Journal of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University Vol.18, No.1, pp.1-17, March 2013
The Management of Arable Land in Japan - An Analysis on Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land -
ICHIMINAMI Fumikazu * and DINCSOY Enver Erdinc **
In Japan, the number of full-time farm households had continued to decrease since the latter halfof20th century. The number of part-time households has been also decreasing remarkably in the last twenty years. Cultivated acreage also aligned with these tendencies and it has decreased. As a result, the farmland which is not cultivated increased and it may also grow into a social problem. Therefore, the present condition and future view of Japanese agriculture was elaborately examined in the study by analyzing the transition of non-cultivated arable lands from a historical perspective.
Key words: Non-cultivated arable land, Part-time farm households, Non-farm households, Japan
1 INTRODUCTION economic growth on and after the middle of the 20th The two of the main labor force features of century, the non-cultivated lands have been increasing agriculture in Japan are a small size of management and gradually resulting in a significant decrease of the high rate of the elderly employment and part-time farm number of farm households and farmers. households, etc. Another characteristic of agriculture in The subject of non-cultivated arable land is also Japan is the rice, which planted in the paddy field of examined by researchers from different points. Arizono almost all areas in the plains; and the varieties of 1974 considered the problems of non-cultivated vegetables and fruit trees, which are also grown arable land at Kutsuki-mura, Shiga prefecture mainly intensively. from the land condition, and presupposed that Even though the landscapes of the four seasons are cultivation abandonment of the inferior place had been remarkably different in any rural area, the number of carried out from the 1920s. Arizono 1974 pointed farm households and farmers has decreased gradually, out the decrease of cultivated land in Japan showed 450 and the cultivated acreage under management has also thousands hectares from 1950 to 1970. decreased. Moreover, the area of farmland which is not A series of researches by Takada 2006a, 2006b cultivated and the rate to the cultivated acreage are and Takada 2007a, 2007b have studied the present gradually increasing. The definition of non-cultivated conditions and the backgrounds of non-cultivated arable arable land is the land where the crops are not planted land consistently at the East Japan. Takada 2006a for more than the past one year and there is no clear dealt with Tajima town in Fukushima prefecture and intention which a farmer cultivates again within several Takada 2006b studied Chonan town in Chiba years. prefecture. Moreover, Takada 2007a examined Non-cultivated arable land was added to the non-cultivated arable land by focusing the relation questionnaire items of the census of agriculture and between the ratio of non-cultivated arable land and forestry in Japan in 1975 for the first time. After rapid history of land use. As the background of stopping to cultivate farmland, he considered weakened farm labor * Faculty of environmental science and technology, Okayama force, low rates of the change on land ownership and University land use through lease and dealing of farmland, land ** Department of Banking, School of Applied Sciences, Trakya acquisition by golf course development, the influences University, Turkey of agricultural policy such as production control of rice
1 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
and the direct payment system delivered to the hilly Therefore, it seems that there is little research and mountainous area, etc. Takada (2007b) carried which can explain the actual condition of whole out the questionnaire to all municipalities in Japan moderately. Based on such recognition, the Fukushima prefecture, and investigated the actual study tackles to analyze non-cultivated arable land condition of non- cultivated arable land. He pointed in Japan. This research specifies the local difference out that the main causes to generate non-cultivated of the area and the percentage of non-cultivated arable land were the shortage of agricultural arable land, and examines those meanings. successors, the aging of farmers, the influence of production control of rice, and a decline of sericulture, 2 AREA OF ARABLE LAND AND THE NUMBER etc. Seto et al. (2009) reported the damages of OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS buildings, of roads, and of slopes around the epicentral area immediately after an occurrence of The cultivated acreage in the early 20th century the mid Niigata prefecture earthquake. is about 6 million ha in Japan, and the range of Furthermore, they surveyed the increase in increase and decrease was small (Fig. 1). There was non-cultivated arable land by seismic damage. not a big difference between the area of paddy fields Morimoto (1991, 1993, 2007) announced several and upland fields. However, cultivated acreage papers of non-cultivated arable land in the Kanto decreases to about 5 million ha in the second half of district. Morimoto (1991, 1993) explained that the the 20th century, and a downward tendency became most significant cause of the increase in fallow and remarkable especially in 1970 and afterwards. abandoned cultivated land is the labor shortage Commercial farm households had 318 million ha of which stems from specialization of intensive cultivated acreage in 2010. It means that it was vegetable cultivation in terms of minute field mostly halved as compared with 100 years ago. surveys and interviews as case studies. Using GIS Paddy area of about 3 million ha or more had technique with the rural community statistics of the been maintained till 1970. However, after the agricultural censuses in 1975-2000, Morimoto (2007) production control policy of rice started, the showed two dimensional distribution of the ratios of reduction of the area of paddy fields became non-cultivated arable land in the Kanto district and remarkable. The area of upland fields also continues examined the co-variation between these ratios and to decrease consistently and the area of upland fields several environmental indices such as the altitude of in 2010 was below half of that of 100 years ago. The rural settlement, the slope angle of farmland, and area of orchard exceeded 0.4 million ha in 1970 and the distance from the center of Tokyo. 1980, then, it continues to decrease gradually. Teratoko (2009) analyzed the expansion of Fig. 2-a shows the number of farm households in non-cultivated arable land in a marginal settlement Japan after 1910. The number of full-time farm in Kyushu paying attention to the decision-making households had been greater than the number of of management of each farm households. part-time farm households till 1930. In 1941, the As mentioned above, the research of number of farm households decreased because of World non-cultivated arable land has been done to some War, the number of part-time farm households almost extent. Those most are, however, detailed case doubled. In 1950, the number of farm households was studies in a narrow area like a rural settlement. about 6.18 million, and the number of full-time farm
2 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
households was almost equal to the part-time farm million, and it has continued to decrease thereafter. In the households. The number of farm households has 1980s, the definition of farm households changed1), then, decreased steadily since the latter half of 20th century. commercial farm households have been mainly Reduction in the number of full-time farm households in investigated in Japan. Therefore, the item of census on the 1960s was particularly remarkable. In the 1970s, the subsistence farm households has been extremely number of full-time farm households was less than 1 simplified.
፧᎗ᎨᎫᎫᏀ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧ᎷᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎖ᎹᎪᎯᎨᎹᎫ ፷፷ ፹ᎀ ፺፹ ፼፷፷ ፻ ፺፼ ፺፷፼ ፹፸ ፹ᎀ ፻ ፹፼ ፹ ፹ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፺ ፸፻ ፸ᎀ፺ ፹፷ ፸፻ ፸፻ ፺፷፷ ፸፺፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፸ᎀ ፹፷፷ ፹ᎀ፷ ፺፷፹ ፺፹፷ ፺፸ ፹ ፹ᎀ ፺፷፼
፯፧ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ፹ ፹፼፻ ፹፹ ፸፷፷ ፹፸ ፸ᎀ
ᎯᎬ፧ᎨᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎰᎵ፧᎑ᎨᎷᎨᎵ ፷ ፸ᎀ፸፷ ፸ᎀ፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ፺፷ ፸ᎀ፻፸ ፸ᎀ፼፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፷፷፷
፹፷፷፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፸፷፧Ꭺ፵ Fig. 1 Area of cultivated land in Japan (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) Note: “c” indicates only commercial farm households and before 1941, the area of orchard had been included in upland fields.
፧ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰ ፧ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎍᎼᎳᎳ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰
፷፷ ፷፷
፼፷፷ ፸፼ ፸፹ ፸፻ ፺፷ᎀ ፻፷፷ ፺፸ᎀ ፺ᎀ ፺፷፷ ፻፼ ፻፷፻ ፻፷፻ ፹፷፷ ፻፷፻ ፧፯፧ᎬᎵ፧ᎻᎯᎶᎼᎺᎨᎵᎫ፧፰ ፺ᎀ ፺፻ ፹፼፷ ፺፷ᎀ ፸ᎀ፸ ፸፷፷ ፹፺፷ ፹፷ ፸፸ ፻ ፹ ፹ ፷ ፻ ፻፺ ፻፼ ᎯᎬ፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎰᎵ፧᎑ᎨᎷᎨᎵ ፸ᎀ፸፷ ፸ᎀ፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ፺፷ ፸ᎀ፻፸ ፸ᎀ፼፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፷፧፱ ፸ᎀᎀ፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፷፷፧Ꭺ፵ ፹፷፸፷፧Ꭺ፵ Fig. 2-a Number of farm households in Japan after 1910 (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Notes: “*” is the definition of farm households changed from the previous one after 1980. “c” indicates only commercial farm households.
3 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
፧፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵᎳᏀ፧ᎶᎻᎯᎬᎹ፧ᎱᎶᎩᎺ፧፰ ፧፧᎗ᎨᎹᎻ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵᎳᏀ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴᎰᎵᎮ፧፰ ፧፧ᎍᎼᎳᎳ፴ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፧
፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፺፺ᎀ፺ ፷፷፷፷፷፷ ᎀ፼፷፼፼ᎀ ፸፺፷፼ ፹፺፼፺ ፺፷ᎀ፹፷ ፼፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፸፼፻፹፹ ፸ᎀ፻፹፸ ፹፻፺፹ᎀ፼ ፺፷፺፼ᎀᎀ ፻፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፻፷ᎀᎀ ፸፼፺፸፷፻ ፹፷፺፺፺፷ ፹፳ᎀ፻፳፼፹ ፺፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፹፷፻፷፸፷፺ ፺፹፻፼ᎀ ፹፹፻፼፷ ፹፷፷፺ ፹፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፸፻፷ ፹፺፷፺ᎀ፷፸ ፺፷፺ ፹፷፸፹፻ ፸፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፹፼፸ᎀ ፸፷፷፹፹፹ ፼፳፺፷ ፹፸፷፼፺፷፷ ፸፹፸፹፺ ፷ ፻፻፹ ፸፻፺፹ ፹፺፸፺፺ ፹፳፸፻፺ ፸ᎀ፻፸፸ᎀ፻፸ᎀ፼፷፸ᎀ፼፼፸ᎀ፷፸ᎀ፼፸ᎀ፷፸ᎀ፼፸ᎀ፷፸ᎀ፼ ᎯᎬ፧፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧፧ᎶᎭ፧፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ Year
Fig. 2-b Number of farm households in Japan during the period from 1941 until 1985 (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Fig. 2-b shows the number of farm households in increase of slightly more than in 1990, subsistence farm Japan for full-time and part-time farm households households counted about 90 ten thousand units in 2010. during the period from 1941 until 1985. There were, Nevertheless, the number of farm households was however, once more than 3 million units of the number of reduced to about half in the past century of Japan, and it full-time farm households, it had drastically decreased obtained about 2.5 million households in 2010. throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The In addition, we examine the change in the number of number of part-time farm households (mainly farming) farm households in the different districts of Japan in had increased until 1955, which started to decline after recent years. To view a summary of Japan by region, 1960. The number of part-time farm households (mainly there are a variety of methods. As known, Japan is made other jobs except farming) had continued to increase until up of 47 prefectures. However, the unit of prefecture is too 1975, and this was to mitigate the reduction in the small to use as a basis for dividing the nation into regions. number of farm households. The number of part-time We should therefore use units consisting of several farm households (mainly other jobs) had also started to prefectures grouped together. Each grouping of decline since 1980. prefectures will be called a district, and each district will be Fig. 2-c shows the number of farm households in treated as a unit in this paper. Fig. 3 shows regional Japan after 1990. It should be noted that the division of Japan which is made up of 14 districts. stratification criteria of farm households in this figure is Because the method to separate Japan into 9 or 10 different from the criteria in the previous two figures. The units has been usually used, hence this method may be number of commercial farm households was almost somewhat more realistic and significant than the others. halved to about 20 years from 1990 to 2010. The number Fig. 4 depicts the number of farm households in of subsistence farm households had decreased from 1990 14 districts during the period from 1990 until 2010. to 2000, and then increased. As a result, it experienced an If we look at Fig. 4, the detailed data can be easily
4 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
