Report on the Physics Department FAU Erlangen

October 2013 www.physik.fau.de Contents

Contents ...... 1 Introduction ...... 3 Structure and Evolution of the Department ... 3 Research Topics ...... 5 Astroparticle Physics ...... 6 Condensed Matter Physics ...... 9 Biophysics ...... 14 Optics ...... 18 Light-Matter Interface ...... 21 Theoretical Physics ...... 24 Physics didactics ...... 28 Teaching ...... 29 Outreach ...... 34 Statistics and Overview ...... 36 Faculty ...... 41 Junior Research Groups ...... 130

Introduction Structure and Evolution of the De- partment This report is designed to present the current status (in 2013) of the Department of Physics at The Department of Physics (the Department) the Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen- currently consists of 16 chairs (four in theoretical Nürnberg (FAU), which is the second largest uni- and twelve in experimental physics) and several versity in the state of Bavaria. The report at- independent professorships. Each of these chairs tempts to give a brief but comprehensive over- is part of an Institute, namely the Institute for view of the Department's research topics, the Condensed Matter, the Physics Institute, the teaching, and the individual professors making Institute for Optics, Information and Photonics, up the Department's faculty. In addition the re- the Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the port highlights junior research groups, statistics, Astronomical Institute in Bamberg. However, this outreach efforts, as well as links of the Depart- report will present the various research topics ment within the university and within interna- according to subject area and not necessarily tional research collaborations. along the lines of Institutes. The Department experienced a significant shift in research topics during the last two decades, namely from nuclear and particle physics to astroparticle physics and physics of gravitation and a broader condensed matter physics area (including soft matter and biophysics) replacing the classical solid state physics. Together with optics a new interface of light/matter physics is now emerging.

Astroparticle Physics

Condensed Matter Physics Research Topics

This chapter aims to give a broad overview of the Biophysics various research topics at the department. We have chosen a subdivision of topics that ade- quately represents both the old established Optics structure of the department (with Institutes in Astroparticle Physics, Condensed Matter, Optics, and Theory) and the emerging regrouping of topics (with three broad areas: Astroparticle Light-Matter Interface Physics, Physics of Light and Matter, and Bio- physics). At times this necessarily leads to some overlap between the sections, since several Theoretical Physics groups feel at home in various topics.

Physics Didactics

H.E.S.S. telescope telescope in Namibia in Namibia

Astroparticle Physics Stegmann/NN), the two divisions of the Astro- nomical Institute (Heber, Wilms) and parts of chairs of the Institute of Theoretical Physics Astroparticle physics is a young and emerging (Thiemann/Sahlmann/Giesel, Mecke). The Cen- research field addressing questions and methods ter was awarded the status of an Emerging Field at the intersection of particle physics, astrophys- Centre of FAU in 2011. ECAP plays a leading role ics, and cosmology. Research in astroparticle in astroparticle physics in Germany and is a physics concentrates on studying the most ex- member of the Helmholtz Alliance for Astropar- treme conditions in the universe, such as the ticle Physics. It receives high acknowledgment physical processes in the vicinity of Black Holes and visibility in international research projects and Neutron Stars, the physics of acceleration of and currently has over 150 members. particles to the highest energies, and the physical processes at and beyond the limits where our Experimental and observational astroparticle current understanding of gravity as described by physics and astrophysics are characterized by the Einstein's theory of gravitation ends. development and use of large international facilities, with partners at the European level and FAU has identified astroparticle physics as a top worldwide. The field is highly networked, with priority research field of the Faculty of Science typical collaboration sizes encompassing hun- and has given it a formal framework with the dreds of researchers from a large number of foundation of the Erlangen Centre for Astropar- institutions and countries. ECAP scientists are ticle Physics (ECAP) in 2007. ECAP bundles FAU's involved in leading positions in the current and activities in this area by incorporating the chairs next generation of water based neutrino tele- in experimental astroparticle physics at the Phys- scopes (ANTARES, KM3NeT). They also contrib- ics Institute (Anton, Katz/van Eldik, succession ute significantly to the current and next genera-

6 tion of ground-based telescopes in gamma-ray in Namibia. ECAP also develops advanced analy- astronomy (H.E.S.S., Cherenkov Telescope Ar- sis methods for faint structure detection in as- ray), as well as in the development phases for tronomical images based on Minkowski func- the next generation of high-energy astrophysics tionals. ECAP researchers routinely use large space based missions such as the German ground based facilities such as the European eROSITA experiment on the Russian Spectrum-X- Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, Gamma satellite. the Keck telescopes on Hawaii, radio arrays such as the Australia Telescope National Facility or the ECAP's contributions to international facilities Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico, as well drive its strong detector development activities. as space based facilities such as the Hubble The Center led the evaluation of acoustic particle Space Telescope, the XMM-Newton and Chandra detection for ultrahigh energy neutrinos. ECAP's satellites, the Japanese Suzaku instrument or detector group also develops detectors for parti- NASA's Fermi gamma-ray satellite. Observational cle physics such as the search for neutrino-less research with these facilities is directly related to double beta decay or for neutrino mass hierar- the experimental work at ECAP, and includes chy measurements and optical modules for the work, e.g., on acceleration processes in the Gal- future projects KM3NeT and PINGU. ECAP's de- axy (especially in supernova remnants), on the tector activities have also triggered applications precursors of supernova explosions, binary stars, in medical physics (see the section on biophys- and the interaction of stars with the central ics). ECAP is also involved in studies of the detec- black hole of our Galaxy, the measurement of tor performance for space based and ground relativistic effects near black holes, as well as based experiments. For example, the Center multiwavelength studies of the radiation from contributes significantly to the design study for supermassive black holes in Active Galactic Nu- the neutrino mass hierarchy experiment ORCA clei. All of these objects are also predicted to be and to the end-to-end simulations for the next neutrino emitters. This research is done in close generation of X-ray sensitive satellites per- collaboration with the chair for astrophysics at formed under the auspices of the European Würzburg University. Space Agency.

A significant fraction of observational research at Uniquely in Germany, this experience with large- ECAP is related to cosmological questions such scale facility and detector development is sup- as the evolution of black holes in the Universe. plemented by experience in observational astro- ECAP's theory group performs research in the physics which covers the whole electromagnetic area of quantum gravity, which predicts condi- spectrum from the radio regime via the optical tions in the early universe (see the description in to the X-rays, gamma-rays, and into the TeV re- the theory section). A strategic appointment of a gime. ECAP is one of the large groups contrib- further theoretician at the professorial level with uting to the H.E.S.S telescope array experiment 7 a background in theoretical cosmology has been approved by the Bavarian State Ministry of Sci- ences, Research and the Arts, in order to further tighten the connection between the theory and experimental/observational work in the Center.

Artistic drawing of a graphene transistor on SiC

Condensed Matter Physics al Molecular Structures on Complex Oxide Sur- faces (funCOS) (Speaker: J. Libuda (Physical Scientific Environment and Strategic Posi- chemistry), and the DFG Graduiertenkolleg 1896 tion In-Situ Microscopy with Electrons, X-rays and Scanning probes (Speaker: E. Spiecker, Vice Condensed matter physics is an essential part of speaker S. Maier). Also, the priority program one of the most important research areas “New 1459 “Graphene” was launched in Erlangen by Materials and Processes” of the FAU. The overall Th. Seyller with strong contributions from local effort includes research in the faculty of natural groups. sciences (physics, chemistry) as well as in the technical faculty (materials science, electrical These large-scale funding initiatives were a con- engineering etc.). This interdisciplinary research sequence of a steady built-up of interdisciplinary has been selected in the excellence initiative as a expertise, organized in interdisciplinary centers cluster of excellence “Engineering of Advanced within FAU. For example, physicists and chemists materials (EAM)”. have established the Interdisciplinary Centre for Molecular Materials (ICMM), the Interdiscipli- In addition to the establishment of the EAM, nary Centre for Interface Controlled Processes several interdisciplinary platforms in materials (ICICP), the Graduate School for Molecular Sci- science have been founded that also receive ence (GSMS), the Center for Nanoanalysis and high-level third-party funding: the Sonder- Electron Microscopy” (CENEM). forschungsbereich 953 Functional Carbon Allo- tropes (Speaker: A. Hirsch, chemistry, Vice This Erlangen-specific strong position of the con- speaker: H. B. Weber, exp. physics), funded since densed matter physics enabled a situation, 1/2012, the DFG Forschergruppe 1878 Function- where (instead of grouping around few scientific topics) an unusually large spectrum of methods 9 and scientific topics can be covered. The success (Fauster, Hundhausen, Maier, Ristein, Schneider, of this structure can be seen in the high number Seyller, Weber), then novel low-temperature of Schottky awardees (the most important Ger- quantum transport phenomena could be identi- man award on solid state physics: G. Döhler (re- fied (Weber), strongly supported by theoretical tired), P. Müller (retired 10/2013), F. Marquardt, considerations (Pankratov). In a next step, a de- Th. Seyller (since 2012 in Chemnitz). Further, our vice building concept could be put forward (We- scientists received calls to professorships with ber), such that a fast analog and digital logic is high reputation: M. Weinelt (W3 FU Berlin), A. now possible. Th. Seyller established a Germany- Ustinov (W3 KIT), T. Schäffer (W3 Ulm, declined, wide priority program 1459 “Graphene”, with subsequently W3 Tübingen, accepted), O. strong contributions from Erlangen. The gra- Waldmann (W3 U Freiburg), Th. Seyller (W3 U phene research also boosted the SFB 953 “Syn- Chemnitz), S. Müller (W2 TU Hamburg-Harburg). thetic carbon allotropes”, the scientific focus of which goes well beyond graphene research. Erlangen’s experimental condensed matter physics have had numerous highly-ranked publica- Another example is charge transport through tions (5 Science, 2 Nature, 10 Nature research individual molecules, research carried out in the papers, 39 PRL) in the last decade. ICMM. After pioneering experiments in the We- ber group, one focus of research was to under- The condensed matter research unit has since stand the underlying physical principles of 2004 launched and reinforced research efforts in charge transport. Together with M. Thoss (theo- biophysics. Together with a focused recruitment ry) and A. Görling (theoretical chemistry), the all- policy in theory, a strong and promising research important influence of vibrations could be eluci- field has evolved. This has been recognized in dated. This was strongly supported by specially the FAU and is currently discussed as a further designed and manufactured molecules from the emerging field of the department. Similarly, Gladysz and Tykwinsky group (synthetic chemis- light-matter interaction has been identified as a try). Complementary investigations using scan- promising new field, which benefits from both ning tunneling microscopy could be carried out the strong materials competence as well as the by P. Müller and S. Maier. In the SFB 583, P. Mül- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light. ler developed significant competence in molecu- Selected Research Topics lar magnetism which, in turn, inspired investiga- Electronic aspects of novel materials tions on single-molecule junctions using magnet- (Krstić, Maier, Müller, Ristein, Weber) ic molecules, giving new access to singlet-triplet transition in molecules (Weber).

Electronic degrees of freedom are of highest Quantum transport of electrons is investigated fundamental interest in condensed matter phys- theoretically also in the group of Florian Mar- ics, but also lead to technological innovation. In quardt (Theory II). His group investigates systems Erlangen, the whole range from fundamental at the interface between nanophysics and quan- research to applications is covered. tum optics, providing a link between the con-

densed matter and optics efforts of the depart- An example for a very intense research effort in ment. Erlangen is graphene. Based on long-term expertise with silicon carbide (SiC), Th. Seyller and H. The research on novel electronic materials (mol- Weber developed a new material system “epi- ecules, graphene and others) is strengthened by taxial graphene on SiC”, which is a wafer-based V. Krstić, who started in October 2013. He came material with epitaxial control. First the material from Trinity College Dublin where he was Assis- and its properties were investigated using vari- tant Professor since 2007. ous surface science and electronic techniques 10

Structure and Dynamics of Matter which has just been extended by T. Unruh with a (Hock, Magerl, Neder, Unruh) powerful SAXS/GISAXS diffractometer. This high level equipment is mandatory for student train- The chair for Crystallography and Structural ing and in preparation for experiments at the big Physics (LKS) with four professors is at present sources. the strongest university unit in its field in Ger- As the knowledge about structure and dynamics many. The research activities are focused on is a fundamental issue in condensed matter re- structural and dynamical issues of condensed search directly related to the functionality of matter including interfaces and defects. The materials, the competence of the chair is well embracing technique is diffraction complement- sought after and contributes to several interdis- ed whenever indicated by supporting methods ciplinary research structures and programs at the including computing. FAU (EAM, ECN, CENEM (A. Magerl founding director, T. Unruh division head), ICICP, IZNF, Diffraction methods presently enjoy worldwide a GSMS, FG funCOS, GRK 1896) and also outside vibrant development and many novel research (SPP 1415, several BMBF funded projects). In fields in condensed matter science are emerging addition, there are frequent requests from other in particular through the advent of novel light universities and from industry to provide support sources. The future trend in structural physics is in case of structural issues. In many cases this characterized by a transition from measure- has to be denied because of lack of resources. ments and interpretation of the classical pair correlation function on dominantly periodic sys- The group enjoys a highly successful develop- tems (the crystallography of the 20th century) ment and the prospect for the years to come are towards an access of higher correlation functions excellent as expressed, e. g by the growth of the in short range ordered condensed matter includ- third party funding which increased by a factor ing their time evolution in an extremely large of 10 over a period of 8 years and the outlook time regime. Coherent beam diffraction and into 2014 promises a further increase to at least imaging are examples exploiting the novel possi- 1.4 M€ according to presently approved funding. bilities, and the group is engaged to take full advantage of these options both at major In this vast and rapidly growing field, the four sources and in the laboratory. professors have well-defined complementary research programs of their own, all of them em- The group is a heavy user of national and inter- bedded in collaborations. The subject nucleation national major research centers, and e. g. in and growth of particles, also a focal topic of the 2012 through worldwide competitive proposal EAM cluster, may illustrate the complementarity applications it was granted ~60 days and ~15 and the fruitful interaction of the in-house re- days on synchrotron and neutron sources, research: spectively. In this environment there are long standing and active collaborations with national Magerl is looking into the very early stages of and international large-scale research centers on particle formation in a fast flowing free jet by numerous scientific projects, on methodical de- wide angle (crystal structure) and small angle velopments and through committee works. Cur- (precursor states) scattering. The accessible em- rently T. Unruh is spokesman of the KFN and bryonic time range reaches down to some 10 μs thus represents some 1200 German neutron (world record by more than one order of magni- users of major research infrastructures. tude!).

In addition, the group has built up with significant efforts unique laboratory instrumentation,

T. Unruh specialized in small angle diffraction important. studies the ripening and aging process of juvenile particles with X-rays, neutrons and optical tech- Electron diffraction is used to quantitatively and precisely determine the positions of the atoms of niques. a crystalline surface. Especially the results ob- R. Hock follows the development of precursors tained on SiC, graphene, and on transition metal like metallic films, nanoparticles and sol-gels into oxide serve as a solid basis for current and newly adult particles in the form of polycrystalline established research efforts. In this respect functional thin films with powder diffraction Scanning Probe Methods are needed as a com- techniques. His application-relevant research plementary method to establish possible models focuses on novel materials for thin film solar of the surface that can be tested with the results cells. of electron diffraction. Furthermore, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atomic Force Micros- R. Neder studies the nucleation and growth of copy are used to study less well ordered or local, quantum dots by a total scattering approach. single molecule or atomic structures both on PDF analysis allows unravelling the elementary (semi-)conducting and insulating surfaces. Re- steps with atomic resolution. He has pioneered flectometry and grazing incidence diffraction this technique and developed the now widely methods as described in the previous section are acclaimed simulation program DISCUS, well- complementary and reveal sub-molecular struc- suited to refine atomic models of quantum dots tural information both in-plane and out-of-plane. including the stabilizing organic ligands on the These methods also allow surface studies in a surface. wide range of environments and also in the liq- Surface Science uid phase. (Fauster, Magerl, Maier, Ristein, Schneider) Photoelectron spectroscopy accesses the elec-

tronic properties of surfaces and in time resolved The properties of surfaces and interfaces come two-photon photoemission the electron dynam- into play whenever condensed matter becomes ics is sampled on a femtosecond scale. These very thin or its dimensionality is reduced or both methods are applied to metal, metal-oxide and as in the case of graphene. The properties of semiconductor surfaces and interfaces formed surfaces and interfaces are studied with various with organic molecules or graphene in contact methods: Scanning Probe Methods (Maier, with these surfaces. Examples are image poten- Schneider), Low-energy Electron Diffraction tial states on graphene, topological surface (Fauster, Schneider), and Photoelectron Spec- states on bismuth chalcogenides and electronic troscopy (Fauster, Ristein) to name the most properties of epitaxial cobalt-oxide films. On the other hand, characterization of electronic properties on the atomic scale is provided by Scan- ning Tunneling Spectroscopy at liquid-helium temperatures. With this the electronic properties of molecules on metal oxide surfaces and the interfaces between graphene and metallic contacts are explored, the latter in the framework of the priority program “Graphene”. Also in line with this direction of research are the collaborative efforts of FAU (Ristein) and the MPL (Christiansen) to unravel the electronic properties of nanostructured materials for photovoltaic and photo-electrochemical applications by mi- 12 croscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Specifi- collaborations (cancer diagnostics) and world- cally the interplay between surface characteriza- wide partnerships (NIH bioengineering research tion and the measurement of the electronic sur- partnership on smooth muscle micromechanics). face and interface properties has turned out to In order to stress the growing importance of this be a powerful tool to understand the fundamen- field within the physics department, we have tal working principles of related photo-electronic opted to dedicate a separate section to a more devices. detailed description of biophysics.

