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University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES School of Humanities Young and Old in Roman Britain: Aspects of Age Identity and Life- course Transitions in Regional Burial Practice by Alison Jane Moore Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2009 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES Doctor of Philosophy YOUNG AND OLD IN ROMAN BRITAIN: ASPECTS OF AGE IDENTITY AND LIFE COURSE TRANSITIONS IN REGIONAL BURIAL PRACTICE by Alison Jane Moore Age is an intrinsic aspect of identity and, by extension, is inherent in social organisation. This thesis utilises a life course methodology to examine aspects of age identity in Roman Britain, as expressed in the burial evidence from contexts in the east and west of central southern Britain during the 1st-early 5th centuries CE. It seeks to establish a life course framework in order to identify the key age stages of the gendered life course. Within this framework, the impact of regionalism on the expression of age is explored, with particular reference to urban and rural differentiation in age and gender identity. Finally, this thesis considers how being young and old was represented in burial, identifying the key age characteristics and exploring age concepts relating to these social sub-groups. The results show a defined Romano-British life course focussed upon the young adult. The life course trajectory was gender-specific, with female age identity circumscribed by fertility whilst male age stages were influenced by external socio- economic factors. How age was represented in burial reflected regional concepts of identity, particularly within the burial of the young and the old. Furthermore, within the regional patterns of the life course, a defined urban/rural divide is visible in how age was expressed, indicating the divergent impact of urban and rural life ways. In regard to the young, this thesis establishes the trajectory of the sub-adult life course, and identified that the age characteristics visible in burial encompassed aspects of physical and social development. This thesis also establishes the visibility of the elderly within the burial record, identifying an unexplored social sub-group, the study of which will further understanding of age identity in Roman provincial contexts. CONTENTS Figures i Graphs and tables ii Author’s declaration x Acknowledgements xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Transitions, key age stages and gender within the life course 2 1.2. Identifying aspects of regional identity in the life course 5 1.3. Identifying the young and old in Roman Britain 7 1.4. Conclusion 9 CHAPTER 2: AGE AND THE LIFE COURSE IN CONTEXT 11 2.1. The development of life course theory 11 2.2. The life course in archaeological contexts 15 2.3. The Roman life course: Attitudes and expectations 21 2.4. Age identity in Roman Britain: Old and new approaches 30 2.5. Regionalism in burial practice in pre-Roman and Roman Britain 34 2.6. Conclusion 37 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 40 3.1. Data collection and analysis 40 3.2. Issues influencing the data collection 44 3.3. The ageing and sexing of the skeletal material 46 3.4. Defining age banding and gender in this study 48 3.5. The categories of evidence 51 3.6. Conclusion 56 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES 58 4.1. Western Roman Britain: Gloucester and Cirencester 59 4.1.1. The cemeteries of Gloucester and Cirencester 61 4.1.2. The rural burial sample in western Roman Britain 67 4.2. Eastern Roman Britain: Colchester and St Albans 74 4.2.1. The cemeteries of Colchester and St Albans 77 4.2.2. The rural burial sample in eastern Roman Britain 83 4.3. Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 5: THE OVERALL ROMANO-BRITISH LIFE COURSE 90 5.1. Identifying the trajectory of the Romano-British life course 91 5.2. The gendered trajectory of the Romano-British life course 95 5.2.1. Summary: gendered age transitions 101 5.3. Temporal variation across the life course 103 5.3.1. Summary: evidence for temporal variation 108 5.4. The regional life course 109 5.4.1. The western data-set: Regional identity and the urban/rural life course 109 5.4.2. Summary: the life course in the western regional area 119 5.4.3. The eastern data-set: Regional identity and the urban/rural life course 120 5.4.4. Summary: the life course in the eastern regional area 132 5.5. Conclusion 133 CHAPTER 6: THE YOUNG AND OLD WITHIN THE LIFE COURSE 137 6.1. The sub-adult life course: infancy and early childhood: 0-5 years 138 6.1.1. The spatial patterning of infant burials 143 6.2. Mid-late childhood and the adult transition: 6-19 years 145 6.2.1. The role of gender in the sub-adult life course? 