observed about the number of farm households in each a small reduction in the number of self-sufficient farm region presented by year. In the districts there were a households, and the trend was almost the same as in Fig. large number of farm households, which have a 2-c. The remarkable reduction in the number of decreasing tendency. There were also regional differences commercial farm households has appeared as a question in the rate of decrease in the number of farm households. that is the vision of agriculture as an industry in the The only common point among regions was downward future in Japan. trend in the number of farm households. There appeared
፻፳፷፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፻፳፹፷፼ ፺፳፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ ᎀ፹፳፸፻ ᎪᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ ፺፳፷፷፷፳፷፷፷ ᎭᎨᎹᎴ ፺፳፺፷ ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፧ ፹፳፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፯፧ᎼᎩᎺᎰᎺᎻᎬᎵᎪᎬ ፹፳ᎀ፷፳፼፹ ፻፳፻፹ ᎨᎮᎹᎰᎪᎼᎳᎻᎼᎹᎬ፧፰ ፹፳፷፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፹፳፼፸፳፻፷፺ ᎀ፳፻፹ ፸፳፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፧ᎊᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ ፹፳፺፺፳ᎀ፷ᎀ ᎭᎨᎹᎴ ፸፳፷፷፷፳፷፷፷ ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ ፸፳ᎀ፺፳፻፹፻ ፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ᎯᎬ፧፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧፧ᎶᎭ፧፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ ፸፳፺፸፳፹፷
፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፼ ፹፷፸፷ Year
Fig. 2-c Number of farm households in Japan after 1990 (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Fig. 3 Regional division of Japan
5 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
፧ᎊᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፯፧ᎼᎩᎺᎰᎺᎻᎬᎵᎪᎬ፧ᎨᎮᎹᎰᎪᎼᎳᎻᎼᎹᎬ፧፰
ᎏᎶᎲᎲᎨᎰᎫᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፳፷፻ ፳፺፺ ᎶᎺᎨᎵ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸፻ᎀ፳፹፼ ፻፳ᎀᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፺፳፼ ፳፺ᎀᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፸፺፺፳፻ ፹፳፼፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፹፳፸፸ ፳፹፺፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸፸፳፸ ፸፳ᎀ፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፼፸፳ᎀᎀ፷ ፳፸፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ᎀ፳፹፻ ᎀ፳፺፺፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፻፻፳፷፼፷ ፳፸፼፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፳፸፸ᎀ ፹፳፷፷፹ ᎶᎯᎶᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፹፷፳፻ ፳ᎀ ᎨᎵ፴ᎰᎵ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸፳፹፺ ፹፹፳፺፹፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፺፳፸ᎀ፺ ፹፳፼፸፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፺፳ᎀ፼ ፹፸፳፻፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፹፼፳፹፹ ፸፳፻፺፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፼፳፸፹ ፹፹፳፷፼፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፷፳ ᎀ፹፳፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፷፻፳ᎀ፼ ፸፷፸፳፹ᎀ፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፼፻፳፹፷ ፹፼፳፷፹፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፻፼፳፻ ፹፼፳፼ ᎏᎶᎲᎼᎹᎰᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፻፳፸ ፻፳፻፷ ᎨᎵ፴ᏀᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፷፷፳፹፼ ፺፳፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፹፹፳ᎀ፺፸ ፻፻፳፻፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፸፳፹፸ ፳፼፸፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸ᎀ፻፳፼ ፻፻፳፷፸፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸፼፻፳፻፷፻ ፻፳፷ᎀ፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፸፳ ፼፷፳፼፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፹፳፸፷፺ ᎀ፳፺፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፹፻፳፻ ፼፷፳ᎀ፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፷፼፳፷፻ ፳ᎀ፷ ᎕ᎶᎹᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᎨᎵᎻᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፸፳፹፻ ፼፼፳፼፹ ᎯᎰᎲᎶᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፳፻፻ ፼ᎀ፳ᎀ፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፻፻፳፹፼ ፼፹፳፻፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፸፼፹፳፷፼ ፼፻፳፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፹፸፳፹፼ ፼፻፳፼፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸፺፻፳ᎀ፺ ፼፻፳፺፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸ᎀ፳፺ᎀ ᎀ፳፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፸፺፳፹ ፷፳፻፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፼፷፳፺፸ ፻፳፸ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ᎀ፳፸፺ ፼፳፹ ᎶᎼᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᎨᎵᎻᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፸ᎀ፳፹፸ ፷፳ᎀ፼፼ ᎕ᎶᎹᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᏀᎼᎺᎯᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፺፷፺፳፸፹ ፼፳፼፼፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፸ᎀ፺፳፹፸ ፼፻፳፻፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፳፺፼ ፳፼፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸፳፻፹ ፼፼፳፷፼፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፹፺፳፺፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፻፷፳፸፹ ፻፳፻፻ ፳፺፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፹፷፺፳፸ ፳ᎀ፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፹፷፳፼፸ ፳፸፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፸፳፷ ፳፹፻፷ ᎶᎲᎨᎰ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፳፺፸፹ ፸፸ᎀ፳፷፻ ፸፻፺፳፸፹ ፼፻፳፺፸፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፼፳፷፺ ፸፷፳ᎀ፺፻ ᎶᎼᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᏀᎼᎺᎯᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፸፹፻፳፺፻ ፻፳፺ᎀᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፹፹፼፳ᎀ፷ ፸፷፳፼፷፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፸፷፳፼፷፷ ፻፳ᎀ፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፹፳፹፼ ፸፹፻፳፺፹ ፧፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ᎀ፳፼ ፻ᎀ፳ᎀ፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፼፸፳ ፸፹፼፳፼፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፳፸፺ ፻፳፷ᎀ፺ ᎒ᎰᎵᎲᎰ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹፷፳፹፻ ፸፸፻፳፹ ᎖ᎲᎰᎵᎨᎾᎨ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፹ᎀ፳፺፼፸ ᎀ፳፸፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፺፻፳፸፸፺ ፸፷፺፳፺፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፺፳ᎀᎀ ፳፼ᎀ፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፳ᎀ፻ᎀ ᎀᎀ፳፼ ፹፷፳፷ ፳፷፷፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፼፳፸ᎀ ፸፷፳፷ᎀᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፸፳፸፼፺ ፳፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፼፸፳፼፺፼ ፸፷፻፳፺፹፼ ፧፧፷፷ ፼፳ ፺ ፳ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፸፼፳፸፹፺ ፳፻፹፻
፷ ፸፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፺፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፷ ፸፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፺፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፼፷፷፳፷፷፷ ፷፷፳፷፷፷ ᎯᎬ፧፧᎕ᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧፧ᎶᎭ፧፧ᎍᎨᎹᎴ፧፧ᎏᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ
Fig. 4 Number of farm households in every district after 1990 (Source: Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
3 TRANSITION OF AREA OF NON-CULTIVATED non-cultivated arable land was almost doubled from ARABLE LAND IN JAPAN 1985 through 2005. Non-cultivated arable land area that is now more than 20 ten thousand hectares in the Changing trend of the number of farm 21st century displayed with a line in the figure. households which own non-cultivated arable land Fig. 6 shows the number of farm households almost corresponds to the one of the area of which own non-cultivated arable land in Japan after non-cultivated arable land in Japan (Fig. 5). Without 1990. Non-cultivated arable land occurs without the significant change, two indicators gradually decreased distinction of paddy fields, upland fields, and orchards. from 1975 until 1985. However, these increased Fig. 7 shows the area of non-cultivated arable significantly from 1985 to 1990, and they showed a land in Japan after 1990. The trend of change is the generally increasing trend thereafter. The number of same as Fig. 6. farm households (shown by vertical bars) which own
6 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
፧ᎯᎬ፧ᎵᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎾᎯᎰᎪᎯ፧ᎶᎾᎵ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ ፧ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፧፯፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ᎀ፷፷፷፷፷ ፹፼፷፷፷፷ ፻፼፻፸ ፹፺ ፷፷፷፷፷ ፼፺፸፸ ፹፹፺፺፹ ᎀ፻፻፸ ፹፷፷፷፷፷ ፷፷፷፷፷ ፹፸፷፷፸ᎀ ፺፹ ፹፸፻፸፻፷
፷፷፷፷፷ ፸፼፷፼፼ ፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፸፸፸ ፼፷፷፷፷፷ ፻፻፷፺ ፻፹፼፼ ፻፹፹፼፸ ፺ᎀ፹፼ ፻፷፷፷፷፷ ᎀᎀ፸፷፻ ፸፷፷፷፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷፷ ᎀ፷ ᎀ፸፻ ᎀ፹፸ ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ ፹፷፷፷፷፷ ፼፷፷፷፷ ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፯፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ፸፷፷፷፷፷
ᎯᎬ፧ᎵᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎾᎯᎰᎪᎯ፧ᎶᎾᎵ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ ፷ ፷ ፸ᎀ፼ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፼ ፸ᎀ፼፧፱ ፸ᎀᎀ፷፧፱ ፸ᎀᎀ፼፧፱ ፹፷፷፷፧፱ ፹፷፷፼፧፱ ፹፷፸፷፧፱ Fig. 5 Number of farm households which own non-cultivated arable land and its area in Japan after 1975 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Note: “*” is the definition of farm households changed from the previous one after 1985.
፸፹፷፷፷፷፷ ፧᎗ᎨᎫᎫᏀ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧ᎷᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎖ᎹᎪᎯᎨᎹᎫᎺ ፸፷፷፷፷፷፷ ፺፻ᎀ ፸ ፷፹ ፷፷፷፷፷ ፻፻፸ ፼፻ᎀ፼፸ ፷፷፷፷፷ ፺ᎀ፹፸፸ ፺፼ᎀ ፹፻፼፸፸፻ ፻፷፷፷፷፷
፻ᎀ፷፸፷፻ ፹፷፷፷፷፷ ፺፻፼፷፺ᎀ ፺፺ᎀ፺ ፺፸፸
ᎶᎾᎵ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ ፷ ᎯᎬ፧ᎵᎼᎴᎩᎬᎹ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎾᎯᎰᎪᎯ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፼፧Ꭺ፵
Fig. 6 Number of farm households which own non-cultivated arable land in Japan after 1990 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) Note: “c” indicates only commercial farm households.
7 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
፹፼፷፷፷፷ ፧᎗ᎨᎫᎫᏀ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧ᎷᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎭᎰᎬᎳᎫᎺ ፧᎖ᎹᎪᎯᎨᎹᎫᎺ
፹፷፷፷፷፷ ፹፼፺፼
፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፺፷ ፸፺ᎀ፸ ፹፹፻ ፸፷፷፺፻፺
፸፷፷፷፷፷ ፷፸፺ ፺፷ᎀ ፹፼፷፻ ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፯፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፻፺፹፷ ᎯᎬ፧ᎨᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ ፼፸፸፼፼ ፼፼፷ ፺፻፸ ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፼፧Ꭺ፵
Fig. 7 Area of non-cultivated arable land in Japan after 1990 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) Note: “c” indicates only commercial farm households.