The wealth of surface-science methods present Light-Matter Interaction in the Department of Physics is complemented (Fauster, Hommelhoff, Hundhausen, Weber,) by groups at Physical Chemistry (Steinrück, Libu- da, Fink) and Engineering (Schmuki, Spiecker). In light of the Department’s strong expertise in Within the Interdisciplinary Center for Interface- condensed matter physics as well as in optics Controlled Processes, many bilateral projects, and the emerging fruitful research efforts at the but in particular the recently funded DFG re- intersection of both of these fields, we have search group FOR 1878 “funCOS – Functional identified light-matter interaction as a new stra- Molecular Structures on Complex Oxide Surfac- tegic focus. It will be discussed in more detail in es” have been established. Further, funding the the section Light Matter Interface. Graduate School (DFG Graduiertenkolleg 1896) “In-Situ Microscopy with Electrons, X-rays, and In particular, from the domain of condensed Scanning Probes” strengthens the perspectives matter physics, the following groups contribute of surface science research and puts special em- strong expertise: The Fauster group has done phasis on the promotion of young talents in mi- pioneering work in two-photon photoemission croscopy methods in general. spectroscopy, the Hommelhoff group sheds light on ultrafast processes at nanomaterials, while Biophysics the Hundhausen group performs research in (Fabry, Goldmann, Hensel, Unruh, Whyte) spatially-resolved Raman spectroscopy. The We- ber group contributes both electronic device Over the past 10 years, the experimental con- expertise as well as expertise in ultrafast elec- densed matter physics groups of the Department tronics that has led to the establishment of an have built up a strong and internationally com- effort in THz physics (Malzer). petitive biophysical research team consisting of 5 core groups: B. Fabry (cellular biomechanics), W. Goldmann (molecular biophysics), B. Hensel (biomaterials and biomedical engineering), G. Whyte (bioimaging), and T. Unruh (biomembranes). Other groups contribute to this effort as well, such as the groups of R. Hock (biomineralization) and P. Müller (DNA sequencing, biomagnetism). These research activities tie in with biophysical projects on the theoretical physics side (K. Mecke, A. Smith, T. Franosch). These efforts of the Physics Department contribute significantly to university-wide research consortia with the Departments of Biology and the Faculties of En- gineering and Medicine (SFB-initiatives synthetic biology, voice disorders), emerging field initiatives (organ- and tissue engineering), EU-wide 13

Biophysics area of the university, spanning over the Facul- ties of Medicine, Sciences and Engineering. This

recognizes the highly interdisciplinary nature of Biophysics is presently one of the fastest growing the field, and provides the core structure for fields in the natural sciences. Apart from under- cross-departmental and cross-faculty initiatives. standing the processes from the level of single The aims of the latter are multiple: The first is to molecules, over entire organisms to the behavior increase the teaching capacity of the university, of a population, this field is also a rich source of manifested by the initial establishment of the processes that can be exploited beyond their Bachelor course and, recently, a Master’s study original biological context, either for technologi- program in Integrated Life Sciences (ILS). The cal or medical purposes. Furthermore, cells are second is to develop core research facilities, seemingly endless sources of adaptive materials, evidenced by the recent opening of the Optical mimics of which are already finding their way Imaging Center Erlangen (OICE), next to the al- into our everyday life. However, from the physics ready established Central Institute for Scientific point of view, perhaps the most exciting aspect Computing (ZISC). The last is to foster research is the fact that living systems rely on energy con- excellence and interdisciplinary collaborations sumption and dissipation to manipulate very through Emerging Field Initiatives (TopBiomat, noisy environments, the understanding of which SynBio), Research Training Group (RTG) initia- emerges through the development of the so far tives, an example of which is the RTG on biologi- incomplete, conceptual framework for the non- cal membranes, and SFB-initiatives on Synthetic equilibrium dynamics. biology as well as Voice disorders. The aim of the Physics Department therein, was to evolve from The potential multi-faceted impact of this field a tangential to a strong, and in some cases, lead- has been recently recognized at FAU when Mo- ing partner. As will be outlined below, this goal lecular Life Sciences became a major research has partially been achieved in more recent de- 14 velopments. However, further strengthening of Emerging Field Initiative Synthetic Biology biophysics at the physics department is neces- (SynBio) sary to fully accomplish its potential. This initiative aims at establishing an interdisci- Over the last five years, biophysics became one plinary research platform between the fields of of the key topics in the Department of Physics. Biology, Chemistry, Informatics, Mathematics, This development, founded on the very success- Material Science and Physics to understand bio- ful work of the Central Institute for Biomedical logical phenomena at the nanometer scale, ex- Engineering since 1973 and pursued by the Max plore rational metabolic engineering of living Schaldach Professorship since 2003 (Bernhard cells, and to create bio-inspired nanodevices. Hensel), was greatly facilitated by the employ- Non-living nanodevices may be used to combine ment of Ben Fabry (Chair conventional chemical synthetic processes with for Medical Physics and biological systems to achieve synthesis of com- Technology; experi- plex compounds in a sustainable and cost effec- mental cell biophysics) tive manner. These systems will require encapsu- and Wolfgang Goldmann lation of single or multi-enzyme complexes in (W2 on the same chair, membrane-like structures allowing exchange of biochemistry of cells) in small molecules between the inside and the out- 2003, followed by the recruitment of Klaus side of the nanoparticles. Such studies of syn- Mecke (Chair for Theoretical Physics; soft con- thetic systems will shed light on the workings of densed matter, statistical physics and Geometry) complex natural biological systems. Currently, all in 2004. However, to achieve the critical mass of required research fields coexist at the FAU. The researchers, the excellence cluster initiative EAM EFI initiative SynBio will direct these forces to a was utilized for the staffing of further three pro- collaborative research program. From the Phys- fessorships. First was Ana-Sunčana Smith in 2009 ics Department side, SynBio is coordinated by V. (now W2 in theoretical biophysics), followed by Sandoghdar, supported by K. Mecke and B. Fab- Tobias Unruh (W2 in structural physics with a ry. focus on short time scale dynamics in biological systems) in 2010, and Graeme Whyte (W1 in Research Training Group “Dynamic Inter- microfluidics and minimal models) in 2012. The actions at Biological Membranes – From biophysics activities in the Department of Physics Single Molecules to Tissue” were further strengthened by the arrival of Va- This initiative is concerned with processes in and hid Sandoghdar in 2011 (W3/MPL; single mole- on biomembranes, spanning different time and cule tracking, microscopy). length scales. It is an interdisciplinary and col- The previously mentioned groups all have a strong base in biophysics, linking this field to soft condensed matter and/or optics. Their efforts are complemented by the work led by Rainer Hock (Structural physics; biomineralization), Paul Müller (Condensed Matter; DNA sequencing and biomagnetism) and Gisela Anton (ECAP, detectors for bio-imaging), who has developed strong ties with local industrial partners (e.g. Siemens). Membrane with proteins The result of the reinforcement of the biophysics laborative effort of twelve groups, four of which community is the strong participation of the are from the Physics Department (T. Unruh, A.-S. Physics Department in several new initiatives: Smith, B. Fabry and V. Sandoghdar), and the 15 others are from the Department of Biology and Research Activities in Selected Groups the Faculty of Medicine. The research focus is deeply anchored in the existing Integrated Life The different backgrounds of the research Sciences (ILS) degree program, a study course at groups involved in biophysics topics ensures a the interface between biology, mathematics, and very broad research program, both from the physics. The RTG will complement the ILS under- experimental and theoretical points of view, graduate studies by a doctoral program, the lat- spanning method development to applications. ter introducing its participants to different tech- Some of the topics are presented in the follow- niques in theoretical modelling and state of the ing sections. art experiments, while performing research on The Biophysics group of Ben Fabry and Wolfgang the organization of proteins and lipids in artificial Goldmann is an interdisciplinary research group and model membranes. of scientists trained in soft matter physics, mo-

lecular cell biology, cancer cell biology, biochem- Optical Imaging Center Erlangen (OICE) istry, engineering, and applied mathematics. The OICE is a newly established “Zentral-Institut” Their research focuses on mechanical properties of FAU (i.e. independent of departments and of cells and tissues, mechano-chemical signal faculties), but it was born out of the Institute of transduction in cells, and cell-matrix interactions Optics, Information and Photonics of the Physics for biomaterials design. They are active in the Department under the leadership of Vahid San- development of novel instrumentation and doghdar. It applies methods from laser spectros- methods to characterize biopolymer networks copy, quantum optics and microscopy to biologi- and cell mechanical properties: magnetic twist- cal investigations in a highly interdisciplinary ing and magnetic tweezers cytometry with opti- environment. In addition to a professionally run cal detection of cellular deformation, Fourier facility center, OICE will develop new physical transform traction microscopy, 3-D traction mi- methods for the detection, sensing, imaging and croscopy, and particle tracking nanorheology in tracking of biological matter. As a facility, OICE living cells. complements ZISC and the supercomputing facilities of FAU in providing broad access to the most advanced tools and research equipment, hence, bestowing a highly competitive scientific environment.

External Calls

The excellence in research and teaching of the biophysics community at the Department of Physics is furthermore evidenced by three of the staff members obtaining permanent professorships at other universities. More specifically, Roland Roth accepted a W3 professorship in statistical soft condensed matter in Tübingen, Protein(6-4 Photolyase) repairing a DNA lesion. Thomas Franosch was awarded the full professorship in theoretical biophysics at the University of Innsbruck, and Tilmann Schäffer went to Tü- Unlike the Fabry group, the Mecke group uses bingen for a W3 position in NanoBioPhysics and mostly theoretical tools. In the past, it has ap- Medical Engineering. plied statistical physics to clarify, for instance, the adhesion mechanism for geckos, to develop

16 a non-equilibrium model for molecular motors (collaboration with V. Sandoghdar), to provide a and to study fluctuating actin filaments. Based theoretical description of the micro-locomotion on integral geometry, the 'morphometric ap- of entire swimmers and nanodevices in viscous proach' has been proposed as a theoretical con- environments (collaboration with U. Rüde - In- cept for fluids in the presence of a confinement formatics). Another focus of the group is the or curved substrates, to give insight into interac- understanding of the recognition process on the tion between solvation and structure for protein level of a single cell as well as on a level of a tis- conformations (with R. Roth) and the entangled sue (collaboration with F. Rehfeld). filament structure in biological tissue (collabora- Based on the experience in the development of tion with B. Fabry). Using the experience on for- particle detectors, the chair of G. Anton is mation of topologically complex ordered struc- strongly involved in applications for medical tures, a bicontinuous single Gyroid structure was physics. Such applications cover radiation do- first identified in butterfly wing-scales and then their chiral-optical and biophotonics properties simetry and X-ray imaging with a main focus on grating-based phase contrast imaging. Investigat- were elucidated (with G. Schröder-Turk). These ing the dark-field of this imaging method, the efforts were complemented by the work on anomalous transport in biological environments group was the first to image cancer signatures of micrometer-sized calcifications in breast tumors (with T. Franosch). at a tolerable radiation dose. G. Anton was Experimental studies on the basic mechanism of awarded the “Innovationspreis Medizintechnik” the anomalous molecular transport in organic of the German Ministry of Science in 2008. liquids and biological membrane mimics are performed in T. Unruh’s group. For these studies a combination of quasi elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and MD simulation is used. The neutron experiments are performed in close cooperation with different large-scale facilities such as the FRM II in Munich and the ILL in Grenoble. Close cooperation and research activities on protein interactions with membranes have been initiated with R. Böckmann’s group (bio informatics, FAU).

The Sandoghdar group applies its know-how from laser spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy and quantum optics to the detection, microscopy, tracking, and manipulation of biological nano-objects such as viruses and proteins. In particular, three-dimensional nanoscopic visuali- zation and control of transport and diffusion of these particles on and through biological membranes are current topics of research.

The Smith group also covers a range of biophysics problems, mostly from the modelling perspective. It addresses issues from calculating the spectral characteristics of a single molecule (with D. M. Smith), over modelling the binding affinity and diffusion limited processes in membranes

Optics at the interface of optics and condensed matter

physics were made in the spirit of this new strat- The optics activity of the department has been egy. expanded appreciably in the last decade largely due to the establishment of the Max Planck Re- The research activity of the optics sector spans a search Group for Optics, Information and Pho- wide range from classical optics, via nonlinear tonics (2003-2008), which resulted in the foun- optics and nano-photonics all the way to quan- dation of the Max Planck Institute for the Sci- tum optics. There is great potential both for ad- ence of Light (MPL). The Department of Physics vancing the basic science of light and for devel- and MPL are closely linked. Initially the Depart- oping cutting-edge applications, examples being ment provided fallback positions for the two fundamental studies of the interaction of light director appointments in the Max Planck Re- with single atoms or molecules, enhanced non- search Group, which was a serious commitment linear and quantum effects in gaseous materials and all four directors of MPL hold faculty posi- and bright broadband light sources. We believe tions at the Department of Physics – either as that the conjunction of basic research, applica- main or as side office. As part of the new strate- tions and enabling technologies under one joint gy currently being developed the Department roof of MPL and the Department will provide a decided to take advantage of the potential syn- unique and very fruitful scientific environment. ergy between optics and condensed matter Optical engineering at the nanoscale involves physics by forming the new joint field "light- optical antenna design, nonlinear interactions, matter interaction". Consequently, the recent quantum effects, and last but not least classical appointments of Vahid Sandoghdar, Stephan optics with novel method development at all Götzinger, Peter Hommelhoff and Oskar Painter 18 scales. The MPL will focus on mastering and con rent research activities focus on the use of radia- trolling light in its numerous dimensions, i.e., tion pressure to control the quantum mechanical space, time, polarization and quantum statistical behavior of tiny mechanical objects. A great properties. The activity at the Department com- many applications are envisaged, including quan- plements the MPL program. tum-limited precision sensors and quantum- optical communication networks. The research area of Philip Russell and Nicolas Joly is nano- and micro-structured materials and The research of Vahid Sandoghdar and Stephan their applications in photonics and related fields. Götzinger aims at advancing experimental and The particular focus is photonic crystal fiber theoretical mastery of light-matter interaction at (PCF) - a new kind of optical fiber proposed by the nanometer scale and at achieving the same Philip Russell in 1991. The first example of a degree of control and finesse that is known from working PCF was reported in 1996, and since the gas-phase quantum optics in the condensed that time groups all over the world have become phase. To do this, they combine concepts from active in developing PCF and exploiting its multi- quantum optics, laser spectroscopy, cryogenics, faceted applications. In this division a range of optical imaging, scanning probe technology and experiments are carried out that make use of the nano-fluidics. In this endeavor, these groups remarkable properties of PCFs. These include have addressed a wide spectrum of scientific scientific uses of PCF, e.g., low threshold nonlin- questions, ranging from quantum optics to bio- ear gas-laser devices and phononic band gaps; physics. and technological applications, e.g., biomedical sensors, supercontinuum sources and laser Joachim von Zanthier’s group investigates multi- photon interference phenomena in quantum tweezers manipulation of particles in hollow- optics and quantum information science using core PCF. non-classical, classical or mixed light sources. The research is carried out in theory and in experiment and focuses on fundamental questions as well as possible applications. Topics of interest are, among others, quantum imaging, super- radiance, entanglement of distant particles, and testing the foundation of quantum mechanics via violation of Bell inequalities or other measures.

The Peschel group is active in several areas of Systems from the domain of (quantum) optics classical optics. Members of the group are work- are now increasingly being coupled to nano- ing on the experimental realization of nano- physical devices. One example are the opto- optical plasmonic circuitries and of new effective mechanical structures being investigated exper- optical materials based on colloidal crystals. Dif- imentally primarily by the groups of Oskar Paint- ferent aspects of nonlinear dynamics in optical er and Philip Russell. The theory group of Florian systems such as self-organization and soliton Marquardt, with its extensive experience in this formation are investigated and extensive numer- area, has started collaborations with the experi- ical modelling is performed to design new struc- mental groups in Erlangen working in this field. tures and to illuminate the details of light-matter In addition, the Marquardt group works on other interaction on the nanoscale. topics related to quantum optics, such as circuit quantum electrodynamics in superconducting structures, quantum information processing, and the physics of cold atoms. Oskar Painter's cur-

Gerd Leuchs concentrates on the spatial struc- Master program for Advanced Optical Technolo- ture of the light field including optics design, gies (MAOT), and in the International Max Planck optical sensors, and polarization optimization Research School Physics of Light (IMPRS-PL). In e.g. in focusing light. Other studies concern the addition, an initiative by Vahid Sandoghdar has temporal characteristics of light including quan- resulted in the creation of the Optical Imaging tum noise manipulations and the generation of Center Erlangen (OICE), a central institution of single photons and of quantum entangled states. the FAU. All this is achieved using nonlinear interactions, e.g. nonlinear optical fibers and whispering gallery mode resonators and is applied to topics such as quantum key distribution, optical amplification, optical communication and the development of optical logic quantum gates.

The optics groups cooperate with other groups in the physics department, as well as other FAU faculties. For example, the Optical 3D Metrology (OSMIN) group (Gerd Häusler) collaborates with ECAP (Christopher van Eldik) on the measurement of mirrors for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) by using phase measuring deflec- tometry (PMD), with „Neurologische Klinik“ (Prof. Dr. H. Stefan) about head motion management by using flying triangulation, with “Lehrstuhl für Fertigungsmesstechnik (FMT)” (Prof. Dr. T. Hausotte) about automatic registra- tion method for multisensor datasets adopted for dimensional measurements on cutting tools, with the Pattern Recognition Lab (Prof. Dr. J. Hornegger) about joint surface reconstruction and 4-D deformation estimation from sparse data and prior knowledge for marker-less respiratory motion tracking.

Further important cooperations exist naturally with the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL). In addition, optics groups from the department participate in the Graduate School for Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), in the

Laser light focused on a sharp tungsten tip.

Light-Matter Interface The followings topics serve as examples to illustrate common research interests and how the various groups collaborate at this exciting inter- This section is devoted to research at the interface. face of condensed matter physics and optics, dealing with systems that feature light-matter Collaborations/ Common Research Inter- ests interactions. This topic thus represents one key component of the future envisioned, much larg- Optomechanics er and broader area of "physics of light and mat- (Painter, Marquardt, Lutz, Russell) ter" that will unite optics and condensed matter within the department. Optomechanics is a relatively recent research field right at the intersection of quantum optics Light-matter interaction has recently emerged as and condensed matter physics. It deals with the one of the main topics in the Physics Department interaction between light and nano-mechanical at FAU. Around 15 professors from both experi- motion and holds great promise for both applica- mental and theoretical groups at the Depart- tions and fundamental studies. Applications in- ment are working on research topics ranging all clude ultrasensitive detection of small displace- the way from solid state physics to quantum ments, forces, accelerations, and masses, as well optics to exploit synergy effects at this interface. as mechanically mediated transduction between Research on light-matter interaction is strength- microwaves and optical radiation, which would ened by the newly founded Max Planck Institute be crucial for future quantum communication for the Science of Light, the Erlangen Graduate protocols. Strong research collaboration exists School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) between the Painter group at the Max Planck and the cluster of excellence “Engineering of Institute and the Marquardt group in the area of Advanced materials”. quantum cavity-optomechanics . Marquardt is an expert in the theory of cavity-optomechanical 21

systems, and has developed several new directions and biochemistry. Within the FAU and the tions for this burgeoning field based upon devic- Max Planck Institute the Russell group develops es developed in the labs of Painter. The Painter novel fibers for applications in quantum optics. group in turn, has begun a new direction in the The Leuchs group uses photonic crystal fibers to area of quantum many-body physics with inte- generate squeezed states in a very controlled grated optomechanical crystal circuits, ideas manner. The Sandoghdar division on the other hand exploits the high spatial confinement and the well-defined mode structure in order to realize one dimensional quantum optical systems with a controlled number of interacting emitters.

