the percentage of non-cultivated arable land were the shortage of agricultural arable land, and examines those meanings. successors, the aging of farmers, the influence of production control of rice, and a decline of sericulture, 2 AREA OF ARABLE LAND AND THE NUMBER etc. Seto et al. (2009) reported the damages of OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS buildings, of roads, and of slopes around the epicentral area immediately after an occurrence of The cultivated acreage in the early 20th century the mid Niigata prefecture earthquake. is about 6 million ha in Japan, and the range of Furthermore, they surveyed the increase in increase and decrease was small (Fig. 1). There was non-cultivated arable land by seismic damage. not a big difference between the area of paddy fields Morimoto (1991, 1993, 2007) announced several and upland fields. However, cultivated acreage papers of non-cultivated arable land in the Kanto decreases to about 5 million ha in the second half of district. Morimoto (1991, 1993) explained that the the 20th century, and a downward tendency became most significant cause of the increase in fallow and remarkable especially in 1970 and afterwards. abandoned cultivated land is the labor shortage Commercial farm households had 318 million ha of which stems from specialization of intensive cultivated acreage in 2010. It means that it was vegetable cultivation in terms of minute field mostly halved as compared with 100 years ago. surveys and interviews as case studies. Using GIS Paddy area of about 3 million ha or more had technique with the rural community statistics of the been maintained till 1970. However, after the agricultural censuses in 1975-2000, Morimoto (2007) production control policy of rice started, the showed two dimensional distribution of the ratios of reduction of the area of paddy fields became non-cultivated arable land in the Kanto district and remarkable. The area of upland fields also continues examined the co-variation between these ratios and to decrease consistently and the area of upland fields several environmental indices such as the altitude of in 2010 was below half of that of 100 years ago. The rural settlement, the slope angle of farmland, and area of orchard exceeded 0.4 million ha in 1970 and the distance from the center of Tokyo. 1980, then, it continues to decrease gradually. Teratoko (2009) analyzed the expansion of Fig. 2-a shows the number of farm households in non-cultivated arable land in a marginal settlement Japan after 1910. The number of full-time farm in Kyushu paying attention to the decision-making households had been greater than the number of of management of each farm households. part-time farm households till 1930. In 1941, the As mentioned above, the research of number of farm households decreased because of World non-cultivated arable land has been done to some War, the number of part-time farm households almost extent. Those most are, however, detailed case doubled. In 1950, the number of farm households was studies in a narrow area like a rural settlement. about 6.18 million, and the number of full-time farm 2 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land households was almost equal to the part-time farm million, and it has continued to decrease thereafter. In the households. The number of farm households has 1980s, the definition of farm households changed1), then, decreased steadily since the latter half of 20th century. commercial farm households have been mainly Reduction in the number of full-time farm households in investigated in Japan. Therefore, the item of census on the 1960s was particularly remarkable. In the 1970s, the subsistence farm households has been extremely number of full-time farm households was less than 1 simplified. ፧᎗ᎨᎫᎫᏀ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎜ᎷᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎖ᎹᎪᎯᎨᎹᎫ ፽፷፷ ፹ᎀ ፺፹ ፼፷፷ ፻፾ ፺፼ ፺፷፼ ፹፾፸ ፹፽ᎀ ፻፽ ፹፾፼ ፹፾ ፹፽ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፺ ፸፽፻ ፸ᎀ፺ ፹፷ ፸፻፾ ፸፻፽ ፺፷፷ ፸፺፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፸ᎀ ፹፷፷ ፹ᎀ፷ ፺፷፹ ፺፹፷ ፺፸፿ ፹፿፿ ፹ᎀ፽ ፺፷፼ ፯፧᎛ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ፹፾፾ ፹፼፻ ፹፹፽ ፸፷፷ ፹፸፽ ፸፾ᎀ ᎛ᎯᎬ፧ᎨᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎰᎵ፧᎑ᎨᎷᎨᎵ ፷ ፸ᎀ፸፷ ፸ᎀ፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ፺፷ ፸ᎀ፻፸ ፸ᎀ፼፷ ፸ᎀ፽፷ ፸ᎀ፾፷ ፸ᎀ፿፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፸፷፧Ꭺ፵ Fig. 1 Area of cultivated land in Japan (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) Note: “c” indicates only commercial farm households and before 1941, the area of orchard had been included in upland fields. ፧᎛ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎛ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰ ፧᎛ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎍᎼᎳᎳ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎛ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰ ፾፷፷ ፽፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፼፽ ፸፾፹ ፸፽፻ ፺፷ᎀ ፻፷፷ ፺፸ᎀ ፺ᎀ፿ ፺፷፷ ፻፼፽ ፻፷፻ ፻፷፻ ፹፷፷ ፻፷፻ ፧፯፧᎛ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰ ፺፽ᎀ ፺፿፻ ፹፼፷ ፺፷ᎀ ፸ᎀ፸ ፸፷፷ ፹፺፷ ፹፷፿ ፸፸፿ ፿፻ ፽፹ ፽፹ ፷ ፻፾ ፻፺ ፻፼ ᎛ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎰᎵ፧᎑ᎨᎷᎨᎵ ፸ᎀ፸፷ ፸ᎀ፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ፺፷ ፸ᎀ፻፸ ፸ᎀ፼፷ ፸ᎀ፽፷ ፸ᎀ፾፷ ፸ᎀ፿፷ ፸ᎀ፿፷፧፱ ፸ᎀᎀ፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፷፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፸፷፧Ꭺ፵ Fig. 2-a Number of farm households in Japan after 1910 (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) Notes: “*” is the definition of farm households changed from the previous one after 1980. “c” indicates only commercial farm households. 3 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013 ፧፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵᎳᏀ፧ᎶᎻᎯᎬᎹ፧ᎱᎶᎩᎺ፧፰ ፧፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵᎳᏀ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴᎰᎵᎮ፧፰ ፧፧ᎍᎼᎳᎳ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፧ ፾፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፺፺፽ᎀ፺፿ ፽፷፷፷፷፷፷ ᎀ፼፷፼፼ᎀ ፸፽፽፺፷፽፼ ፹፺፽፼፺፾፾ ፺፷፾፾ᎀ፹፷ ፼፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፸፼፻፿፹፹ ፸ᎀ፻፹፸፾፽ ፹፾፻፺፹ᎀ፼ ፺፷፺፼ᎀ፿ᎀ ፻፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፽፿፻፷ᎀᎀ ፸፾፼፺፸፷፻ ፹፷፺፽፺፺፷ ፹፳ᎀ፾፻፳፼፽፹ ፺፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፹፷፻፷፸፷፺ ፺፹፾፻፼፽ᎀ ፹፹፾፻፼፿፷ ፹፷፿፷፽፽፺ ፹፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፿፸፻፷፽፾ ፹፺፷፺ᎀ፷፸ ፺፷፿፽፺፾፾ ፹፷፾፿፸፹፻ ፸፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፹፼፿፾፸ᎀ ፸፷፷፹፹፽፹
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    Okayama University (Okayama Prefecture) This program aims at deepening your comprehension of Japanese language, culture, economy, law, and education. The program offers the following classes; (1)Japanese language classes with various levels and topics, (2) Special courses on Japanese culture, economy, law, and education, (3)Courses at the Faculties of Letters, Law, Economics and Education Characteristics of Okayama Prefecture Number of Students to be Accepted: ５ ■University Overview （4 recommended by Embassy and Okayama Prefecture is in the Chugoku region, which is Characteristics and Overview of Okayama 1 recommended by University) located in the western part of the Japanese Islands, and faces University the Seto Inland Sea. The Mizushima Industrial District and Qualifications and Requirements: 1) Characteristics and History manufacturing industry are prosperous. It is also famous for Candidates are expected to have Japanese Okayama University was founded in 1949 on farm products and marine products. Okayama city, where language ability equivalent to the N2 Level or the basis of its predecessors Okayama Okayama University is located, is the capital of Okayama above of the Japanese Proficiency Test (6,000 Medical College and Sixth High School, which Prefecture and one of major political, economic, commercial, words, 1,000 kanji) . were founded in 1922 and 1900 respectively. educational and cultural centers of the Chugoku region. Now, it has 11 faculties and 7 graduate Okayama city's population is approximately 720,000. Purpose of the Course: schools and is one of the biggest national It is a convenient key city in the transportation network. By The aims of the courses are to aid students in universities in Japan.
  • Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia Among Patients of the Asahikawa Medical Center in Hokkaido

    Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia Among Patients of the Asahikawa Medical Center in Hokkaido

    原著論文 Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia among patients of the Asahikawa Medical Center in Hokkaido Yasuhiro Suzuki 1,2), Kento Sakashita 1), Hideaki Kishi1), Kenta Nomura1), Kosuke Yoshida1), Yoko Aburakawa1), Kenji Kuroda1), Takashi Kimura1), Yoshiki Adachi3), Chisato Murakami2), and Osamu Yahara1) 1) Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Asahikawa, Japan 2) Department of Clinical Research, Asahikawa Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Asahikawa, Japan 3) Department of Neurology and Clinical Research, Matsue Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Matsue, Japan Abstract Object The occurrence of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) differs widely by location worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ADCA subtypes among patients of Asahikawa Medical Center in Hokkaido. Patients and Methods This study was performed from July 2012 to June 2015. PCR and/or direct sequencing were carried out for 50 participants who were each clinically diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Results Among the 50 participants, 25 had familial SCA, and 25 had sporadic SCA. SCA6 was the most common type identified, found in 14 (43.8%) cases among 32 genetically confirmed cases. SCA6 was followed by SCA1, SCA31, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), which each accounted for four (12.5%) of the 32 cases. SCA7 and SCA17 were not detected in this study. Two SCA6 patients were homozygous for a 21-CAG repeat allele, and each presented with early onset, pure cerebellar ataxia. Among the 25 sporadic patients, 11cases (44%) was clarified one case with SCA1, six SCA6, one SCA8, one SCA31, and two DRPLA. Notably, 18 participants could not be classified into an SCA type.
  • JAPANESE FOOD CULTURE Enjoying the Old and Welcoming the New

    JAPANESE FOOD CULTURE Enjoying the Old and Welcoming the New

    For more detailed information on Japanese government policy and other such matters, see the following home pages. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website http://www.mofa.go.jp/ Web Japan http://web-japan.org/ JAPANESE FOOD CULTURE Enjoying the old and welcoming the new Rice The cultivation and consumption of rice has always played a central role in Japanese food culture. Almost ready for harvesting, this rice field is located near the base of the mountain Iwakisan in Aomori Prefecture. © Aomori prefecture The rice-centered food culture of Japan and imperial edicts gradually eliminated the evolved following the introduction of wet eating of almost all flesh of animals and fowl. rice cultivation from Asia more than 2,000 The vegetarian style of cooking known as years ago. The tradition of rice served with shojin ryori was later popularized by the Zen seasonal vegetables and fish and other marine sect, and by the 15th century many of the foods products reached a highly sophisticated form and food ingredients eaten by Japanese today Honzen ryori An example of this in the Edo period (1600-1868) and remains had already made their debut, for example, soy formalized cuisine, which is the vibrant core of native Japanese cuisine. In sauce (shoyu), miso, tofu, and other products served on legged trays called honzen. the century and a half since Japan reopened made from soybeans. Around the same time, © Kodansha to the West, however, Japan has developed an a formal and elaborate incredibly rich and varied food culture that style of banquet cooking includes not only native-Japanese cuisine but developed that was derived also many foreign dishes, some adapted to from the cuisine of the Japanese tastes and some imported more or court aristocracy.
  • Geographical Variation of Dental Measurements in the Jomon Population Abstract Mesiodistal and Buccolingual Crown Measurements W

    Geographical Variation of Dental Measurements in the Jomon Population Abstract Mesiodistal and Buccolingual Crown Measurements W