፧ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፧፯፧፸፷፳፷፷፷፧ᎯᎨ፧፰ ፧ᎯᎬ፧ᎹᎨᎻᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎯᎬ፧ᎨᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፯፧፬፧፰ ፺፵ ፺ᎀ፵ ፻፷ ፸፹ ፺፻፵፺ ፺፼ ፸፷ ፸፷፵ ፺፷ ᎀ፵ ፹፻፵፻ ፹፼ ፹፸፵ ፵፸ ፹፷
፸፼ ፸፺፵፸ ፸፹፵፺ ፸፺፵፼ ፼፵ ፻ ፻፵ ፸፷ ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፯፧፸፷፳፷፷፷፧ᎯᎨ፧፰
፹፵ᎀ ፹ ᎯᎬ፧ᎹᎨᎻᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎨᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ ፼ ፹፵ ፹፵፼ ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧፯፧፬፧፰ ፷ ፷ ፸ᎀ፼ ፸ᎀ፷ ፸ᎀ፼ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፼ ፹፷፸፷
ᎠᎬᎨᎹ Fig. 8 Area of non-cultivated arable land and the rate in Japan after 1975 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Fig. 8 shows the area of non-cultivated arable is quite noticeable as well as the trend of the rate. land and the rate after 1975. This area of Table 1 shows the number of farm households non-cultivated arable land includes the one of non-farm and non-farm households which own land in the land owners. It is evident when compared to Fig. 5. The 21st century in Japan. Total number of farm area in 1975 was 13.1 ten thousand hectares, and then households is less than 300 ten thousand unit. It is continued to increase gradually, it became to 39.6 in 2010. expected that it will continue to decrease in the future. In The rate of area of non-cultivated arable land was only 2.7 2010, the percentage of commercial farm households percent in 1975. It continued to increase significantly after accounted for 64.5%, the percentage of non-commercial the 1990s, and it reached more than 10% in 2010. After farm households which was less than 90 ten thousand the 1990s, the increase of non-cultivated arable land area accounted for 35.5%. The number of non-farm households
8 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
which own land was more than 120 ten thousand and it Nagano, Chiba, Iwate, etc. has come to be located at the exceeds far more than the number of farm households top 10. maintaining subsistence agriculture. Proportion of the In recent years, the area of non-cultivated arable land number of non-farm households which own in Fukushima prefecture occupies the first place. However, non-cultivated arable land accounted for the overall the nuclear power plants exploded by the damages due to number of households concerning non-cultivated arable the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, the residents land was about 30%. of eastern Fukushima prefecture were forced eviction. Table 2 shows the information on the top 10 Therefore, it is supposed to be expanded further. Since prefectures which own non-cultivated arable land rapid reconstruction plan by the government of Japan still after 1975. From 1975 until 1985, Hokkaido stood out remains unclear and insufficient despite the large with non-cultivated arable land more than twenty amount of donations and volunteer assistance, thousand ha. Non-cultivated arable land area in the full-scale reconstruction work has been significantly prefectures such as Nagano, Okayama, Hiroshima, delayed. Nagasaki, Kagoshima, Aichi, and Niigata etc. was also Non-cultivated arable land area of these prefectures located at the top 10. After 1990, the area of located in the upper rank has more than 5,000 ha, non-cultivated arable land in Hokkaido decreased much respectively. From this table, it can be understood that the less than before. Since the 1990s, the area of area of non-cultivated arable land has increased non-cultivated arable land in Fukushima, Ibaraki, significantly over the past 35 years in Japan.
Table 1 Number of farm households and non-farm households which own land
Commercial farm Non-commercial farm Non-farm households Total number of households (b) households (Subsistence which own land (d) farm households agriculture) (c) (a) = (b) + (c)© 100(b) / (a) 100(d) / ((a)+(d)) 100(c)©/ (a)
2,848,166 1,963,424 884,742 1,201,488 2005 68.9 31.1 29.7
2,527,948 1,631,206 896,742 1,374,160 2010 64.5 35.5 35.2 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
9 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
Table 2 Transition of the top 10 prefectures which own non-cultivated arable land
Rank 1975 Area (ha) 1980 Area (ha) 1985 Area (ha) 1990 Area (ha)
1 Hokkaido 28,255 Hokkaido 21,692 Hokkaido 20,940 Nagano 8,994
2 Nagano 4,481 Nagano 4,919 Nagano 6,399 Fukushima 7,669
3 Niigata 3,993 Okayama 3,927 Okayama 3,590 Hokkaido 6,853
4 Okayama 3,970 Kagoshima 3,708 Hiroshima 3,383 Ibaraki 6,507
5 Hiroshima 3,266 Hiroshima 3,341 Nagasaki 3,322 Chiba 6,370
6 Kagoshima 3,086 Aichi 3,186 Aichi 3,251 Shizuoka 5,455
7 Aichi 3,012 Niigata 3,100 Fukushima 3,135 Niigata 5,234
8 Nagasaki 2,711 Nagasaki 2,836 Shizuoka 3,108 Hiroshima 5,174
9 Shimane 2,569 Saitama 2,514 Kagoshima 2,964 Nagasaki 5,012
10 Chiba 2,428 Shizuoka 2,254 Niigata 2,764 Okayama 4,960
Rank 1995 Area (ha) 2000 Area (ha) 2005 Area (ha) 2010 Area (ha)
1 Fukushima 12,353 Fukushima 15,651 Fukushima 16,141 Fukushima 15,696
2 Nagano 9,548 Ibaraki 12,060 Ibaraki 13,370 Ibaraki 12,543
3 Hokkaido 8,786 Nagano 10,907 Nagano 11,065 Nagano 10,891
4 Ibaraki 8,331 Chiba 9,556 Chiba 9,592 Chiba 9,194
5 Chiba 6,962 Hokkaido 9,336 Hokkaido 9,551 Iwate 8,536
6 Nagasaki 5,382 Iwate 8,093 Iwate 8,308 Hokkaido 7,515
7 Shizuoka 5,074 Aomori 7,137 Aomori 7,981 Aomori 7,436
8 Iwate 4,996 Gunma 7,082 Gunma 7,670 Gunma 7,193
9 Kagoshima 4,905 Miyagi 6,368 Nagasaki 6,442 Kumamoto 6,187
10 Niigata 4,719 Niigata 5,981 Kumamoto 6,313 Miyagi 6,099
Nagasaki 5,981
(Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
Fig. 9 shows the area of non-cultivated arable This is also similar to the change in the area of land in Japan after 1990. The area has almost doubled non-cultivated arable land owned by the in about 20 years. The area of non-cultivated arable non-farmers. The percentage of non-farm land by commercial farm households had increased until households had increased from 30.5 % in 1990 to 2000, and then decreased. The area of non-cultivated 45.9 % in 2010. arable land in non-farm households and Fig. 10 presents the percentage and its change of non-commercial farm households has been increased area of non-cultivated arable land of each district. significantly in both real and percentage. Broadly, it is a matter of course, the contents of Fig. 10 is Non-cultivated arable land area owned by subsistence similar to findings in Fig. 9. However, the change of the farmers increased by more than twice the number in percentage of non-commercial farm households is different 1990, and it had more than 9 ten thousand ha in 2010. from district to district. In Hokkaido where non-cultivated
10 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
arable land area increased from time earlier than other marked in Okinawa. In addition, there appeared districts, the percentage of non-farm households was particularly large proportion of non-commercial much higher than the average. This trend was more farm households in the Tosan district.