Photons and Electrons (Fauster, Hommelhoff, Sandoghdar, Götzinger, Peschel)

The photoelectric effect is the simplest interac- Optomechanical crystal tion of a photon with an electron in matter. The photon is destroyed and its energy is used to which were proposed in large part by Marquardt excite an electron. It is widely used to study the and his students. Other groups in the depart- occupied part of the electronic band structure of ment, including Eric Lutz (theory), are now ex- solids and their surfaces in angle-resolved pho- ploring possible applications of optomechanical toemission. Higher-order processes like two- concepts as well, in particular the investigation photon or multiphoton photoemission can be of quantum nonequilibrium processes and the used to access the unoccupied bands and in ad- realization of quantum thermodynamic ma- dition to sample the electron dynamics in the chines, while the Russel group explores opto- femto- and attosecond regime. The Fauster mechanics in photonic crystal fibers. group has a long-standing experience with time and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission Novel Optical Fibers at various surfaces using femtosecond lasers. Its Particularly Photonic Crystal Fibers surface science expertise provides support for (Russell, Leuchs, Sandoghdar, Joly, Götzinger) the research in photonics and plasmonics where Since the first demonstration of a photonic crys- the surface and interface properties become tal fiber in 1996 by the Russell group, these mi- more and more important with increasing minia- crostructured fibers have attracted a lot of at- turization. tention due to the unprecedented way they control nonlinearity, dispersion and numerical aperture. These fibers found applications far beyond the pure guiding of light; filled with a liquid they can be used for example in biophysical applica-

In the last two decades multiphoton physics has evolved into strong-field and attosecond physics. 22

While these processes have so far mainly been partment six groups are engaged in the investi- studied with atoms, the Hommelhoff group set gation of the various phenomena of nonlinear out to investigate if similar phenomena can also light matter interaction. Russell and Joly investi- be observed at solids. Taking advantage of field gate super continuum generation in photonics enhancement at nanoscale metal tips, the group crystal fibers, the Leuchs group studies all-optical showed that much of what is known from atoms signal regeneration in fiber transmission systems can indeed be observed also at solids. A promi- while the Peschel group together with the Mar- nent example is the elastic re-collision of the quardt group is interested in the nonlinear dy- photoemitted electron with the parent matter namics in optical systems. Sandoghdar and when driven back by the laser field. This can be Götzinger push these nonlinear interactions to used as a new means to study surface science, their ultimate limit by exploiting the inherent now on the attosecond time scale. With these nonlinearity of a single emitter. A laser can be experiments strong-field physics and nano-optics controlled by a single molecule by manipulating have been merged, representing a natural tie to its population. the Sandoghdar/Götzinger experiments.

Excitons in Organic Crystals, Singlet Fission Photons and Structure (T. Fauster, V. Sandoghdar, M. Thoss) (A. Magerl, T. Unruh) One strategy to improve solar-cell efficiency is to The destruction of the phase coherence of a generate two excited electrons from just one macroscopic quantum state of a (X-ray) light photon through singlet fission, which is the con- wave under Bragg condition has the potential to version of a singlet into two triplet excitons. In a reveal minute disturbances from a perfect peri- concerted effort between synthetic and physical odic dielectric function with an extreme sensitivi- chemistry (Tykwinski, Guldi), surface and molec- ty, e. g. on crystalline defects far beyond the ular physics (Fauster, Sandoghdar) and theoreti- reach of any other technique. These opportuni- cal physics (Thoss) the fundamental physical ties, which have been demonstrated, will be processes of singlet fission in pentacene deriva- developed as well as principles of coherent dif- tives shall be clarified. This understanding will fraction imaging of macroscopic objects and lead to a knowledge-based design and realiza- including diffraction from optical elements. tion of molecules exploiting singlet fission in highly-efficient next-generation solar cells using environmentally-friendly and inexpensive mate- Nonlinear Light-Matter Interaction rials. This project is under consideration for the (Russell, Joly, Leuchs, Peschel, Marquardt, Emerging Fields Initiative of the FAU. Sandoghdar, Götzinger)

Light-matter interaction is the source of optical nonlinearities and can result in an intriguing dynamics of the light field. Those nonlinear processes crucially influence the quality and capacity of all-optical signal transmission, which is the basis of our modern communication technology. Their understanding is essential for the operation and optimization of lasers and supercontinuum sources, but also touches a lot of fundamental aspects, which are equally important for the description of wave phenomena. In the de- 23

Snapshot of a quantum spacetime evolved via the quantum Einstein equations according to Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). The colours indicate the amount of area on the triangles of this topological triangulation. Regions without tetrahedra display holes in the spacetime.''Copyright: Thomas Thiemann (FAU), Milde Marketing (Potsdam), Exozet (Potsdam)

Theoretical Physics fy novel mathematical methods to describe physical phenomena and is therefore inherently cross-disciplinary. Its main focus is actually on Research in the Theoretical Physics groups at the soft condensed matter and biological systems FAU physics department comprises a set of dif- with tools from geometry, computational and ferent research directions, including statistical statistical physics which can be applied universal- physics, soft condensed matter, quantum optics, ly to all systems with many degrees of freedom. molecular physics, condensed matter physics, and quantum gravity. These topics will be out- The chair currently comprises the groups of two lined in some more detail below, together with professors (Klaus Mecke, Ana Smith), one vacant the strong connections to the experimental professorship on mathematical physics (succes- groups at the physics department as well as to sion of Hajo Leschke), one independent research groups outside physics and outside Erlangen. group (Gerd Schröder-Turk) and one Humboldt fellow (Myfanwy Evans). Since 2005 four members accepted an offer of a professorship: Michel Statistical Physics and Soft Condensed Mat- Pleimling (Virginia Tech, 2006), Wolfgang Spitzer ter Theory (Hagen, 2010), Roland Roth (Tübingen, 2012)

and Thomas Franosch (Innsbruck, 2013). The language of modern physics is mathematics. The chair of 'Theoretical Physics I' tries to identi-

With its research focus on the theory of con- and Science Communication (ZIEW) and the Er- densed matter, the chair is a central part of the langen Center for Literature and Natural Science Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced (ELINAS). Materials' (EAM) which tries to develop novel The chair represents the department in the Cen- designs for materials and processes. Current projects address fluids on a nanometer scale and tral Institute for Scientific Computing (ZISC) and the Erlangen Computing Center (RRZE). liquid crystals, bio-membranes and cell adhesion, as well as design of elastic and photonic materi- Quantum Optics and Nanophysics als with a complex spatial microstructure. In particular, with its expertise in theoretical biophysics, the groups at the chair also collaborate The chair Theoretical Physics II comprises the with experimental groups in biophysics, medical research groups of Florian Marquardt (who ar- physics and medicine (see section on biophysics). rived in 2010) and Eric Lutz (who joined in 2013). Its research topics in general involve quantum With its research focus on statistical physics and dynamics in situations that are important for morphometry the chair is part of the Erlangen systems at the intersection of quantum optics Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), where and nanophysics. Research activity at this inter- acoustic wave detection of neutrinos and source face has become particularly important and fruit- detection in gamma-ray astronomy are support- ful during the past decade. Many experimental ed by theoretical analysis. In particular, with its systems in the solid state are nowadays investi- expertise in triangulations and finite projective gated to realize goals such as quantum computa- geometry the chair is part of the Emerging Field tion or quantum simulation. Very often, the the- Initiative 'Quantum Geometry' (EFQG), in which oretical analysis benefits from employing tools the mathematical foundations of space and time first developed for the field of quantum optics. are studied and intensive co-operations exist At the same time, quantum optics and atomic with the Department of Mathematics. physics systems are being studied to serve as a test bed for ideas from condensed matter phys- The chair fosters a lively interaction with the ics, e.g. via realizing correlated quantum many- Faculty of Humanities, especially with depart- body dynamics in systems of cold atoms in opti- ments for literature science and philosophy with cal lattices. Finally, there is an increasing number interdisciplinary research projects, lectures and of systems which directly combine features from public outreach activities. It therefore represents both worlds. the department in the Center for Applied Ethics For example, the Marquardt group is very active in the field of cavity optomechanics, where one studies the interplay of light with nanomechanical motion. In addition, it carries out research in topics such as quantum electrodynamics in superconducting circuits, decoherence, quantum transport of electrons, and quantum many-body dynamics in electronic systems and cold atoms. The group of Eric Lutz investigates the field of quantum thermodynamics, where concepts from statistical physics and thermodynamics are ap- A partition of space by polygonial cells containing all plied to small quantum systems, such as heat points which are closest to a sphere: such Voronoi- tesselations are frequently used as a mathematical tool engines made from single ions. to characterize spatial structures in condensed matter physics, biophysics and astronomy, for instance. 25

There are ongoing collaborations of the Mar- FAU in which the expertise of physicists and quardt group with experimental groups at the mathematicians are combined in order to make department and at the MPL, especially with progress in understanding the mathematical those in the optics domain (e.g. Gerd Leuchs’ foundations of quantum gravity. When complet- quantum information processing division, and ed, quantum gravity is a theory that will expand Oskar Painter’s newly formed group). Optome- our understanding of nature in regimes where chanics is studied experimentally by both the the current description breaks down. This con- Painter and Russell groups. The Marquardt group cerns in particular the physics of very strong is part of a European Marie-Curie ITN network gravitational fields such as close to the cosmo- on cavity optomechanics. With its research toplogical big bang or the interior of black holes as ics, the chair well as ultra high energy elementary and astro- directly con- particle physics. Quantum gravity is very likely tributes to also required in order to explain for instance the the new fo- origin of dark energy and the finer details of cus on light- structure formation in the universe. In principle, matter inter- corresponding quantum gravity effects can be actions at the detected in high precision experiments based on FAU physics cosmic rays, gravitational waves and the cosmic department. background radiation and any hints from exper- The Lutz iments will guide the mathematical development Optomechanical systems could be used to group is part of the theory. Accordingly, the IQG is part of the generate truly nonclassical quantum of a Europe- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP). states of mechanical motion, such as the an STREP one shown in this Wigner density plot The actual computation of possible quantum project and a European COST network on quantum thermo- gravity imprints that are detectable in such experiments is very complicated because the theo- dynamics. ry can only be non-perturbatively defined and as in QCD one has to resort to sophisticated methods from computational physics. The IQG has Quantum Gravity therefore set up several collaborations together

with members of the chair "Theoretical Physics I" The Institute for Quantum Gravity (IQG; chair for (statistical physics) within the afore mentioned Theoretical Physics III) hosts professors Kristina EFP. Giesel, Hanno Sahlmann, Thomas Thiemann and Michael Thies (Fiebiger professorship - renewal approved by the Bavarian State Ministry of Sci- ences, Research and the Arts). The current activities at the IQG focus on research in quantum gravity. This is a theory under construction which aims at consistently combining the principles of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Field Theory (QFT). In its current stage, there are still many mathematical questions to be an- swered which is why the IQG fosters a lively interaction with the Department of Mathematics of the FAU. In fact, the IQG is an integral part of the Emerging Field Project ``Quantum Geome- try'' funded by the Emerging Field Office of the 26

Condensed Matter Theory The focus of the research in the Thoss group is the theory and simulation of nonequilibrium The Solid State Theory chair (Professors O. Pank- processes in quantum many-body systems. The- ratov and M. Thoss, Privatdozent M. Bockstedte oretical and computational methods are devel- and research assistant S. Shallcross) focuses on oped and applied to quantum dynamics and the quantum theory of solids, which includes ab- quantum transport in molecules, nanostructures, initio calculations for bulk materials, surfaces at surfaces and interfaces. The research projects and molecular systems, the development of include fundamental aspects of dynamics and electronic structure theory beyond the standard transport in correlated quantum systems, such density functional schemes and the theory of the as interference, decoherence and localization as nonequilibrium quantum processes. well as applications to the charge and energy transfer in nanostructures which are relevant for In the Pankratov group, the modelling of materi- nanoelectronics and photovoltaics. The group als is stimulated by collaborations with experi- has active collaborations with other researchers mental colleagues in Physics and Chemistry (e.g. in Erlangen, including M. Bockstedte on photo- H. Weber and A. Hirsch on epitaxial graphene induced charge transfer on surfaces, H. Weber and graphene flakes), whereas the density func- on quantum transport in nanoscale molecular tional theory development (time dependent DFT, junctions, and T. Clark and M. Halik on charge diagrammatic formalism for the calculation of transport in carbon-based nanostructures. In a excited states within DFT, density matrix func- new collaboration with several groups in Erlan- tional theory) is a part of a strong international gen (T. Fauster, D. Guldi, R. Tykwinski, V. San- effort. doghdar) the process of a singlet fission in novel In recent years, special attention in the group organic materials is being investigated, which has been devoted to graphene and its deriva- holds great promise for improving the efficiency tives which are fascinating systems featuring of solar cells. chiral electron states. The possibility of such The groups of O. Pankratov and M. Thoss are states in solids was predicted in the 80s (O. members of the Interdisciplinary Center for Mo- Pankratov, G. Semenoff, F. Haldane and others) lecular Materials (ICMM) and of the Central Insti- but the real “boom” started after discoveries of tute for Scientific Computing (ZISC). They partici- graphene and – more recently – of the topologi- pate with two projects in the SFB 953 ‘Synthetic cal insulators. The theory of these systems unites Carbon Allotropes’ and in the cluster of excel- the solid state and the quantum field theory lence EAM (‘Engineering of Advanced Materi- concepts, complemented by ab-initio modeling als’). M. Bockstedte is a principal investigator of of realistic materials. This provides a unique plat- the DFG research group funCOS (‘Functional form for collaboration of all theory chairs within Molecular Structures on Complex Oxide Surfac- the Institute for Theoretical Physics. For exam- es’). The Thoss group is associated with the clus- ple, rippled graphene can be described with ter of excellence ‘Munich Center of Advanced quantum field theory on a curved space - the Photonics (MAP)’. formalism explored in the quantum gravity group of Prof. T. Thiemann. Several former chair members now hold professorships or distinguished researcher positions (R. Other prominent examples are multiple mutually Winkler, Professor at Northern Illinois University, rotated graphene layers. Understanding of these USA, I. Tokatly, Ikerbasque Research Professor, systems requires a combination of the Diophan- Univ. San Sebastian, Spain, V. Valeyev, Senior tine algebra and of the band structure theory researcher at Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Rus- which is a novel concept in the quantum theory sia). of solids.

Physics didactics fibers and polarizers, to get a hands-on approach to modern research in optics and quantum optics. The professorship for physics didactics is an independent division equivalent to a chair, led by Jan-Peter Meyn. It is in charge of physics teacher training generally, not only for teaching the educational subjects. The complete team is comprised of Dr. Angela Fösel as permanent staff (Akademische Oberrätin), two PhD students, a technician (part-time) and a secretary (part- time). Jan-Peter Meyn serves on a number of teacher-related committees, which represent the Physics Department and stays in contact with the head of Department (Departmentssprecher) and the dean of studies (Studiendekan), but also with the dean of the faculty of science, the university's vice-president for teaching, and the centre of teacher training (ZfL). The inclusion of the physics didactics professor in the Depart- ment is in contrast to other models of teacher education within FAU and at other universities. It ensures the best information exchange between the large number of facilities in charge of teacher training, and a teacher students' voice within the faculty. Teacher training for primary and secondary school (Grund- Haupt- und Realschule) is located at the former EWF Campus, Regensburg- er Straße, in Nuremberg. Dr. Angela Fösel is in- formally in charge of this branch of teacher training and she is personally present in Nuremberg throughout the lecture period - at the same time she is a regular group member integrated in the professorship's activities. The students' activity programme (Schülerlabor) "Photonik macht Schule" was developed in cooperation with the MPL. More than 1000 high school students have worked with modern optical components such as

Teaching tion of physics beginners over the last 15 years. A positive trend in the number of physics stu- The Department of Physics offers bachelor and dents in recent years is evident even after the master programs in physics and materials phys- maximum in 2011 due to two graduating high ics. Prospective high school teachers are trained school classes in Bavaria. in Erlangen whereas elementary and middle school teaching is taught at the Department of Didactics in Nuremberg.