150 6.3. Summary: the sub-adult life course 154 6.4. The elderly life course 155 6.4.1. Regional variation in the elderly life course: the western region 156 6.4.2. Gender differentiation amongst the elderly in the western region 158 6.4.3. Regional variation in the elderly life course: the eastern region 162 6.4.4. Gender differentiation amongst the elderly in the eastern region 165 6.4.5. Patterns of similarity within the young and elderly life course in the western region 168 6.5. Conclusion 172 CHAPTER 7: ASPECTS OF AGE IDENTITY IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH LIFE COURSE 175 7.1. Gender identity in the Romano-British life course 175 7.2. Regional and local identity within the life course 184 7.3. Summary: gender and regional identities within the life course 189 7.4. Concepts of age identity in the sub-adult and elderly adult life course 190 7.4.1. Infancy: The infant as ‘other’ and the development of social identity 191 7.4.2. Later childhood: The potential adult and the child/adult transition 196 7.4.3. The young and the old: A linear or a cyclical life course? 200 7.5. Conclusion 205 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 208 8.1. The trajectory of the Romano-British life course and key age stages 208 8.2. Gender identity within the Romano-British life course 210 8.3. Regional patterns of identity within the Romano-British life course 211 8.4. Aspects of age identity at either end of the age spectrum 212 8.5 Reflections on the life course 213 8.5. Future directions for the study of age identity 216 APPENDIX A: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES 220 APPENDIX B: SITES INVENTORY 235 APPENDIX C: DATA COLLECTION SHEET 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 294 FIGURES Figure 1. Map of main Roman cemeteries at Cirencester 62 Figure 2. Plan of burials from trenches 1 & 8 (1972), CT (1969) and CS (1970) at Bath Gate cemetery, Cirencester 63 Figure 3. Map of main Roman cemeteries at Gloucester 65 Figure 4. Map of western regional sample area 67 Figure 5. Plan of the distribution of rural burials at Bradley Hill, Somerset 71 Figure 6. Map of main Roman period cemeteries at Colchester 78 Figure 7. Plan of phase 2 burials at Butt Road, Colchester showing the position of burials with grave goods 79 Figure 8. Map of main Roman period cemeteries at St Albans 81 Figure 9. Map of eastern regional sample area 83 i GRAPHS AND TABLES Graph 1 Age distribution of all burials 91 Graph 2 Distribution of grave goods with all aged burials 92 Graph 3 Distribution of aged and sexed burials 96 Graph 4 Distribution of grave good types by gender 96 Graph 5 Average number of grave goods with aged and sexed burials 97 Graph 6 Distribution of grave types with aged and sexed burials 100 Graph 7 Average number of grave goods with all aged burials in early and late Roman periods 104 Graph 8 Average number of grave goods with aged male burials in early and late Roman periods 105 Graph 9 Average number of grave goods with aged female burials in early and late Roman periods 106 Graph 10 Western region: Age distribution of urban and rural burials 110 Graph 11 Western region: Average number of grave goods with aged burials 111 Graph 12 Western region: Average number of grave goods with aged burials in urban and rural contexts 112 Graph 13 Western region: Average number of grave goods with aged male and female burials in urban contexts 112 Graph 14 Western region: Average number of grave goods with aged Male and female burials in rural contexts 113 Graph 15 Eastern region: Urban and rural age distribution 121 Graph 16 Eastern region: Average number of grave goods with aged burials 122 Graph 17 Eastern region: Average number of grave goods with aged burials in urban and rural data-sets 123 Graph 18 Eastern region: Average number of grave goods with aged male and female burials in urban contexts 124 Graph 19 Eastern region: Average number of grave goods with aged male and female burials in rural contexts 124 Graph 20 Average number of grave goods with 0-5 year olds in eastern and western data-sets 138 ii Graph 21 Western region: Average number of grave goods with
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