፻፷፷
፺፼፷ ፧፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎭᎨᎹᎴ ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ ᎭᎨᎹᎴᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎶᎾᎵᎵᎬᎹᎺᎯᎰᎷ ፺፷፷ ፸፹ ፸፹ ፸፺፺ ፹፼፷
፹፷፷ ፺ ፧፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ ፼ ᎀ ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ ᎀ፷ ፯ᎺᎼᎩᎺᎰᎺᎻᎬᎵᎪᎬ ፸፼፷ ፺ ፻፸ ᎨᎮᎹᎰᎪᎼᎳᎻᎼᎹᎬ፰ ፸፷፷ ፸፼፻ ፸፻፻ ፸፹፻ ፼፷ ፸፸፺ ፸፹፷ ፧፧ᎊᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ
ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎵᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎨᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎰᎵ፧᎑ᎨᎷᎨᎵ፧፯፸፳፷፷፷፧ᎯᎨ፰ ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፷፷፼ ፹፷፸፷ ᎠᎬᎨᎹ
Fig. 9 Area of non-cultivated arable land in Japan after 1990 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
፧፧ᎊᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ ፧፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎳᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎶᎾᎵᎬᎹᎺᎯᎰᎷ ፧፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎶᎴᎴᎬᎹᎪᎰᎨᎳ፧ᎭᎨᎹᎴ፧ᎯᎶᎼᎺᎬᎯᎶᎳᎫᎺ፧፧፯፧ᎼᎩᎺᎰᎺᎻᎬᎵᎪᎬ፧ᎨᎮᎹᎰᎪᎼᎳᎻᎼᎹᎬ፧፰ ᎒ᎰᎵᎲᎰ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፷፵፼ ፸ᎀ፵ ፹ᎀ፵ᎀ ᎏᎶᎲᎲᎨᎰᎫᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፵ ᎀ፵፹ ፺፺፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፼፵፷ ፸ᎀ፵፼ ፺፼፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፷፵፸ ፵፻ ፺፹፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፸፵፺ ፸ᎀ፵ ፺ᎀ፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፼፸፵ᎀ ፵ ፺ᎀ፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፺፵፷ ፹፺፵፺ ፻፺፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፻፷፵፹ ፵ ፼፷፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹ᎀ፵፷ ፹፻፵፹ ፻፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፹፵ᎀ ᎀ፵ ፼፵፻
ᎨᎵ፴ᎰᎵ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፵፸ ፸፵፸ ፺፵ ᎶᎯᎶᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፵ ፸፻፵ᎀ ፹፷፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፵፺ ፸፵ ፺፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፹፵፹ ፸፻፵፹ ፹፺፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፻፵፻ ፸፵ ፺ᎀ፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፼፵፹ ፸፹፵፼ ፹ᎀ፵፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፵፸ ፹፷፵፻ ፻፸፵፼ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፼፷፵፼ ፸፵፸ ፺፺፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፸፵፼ ፹፻፵፹ ፻፻፵፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፻፹፵ ፸፵ ፺፵
ᎨᎵ፴ᏀᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፻፵ᎀ ፹፹፵፻ ፺፹፵ ᎏᎶᎲᎼᎹᎰᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፸፵፷ ፸፻፵፸ ፹፻፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፸፵፸ ፹፸፵፺ ፺፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፼፵ ፸፼፵፷ ፹፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፺፵፼ ፸ᎀ፵ ፻፹፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻ᎀ፵፺ ፸፻፵ᎀ ፺፼፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፷፵፷ ፹፺፵ ፻፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፻፸፵፸ ፸፵ᎀ ፻፹፵፷ ፹፻፵ ፹፼፵፸ ፼፷፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፻፵፺ ፸፵፼ ፻፵፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷
ᎯᎰᎲᎶᎲᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፵፷ ፸፵፺ ፺፵ ᎕ᎶᎹᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᎨᎵᎻᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፵ ፸፵፹ ፹፼፵፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፷፵፺ ፸፵፸ ፻፸፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፼፺፵ ፸፵፺ ፹ᎀ፵፹ ፻፷፵ ፸፵ᎀ ፻፸፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፵ ፸፵፸ ፺፻፵፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፺፵፹ ፹፹፵፼ ፻፻፵፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፵ᎀ ፹፹፵፼ ፺፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፷፵ ፹፺፵ ፻፼፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹ᎀ፵ᎀ ፹፼፵ᎀ ፻፻፵፺
፻፵ ፸፻፵፺ ፺፵፸ ᎶᎼᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᎨᎵᎻᎶ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፸፵ ፸፵፼ ፹ᎀ፵ᎀ ᎕ᎶᎹᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᏀᎼᎺᎯᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፼፵፸ ፸፻፵፷ ፻፷፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፵፼ ፸፵፹ ፺፺፵፺ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፸፵ ፸፺፵፼ ፻፻፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፸፵፺ ፸፵ ፻፹፵፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፵፸ ፸፵፷ ፻፻፵ᎀ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፹፵ ፹፸፵፷ ፻፵፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፺፹፵፺ ፹፷፵፸ ፻፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፵፷ ፹፺፵ ፼፷፵፻
ᎶᎼᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵ፧᎒ᏀᎼᎺᎯᎼ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፺፵ ፸፵ ፺፵፼ ᎶᎺᎨᎵ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፼፷፵፹ ፹፵ ፹፺፵፹ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፷፵ ፸፵፻ ፻፷፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፵ ፹፵ ፹፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፺፼፵ᎀ ፸፵፸ ፻፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፻፷፵፻ ፹፼፵ ፺፻፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፸፵፼ ፹፹፵ ፻፼፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፹ᎀ፵፸ ፺፺፵፻ ፺፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፵፸ ፹፻፵፻ ፻፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፻፵ ፺፵፺ ፺፵ᎀ
᎖ᎲᎰᎵᎨᎾᎨ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፻፵፸ ፸፹፵፷ ፻፺፵ᎀ ᎶᎲᎨᎰ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፷ ፻፵ᎀ ፸ᎀ፵፸ ፺፻፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፺፵፻ ፸፸፵፸ ፼፹፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፸ᎀᎀ፼ ፻፹፵ ፸፵፹ ፺ᎀ፵፷ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፺፸፵ ፸፺፵፷ ፼፼፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፷ ፺፵፸ ፸፵፼ ፻፼፵፻ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፹፻፵፸ ፸፼፵፹ ፷፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፷፼ ፺፷፵፺ ፹፺፵ ፻፵፸ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፸፵፹ ፸፼፵፹ ፺፵ ፧ᎰᎵ፧፹፷፸፷ ፹፻፵፷ ፹፵፸ ፻ᎀ፵ᎀ ፷፬ ፹፷፬ ፻፷፬ ፷፬ ፷፬ ፸፷፷፬ ፷፬ ፹፷፬ ፻፷፬ ፷፬ ፷፬ ፸፷፷፬
ᎯᎬ፧᎗ᎬᎹᎪᎬᎵᎻᎨᎮᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎈᎹᎬᎨ፧ᎶᎭ፧፧᎕ᎶᎵ፴ᎪᎼᎳᎻᎰᎽᎨᎻᎬᎫ፧ᎈᎹᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧᎓ᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎌᎨᎪᎯ፧ᎋᎰᎺᎻᎹᎰᎪᎻ
Fig. 10 Percentage of area of non-cultivated arable land of each district (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan)
11 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