Apart from these regular, purely physics- oriented bachelor and masters programs, the Department is also involved in courses and programs of an interdisciplinary nature. Integrated life sciences (ILS) is an interdisciplinary bachelor and master program comprising biology, biomathematics and biophysics and is run jointly by the three departments. In addition, physics courses are provided for close to 2000 students in over 20 study programs of the faculties of In the following the physics programs are pre- natural sciences, engineering, and medicine. sented in more detail emphasizing special con- Most students from other departments or facul- cepts developed at Erlangen. ties take physics for one year. Physics (BSc, MSc) Students First year Total The study of physics follows the recommenda- Physics BSc 157 437 tions (www.kfp-physik.de/dokument/Empfeh- Physics MSc 33 120 lungen_Ba_Ma_Studium.pdf) of the Conference of Physics Departments (KFP). The bachelor pro- Materials Physics BSc 8 26 gram takes three and the master program two Materials Physics MSc 0 6 years. The basic subjects are covered by six

High school 43 173 courses in experimental physics and four courses in theoretical physics. In the first three semes- Elementary school 0 6 ters mathematics is mandatory and the students

Middle school 16 82 have to choose a minor subject such as astronomy, chemistry, physical chemistry or computer ILS BSc 40 145 science. Particular emphasis is put on lab cours- ILS MSc 10 25 es: In the third semester, students may choose their own projects and work in groups of six stu- Total 244 773 dents under the guidance of experienced tutors. A lab course in electronics is taught in the fourth The table gives an overview of the enrollment in semester using advanced state-of-the-art elec- the various programs in the winter term 2013/14 tronic equipment. In these lab courses the tradi- (Source: www.uni-erlangen.de/universitaet/sta- tional writing of reports was replaced by the tistik/studierende/lehreinheiten/). The total presentation of the results. In this way, students numbers take into account that teachers study learn to present their work in front of an audi- two subjects and ILS is shared by three depart- ence, an important skill for presenting seminar ments. The graphics shows the temporal evolu- talks in later studies and for their future career 29 as physicists. The advanced lab courses offer a Elective courses can be chosen on a wide variety wide variety of modern experiments in the main of topics and may be used to gain specialized research fields of the Department. The advanced lab courses are part of the curriculum in the bachelor studies (fifth semester) and in the first year of the master’s program. They also serve as an introduction into the research at the Depart- ment of Physics to aid students in picking the subjects of their bachelor and master’s thesis. A substantial amount of enrolment fees1 was used to modernize the lab course equipment including the excellent observation facilities at the Astronomy Institute in Bamberg. A modern computer pool is available to all students and Electronics course used for teaching programming, text processing competences. These are of use for the work on (LaTeX), computational physics and numerical the master’s thesis during the second year of the methods. For master’s students inclined more master’s studies. towards theory, the advanced lab course may be replaced by projects in computational physics. In Physics Advanced the Department implements The video recording of selected lectures is ap- an integrated approach to research and training preciated by students, because it helps in reca- on the bachelor, master and doctoral programs. pitulating lectures and in preparing for examina- The students have the opportunity to tailor their tions. program of studies by choosing a number of The physics program leaves plenty of room for a elective courses. Students are given the oppor- substantial amount of elective courses, so stu- tunity to find their own balance between the dents can specialize in subjects of their choice. duration and depth of study. Direct application Physics in medicine is a special program at the of acquired knowledge is enabled through early master’s level which is attested by a special di- immersion in research. This makes Erlangen par- ploma. Delving into certain subjects is based on ticularly attractive to both German and foreign the solid foundation of the basic courses in ex- students who seek quality education. Physics perimental and theoretical physics. In combina- Advanced is an international program. Lectures tion with the skills acquired in the lab courses are given in German and English. Language the students have excellent qualifications for courses are offered for students coming from doing high-level research in their bachelor or non-German speaking countries. Regular lec- master’s thesis. Even at the bachelor level many tures are supported by workshops and seminars students present their work at the spring meet- with leading international experts to provide ing of the German physical society or appear as more in depth knowledge of certain topics. As a co-authors on publications. program which cherishes excellence, the Physics Advanced program offers and demands more In the first year of the master’s program, a more than other programs. The graduates are award- advanced approach is presented in one or two ed a 'Master of Science with Honors' as a sign of subjects in experimental and theoretical physics the high demands of the program. that have been covered previously on a more elementary level during the bachelor studies. Materials Physics (BSc, MSc)

1 "Studiengebühren". After their abolition in 2013, these have been replaced by a program funded by the The concept of the study program in materials state of Bavaria. physics emphasizes subjects in condensed mat- 30 ter physics and incorporates courses offered by Teaching for other Departments the Department of Materials Science and Engi- neering at the Faculty of Engineering. The Department of Physics offers lectures and It also meets the standards for physics programs lab courses for close to 2000 non-physicists (en- of the KFP. The training in mathematics is the gineers, natural scientists, medical students in same as for the engineering students. The num- more than 20 study programs). In the winter ber of courses in experimental and theoretical term nine courses in experimental physics in- physics is reduced to four and three, respective- cluding exercise classes are taught. We are also ly. This leaves room for additional courses in striving for excellent teaching in this area. The chemistry, materials science or nanotechnology. lecture hall experiments and presentation facilities are continuously being improved using the enrolment fees. Additional tutors are also paid Physics Teachers (BSc) and modern equipment for lab courses also pur- chased using these funds. The medical students High school teachers are required to major in fare extremely well in the tests, since we intro- two subjects and the recommended match for duced additional crash courses in physics to pre- physics is mathematics. Many courses of the 4.5 pare for the state examination. Currently we are year program are used jointly with the bachelor implementing computer-based examinations for programs of physics and materials physics. Spe- the engineering students. The aim is to have cial courses are required in didactics of physics. standardized questions, to alleviate the prepara- Teachers have to pass a state examination with tion for the test, and to improve the quality of special regulations. In order to open other areas scoring. of employment the university offers the option to obtain a bachelor degree. A bachelor of sciences (BSc) is awarded, if both subjects are in Ensuring Quality of Teaching natural sciences. The Department of Physics strongly supports the introduction of a master of The quality of teaching at the Department of education and the abolition of the state exami- Physics is monitored by the student evaluation of nation. the courses. The dean of study affairs oversees and monitors this process. The best lecture of Elementary and middle school teachers are the year is awarded a prize at the graduation trained at the Department of Didactics in Nu- ceremony. The student body rewards exception- remberg. The physics courses are a minor part of al dedication for teaching. The results of the the program. The distance between the two evaluation are also used to identify problems in campuses hampers an integration of these stu- the study program. These questions are dis- dents at the Department of Physics. cussed in the committee for study affairs (consisting of students and professors) which usually finds adequate solutions in a cooperative man- Integrated Life Sciences (BSc, MSc) ner. Once a year, a plenary meeting of all members of the Department is scheduled. The stu- This interdisciplinary program in biology, bio- dent union of the physics department is very mathematics and biophysics is a result of the active, well organized and constructive. Its con- transformation of biology to a quantitative life tributions to the improvement of the study pro- science. It ties in with the research in biophysics grams and the social life at the department are and physics in medicine at the Department of highly appreciated. Physics. The ILS program is managed by the De- partment of Biology. The exercise classes on experimental physics during the first year are led by two tutors for 31 each group. These tutors attend a special train- The “Basic courses in optics”, taught by the oping course before teaching the class. This innova- tics sector comprise four lectures on classical, tive concept has led to a significant reduction of quantum and non-linear optics, and are open to the drop-out rate during the first year of physics both bachelor and master’s physics students. studies. The university has extended this suc- They are also delivered for students from Com- cessful program of the Department of Physics to putational Engineering (CE), Integrated Life Sci- mathematics and computer science and receives ence (ILS) and Master of Advanced Optical Tech- funding from the Higher Education Pact of the nologies (MAOT) Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The various theory groups offer advanced courses on: mathematical physics, condensed matter Prizes for the best bachelor, master’s, diploma theory, biophysics, non-linear dynamics, quan- and doctoral theses are awarded at the gradua- tum optics, the physics of cold atoms, nanophys- tion ceremony each year totaling the sum of ics, open quantum systems, the foundations of 5000 Euro. Our students regularly get prizes also quantum mechanics, superconductivity, group from other foundations or institutions. theory, and transport in nanosystems. Quantum gravity is a very popular topic among A significant number of students go abroad for the very best master’s students worldwide, but one semester to study at universities in foreign there is typically a lack of a thorough background countries. Such exchange is supported in Europe in this subject. The Institute for Quantum Gravity by Erasmus and other programs. The examina- (Theory III) has therefore set up a curriculum tion regulations explicitly allot the fifth semester consisting of six specialized courses (QFT I: Intro- for a study abroad. Courses attended at other duction, QFT II: Advanced Topics, GR I: Introduc- universities are honored to the largest possible tion, GR II: Advanced Topics, Cosmology, Quan- extent towards the degree in Erlangen. tum Gravity) which are designed to ideally prepare master’s students for carrying out research Special Courses and Schools projects in quantum gravity during their master and PhD period.

The various research areas at the Department With its expertise in computational tools, the are reflected in the wide variety of special lec- chair Theory I is responsible for the CIP-pool, the ture courses and schools offered to students. introductory programming as well as advanced The introductory astronomy lectures and labora- computational physics courses. tory, which are taught by the members of ECAP, Another strong topical focus of the teaching are typically attended by more than half of the activity of the Department is in basic crystallog- st Department's 1 year students. ECAP also offers raphy, scattering methods with X-rays and neu- a large number of specialized lectures in astro- trons, and crystal physics. Single crystal and particle physics, which cover the whole range powder diffraction X-ray experiments were new- from experimental and theoretical particle phys- ly made available for students in the form of ics and the theory of gravitation to astronomy practical courses. An entire laboratory course in and astrophysics. Since 2004 ECAP has been X-ray crystallography was newly designed with organizing the annual "Schule für Astroteilchen- instruments adapted to the needs of the stu- physik" (school for astroparticle physics), with a dents. This process continues and recently with typical attendance of 30-40 graduate students the advent of T. Unruh a laboratory SAXS set up from all over Germany who are taught by world- for practical training has been built. experts in astroparticle physics.

The chair of 'Kristallographie und Strukturphysik' organizes excursions to large scale research facilities as, e.g., synchrotron (ESRF, Soleil) and neutron (FRM II, ILL) sources but also others like CERN, Genf or LNCMI, Grenoble. The excursions are well received by the students. This is reflected by the strong over-subscription of the visits, which are regularly offered.

Since 2012, the Max Planck Institute for the Sci- ence of Light organizes together with the De- partment of Physics at the FAU an annual Au- tumn Academy on the physics of light. The aim is to introduce undergraduate and master’s students from all over the world to the optical sciences, including topics such as quantum information processing, metamaterials, nano-optics, photonic crystal fibers, nonlinear optics, imaging and sensing. Due to the restriction to 25 participants the application process is quite competitive. The event takes two and a half days with lectures, lab tours and poster session. Tutorials are given by well-known invited lecturers and the MPL directors.

In order to attract promising master’s and graduate students from all over Europe, the Depart- ment has recently established the FAU Physics Academy. This is a small workshop/tutorial where talented students (at the bachelor and master level) from elsewhere are invited to come to Erlangen and listen to lectures by renowned experts on some research area that is part of the Department's range of topics. The first such academy in April 2013 dealt with the physics of graphene. (www.physics-academy.fau.de)

In the German CHE 2012 ranking, the Erlangen Department of Physics was ranked 2nd place regarding its support for students' studies abroad.

Outreach Samstagmorgen" ("Modern physics on saturday mornings") is a lecture series intended for high school students but also the general lay public. In 2010, the Department has started an initiative Each semester, it consists of four or five 1-hour (Patenschulprogramm) to foster contact with talks that are delivered by scientists from the secondary schools in a large area around Erlan- physics department. The audience ranges in size gen and Nuremberg. Members of the Depart- from 50 to more than 200. It includes high school ment visit physics classes for short lectures on students with their parents as well as other in- specific topics and give information about study- terested members of the public. Every semester, ing physics. Furthermore, practical support is there is a mix of topics, ranging from astrophys- offered for repairing physics equipment by the ics to optics and condensed matter. Care is taken Department’s electronics and machine shop of to prepare talks that are generally accessible for the Department. A positive impact is expected non-experts. The feedback has been very posi- for the number of physics students as well as a tive, and there is usually a lively discussion after reduced number of dropouts. the lectures. The talks are announced via the Department’s website, through a press release Initiating and keeping contact to young people via the FAU Faculty of Sciences, as well as with interest in science is of invaluable im- through direct mailings to nearby schools. portance for attracting future students. Based on www.thp2.nat.uni-erlangen.de/index. the experience with the Projektpraktikum the php?title=Moderne_Physik_am_Samstagmorgen Department founded the Erlangen Schüler- forschungszentrum für Bayern (ESFZ) in 2009. Four times per year the ESFZ offers a one-week research camps for high school students. The students come from all over Bavaria. They work on self-defined research projects having access to the infrastructure of the Projektpraktikum. Students and scientists from the physics department give them support. Many students of the ESFZ work on their projects for more than a year and many have been awarded prizes at contests as for instance Jugend forscht. (www.esfz.nat.uni-erlangen.de/).

Special offers are made for female high school students at the “Girl’s Day”, which takes place once a year.

A more specific and focused field of research is covered within the quantum lab. Classes can The Physics Department takes a major role in the spend a teaching unit at the Department to work biennial “Long Night of Sciences” (Lange Nacht on quantum phenomena with photons (entan- der Wissenschaften), the biggest Science event in glement, photon statistics, interference). web: Germany (about 30.000 visitors) by demonstrat- www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quan ing (hands on) experiments and giving scientific tumlab talks to a broad audience of more than 2000 visitors alone in the Physics Department. Another outreach effort has been introduced in 2012 by the Department: "Moderne Physik am Last but not least, ECAP has a large outreach program in astronomy and particle physics. An- 34 nually 1000 - 2000 members of the public participate in observing the night sky and in guided tours of Remeis-observatory, in addition the observatory's facilities are also used by local schools. ECAP researchers are also active in the Netzwerk Teilchenwelt, a nationwide network which introduces high school students to particle physics.

Statistics and Overview ment2 exceeds 4 200. Among these publications are numerous published in high impact journals like Publications Originating from the Depart- ment Nature (Impact Factor 38): 27 publications, Sci- ence (31): 22, Reviews of Modern Physics (45): 2, In the years since 2008, approximately 1600 Nature Group (~25): 40, Advanced Materials publications have been published by members of (14): 10, Physical Review Letters (8): 254, Astro- the Department (with an Erlangen address line), physical Journal (Letter) (~7): 86 as counted by the Thomson-Reuters Scientific The yearly statistics for current faculty members Web of Science (WoS). The yearly statistics are are shown in the figure below. displayed in the figure below. These publications have been cited about 17000 times within that 350 time interval (excluding self-citations). 300 250 350 200 300 150 250 100

200 no. of publications 50 150 0 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

no. of publications 50 year 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 We emphasize that these statistics are conserva- year tive as WoS does not count citations to and from Among these publications are numerous pub- papers on the arXiv server and a reasonable lished in high impact journals like number of conference proceedings are not measured by WoS. Roughly speaking, if these Nature (Impact Factor 38): 5 publications, Sci- were included (as measured by other services ence (31): 7, Reviews of Modern Physics (45): 2, such as Google Scholar), the number of publica- Nature Group (~25): 16, Advanced Materials tions for some researchers would be up to twice (14): 8, Physical Review Letters (8): 85, Astro- as high and the h-indices generally increase by physical Journal (Letter) (~7): 63. about 10%-20%.

Going back 20 years (1993 - 2003), the total In the CHE 2012 ranking, the total number of number of publications from the Physics De- publications by the department in Erlangen put it partment is exceeding 7 000 in that time inter- at 12th place among 62 German physics depart- val. ments ("top group"), and the number of publica-

tions per researcher and citations per paper was Publication Statistics for Current Faculty ranked in the middle group. Members

The total amount of papers published at any time in the past by the current professors and permanent members (as of 2013) in the Depart-

2 All W1/W2/W3 professors, as well as apl. professors and permanent scientific staff 36

Third Party Funding Infrastructure

The graphics shows the third party funding (in- The four main buildings of the physics depart- cluding DFG, BMBF, EU funding etc.) of the phys- ment are located in close vicinity to each other ics department over the last 5 years3. on the southern campus of the FAU (Staudtstr. / 12 Erwin-Rommel-Str.). 10 Biophysics shares a building with Medical Physics 8 near the city center and the Astronomy Institute 6

M € is for historical reasons based in Bamberg. 4 2 The physics department occupies about 18.000 0 m² of space. One third is used for offices and one 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 third for labs. year The remaining third is divided about equally for Currently, the average amount of third party machine shops, lab courses and lecture/seminar funding is around 10 M€/year and equals rough- rooms. ly the university-funded personnel costs of the Special facilities department (Landesmittel). In the CHE (Centrum für Hochschulentwicklung) The facilities of the department include 5 fo- 2012 ranking of 62 German physics departments, cused ion beam machines and 4 scanning elec- the annual amount of third party funding ac- tron microscopes with e-beam writing. Numer- quired by the Erlangen physics department ous machines for evaporation and sputtering of ranked 13th place (in the "top group"), and the metals and dielectrics are available as well as dry amount of funding per researcher was ranked in chemical etching and CVD machines for III-V, and the "middle group". Regarding third party fund- Si related materials. 3 smaller clean rooms are ing obtained from industry, the Erlangen physics located at the individual chairs, but no central department ranked 2nd place (after the KIT Karls- clean room facility exists. ruhe). In the number of possibly patent-relevant Resources from university st inventions, Erlangen was ranked 1 place in the CHE 2012 ranking. There are 165 university-provided positions (Landesstellen) at the department.