    J.Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 人 類 誌 97(1):493-512 (1989) Geographical Variation of Dental Measurements in the Jomon Population Hirofumi MATSUMURA Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical College Abstract Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown measurements were taken from the permanent tooth remains of the five Middle to Latest Jomon population samples from the Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Tokai and San'yo districts of Japan. The metrical data were compared with each other through multi- variate statistical methods. The analysis of variance for these crown meas- urements suggested that most of the variables showing significant geogra- phical difference were buccolingual diameters. The distance analysis based on the crown measurements revealed that the Hokkaido Jomon was isolated from the Jomon in Honshu, the main island of Japan. The Honshu Jomon groups were closely related to each other, although the male Tohoku Jomon was slightly closer to the Hokkaido Jomon. The principal factor analysis revealed that the overall dental proportion of the Hokkaido Jomon was dif- ferent from those of the Honshu Jomon groups, and the Tohoku Jomon carried the smallest overall tooth size among the five Jomon population samples com- pared. From the comparisons with recent groups, it was indicated that 1) the diversity in dental morphology between the Hokkaido and Honshu Jomon was smaller than that between the recent Kanto Japanese and the Jomon as a whole ; 2) the dentition of the Jomon population was characterized by relatively small canines, premolars and second molars as compared with the first molars; 3) these dental characteristics could also be seen in the dentition of the Ainu.
  • Prepara1ons of the Host City Aichi-‐ Nagoya Toward the UNESCO World Conference

    Prepara1ons of the Host City Aichi-‐ Nagoya Toward the UNESCO World Conference

    Preparaons of the Host City Aichi- Nagoya toward the UNESCO World Conference on ESD Reita Furusawa RCE Chubu (Japan) The Role of Aichi-Nagoya as a Host City of the World Conference on ESD ① Nagoya, Aichi = UNESCO World Conference on ESD (High-Level SegMent, Plenary, Official Side- events) ② Okayama = Stakeholders Mee&ngs (The 9th Global RCE Conference, Internaonal ForuM on UNESCO ASPnet Schools, KoMinkan-CLC Internaonal Conference on ESD, Youth Conference) Venue Nov. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Aichi Nagoya Okayama 2. Overview of Aichi-Nagoya Chubu (Central) Area Aichi Prefecture RCE Chubu Nagoya City The Background of AZrac&ng the World Conference on ESD to Aichi-Nagoya Major Internaonal Mee&ngs for Sustainability in Aichi 2005:Internaonal EXPO “Nature’s WisdoM” 2010: Biodiversity COP10 2014: ESD World Conference ESD Ac&vi&es in Aichi-Nagoya Bioregional ESD &Chubu Model - Spaal approach: ESD ac&vi&es in Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershed - Sectorial Approach: ① Private Sector and NGOs, ② School educaon, ③Higher Educaon - TheMac Approach: ①Internaonal/regional Cooperaon, ②Tradi&onal Knowledge → RCE Chubu 2014 Project =Chubu Model UNESCO World Conference on ESD and the Host City, Aichi-Nagoya l Venue: Nagoya Congress Center l Par&cipants:1,000 (delegates, stakeholders, etc.) l Official Host of UNESCO World Conference on ESD: Aichi-Nagoya →RCE Chubu is one of the MeMbers of the organizing coMMiZee of Aichi-Nagoya →Open Side-event is currently being planned by the organizing coMMiZee of Aichi-Nagoya. Partners and events (syMposiuMs or foruMs) at the Open Side-Event for the World Conference on ESD (RCE Chubu’s Proposal) Events Organizer Content RCE event Global RCE presentaon of the outcoMe of Okayama conference RCE Chubu RCE Chubu Dialogue on ESD Chubu Model event ESD University Aichi Associaon ESD Dialogue among university students of University students SuMMit Presidents Earth Charter Earth Charter Int’l Earth Charter and ESD event Digital Earth The Internaonal GIS as ESD tool SumMit Society for Digital Earth (ISDE) Our Proposal for AP-RCE MeMbers! 1.