Fig. 11 depicts the percentage of non-cultivated excluding Shizuoka prefecture, the Kinki district, arable land in 2010. Particularly high rates of and the Chugoku and Shikoku districts, respectively. non-cultivated arable land are shown in the San-yo, High scores with 30 % or more are distributed in Shikoku, and Tosan districts. High score can be also seen mountainous and hilly areas in Yamanashi, Saitama, in the Northern Kyusyu, San-in, Tokai, and Southern and Gunma prefectures. The same categories are Kanto district. Because the rate of non-cultivated arable seen in the Izu peninsula, southern part of Nara, land in the Hokkaido and Hokuriku districts is less than Wakayama, Mie, and Hiroshima prefectures, 10%, the arable land has been used relatively effectively. western part of Tokushima, Shimane, and Okayama Fig. 12 shows the rate of non-cultivated arable prefectures. Overall, the regional distribution of high land in 2005 by municipalities in the Kanto district, value is noticeable in mountainous and coastal areas Nagano and Shizuoka prefectures, the Tokai district that are away from urban areas.
Fig. 11 Percentage of non-cultivated arable land in 2010
a) The Kanto district, Nagano and b) The Tokai district excluding Shizuoka prefectures Shizuoka prefecture
12 Fumikazu ICHIMINAMI et al. / Transition of Non-cultivated Arable Land
c) The Kinki district d) The Chugoku and Shikoku districts Fig. 12 Rate of non-cultivated arable land in 2005 by municipalities2 (Source: The 2005 census of agriculture and fishery in Japan) Notes: The rate of non-cultivated arable land = 100 ncal / ( ncal + al ) ncal ; The area of non-cultivated arable land al ; The area of arable land
Fig. 13 A sample of non-cultivated arable Fig. 14 A sample of non-cultivated arable land without paddy rice planted land with paddy rice planted
Figs. 13 and 14 present a few samples of 4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION non-cultivated arable land in 2012 in Okayama city. Rice has been planted in paddy fields; however, weeds Reduction of population engaged in agriculture and of now seem to be flourishing in the swamp. If the conditions the number of farm households starts around 1960 in continue for many years, the possibility which Japan. The current number of farm households is about 3 non-cultivated arable land will be restored to the paddy is million people and about two-thirds of this is the part-time extremely low. The expansion of non-cultivated arable farm households which mainly engaged in land should be avoided from a long-term perspective. non-agricultural work. Indeed, thoughts about the countryside and agriculture in general are recently
13 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
growing. In effect, the number of new farmers is the demand. If agricultural policy compensates for the increasing. income of all farm households, rice production is further Even though the Agricultural Basic Law2) was enacted increased and the price of rice will continue to decline. in 1960, young people continued to be attracted to the city Therefore, this system would require fundamental by the expansion of the urban economy, rural area went assessments and arrangements. lost a lot of our leaders of the next generation. Then, rural Practical farm households have devised everyday areas changed significantly before and after 1975 and the technology for cultivating delicious rice. In addition, collapse of the rural settlements went willingly. A part of part-time farm households have grown rice for the time the reasons is the change of rural areas in suburbs into being easy to grow in order to obtain the subsidy. Of residential areas due to the expansion of the city and the course, both should be treated separately. change of farmland into real estate due to the rise of land Japan's paddy area is too large compared to the value. demand for rice. For this reason, it should be specialized in In addition, food distribution policy and agricultural rice production to concentrate on prime farm households. policy has changed policy to provide a stable supply of In addition, to promote the cultivation of crops other than fresh food for the city and to supply to the wholesale rice, it should reduce the acreage of rice. market in the metropolis on a priority basis to foster a Part-time farmers maintain agricultural land of large production area. As a result, small-scale vegetable adverse conditions and they continue to cultivate rice production areas were obsolete and the number of passively. No longer will plant rice in rural areas where part-time farmers to produce rice increased more and depopulation and aging progresses, there is also a view more. that's exactly rural decay. Passive management in paddy Traditionally, local production for local fields is to prevent landslides, contributing to land consumption was commonplace, and this scheme conservation. In addition, non-cultivated farmland area began to collapse around 1975. At present, however, and its percentage of the total area are increasing. It is also local production for local consumption has been necessary that society as a whole will continue efforts to activated in many areas. Also, the price of rice had properly maintain the non-arable farmland. These need to risen at a rate substantially equal to inflation until about be discussed carefully, because there is a relationship 1970. But then, the price of rice is no longer reflected in the between the settlement policy and rural development rate of price increases and wage increase. policies. Broadly, a process that has been described so far is the On the other hand, these need to be examined from expansion of urban markets, the outflow of the rural various viewpoints such as the increase in consumption population, the decline of rural settlement functions, and due to food education, some change of the payment the dismantling of settlements, the demise of local system to farm households in hilly and mountainous distributions. areas, and direct export to foreign countries. Rice has been Supporting farm income is a system for the produced since ancient times in many parts of the plains government to compensate for the income of all farm of Japan. However, a part of Japanese food culture households to participate in the suppression of rice changes, society is facing a population decline. Rice cultivation. Japan turned to population decline in the demand is greatly reduced, and downward trend in rice early 21st century. Consumption of rice has declined prices is inevitable in the long term. inevitably and production of rice is obviously in excess of Fig. 15 shows the number engaged in