PhD students In addition, the university provides some amount of yearly base funding for each chair at the de- The number of annual dissertations at the phys- partment. In total, currently these funds ics department in Erlangen is about 30 - 40 (re- (Titelgruppe 73) amount to 450,000 EUR per year cent numbers): for the whole department. This amount is dis- 2010: 30 tributed according to a performance-related 2011: 37 model. 2012: 39 The student enrollment fees amount to about 400,000 EUR per year and are dedicated to the improvement of studying and teaching. After the 3 These data have been obtained from the central replacement of the enrollment fees by state university administration and the data for 2011 and funds we expect an amount of about 360,000 2012 had to be corrected for an administrative mis- EUR per year. take in the raw data 37

Selected important awards & prizes ICMM - Interdisciplinary Centre for Molecular Materials Current and past faculty members of the de- ICICP - Interdisciplinary Center for Interface- partment have received numerous important Controlled Processes awards and important personal grants. These CENEM - Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron include: Microscopy SFB 953 - "Synthetic Carbon Allotropes" Alexander von Humboldt professorship: O. Painter, V. Sandoghdar Start ups

Alfried-Krupp-von-Bohlen-Halbach Endowed Several start up companies have emerged from Chair: P. St. J. Russell activities within the department or co-founded Körber prize: P. St. J. Russell by members of the department. There are two companies in the area of optics that have been Gottfried-Wilhelm Leibniz prize: G. Anton founded by members of the department: 3D- Shape GmbH (founded in 2001, 3D Sensors, Me- Walter Schottky Award for Solid State Physics of trology Services) and OPTOCRAFT (founded in the German Physical Society: 2001, wave front sensors), both located in Erlan- G.H. Döhler (ret.), gen. Another recent startup is feinarbyte in Er- P. Müller (ret.) langen (founded in 2011, automation). Th. Seyller (now W3 at Chemnitz university), International Guests F. Marquardt Researchers at the department regularly host Erwin Schrödinger prize: H.B. Weber senior researchers for longer-term visits, e.g. in the context of the Alexander von Humboldt pro- ERC grants: Starting Grants for F. Marquardt and gram and similar programs. A partial list from the A.S. Smit; Consolidator Grant for P. Hommelhoff; recent past includes the following: The Institute Advanced Grants for V. Sandoghdar and G. for Quantum Gravity hosted Prof. Jurek Lewan- Leuchs dowski (U. Warsaw, Poland), Prof. Robert Oeckl Interdisciplinary projects, contribution to (U. Morelia, Mexico) and Affiliate Prof. Florian university wide initiatives Girelli (U. Waterloo, ON, Canada); Jörn Wilms (Astronomy) hosted the Humboldt Fellow A. The physics department is part of or contributes Markowitz (Univ. Calif. San Diego); Thomas to the following initiatives and networks within Fauster hosted Marko Kralj (Zagreb) as a Hum- the university: boldt Fellow; A. Magerl hosted Prof. A. Rempel (Ural State University); Oleg Pankratov hosted EAM - Excellence Cluster Engineering of Ad- Dr. J. Klepeis (Lawrence Livermore National La- vanced Materials boratory, USA) and Dr. V. Valeyev (Senior re- SAOT - Graduate School Advanced Optical Tech- searcher at Kurchatov Institute, Moscow); P. nologies within the Excellence Initiative Müller hosted Prof. Dr. Lütfi Özyüzer (Izmir Insti- OICE - Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen tute of Technology) as a Humboldt fellow; A. S. EFI Quantum Geometry - Emerging Field Initia- Smith hosts David Smith (visiting professor with- tive (a competitive program within the universi- in EAM); J. v. Zanthier hosted Girish S. Agarwal ty) (Humboldt Prize); G. Leuchs hosted Luis L. EFC Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics - Sanchez-Soto, R. W. Boyd (Humboldt Prize), Elis- Emerging Field Centre abeth Giacobino (Humboldt Prize), and the Humboldt fellows Radim Filip and Dmitry Streka-

38 lov and others; P. Russell hosted Joseph Zyss  International workshop 'Quantum transport (Humboldt Prize). in nanoscale molecular systems', Telluride, USA (2013, M. Thoss)

 Workshop Frontiers of Nanomechanics, ICTP Workshops & schools Trieste (September 2013, Marquardt)

Members of the department are active in organizing workshops and schools, both in Erlangen and at international centres. This is best illustrated by a list of such workshops organized in the year 2013 alone. In and around Erlangen, the following workshops have been organized:

 FAU Physics Academy: Cutting-Edge Research on Graphene (April 2013, H. Weber)  13th International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations in Nuremberg (June 2013, G. Leuchs as Chairperson)  CENEM Workshop Neutrons For Functional Materials in Erlangen (June 2013, T. Unruh)  International Workshop on Hadron Structure and Spectroscopy 2013 in Erlangen (W. Eyrich)  Second Erlangen Fall School on Quantum Geometry (October 2013, Institute for Quantum Gravity together with the mathematics department)  Workshop/School on Cavity Optomechanics in Erlangen, within the European Marie-Curie ITN network cQOM (October 2013, F. Marquardt)  10th Erlangen School for Astroparticle Physics for young scientists, in Obertrubach- Bärenfels (October 2013, ECAP)

Members of the department are also acting as (co-)organizers of workshops at various international venues, for example (in 2013):

 Workshop on Mathematical Methods of Quantum Tomography, Field's Institute, Toronto (February 2013, G. Leuchs)  Photonics workshop in Mont Tremblant, Canada (March 2013, G. Leuchs)

Alumni

Non tenured junior researchers working at the FAU physics department are receiving offers for permanent professorships from universities worldwide. Examples from recent years include:

Michel Pleimling (Virginia Tech, 2006) Wolfgang Spitzer (Hagen, 2010) Roland Roth (Tübingen, 2012) Thomas Franosch (Innsbruck, 2013) Martin Weinelt (FU Berlin) Christine Silberhorn (Paderborn, 2010) Stefan Müller (TU Hamburg Harburg, 2010) Reinhold Kleiner (Tübingen, 2001) Peter van Loock (Mainz, 2012) Oliver Waldmann (Freiburg, 2004) Thomas Seyller (TU Chemnitz, 2012) Markus Schmidt (Jena, 2012) Fabio Biancalana (Edinburgh, 2012) Natalia V. Korolkova (Univ. of St. Andrews, 2003) Norbert Lütkenhaus, (Waterloo, Canada, 2006) Ulrik L. Andersen, (DTU Lyngby 2006) Klaus Helbing (Wuppertal 2006)

In addition, PhDs graduating from the Erlangen physics department in several cases have pro- ceeded to a succesful international academic career. Examples include:

Andreas Wallraff (PhD 2001, Full Prof. ETH Zü- rich) Peter Müller (PhD 1996, Prof. in mathematics,. LMU München) Michael Kneissl (PhD 1996, Prof. TU Berlin & FBH Berlin) Simone Warzel (PhD 2001, Prof. in mathematics, TU München) Karsten Reuter (PhD 1998, W3 TU München 2009) Volker Blum (PhD 2001, Associate professor Duke Univ 2013)

Faculty

This chapter presents the professors (W3/W2/W1) of the Department in alphabetical order.

At the end of this chapter, the “apl” (adjunct) professors are presented.

______

Gisela Anton Professional Career (b. 1955) 1995-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen 1990-1991 Visiting researcher at the proton accelera- W3, Erlangen Centre for tor lab Saturne, France Astroparticle Physics 1989-1995 Research Assistant (C1) at the University (ECAP) of Bonn 1983-1989 Postdoc at the University of Bonn The research of Gisela Anton covers particle and astroparti- Functions, boards and panels cle physics, detector devel- since 1995 Referee of various journals opment and medical physics. She started in experi- since 1995 Reviewer for projects of DFG, BMBF, MPG, mental hadron physics with investigations on the spin HGF, EU and other funding agencies structure of proton and neutron and on nucleon res- since 1999 Advisory Board of the German National onances. In 1995 she was awarded the prestigious Metrology Institute (PTB) Leibniz-Preis of the German Science Foundation. In 2000-2007 Referee for the German Science Founda- 2001 she entered the field of astroparticle physics tion (Fachkollegium Teilchenphysik) with the participation in the neutrino telescope pro- 2002-2005 German Committee for Hadron and Nu- ject ANTARES, and later KM3NeT. She worked on the clear Physics (KHuK) detector calibration, on the physics analysis of AN- 2002-2007 supervisory board of the Forschungszent- TARES data and she evaluated the method of acoustic rum Karlsruhe particle detection for ultra high energy neutrinos. She 2003-2006 BMBF board of reviewers for hadron and was elected chair of the ANTARES institute board for nuclear physics 2006 to 2012. Together with her colleague U. Katz she 2003-2012 Chair of the Jury of the German Contest founded in 2007 the Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle for Young Scientists “Jugend forscht” Physics (ECAP). As an experimental physicist she has 2004-2007 German Committee for Astroparticle Phys- strong interests in detector development. This inter- ics (KAT) est extends to possible applications of particle detec- 2004-2011 Physics Research Committee at DESY tors to other science fields. In 1999 she became 2006-2012 Chair of the Institute Board of the ANTAR- member of the Medipix-collaboration, a CERN-based ES collaboration group of institutes worldwide, who develop semicon- 2008-2012 Managing director of the Erlangen Centre ductor detectors for X-rays and particles. As an exam- for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP) ple, she investigated the application of pixel detectors 2009-2013 Deputy chair of the section for Particle for internal tracking of low energy particles. Further, Physics of the German Physical Society within these activities she worked on grating-based X- 2013-2015 Scientific Advisory Committee of the As- ray phase contrast imaging. For her project she was troparticle Physics European Consortium awarded the “Innovationspreis Medizintechnik” of the German Ministry of Science in 2008. The scientific work of Gisela Anton resulted in 206 publications with Prizes and Awards more than 4700 citations (h-index of 39) and 8 pa- 1975 German Contest for Young Scientists “Jugend tents so far. forscht” (Bundessieger Physik) 1994 Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Preis of the German Science Foundation (DFG) 1995 German Federal Republic Order of Merit Research in the Anton group 2000 Bavarian University Teaching Award 2008 Innovation Award Medical Technology (Innova- Astroparticle Physics tionspreis Medizintechnik des BMBF) 2009 Bavarian Order of Merit (Bayerischer Ver- Neutrino telescopes offer a new and deep view into dienstorden) cosmic objects due to the weak interaction of neutri- 2010 Bavarian “Maximilian” Order of Merit ______nos. G. Anton and U.Katz are both members of the ANTARES and KM3NeT collaborations. They lead in Researcher ID: C-4840-2013 common the Erlangen group which comprises more Website: http://www.pi4.physik.uni-erlangen.de/ than 25 physicists. In ANTARES scientists from ECAP Supervised PhD theses: 40 (+ 14 in progress) Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 77 are responsible for the detector position calibration ______and monitoring, for the analysis software and for data production. The physics analysis work addresses for of the atmospheric muon and neutrino flux in the example the search for neutrino signals from dark TeV-energy regime. For KM3NeT, the ECAP group has matter annihilation, the search for neutrinos in coin- contributed considerably to the design and initiation cidence with gamma-ray bursts and the measurement of the project (U.Katz has been coordinator of the EU

42 funded design study). As an example, with colleagues development of semiconductor pixel detectors. Scien- from the Dutch institute NIKHEF they designed the tists in the Anton group belong to the core groups of optical modules for Km3NeT. the Medipix collaboration driving new developments Neutrinos with energies above the region of 1017 eV and holding some patents in the field. They are em- can induce acoustic signals in water. The ECAP group ploying the detectors for use in particle physics, in has designed and constructed a system of acoustic dosimetry and in X-ray imaging. They cooperate with sensors connected to the ANTARES detector. The Fraunhofer institutes and local companies for several system is running smoothly and is continuously taking imaging modalities. data since 2008. It enables a unique long term evaluation of the relevant acoustic background in the Sea. Medical X-ray imaging Up to date neutrino oscillation experiments yield information on the differences between neutrino Medical imaging requires high image quality at low masses leaving an ambiguity to the mass ordering and dose. The application of pixel detectors with photon the absolute mass. By observation of atmospheric counting and energy resolved imaging allows to en- neutrinos having travelled through Earth this ambigu- hance the contrast of soft tissue for some modalities. ity can be resolved. The ECAP group is performing The high photon flux and the high dynamic range are design and sensitivity studies for a detector to meas- challenging. The Anton group developed a detailed ure this neutrino flux. Here, challenges arise from the model for the simulation of the detector behavior. relatively low neutrino energies of about 2 to 20 GeV. Based on a deep understanding of the details they are able to optimize the imaging systems. Detector development In addition to the attenuation property also the diffraction ability of material can be employed to gain Liquid xenon is employed as detector material for the imaging information. In this context, the Anton group search for the neutrino-less double beta decay. Solid concentrates on dark field imaging which is sensitive xenon may turn out as an even better sensor materi- to the granularity of a material. These granular prop- al. In collaboration with the group of J. Hee at Fer- erties are yet unknown for human organs and for milab (USA) the Anton group investigates the behav- healthy versus pathological tissue. The group has ior of solid xenon as particle detector. The focus is on been the first to image cancer signatures of microme- the imaging of eV-electrons from the ionization track ter-sized calcifications in breast tumors at a tolerable produced by the MeV-electrons from double beta radiation dose. They are collaborating with scientists decay. A world-wide group of institutes including from the medical faculty to explore further applica- CERN formed the Medipix collaboration for the tion modalities. Colleagues from the informatics department support the image analysis.

______Teaching and outreach Selected publications For the education in experimental physics within the [1] M. Filipenko, T. Gleixner, G. Anton, J. Durst, T. bachelor program G. Anton established the Projekt- Michel: Characterization of the energy resolution and praktikum and on a similar basis for the motivation of the tracking capabilities of a hybrid pixel detector high school students in research she founded the with CdTe-sensor layer for a possible use in a neutri- Erlangen Schülerforschungszentrum für Bayern (ESFZ) noless double beta decay experiment, EPJ C (2013) (www.esfz.nat.uni-erlangen.de). For more infor- s10052-013-2374-1 mation on both see the main body of the report. In 2004, together with U. Katz she founded the Ger- [2] ANTARES Collaboration, S. Adrian-Martinez,…G. man School for Astroparticle Physics, an annual Anton,…: First search for neutrinos in correlation with school for PhD students. Today it is a well established gamma-ray bursts with the ANTARES neutrino tele- activity of the German astroparticle community under scope, JCAP 03 (2013) 6 the umbrella of ECAP and the Helmholtz Allianz of Astroparticle Physics. [3] G. Anton et al.: Grating-based darkfield imaging of human breast tissue., ZMP 23 (2013) 228 Funding [4] ANTARES Collaboration, J. A. Aguilar, ..., G. Anton, ..., AMADEUS - The acoustic neutrino detection test Selected funding of the past few years (in average 1.1 system of the ANTARES deep-sea neutrino telescope, Mio Euro per year): Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 626 (2011) 128. BMBF-Verbundforschung ANTARES, EU design study and preparatory phase study KM3NeT, BMBF Innova- [5] KM3NeT Collaboration, P. Bagley, ..., G. Anton, ..., tionspreis Medizintechnik, BMBF Forschungs- KM3NeT Technical Design Report, ISBN 978-90-6488- spitzencluster Medical Valley, Industries 033-9 (2010). Available from: www.km3net.org. ______43

______

Ben Fabry Professional Career (b. 1967) 2005-now Co-director, Center for Medical Physics and C4, Chair for Biophysics Technology

2003-now W3 professor at the FAU, Erlangen Ben Fabry’s main research area 1999-2003 Research Associate, Physiology Program, is molecular, cellular and tissue Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA biomechanics. After his studies 1996-1999 Research Fellow, Physiology Program, at the Technical University of Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Dresden, he joined the Anesthe- 1991-1996 PhD-student, Institute of Clinical Physiolo- siology and Intensive Care Medicine division at Drae- gy, University of Basel, Switzerland gerwerk AG, Lübeck, Germany, and subsequently the ______

Department of Clinical Physiology at the University of Researcher ID: C-5496-2013 Basel where he worked on respiratory physiology. His Website: www.lpmt.biomed.uni-erlangen.de main contribution during that time was the develop- Supervised PhD theses: 5 ment of the “Automatic Tube Compensation” mode, Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 33 which is now an industry standard in modern inten- ______sive care ventilators. After receiving his doctorate degree in 1995, he was research assistant and after 1999 research associate at the Physiology Program, collagen fiber networks to study cells in a more phys- Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, where he iological 3-D environment. worked on smooth muscle physiology and cellular biomechanics. His discovery that cells behave me- Biopolymer network morphology chanically as a scale-free soft glassy material has advanced the prevailing sol-gel theory of cell mechanics Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human and has led to fundamental insights into the patho- body and is responsible for the mechanical integrity physiology of human diseases that are rooted in aber- of connective tissue, tendons, cartilage and bones. rant cell mechanics, such as asthma and cancer. Since Cell behavior in collagen strongly depends on the 2003, Ben Fabry has been full professor at the Univer- collagen network morphology. By changing the pro- sity of Erlangen-Nuremberg, and since 2005 has been tein concentration, polymerization temperature, pH, co-director of the Center for Medical Physics and and crosslinker concentration, morphological proper- Technology at the University. His current research ties such as pore size, fiber thickness, fiber length or emphasis is on how cells respond to mechanical sig- branching ratio can be precisely tuned. This work is nals, and how they coordinate their mechanical be- done in collaboration with Klaus Mecke and Gerd havior during contraction, migration, differentiation Schroeder-Turk (Theoretical Physics, FAU). and proliferation. One specific focus of his research is cancer cell invasion in tissue. His approach has been Collagen mechanical properties driven by the idea that the complex mechanical behavior of cells can be understood from concepts de- Collagen mechanical properties are complex, non- rived from the physics of soft materials. He has also linear, highly dynamic, and not well understood. In developed novel technologies including magnetic collaboration with the rheology group of David Weitz micro-rheometers, and computational methods for (Harvard University), we investigate the mechanical traction reconstruction in 3-dimensional tissue matri- properties of collagen gels on a macroscopic as well ces. Ben Fabry has given more than 100 invited talks, as a microscopic level. These data can then be used to he has written 1 patent and 135 publications which measure cell traction forces. are cited over 4100 times (h-index: 38) Traction forces

Research in the Fabry group Traction forces are important, for instance, for the migration of cells (such as cancer cells or white blood Cell behavior in a 3-D extracellular matrix cells) through the connective tissue. 3-D tractions can be calculated by measuring the deformation field of In traditional hard, flat plastic cell culture (Petri) dish- the connective tissue matrix surrounding a cell. The es, cell behavior such as force generation, migration, image below shows the elastic strain energy stored in adhesion or cytoskeletal organization differs substan- the extracellular matrix surrounding a breast carci- tially from that observed in a 3-dimensional (3-D) noma cell. This work is done in collaboration with environment where cells are embedded in a flexible, Jeffrey Fredberg and James Butler (Harvard Universi- degradable extracellular matrix. We use reconstituted ty)

from an elevated position and tracking the head of every single penguin for several hours. This work has excited widespread public interest and has been fea- tured in international media including the NY Times, Scientific American, National Geographic, and the BBC.

Teaching

Ben Fabry is the coordinator of the physics masters program “Physics in Medicine”, and the program advisor of the department of physics for the interdisciplinary bachelor and masters program “Integrated Life Sciences: Biology, Biophysics, Biomathematics”, which is a joint program with the departments of biology and mathematics. Both programs are popular with students and contribute vitally to the attractive- ness of Erlangen for studying physical sciences.

Funding

~280.000 €/year (DFG, EC)

Huddling in penguin colonies

Many of the concepts of cell mechanics and dynamics penguin gets to pass the warmest zone in the center of the huddle. In collaboration with Daniel Zitterbart can be extended to more complex living systems, for example emperor penguins. During the Antarctic winter, emperor penguins have to endure temperatures down to -50° Celsius combined with strong winds. To conserve energy, they move close together and share their body heat (huddling). Movements inside the huddle are highly coordinated so that every (Institute for Marine and Polar Research Bremerha- ven) and Andre Ancel (CNRS Strasbourg), we study how penguin huddles move, and how the penguins move inside the huddle, by taking time lapse images

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Selected publications

Mechanical control of cyclic AMP signalling and gene transcription through integrins, Nat Cell Biol 2, 666 (2000)

Scaling the microrheology of living cells. Phys Rev Lett 87, 148102 (2001)

Cytoskeletal remodelling and slow dynamics in the living cell. Nat Mater. 4, 557 (2005)

Single-cell response to stiffness exhibits muscle-like behavior, Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 18243 (2009)

Strain history dependence of the nonlinear stress response of fibrin and collagen networks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 12197 (2013) ______45

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Thomas Fauster Professional Career (b. 1955) 1996-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen C4, Chair for Solid State 1995 Acting professor, University of Würzburg Physics 1989-1994 Acting professor, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich The research of Thomas Fauster 1986-1996 Research staff, Max-Planck-Institute for is in the field of experimental Plasma Physics, Garching surface science. He has used 1984-1985 Academic assistant, University of Würz- many different techniques burg throughout his career, but the current work is fo- 1982-1983 PhD student, IBM Research, Yorktown cused on photoelectron spectroscopy using femto- Heights, NY, USA second lasers. ______

Thomas Fauster studied physics in Würzburg and Researcher ID: B-3096-2012 joined for his PhD work on inverse photoemission the Website: www.fkp.physik.uni-erlangen.de group of F. J. Himpsel at IBM Research, Yorktown Supervised PhD theses: 21 (+ 3 in progress) Heights, NY, USA in 1981. After receiving his PhD from Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 40 the University of Würzburg in 1984 he worked in the ______group of V. Dose in Würzburg and at the Max-Planck- Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching. The work on low-energy ion scattering led to his habilitation in Image-potential states 1988. From 1989 to 1994 he supervised the group of W. Steinmann (president at that time) at the Ludwig- Electrons in front of a metal surface can be trappped Maximilians University in Munich. There he used in image-potential states. These lightly bound states photoemission techniques, in particular two-photon are a sensitive probe of surfaces and serve in particu- photoemission from image-potential states. In 1996, lar as model systems to study the electron dynamics Thomas Fauster became full professor at the Universi- at surfaces. The method allows to separate decay and ty of Erlangen-Nürnberg. His work is well known re- dephasing of electronic states. Recent studies con- sulting in numerous invited talks at international cern image-potential states on epitaxial graphene conferences and workshops. Thomas Fauster has layers on metals and silicon carbide. been president of the Bavarian regional chapter and member of the supervisory board of the German Unoccupied electronic structure and dynamics of Physical Society for twelve years. He also serves in topological insulators many committees at the FAU and as dean of study affairs at the department of physics. A new class of materials which has gained interest in (140 publications, h-index: 40, 1 habilitation) recent years are toplogical insulators which are semiconductors in the bulk and have topologically pro- tected spin-polarized metallic suface states. We are Research in the Fauster group investigating the electronic structure of the unoccupied band structure and the electron dynamics of the Electron dynamics using time-resolved two- excited states. photon photoemission

Our investigations aim at a fundamental physical understanding of the mechanisms and processes involved at a microscopic atomic and electronic level. In recent years progress to apply the techniques to more complex surface systems has been achieved. The experimental methods are in part developed by the group and involve the use of femtosecond laser systems and high-resolution electron spectrometers. Other tools such as low- energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy and advanced surface preparation methods are also employed. A topological surface state has a linear dispersion (Dirac cone). Spin and momentum are intrinsically locked. The two-photon photoemission intensity at constant energy shows the circle for Bi2Se3. With circularly-polarized light

the opposite spin orientation on opposite sides of the Dirac

46 cone is revealed. Along the circular cut a three-fold spin Steinrück. A new initiative on "singlet fission" involves pattern develops further away from the intersection point. D. Guldi, V. Sandoghdar, M. Thoss and R. Tykwinski.

Two-photon photoemission from semiconduc- Teaching tors and oxides As dean of study affairs I am responsible for the The complex reconstructions of semiconductor sur- organization and evaluation of the teaching at the faces lead in turn to a complicated surface electronic department of physics. One challenging aspect is structure. For Si(100) we identified a bound surface providing adequate courses for non-physicists (engi- exciton in the dangling bond bands and investigated neers, natural scientist, medical students) including the electron dynamics. On Si(553)-Au evidence for innovative computer-based tests. The training of the spin-polarized edge states was found. physics students is continuously improved using the Oxide films are studied as substrate for molecular enrollment fees to pay additional tutors and buy adsorbates in preparation for the recently funded modern equipment for lab courses. DFG research unit. Funding Selected collaborations DFG individual grant (2007-2010, 1 PhD) The main collaboration partners are in alphabetical DFG research unit funCOS (2013-, 1 PhD) order: E. V. Chulkov (San Sebastian), P. M. Echenique (San Sebastian), F. J. Himpsel (Madison), U. Höfer (Mar- burg), R. M. Osgood (Columbia Univ. New York), K. Tanimura (Osaka), M. Weinelt (FU Berlin). The network in Erlangen focuses on the DFG Research Unit funCOS where we have a joint project with H. P.

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Selected publications

Oberflächenphysik: Grundlagen und Methoden, Th. Fauster, L. Hammer, K. Heinz, M. A. Schneider, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (2013)

Unoccupied topological states on bismuth chalcogenides, D. Niesner, Th. Fauster, S. V. Eremeev, T. V. Menshchikova, Yu. M. Koroteev, A. P. Protogenov, E. V. Chulkov, O. E. Tereshchenko, K. A. Kokh, O. Alekperov, A. Nadjafov, and N. Mamedov, Phys. Rev. B 86, 205403 (2012)

Unoccupied electronic states at step edges on Si(553)- Au, K. Biedermann, S. Regensburger, Th. Fauster, F. J. Himpsel, and S. C. Erwin, Phys. Rev. B 85, 245413 (2012)

Trapping surface electrons on graphene layers and islands, D. Niesner, Th. Fauster, J. I. Dadap, N. Zaki, K. R. Knox, P.-C. Yeh, R. Bhandari, R. M. Osgood, M. Petrović, and M. Kralj, Phys. Rev. B 85, 081402 (2012)

Unoccupied dimer-bond state at Si(001) surfaces, Th. Fauster, S. Tanaka, and K. Tanimura, Phys. Rev. B 84, 235444 (2011)

Decay of electronic excitations at metal surfaces, P. M. Echenique, R. Berndt, E. V. Chulkov, Th. Fauster, A. Goldmann, and U. Höfer, Surf. Sci. Rep. 52, 219 (2004) ______

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Kristina Giesel Professional Career (b. 1977) W2, Institute for Theoretical 2011-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen Physics III (Quantum Gravi- 2010-2011 Assistant professor, Louisiana State Uni- ty) versity, US 2009-2010 Postdoc Excellence Cluster Universe, The research field of Kristina Technical University Munich, Germany. Giesel is quantum gravity, par- 2008-2009 Postdoc Nordic Institute for Theoretical ticularly loop quantum gravity, Physics, Nordita, Sweden, Stockholm. which is a current candidate for a theory of quantum 2006-2008 Postdoc Max-Planck-Institute for Theoreti- gravity. Related fields relevant for research in loop cal Physics (Albert-Einstein-Institute), Postdam Ger- quantum gravity are general relativity, quantum field many. theory, cosmology and astroparticle physics. She 2003-2007 PhD student University of Potsdam (grad- studied at the University of Kiel, the University of uated Feb. 2007, started Postdoc already in Oct. Warwick, UK and the Technical University of Dort- 2006) ______mund. In 2007 she received her PhD from the Univer- sity of Potsdam, Germany. The research during her Researcher ID: C-8699-2013 PhD focused on the semiclassical analysis of the Website: www.gravity.physik.fau.de/members/ peo- Quantum Einstein Equations, which describe the ple/giesel.shtml dynamics of loop quantum gravity. From 2006-2010 Supervised PhD theses: 1 in progress Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 3 she held postdoc positions at the Max-Planck- ______Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert-Einstein- Institute) in Potsdam, Germany, the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita) Stockholm, Sweden Dynamics in the classical theory and the Excellence Cluster Universe (Technical Uni- versity Munich), where she continued her research in In general relativity the dynamics is encoded in Ein- loop quantum gravity in a research environment with stein's equations, which describe the interaction be- a strong focus on theoretical cosmology. In fall 2010 tween matter (including everything except gravity) she accepted an offer from Louisiana State University, and gravity, which is - due to Einstein's fundamental US for an Assistant Professorship in physics and she description of gravity - related to the geometry of became a W2 professor at the FAU Erlangen- spacetime. Already at the classical level Einstein's Nürnberg in 2011. Her total number of citations are equations have a complicated structure and only in 385/191 (spires-hep/ web of science), the average very special cases, as for instance when the geometry citation number per article is 29.6/14.7, her h-index is of the spacetime has symmetries, analytical solutions 10/9 for her 16/13 publications. She has given more of the dynamical equations are known. than 25 invited talks at national and international institutes and conferences respectively and 5 invited Quantum dynamics compact courses on loop quantum gravity at national and international universities. For her research during In the quantum theory the classical dynamics is re- her PhD she was awarded the Michelson Prize of the placed by the so called Quantum Einstein Equations Science Department of the University of Potsdam and (in its seminal formulation known as the Wheeler- the Carl-Ramsauer Prize of the German Physical Soci- DeWitt equation). They describe how quantum mat- ety of Berlin in 2007. ter is interacting with quantum geometry at the fundamental level. Since within the framework of LQG also geometry becomes quantized a classical geome- Research in the Giesel group try no longer exists. As a consequence, for geometric observables such as volume, area and length corre- Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a candidate for a theo- sponding operators exist in the quantum theory and ry of quantum gravity that tries to consistently com- possible measurement of these quantities are deter- bine the principles of general relativity and quantum mined by the spectra of these operators. Particularly, field theory. LQG takes the canonical version of gen- the volume operator is important for the precise form eral relativity as a classical starting point and then of the Quantum Einstein Equations. uses the technique of canonical quantization to obtain the corresponding quantum theory. One of the Semiclassical limit of quantum gravity main research direction we focus on is the implementation of the dynamics of loop quantum gravity. A pivotal role in the formulation of LQG plays the proper implementation of these quantized Einstein equations and the analysis of their semiclassical limit. 48

There are two limits that are of interest. In the limit which seeded the large scale structure of the universe where the quantum properties of the geometry as and which manifest themselves as small anisotropies well as the matter play a negligible role classical gen- in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are a eral relativity should be recovered. On the other promising candidate to test quantum gravity effects hand, in the regime, where the quantum geometry is in the early universe. By measuring the anisotropies in peaked around some classical spacetime but matter is the CMB with experiments such as PLANCK one can still treated as a full quantum object it should be pos- infer the spectrum of the primordial perturbations. sible to rediscover ordinary quantum field theories on This opens a window to the underlying physics in the classical (curved) spacetimes. These are consistency very early universe, which might help to test charac- checks any theory of quantum gravity needs to pass. teristic properties of quantum gravity models. There- The technical tool, which is used to analyze the semi- fore, another research project is to develop tech- classical sector of LQG are coherent and semiclassical niques for LQG, which allow to extract the cosmologi- states respectively. Likewise to ordinary quantum cal sector from loop quantum gravity. mechanics, these are states, which allow to perform a transition from the quantum to the (semi-)classical Selected collaborations regime. The currently existing coherent states for LQG are constructed in analogy to the harmonic oscillator Our group interacts with most of the other (loop) coherent states and are therefore not very well quantum gravity groups worldwide. Closer interna- adapted to the dynamics of the Quantum Einstein tional collaborations exist with the quantum gravity Equations. Consequently, currently a semiclassical group at the University of Warsaw (Jerzy Lewan- analysis is only possible and has only been performed dowski), Louisiana State University (Jorge Pullin, on very short time scales as otherwise the existing Param Singh), The Pennsylvania State University (Ab- coherent states loose their good semiclassical proper- hay Ashtekar, Martin Bojowald) and the Beijing Nor- ties. To construct semiclassical states, which are bet mal University (Yongge Ma). We also collaborate with ter adapted to the quantum dynamics of LQG is one cosmology groups at the Excellence Cluster Universe of our current research projects. in Munich particularly the groups of Hofmann and Weller. Interdisciplinary local collaborations exists Cosmological consequences with the math department (Neeb, Meusburger) within the emerging field project "Quantum Geometry". A natural testing arena for effects of quantum gravity Inside the physics department collaborations exists is cosmology. Particularly primordial perturbations, with the ECAP and the Institute for Theoretical Phys- ics I, which is also a member of the emerging field project. ______

Selected publications Teaching and outreach

Gravitational dynamics for all tensorial spacetimes The professors at the Institute for Quantum Gravity carrying predictive, interpretable and quantizable teach a curriculum for Bachelor/Master students, matter, Kristina Giesel, Frederic P. Schuller, Christof which includes advanced lectures in general relativity Witte, Mattias N.R. Wohlfarth, Phys.Rev. D85 (2012) (I & II), quantum field theory (I & II), cosmology and 104042 loop quantum gravity. So far my outreach activities include a popular article From Classical To Quantum Gravity: Introduction to on loop quantum gravity (Sterne und Weltraum July Loop Quantum Gravity, Kristina Giesel, Hanno Sahl- 2011), an invited talk at the planetarium in Nürnberg mann, Published in PoS QGQGS2011 (2011) 002 and a talk held in the Saturday morning lecture series in Erlangen. Gravity quantized: Loop Quantum Gravity with a Sca- lar Field, Marcin Domagala, Kristina Giesel, Wojciech Funding Kaminski, Jerzy Lewandowski, Phys.Rev. D82 (2010) 104038 2011 Sonderprogramm für neuberufene Professorin- nen, EUR 30 0000. Manifestly Gauge-Invariant General Relativistic Per- 2011 NSF Grant, $150.000, declined to to the ac- turbation Theory. I. Foundations, K. Giesel, S. Hof- ceptance of the offer of the FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg. mann, T. Thiemann, O. Winkler, Class. Quant. Grav. 27 (2010) 055005

Algebraic Quantum Gravity (AQG). II. Semiclassical Analysis, K. Giesel, T. Thiemann, Class.Quant.Grav. 24 (2007) 2499-2564 ______49

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Wolfgang Goldmann Professional Career (b. 1946) 2006-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Institute for Biomedi- 2004-2006 Visiting professor at FAU cal Physics 1995-2004 Lecturer at Harvard Medical School, Bos- ton / Supervisors: Don Ingber and Amin Arnaout Wolfgang H. Goldmann is 1990-1995 Postdoctoral fellow at the Technical Uni- Professor of Biomedical Phys- versity of Munich / Supervisor: Erich Sackmann ics (W2) at the FAU in the 1987-1990 PhD student at the University of Bristol, Department of Physics (under UK / Supervisor: Herbert Gutfreund the Chair of Ben Fabry for Medical Physics and Tech- 1980-1996Medical student at LMU, Munich nology). Dr. Goldmann is a German-American citizen. ______

He studied Medicine at the University of Munich and Researcher ID: H-5572-2013 Physical Biochemistry at the University of Bristol, Website: lpmt.biomed.uni-erlangen.de England, where he received his PhD in 1990. He then Supervised PhD theses: 2 (+ 1 in progress) moved to Munich and joined the Biophysics Depart- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 7 ment of Prof. E. Sackmann at the Technical University. ______From 1995 to 2004 he worked at Harvard Medical School, Boston, under the supervision of Don Ingber and Amin Arnaout, where he held the position as binding properties have been changed in transiently lecturer from 1997 and taught courses in Physical expressed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Phos- Biology and Biochemistry. In 2004, he took his sabbat- phorylation and membrane binding sites are im- ical at the Center for Medical Physics and Technology portant for mechanotransduction and the exchange at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as visiting in focal complex dynamics will be determined by professor. Professor Goldmann's research encom- means of biophysical measurement methods. In an passes protein –and cell biomechanics. Specifically, analogous manner, constitutively open and closed his work deals with the binding of membrane- variants of vinculin in terms of their influence on the associated proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and to mechano-transduction and the exchange dynamics focal adhesions, where he investigates their influence will be tested in focal complexes. The ability of living on the viscoelastic behavior of cells by means of bio- cells to respond to their mechanical environment is of chemical and biophysical methods. In addition, he fundamental importance for many vital processes conducts research on the function focal adhesion such as adhesion, migration, and Invasion. If the re- proteins on growth, motility and chemical signaling of sults confirm the hypothesis that in addition to the cancer cells. (H-index: 28; no. of publications: 136, already known mechano-coupling function of vinculin average citation per item: ~16.) is also mechano-regulatory, this wouldhave implications that go far beyond the questions posed here (Collaboration with Prof. Merkel).