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Fig. 15 Number engaged in self-management agriculture in Japan in 2010 (Source; Census of agriculture and forestry in Japan) self-management agriculture in Japan in 2010. Age non-commercial farm households and non-farmers own of many farmers is over 50 years old. In male, there are have remarkably increased. Each prefecture has been relatively large workers of 55 to 64 years of age. In female, working little by little on these issues, so far, there is no there are relatively large workers up to 79 years from the significant improvement. age of 55. In any case, there is little potential to increase To be approximately the same as the productivity level agricultural workers who are going to be much less than of other industries, it is fundamental to improve the 50 years of age in the future. What kind of people will productivity of agriculture. There are some success stories manage the farmland in Japan? To improve in agriculture, but unfortunately still less than expected. fundamentally agricultural environment in Japan, For this reason, there is a need to establish a lucrative job first of all, it is necessary that many people including as a manual farming, and to disseminate it widely. In younger generation have a strong interest in addition, there is a need to increase the model case which agriculture and rural areas. full-time farmers can participate in farm management. To do this, farm management should be flexibly combined 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS with not only production but also the aspects of processing, distribution and sales. First, the temporal change in the cultivated area and In fact, farmers begin to work with the distribution the number of farm households has been studied in Japan. and sales companies, or companies have begun the Both had increased in the first half of the 20th century. agricultural production in Japan. If these changes are not However, both began to decline in the late 20th century rare but become on a daily basis, an increase of and the trend continues to the present. non-cultivated arable land may be relaxed. From the The area of non-cultivated arable land has been long-term perspective, a decrease in the rate of utilization significantly increased especially since the 1990s. The area of arable land is undesirable. Therefore, the management and the ratio of non-cultivated arable land which of part-time farmers to use narrow agricultural land is still
15 J. Fac. Environ. Sci. and Tech., Okayama Univ. 18 (1) 2013
important. However, if the current situation continues, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries tried to since the number of part-time farmers gradually change traditional type of small-scale family farming, continues to decrease, the cultivated arable land and to improve the efficiency of production by decreased and non-cultivated arable land area will be large-scale management and the commercialization of subject to increase. Effective agricultural policies should agricultural products. be carried out meticulously. REFERENCES NOTES Arizono, S. (1974): Regress of cultivated marginal 1) For farm households there is a definition of the new and land –Case study of Kutsuki-mura, Shiga old. First, we describe the new definition. A farm prefecture-. The Human Geography (Jimbun household denotes a household which performs Chiri), 26, 164-191. (in Japanese with English the cultivated acreage more than 10 are abstract) (1,000m2) or the one whose agricultural-products Morimoto, T. (1991): The increase of fallow and sales amount for one year is 150,000 yen or more abandoned cultivated land with the development even if it holds cultivated acreage less than 10 of intensive agriculture in Hasaki-machi, Ibaraki are. prefecture. Geographical Review of Japan Also, there are two types of farm households, which (Chirigaku Hyoron), 64A-9, 613-636. (in Japanese are commercial farm households and non-commercial with English abstract) farm households (subsistence farmers). Commercial Morimoto, T. (1993): Idle and abandoned farmland farm households own more than 30 are of arable land in Kashiwai-cho 4-chome, Ichikawa city, Chiba under management. Alternatively, commercial farm prefecture. Geographical Review of Japan households sell agricultural products more than 50 ten (Chirigaku Hyoron), 66A-9, 515-539. (in Japanese thousand yen or more a year. Farm households other with English abstract) than those listed above are referred to as subsistence Morimoto, T. (2007): Cultivation abandonment and farmers or non-commercial farm households. environmental conditions in Kanto region, Japan: The old definition is that a farm household denotes a An analysis of rural community statistics with household which owns more than 5 are of arable land GIS. Studies in Human Geography (Jinbun under management in the west Japan and 10 areas in Chirigaku Kenkyu, University of Tsukuba), 31, the east Japan. However, even if the household does 159-173. not satisfy this criterion, the households with more Seto, M., Takada, A., Nakamura, Y., and Matsuo, T. than 10 ten thousand yen of farm value of sales of (2009): Geo-hazards and land use in the mid agricultural products for one year prior to the date of Niigata prefecture earthquake. Studies on Geo the survey in 1980 are included. The boundary value Environment (Chikyu Kankyo Kenkyu), 11, 1-11. or the measure of sales of agricultural products varies (in Japanese with English abstract) from year to year; it is twenty thousand yen in 1960, Takada, A. (2006a): Expansion of abandoned thirty thousand yen in 1965, fifty thousand yen in cultivated lands and its background in farm 1970, and seventy thousand yen in 1975. developing area on Tajima town, Fukushima 2) In order to ensure market growth, the realization of prefecture. Regional Studies (Chiiki Kenkyu), 46-2, double income, the workers in the city, Ministry of 60-69. (in Japanese)
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Takada, A. (2006b): Expansion of abandoned cultivated lands and its background in Kuramochi, Chonan town, Chiba prefecture. Studies on Geo Environment (Chikyu Kankyo Kenkyu), 8, 37-46. (in Japanese with English abstract) Takada, A. (2007a): Expansion of abandoned cultivated lands and its background in Kamiokudaira, Yoshii, Gunma Prefecture. Geographical Review of Japan (Chirigaku Hyoron), 80-4, 155-177. (in Japanese with English abstract) Takada, A. (2007b): Expansion of abandoned cultivated lands and its counter measure in Fukushima prefecture. The Journal of the Association of Fukushima Geographers (Fukushima Chiri Ronsyu), 50, 3-9. (in Japanese) Teratoko, Y. (2009): Expansion of abandoned cultivated land and related factors in a marginal hamlet in Minamata, Kumamoto prefecture. Geographical Review of Japan Series A (Chirigaku Hyoron), 82-6, 588-603. (in Japanese with English abstract)
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