Research in the Goldmann group Mechanisms of p130Cas-mediated mechanosensing in cells Influence of phosphorylation, lipid membrane binding and conformational change on the me- Adherent cells, when mechanically stressed, show a chanical behavior of vinculin in cells wide range of responses including large-scale changes in their mechanical behavior and gene expression Many cell types respond to external mechanical forc- pattern. This is in part facilitated by activating the es and changes in their mechanical environment with focal adhesion protein p130Cas through force- altered gene regulation and protein expression. This induced conformational changes that subsequently process is described as mechanical signal transduction lead to activation of downstream pathways such as and is important in cellular processes of life, but also extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phos- in many diseases, such as cancer. Previous work has phorylation. We have recently demonstrated that the shown that the focal adhesion protein vinculin has an phosphorylation site Y12 on p130Cas modulates the important mechanical function. The aim of this work binding with vinculin, which is a prominent mechano- is to elucidate the mode of action of vinculin in mech- coupling protein in the focal adhesion complex. Pre- anoregulation and to investigate the signal transmis- liminary data show that phosphorylation of Y12 or sion. The specific hypothesis that will be tested is mutation with phospho-mimicking glutamate Y12E whether phosphorylation, membrane binding or con- suppresses the binding of p130Cas to vinculin, leads formational changes of vinculin influences the me- to a decline of p130Cas localization in focal adhesions, chanical cell behavior. Selected vinculin constructs and to a reduction of stretch-induced p130Cas activa- will be used where phosphorylation and membrane- tion and downstream ERK1/2 signaling. These obser-

50 vations demonstrate that vinculin is an important chanical studies on primary human myoblasts carry- modulator of the p130Cas-mediated mechano- ing desmin -and plectin mutations showed an in- transduction pathway in cells. The central aim of this creased stiffness and reduced mechanical stress tol- project is to test the hypothesis that vinculin is critical erance in the form of higher mechanical vulnerabil ity for p130Cas incorporation into the focal adhesion compared to control cells. We hypothesize that the complex and for transmitting forces to the p130Cas higher stiffness of mutant cells leads to higher intra- molecule (Collaboration with Prof. Brabek). cellular stress at physiologic stretch and shear deformations, which in turn triggers muscle fiber degener- Biomechanics of Myofibrillar Myopathies ation. In the present project, we will test this hypothesis using immortalized myoblast cells obtained from Myofibrillar myopathies (MFM) are associated with two MFM mouse models. Through the DFG research mutations in genes encoding cytoskeletal linker pro- consortium FOR1228, we have access to two knock-in teins of the intermediate filaments, e.g. desmin or mouse models (R155C VCP, and W2710X filamin C), plectin. Most of these proteins connect adjacent which harbor the most frequent human pathogenic myofibrils as well as myofibrils to Z-lines or other VCP and filamin C mutations. Using traction force important cytoskeletal components and thus, ensure microscopy, magnetic tweezer microrheology, and a proper anchorage in biomechanically active muscle. cell stretcher together with high resolution (temporal Disruptions of these linkages are expected to result in and spatial) confocal microscopy, we will address two vast disturbances of biomechanical properties, includ- key questions: (i) what is the influence of these muta- ing elasticity, active force production, lower mechani- tions on the biomechanical function of cultured my- cal stress resistance that can induce cell damage and oblasts and myotubes derived from skeletal muscle insufficient repair. Although the common symptom in tissue, and (ii) what are the molecular processes that all patients with MFM is muscle weakness, there is lead to altered mechanical stress tolerance in these almost no information at hand as to how muscle is cells. This project will provide the first insight into the affected at different structural and functional levels biomechanical aspects of the pathogenesis of VCP- within the organ and what is the molecular cause of and filamin C-related myopathies. The present Z- the muscle weakness. First results from our biome- Project unites a consortium of researchers with renowned expertise in muscle biomechanics at all levels of organ function (Collaboration with Prof. Schrö- ______der/Wiche). Selected publications Selected collaborations Janoštiak R., Brábek J., Auernheimer V., Tatárová Z., Lautscham L.A., Dey T., Gemperle J., Merkel R., Gold- Prof. Jan Brabek, University of Prague, Czech Republic mann W.H., Fabry B. and Rösel D, CAS directly inter- Prof. Rolf Schröder, Uniklinikum, Erlangen acts with vinculin to control mechanosensing and Prof. Rudolf Merkel, Forschungszentrum, Jülich focal adhesion dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2013 in Prof. Gerhard Wiche, University of Vienna, Austria press. Funding Ben Fabry, Anna H. Klemm, Sandra Kienle, Tilman E. Schäffer, and Wolfgang H. Goldmann,Focal Adhesion Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst Kinase Stabilizes the Cytoskeleton. Biophys J Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Forschergruppe 101:2131–2138, 2011. 1228)

Mierke CT, Kollmannsberger P, Paranhos Zitterbart D, Diez G, Koch TM, Marg S, Ziegler WH, Goldmann WH, Fabry B. Vinculin facilitates cell invasion into 3D collagen matrices. J Biol Chem 285:13121-13130, 2010.

Diez G, Kollmannsberger P, Mierke CT, Koch TM, Vali H, Fabry B, Goldmann WH. Anchorage of vinculin to lipid membranes influences cell mechanical properties. Biophys J 97:3105-3112, 2009.

Möhl C, Kirchgeßner N, Schäfer C, Küpper K, Born S, Diez G, Goldmann WH, Merkel R, Hoffmann B., Be- coming stable and strong: The interplay between vinculin exchange dynamics and adhesion strength during adhesion site maturation. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 66:350-364, 2009. ______51

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Stephan Götzinger Professional Career (b. 1973) 2012-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Institute for Optics, In- 2011 Habilitation, Department of Chemistry and Ap- formation and Photonics plied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 2006-2012 Senior Scientist at ETH Zurich, Switzerland The work of Stephan Götzinger (group of V. Sandoghdar) is focused on quantum optics 2004-2006 Postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University, with solid state emitters. After USA (group of Y. Yamamoto) studying Physics and Mathemat- 1999-2004 PhD student at the University of Konstanz ics (Lehramt Gymnasium) at the University in Kaisers- (group of J. Mlynek) and the Humboldt University of lautern, he received his PhD in 2004 at the Humboldt Berlin, Germany (group of O. Benson) University of Berlin. In the nano-optics group of O. ______

Benson he worked on the controlled coupling of a Researcher ID: C-7396-2013 single nano-emitter to a high-Q microsphere resona- Website: http://www.mpl.mpg.de/en/sandoghdar/ tor. He then joined the quantum information science Supervised PhD theses: 0 group of Y. Yamamoto at Stanford University, USA, as Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 3 a postdoctoral fellow. There he continued his re- ______search on the coupling between nanoscopic matter and high-Q microcavities with the particular aim of achieving strong coupling, condensation of exciton photon collection methodology to metallo-dielectric polaritions and ultra-low threshold lasing. Further- antennas, would promise collection efficiencies ex- more, he started to investigate various semiconduc- ceeding 99%. Such a source might be key for the real- tor materials for their potential use as efficient single- ization of a new primary intensity standard or for photon sources. In 2006 he moved to ETH Zurich to novel shot-noise free microscopy techniques. become a permanent researcher in the nano-optics group of V. Sandoghdar. There he worked on single- photon sources and the efficient interaction of light with matter. In 2012 he accepted an associate professor position at the FAU. The position is linked to the Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Tech- nologies (SAOT). Stephan Götzinger works closely with V. Sandoghdar and is part of the Division of Nano-Optics at the Max Planck Institute for the Sci- ence of Light. His work is recognized internationally with about 1600 citations to more than 40 publications and an h-index of 18. A dielectric antenna: The PVA film on top of the high refractive index sapphire cover glass acts as a quasi-waveguide. Photons emitted by a single molecule inside the PVA are Research in the Götzinger group directed into the sapphire and can be collected with near- unity efficiency by a microscope objective. In our research we aim to achieve ultimate control over the interaction of light and single quantum emit- Cavity-QED with single molecules ters. Techniques employed are often based on a strong confinement of light. This can be achieved for Cavity-quantum electrodynamics is a versatile and example by using cavity-QED, plasmonic micro- and established tool for studying light-matter interaction nanostructures or by strong focusing. with single emitters. We use a scanning fiber cavity for a controlled coupling of a single molecule to the Efficient single-photon sources cavity mode. Here, we pursue both strong coupling and photon blockade and the coupling of many emit- Single-photon sources are important building blocks ters via one cavity mode and to explore “few-body”- for emerging quantum technologies, ranging from interactions. quantum information processing to metrology applications. A crucial requirement for most of the envi- Quantum plasmonics sioned applications is an extremely high collection efficiency of the photons emitted by a single emitter. Plasmonic nanostructures can be used as an alterna- Recently we demonstrated that a dielectric antenna tive to microcavities for manipulating single quantum can be used to achieve this goal. Extending our emitters. Theoretical calculations show, for example,

that the spontaneous emission rate can be enhanced 52 by orders of magnitude. We plan to use a bottom-up blackboard approach. approach and put various elements on a chip in order to realize a simple quantum network based on plas- Funding monic elements. Funding acquired at FAU: EXL02 SIQUTE (2013-2015, Selected collaborations 130.000 €)

We collaborate with the PTB in Braunschweig and other National Institute of Standards in a project that aims at the realization of a new primary intensity standard.

Teaching and outreach

Stephan Götzinger has taught various courses in the Chemistry, Physics and Engineering departments at ETH Zurich. With his recent appointment as a SAOT professor at Erlangen he has the possibility to continue lecturing engineers in quantum mechanics and quantum optics. This is an exciting opportunity to get engineers interested in concepts so far mostly seminars Stephan Götzinger often employs novel applied in fundamental science. In lectures and methods and forms of teaching beyond the traditional

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Selected publications

[1] S. Kako, C. Santori, K. Hoshino, S. Götzinger, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Arakawa, A gallium nitride single- photon source operating at 200 K, Nature Materials 5, 887-892 (2006).

[2] Z. G. Xie, S. Götzinger, W. Fang, W. Cao, G. S. Sol- omon, Influence of a Single Quantum Dot State on the Characteristics of a Microdisk Laser, Physical Review Letters 98, 117401 (2007).

[3] D. Press, S. Götzinger, S. Reitzenstein, C. Hofmann, A. Löffler, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, Y. Yamamoto, Photon Antibunching from a Single Quantum-Dot-Microcavity System in the Strong Coupling Regime, Physical Re- view Letters 98, 117402 (2007).

[4] J. Hwang, M. Pototschnig, R. Lettow, G. Zumofen, A. Renn, S. Götzinger, V. Sandoghdar, A single- molecule optical transistor, Nature 460, 76 (2009).

[5] R. Lettow, Y. L. A. Rezus, A. Renn, G. Zumofen, E. Ikonen, S. Götzinger, V. Sandoghdar, Quantum Inter- ference of Tunably Indistinguishable Photons from Remote Organic Molecules, Physical Review Letters 104, 123605 (2010).

[6] K. G. Lee, X. W. Chen, H. Eghlidi, P. Kukura, R. Let- tow, A. Renn, V. Sandoghdar, S.Götzinger, A planar dielectric antenna for directional single-photon emission and near-unity collection efficiency, Nature Pho- tonics 5, 166 (2011). ______53

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Ulrich Heber Professional Career

(b. 1954) 05/1992 Professor for Astronomy and Astrophysics, C3, Astronomical Institute University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 04/1989-05/1992 Oberassistent, U. Kiel The research of Ulrich Heber 1988 Habilitation, U. Kiel deals with hot stars and their 04/1983-04/1988 Hochschulassistent, U. Kiel role in the cosmic circuit of mat- 03/1982-03/1983 Post-Doc, U. Kiel ter as progenitors of supernovae 1982 Ph.D., U. Kiel and tracers of halo dark matter. ______

Heber received his Ph.D. at the Christian Albrechts Researcher ID: G-3306-2013 University, Kiel. During his assistantship in the team of Website: www.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/~heber K. Hunger he frequently visited the European South- Supervised PhD theses: 11 (+4 ongoing) ern observatory (Chile) and the Centro Astronomico Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 25 Hispano-Aleman Calar Alto (Spain). Heber habilitated ______at the University of Kiel in 1988. Since May 1992 he is professor for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Co-director of In astrophysics we can observe, but not interact with the Dr. Karl-Remeis-Sternwarte, Bamberg. Heber the targets under study. The quantity of the incoming started with the study of chemically peculiar supergi- radiation can be measured (by photometry) and its ants through ultraviolet spectroscopy, a spectral win- quality (by spectroscopy), and by measuring their dow that opened up in the late 1970s through the variation in the time domain (asteroseismology, kin- NASA/ESA IUE Satellite. As a post-Doc he turned to ematics, etc.) the physical state of the objects can be the then emerging field of hot subluminous stars described. This requires detailed physical modeling of through optical and UV spectroscopy and numerical the atmospheric stellar plasma in non-equilibrium simulations of their atmospheres. He participated in states. The complexity of stellar spectra requires the large sky surveys such as the Hamburg quasar and the construction of sophisticated model atoms with im- Hamburg ESO survey to study the population of faint portant input from atomic physics. These methods of blue stars. Heber and his team established the inter- quantitative stellar astronomy are the tools of national MSST collaboration for asteroseismology of Heber's research into hot stars. hot subdwarf stars, the international SPY and MUCH- FUSS consortia to study progenitor candidates of type Quantitative optical and UV spectroscopy of hot Ia supernovae and substellar companions to interme- stars diate mass stars. He is a frequent user of major large facilities such as the ESO Very Large Telescope and High resolution Echelle spectroscopy allows us to the Hubble Space Telescope. His work is well recog- disentangle the spectral features of various ions to nized internationally with ~6500 citations to more derive the physical state of the plasma and the ele- than 230 publications in peer-reviewed journals and mental abundance pattern. These results are used to an h-index of 41. derive the stellar parameters such as mass, radius and luminosity to test stellar evolution theory. The team studies hot stars in all phases of stellar evolution, Research in the Heber group from cradle to grave, from young massive stars through the supergiant phase to white dwarfs.

Hot stars and their role in the cosmic circuit of Late and final stages of stellar evolution matter Hot subdwarf stars and white dwarfs form the legacy We apply numerical physical models of stellar atmos- of the evolution of low and intermediate mass stars. pheres to optical and ultraviolet spectroscopy and A large fraction of stars forms and evolves in binary or photometry to study hot stars from the main se- multiple systems. Apparently hot subdwarfs form quence to the stellar graveyard, thereby identifying exclusively through binary evolution and provide a progenitors of type Ia supernovae and the role of unique laboratory to study the crucial but poorly substellar or planetary companions in binary systems. understood processes in common envelope evolution Models of the Galactic potential are used to probe of close binaries. Heber’s team leads the international the Galactic dark matter halo through analyses of the MUCHFUSS collaboration. trajectories of high-velocity stars.

Close binary stars and type Ia supernova progen- Numerical modeling of stellar atmospheres itors

Recent focus lies on compact binary stars as progeni- velocity stars (HVS) were discovered, two of the first tors of type Ia supernovae (SN Ia). Such supernovae three HVS were found by Heber's team. Those stars are used as yard sticks to measure the Universe at the are believed to originate from the Galactic centre largest scales and provided the first evidence for the through slingshot ejection by the supermassive black existence of dark energy (Nobel prize in Physics hole (SMBH) via tidal disruption of a binary. Our team 2011). Despite their importance for cosmology the has continued to search for such stars and provided explosion mechanism and the nature of the progeni- in-depth studies of their nature. Our new kinematical tor stars is not understood yet. Heber’s team cooper- analyses challenge the SMBH paradigm by excluding ates with the theory group at U Würzburg to identify the Galactic centre origin via astrometry. candidate stellar progenitor systems and constrain rivaling explosion models. External Commissions

Substellar companions to intermediate mass Programme committees: ESA IUE (1991-1996), Space stars Telescope ECF-User committee (1993-1996), MPIA- Calar Alto (1994-2001), NASA-HST (1995), ESO (2006, The search and study of planetary companions to 2011) stars has become a major driver in astrophysics. SOC IAU Commission 29 1(997-2003) ,INAF Visiting While most teams target solar-type stars, Heber’s Committee (Italy, 2007 ), Advisory Committee state group collaborates with the team of E. Guenther at observatory of Thuringia (since 2007, chair since the state observatory of Thuringia to search for sub- 2012), Advisory Committee Planetarium Nuremberg stellar companions to intermediate mass stars using (since 2007) photometric data from the international CoRoT satellite mission. Selected collaborations

Kinematics of the Milky Way and its halo Long-term collaboration in optical spectroscopy have been established with the groups at Warwick (Marsh), The gravitational potential of the Galaxy is dominated Keele (Maxted), Hertfordshire (Napiwotzki), Leuven by the dark matter halo. Halo stars hold the key to (Oestensen) and with the atomic physicists (K. Butler, trace the dark matter halo and constrain its mass. In Munich). Heber collaborates with the theory groups 2005 the fastest stars in halo, the so-called hyper- at Oxford (Podsiadlowski), Würzburg (Roepke) and Kunming (Han) on common envelope evolution and SN Ia progenitors. ______

Selected publications Teaching and outreach

S. Geier, S. Nesslinger, U. Heber, et al.: Teaching includes introductory and lab courses for The hot subdwarf B + white dwarf binary KPD the minor subject ''Astronomy'' as well as the astro- 1930+2752. A supernova type Ia progenitor candi- physical curriculum for BSc. and MSc. students. date, A&A 464, 299 (2007) Heber has regularly given public talks also at public observatories and "Volkshochschulen" nationwide. U. Heber, H. Edelmann, R. Napiwotzki, et al.: The B- He is engaged in the Astronomical Society of Nurem- type giant HD 271791 in the Galactic halo. Linking berg, which encourages and coordinates public out- run-away stars to hyper-velocity stars, A&A 483, L21 reach activities of professional and amateur groups in (2008) the metropolitan area.

U. Heber: Hot Subdwarf Stars, ARA&A 47, 211 (2009) Funding

N. Przybilla, A. Tillich, U. Heber, R.D. Scholz: Origin of low mass He stars; DFG HE1356/44-1; 2006- Weighing the Galactic Dark Matter Halo: A Lower 09, 120 k€; Hyper-velocity stars; DFG HE 1356/45-1/2; Mass Limit From the Fastest Halo Star Known, ApJ 2007-15, 285 kEuro; MUCHFUSS; DFG He 1356/49-1, 718, 37 (2010) 2009-16, 440 k€; HST Observations of an extreme

U. Heber: The atmosphere of subluminous B stars. II - Run-away star, 2011-15, DLR 50OR1110, 99 k€; Sub- Analysis of 10 helium poor subdwarfs and the stellar companions of intermediate mass stars, DFG birthrate of sdB stars, A&A 155, 33 (1986) He 1356/62-1, 2012-2015, 113 k€; Digitization of astronomical photographic plates, DFG He 1356/63-1, U. Heber, S. Moehler, R. Napiwotzki, et al.: 2012-2015, 212 k€; HST and XMM Observations of Resolving subdwarf B stars in binaries by HST imaging, sdB stars, DLR, 2014-2015, 96 k€ A&A 383, 938 (2002) ______55

______Bernhard Hensel Professional Career (b. 1961) W2, Institute for Con- 2005-now W2 professor at FAU, Max Schaldach En- dowed Professorship for Medical Technology densed Matter 2001-2004 Substitute professor at FAU

1999 Associate professor (Privatdozent) at FAU 1998-2001 Personal assistant to Prof. Max Schaldach, The current field of work of owner of BIOTRONIK Bernhard Hensel is Biomedical 1990-1997 Postdoctoral fellow and lecture qualifica- Engineering, focused on fun- tion (Habilitation) at the University of Geneva, Swit- damental research on implants for minimally invasive zerland cardiology. 1986-1990 PhD student at FAU He studied Physics at Erlangen and received his PhD ______in 1990 at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Er- langen-Nuremberg for his works on ion irradiation of Researcher ID: C-6995-2013 thin films of the then newly discovered high- Website: www.biomedical-research.net temperature superconductors. He then joined the Supervised PhD theses: 25 (+ 5 in progress) group of René Flükiger at the Department for Con- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 75 (Physics & Med. Technlogy) ______densed Matter Physics of the University of Geneva, Switzerland. His habilitation treatise was devoted to the development of long lengths of tapes of high- temperature superconductors by the powder-in-tube clinical practice. The ultimate goal is to improve the method. After the postdoctoral lecture qualification quality of life of patients worldwide. in 1996 he worked as an associate professor (privat- The Max Schaldach professorship is founded on the docent) at the University of Geneva and the Depart- close cooperation of young scientists from such dif- ment of Engineering of the Polytechnical University of ferent fields like Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Savoy at Annecy, France. After a brief stay at the Mathematics and Medicine. Johannes-Guttenberg University of Mainz where he Besides doing research work, academic education is worked on high-temperature superconductors con- of very high importance in the group. Young scientists taining mercury he joined the company BIOTRONIK in are given the opportunity to acquire their first profes- 1998, one of the leading manufacturers of cardiologic sional experience in the challenging field of medical implants. Since 1999 he has the license to teach Phys- technology. ics at the University of Erlangen. Starting in 2001 he substituted the late Prof. Schaldach (the owner of Teaching BIOTRONIK, who died in a plane crash) on the Chair of Physical-Medical Technology. In 2003 the Max Schal- Bernhard Hensel teaches in the faculty of Sciences as dach Professorship was established by BIOTRONIK well as the faculty of Engineering of the FAU. He su- and the University of Erlangen as a temporally unlim- pervises Bachelor- and Master-theses of students ited and independent W2 professorship. By the end from both faculties and guides PhD-students in Phys- of 2005, Bernhard Hensel was appointed to this en- ics. He is interested in the Russian-German scientific dowed professorship. relations and co-organized several student schools in Moscow, Russia. He organized a bi-national workshop

and the 7th Russian-Bavarian conference on Biomedi- cal engineering which were both held at the Center Research and Education at the Max for Medical Physics and Technology of the FAU in Schaldach Professorship Erlangen.

The development of innovative implants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is in the focus of Funding the research in the group of Bernhard Hensel. Of special interest are coronary stents or scaffolds for The research at the Max Schaldach professorship is the advanced treatment of arteriosclerosis. The re- financially supported by the Berlin-based company search tasks originate from clinical practice and aim at BIOTRONIK, one of the leading manufacturers of improving current products or establishing new ones. medical implants for cardiology. The everyday work in the group, however, is funda- Additional funding was supplied by contract research mental and characterized by multi-disciplinarity at the for the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits interface between natural science, engineering and (Erlangen). medicine. Every solution has to prove its feasibility in

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Selected publications

Impact of microgalvanic corrosion on the degradation morphology of WE43 and pure magnesium under exposure to simulated body fluid, H. Kalb, A. Rzany, and B. Hensel Corrosion Science 57, 122 (2012)

Evaluation of techniques for estimating the power spectral density of RR-intervals under paced respira- tion conditions, T. Schaffer, B. Hensel, C. Weigand, J. Schüttler, C. Jeleazcov, J. Clin. Monit. Comput., published online: 19 March 2013

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Rainer Hock Professional Career (b. 1959) 1999-now C3-professor at FAU, Erlangen C3, Institute Condensed 1998-1999 Scientist at the ESRF Matter Physics – Crystal- 1992-1998 Scientific Assistant at the Chair for Crystal- lography and Structural lography, Univ. Würzburg Physics 1990-1992 Scientific Assistant, Department for Mate- rial Science, TUD Instrument Scientist at the neutron The experimental work of research reactor Siloe, Grenoble. Rainer Hock focuses on the 1989-1990 1989 – 1990: Scientific Assistant at the determination of structure–property relationships of Chair for Crystallography, Univ. Frankfurt a. Main. crystalline materials to understand their crystal- PhD in physics at the University of Frankfurt a. Main ______physical properties and to determine their usefulness in technological applications. Researcher ID: E-1397-2013 After studying physics at the University of Frankfurt a. Website: www.lks.physik.uni-erlangen.de/hock/shtml Main, he received a PhD-grant of the Institute Laue- Supervised PhD theses: 7 (+ 3 in progress) Langevin in Grenoble and prepared a thesis about Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 16 (+ 2 in preparation) ______magnetic structures of rare earth iron garnets. He received his Dr.phil.nat. degree in 1990 from the Physics Department of the University of Frankfurt a. complementary, electrical, optical and thermal char- M.. He was then responsible for the renovation and acterisation methods. operation of a neutron 4-circle diffractometer at the research reactor Siloe at he Centre des Etudes Nucle- aire contracted by the TU-Darmstadt. 1992 he took a ‚Photovoltaics’ – New materials for thin film so- position as scientific assistant at the Chair for Crystal- lar cells lography at the university of Würzburg. During the following years his research was focused on the struc- Today, intensive fundamental and applied research at ture of minerals and on co-operations in the fields of the FAU is concerned with one of the most pestering mineralogy, geology, archaeometry and biomimetic problems of the near future: the supply of societies materials. In parallel, he prepared his habilitation in with ‘clean’ energy. Since 1999 continuous research the field of scattering on vibrating silicon crystals and effort in the development and efficiency increase of dynamic theory. After the habilitation in 1998, he chalcogenide based thin film solar cells is conducted took a position as beamline scientist at the ESRF in in our group. This direction of LKS in photovoltaics Grenoble. In 1999 he became C3 professor for crystal- matches very well the research of other groups at the lography and structural physics at the Chair for Crys- FAU. The research at LKS is done in close cooperation tallography and Structural physics of the FAU. Since with the Technical Faculty (Energy Campus Nürnberg, then, his main research interest is the crystallisation Solarfabrik der Zukunft) and since the beginning with and structure of chalcogenide semiconductors and industry partners. This assures an applied research in their application in novel thin film solar cells. This close contact with the real needs and technical feasi- research topic meets well with one of FAU main di- bilities in solar cell fabrication processes and con- rections: ‘Energy and New Energy Materials. stantly attracts students. Humboldt fellows: 1,Publications: 69, No. of citations: about 900, h-index: 17 From CuInGa(SSe)2 to CuZnSn(SSe)4

Research initially was focused on the understanding and optimisation of vacuum-based crystallisation Research in the Hock group processes for chalcogenide semiconductors like CIGSSe (Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide-Sulfide). Structure of functional materials and correla- Our preferred measurement tool is time-resolved tion of structure with material properties powder diffraction under processing conditions, to mimick large scale processes in the laboratory. The Many crystalline or partially crystalline materials used measurements deliver information about reaction in high-tech applications are polycrystalline. In our pathways and the reaction kinetics processes during group these materials are characterized with powder thin film crystallisation. The crystallisation route in diffraction methods to understand their crystal- reverse has impact on the final semiconductor struc- physical, structural properties and how these proper- tural properties and therefore on the photovoltaic ties can be changed and tailored for applications. The efficiency reached in a device. Crystallisation is inves- research is done in close cooperation with research tigated as a function of the initial state of metal pre- groups who synthesize these materials and use cursors, like alloy compositions and layer sequences,

58 as a function of time-temperature pathes, chalcogen newly built time-resolved XRF apparatus we investi- pressures and selenium-sulfur ratios. Kesterite is now gate the thin film formation from these new initial seen as a high potential material in photovoltaics. It is materials. With XRF we now are now able to follow made from earth-abundant and less toxic elements. diffusion of elements through the films and element Based on crystallographic reasoning, we make predic- losses. Before non-vacuum based techniques will tions, which initial materials, together with a chosen yield reliably working semiconductor films, a couple processing, will lead to well-crystallised, mono-phase of severe problems mot be overcome. Oxidation must thin films. So we could predict the most likely process be prevented, out-gasing of solvents leads to porous routes for the favoured novel thin film absorber ma- films, elements are lost upon heating, adherence of terial CuZnSn(SSe)4, well before the first crystallisa- films and cracking are problems. The only reliably tion experiments were conducted. In the years 2008- working solvent today is hydrazine, a very toxic and 2009 we have been pioneering together with Atotech explosive substance, and new processing routes must GmbH Berlin electroplating processes for this novel be found. With our experimental methods we con- material. Research on this semiconductor Kesterite is tribute to the identification of problems and their a fast growing field in photovoltaics. possible reasons.

From vacuum-based processes to printed solar Structure of functional materials and correlation cells of structure with material properties

Interest shifts now towards non-vacuum processes: Diffraction methods are as well widely used in our towards ‘printed solar cells’. Non-vacuum processes group to investigate other functional materials. are potentially low-cost processes. Semiconductor Toipics studied recently are the Influence of cyclic films are crystallized from nanoparticles, ink-like sus- water loading of zeolithic materials for heat-storage pensions or sol-gels. With powder diffraction and a on the structural stability of their alumo-silicate framework, the investigation of ex-solved crystalline phases in CuAgZr-alloys for rocket engines and their ______influence on the thermo-mechanical properties, the Selected publications investigation of the structural properties of sputtered MoS2 thin films on steel for rheological applications Magnetic phase transitions of MnWO4 studied by the and the investigation of CoCrTi-alloys for use as high use of elastic neutron diffraction temperature stable materials. Lautenschläger, G.; Weitzel, H.; Vogt, T.; Hock, R., Böhm, A.; Bonnet, M.; Fuess, H.; Physical Review B 48 Selected collaborations (9), p. 6087-6098 (1993) A. My research in Erlangen is well embedded in the Monte Carlo Simulations of Neutron Back-scattering FAU focus ‘Energy Research’. We collaborate with from Vibrating Silicon Crystals, Hock, R.; Kulda, J., chairs of the FAU and with industry partners. Main Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 338, p. 38 (1993) partners: Dept. for Material Science; CENEM; ECN Predicted formation reactions for the solid-state syn- Energy Campus Nürnberg; Department of Chemical- theses of the semiconductor materials Cu2SnX3 and and Bioengineering, CRT; St. Gobain Recherche, Par- Cu2ZnSnX4 (X = S, Se) starting from binary chalcogeni- is,; Avancis GmbH, Munich; Scheuten Solar; Suntrici- des, Hergert, F.; Hock, R.; Thin Solid Films 515 (15), p. tycells & Innovative Ink. 5953 (2007)

Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cells from electroplated precursors: Novel low-cost perspective, Ennaoui, A.; Lux-Steiner, M.; Weber, A.; Abou-Ras, D.; Koetschau, I.; Schock, H. -W.; Schurr, R.; Hoelzing, A.; Jost, S.; Hock, R.; Voss, T.; Schulze, J.; Kirbs, A., Thin Solid Films 517 (7), p. 2511 (2009)

Intermetallic compounds dynamic formation during annealing of stacked elemental layers and its influences on the crystallization of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films, Wi- bowo, R. A.; Moeckel, S.; A.; Yoo, H.; Hetzner, C.; Hölzing, A.; Wellmann, P.; Hock, R. Materials Chemis- try and Physics 142 (1), p. 311 (2013) ______

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Peter Hommelhoff Professional Career (b. 1974) 2012-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen W3, Chair for Experimental 2008-2013 Head of a Max Planck Research Group at Physics, Laser Physics MPI of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching. Elected ombudsman of MPQ since 2008. Member of the Peter Hommelhoff’s experi- board, DFG Cluster of Excellence Munich Centre for mental interest spans from Advanced Photonics. attosecond science at nano- 2003-2007 Postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University objects via laser-based acceler- (Kasevich group); Lynen Fellow of the Humboldt ators and Bose-Einstein condensation of cold atomic Foundation, Trimble Fellow of the Stanford Center for gases to new quantum systems with free electrons, Position, Navigation and Time including electron matter wave science. Prior to be- 1999-2002 PhD student at University of Munich in coming full professor in Erlangen in 2012, Peter T.W. Hänsch’s group Hommelhoff was, since 2008, head of a Max Planck 1999 Diploma student at ETH Zurich in R. Eichler’s Research Group at MPI for Quantum Optics in group Garching. In 2012, he obtained his habilitation and ______venia legendi at Ludwig Maximilian University of Mu- Researcher ID: C-5121-2013 nich. From 2003 through 2007 he was a postdoc in Website: www.mpq.mpg.de/uqo Mark Kasevich’s group at Stanford University, pio- Supervised PhD theses: 4 (+ 4 in progress) neering ultrafast light-matter interaction on the na- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 15 nometer scale. From 1999 through 2002 he did his ______PhD thesis under the supervision of T. W. Hänsch at LMU Munich, demonstrating first Bose-Einstein condensation in an atomic chip trap. In 1999 he obtained time scales. This way, outer shell electrons can be the Dipl. Phys. ETH from Swiss Federal Institute of strongly driven, which leads to the generation of high- Technology, Zurich, and in 1997 the pre-diploma from harmonic photon peak shifting due to the AC-Stark Technical University Berlin. Peter Hommelhoff’s effect, the tell-tale recollision plateau, and carrier- around 50 journal publications are well received: envelope phase effects with 100% visibility – all well- several have more than 100 citations, the top one known from the atomic physics case. Because field more than 450. He has received a number of scholar- enhancement at the nano-scale tip takes place, small ships and awards and has been invited to present at pulse energies (<100 pJ) suffice to drive these pro- more than 80 international conferences, workshops cesses. We foresee a plethora of applications, ranging and colloquia as of 2013. In 2012 he received another from ultrafast switching (attosecond field effect tran- offer for a full professorship at University of Olden- sistor) to new ultrafast surface imaging tools and laser burg, which he declined. field sensors.

Research in the Hommelhoff group

As an experimental group focusing on nano-optics, laser physics, quantum as well as electron optics, our research is currently comprised of four different yet related projects. We explore attosecond and strong- field physics at nano-scale solids, drive laser-based particle acceleration at dielectric photonic nanostructures, work towards a new quantum system for free electrons with the help of microwave Paul traps, and study quantum enhanced matter wave imaging.

Laser-based Particle Acceleration at Photonic Strong-field and Attosecond Physics at Solid Na- Structures noscale Objects In free space, a charged massive particle cannot be For two decades strong-field physics almost exclusive- sustainably and efficiently accelerated with an alter- ly took place at and with atoms and molecules in the nating electric field – energy and momentum cannot gas phase. With few-cycle laser pulses reaching field be simultaneously conserved. This notion does not strengths of around 1 V/Å, it is possible to drastically hold any more in proximity of a properly chosen modify the potential landscape on ultrafast boundary condition. With a dielectric grating struc-

60 ture, we have recently been able to demonstrate A New Quantum System Based on Free Electrons acceleration of electrons right with the optical electric in Microwave Paul Traps field of laser pulses. Laser oscillator pulses are over- lapped with an electron beam next to a grating, such The electron’s charge-to-mass ratio is large, which is that the laser polarization is parallel to the electron why they quickly follow the action of electro- momentum. The grating periodically flips the phase of magnetic fields. We will take advantage of this prop- the laser field, effectively generating a grating mode erty on our way to construct a new quantum system co-propagating with and continuously imparting mo- based on free electrons (in vacuum). Recently, we mentum on the electrons. With non-relativistic 30keV have demonstrated that electrons can be trapped in electrons we have observed an acceleration gradient Paul traps, in a similar fashion to what is well-known of 25 MeV/m, which is already on par with the accel- from ions for decades already. Because of the feeble erations gradients that large accelerator centers such nature of electrons, electron Paul traps need to be as DESY or SLAC operate at. For relativistic electrons, operated with rather different drive parameters. the gradient steeply increases: we expect more than 1 Most notably, we drive the trap with microwave fre- GeV/m, mainly because the speed of relativistic elec- quencies, as opposed to the radio-frequencies known trons being close to the speed of light allows efficient from ions. Modern communication technology pro- momentum transfer. The next step after our proof-of- vides all the necessary microwave components. The concept demonstration is already to show accelera- idea of the new quantum system is simple: so-called tion over an extended range and large energy trans- single-atom tips have been shown to represent fully fer. Therefore, many grating structures need to be coherent electron point sources. With appropriate linearly concatenated and fed by coherently distrib- electron optics it should be possible to inject the uted and power-amplified phase-controlled laser emitted electrons from such a tip right into the pulses. Intriguingly, it has already been shown theo- ground state of the linear Paul trap’s confining poten- retically that all necessary components for stable tial. Electron beam splitters could allow guided- accelerator operation can be generated from photon- electron interferometry, new force sensors etc. ic structures, such as deflection and focusing elements Quantum Enhanced Matter Wave Science: Quan- tum Electron Microscope

______Based on the electron Paul trap idea, a new novel way Selected publications of quantum enhanced imaging has been proposed, which is to exploit the quantum Zeno effect to image J. Breuer, P. Hommelhoff, Laser-based acceleration of matter with electrons while exerting less damage to non-relativistic electrons at a dielectric structure, the sample as compared to regular electron micros- Phys. Rev. Lett., 111, 134803 (2013) copy. In regular microscopy, the radiation dose a sample experiences for taking a single image is so M. Krüger, M. Schenk, P. Hommelhoff, Attosecond large that biological samples hardly survive the imag- control of electrons emitted from a nanoscale metal ing. In order to record movies of biological processes tip, Nature 475, 78 (2011) at the most interesting spatial resolutions in the Ang- strom scale, new methods have to be conceived. J. Hoffrogge, R. Fröhlich, M. Kasevich, P. Hommelhoff, Microwave guiding of electrons on a chip, Phys. Rev. Funding Lett. 106, 193001 (2011) Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Quantum elec- P. Hommelhoff, C. Kealhofer, M. Kasevich, Ultrafast tron microscope project, together with Stanford and MIT. 2012-2015. $1,145,000 for each partner. electron pulses from a tungsten tip triggered by low- DFG Cluster of Excellence Munich Centre for Ad- power femtosecond laser pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, vanced Photonics, project B3.5: Lightwave control of 247402 (2006) electron emission from nanotips, 250,000€ DARPA Advanced X-ray integrated source project P. Hommelhoff, Y. Sortais, A. Aghajani-Talesh, M. (AXiS): 2011-2015. $200,000 Kasevich, Field emission tip as a nanometer source of free electron femtosecond pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 077401 (2006)

W. Hänsel, P. Hommelhoff, J. Reichel, T. W. Hänsch, Bose-Einstein condensation in a microelectronic chip, Nature 413, 408 (2001) ______61

2009-now W2-professor at FAU Nicolas Joly 2005-2009 Maître de conferences at the University of (b. 1977) Science and Technologies of Lille (France) 2002-2005 Postdoctoral fellow at Bath university, UK W2, Institute for Optics, (group of Philip Russell) Information and Photonics 1999-2002 PhD student at the University of University of Science and Technologies of Lille (France) Since January 2009, Nicolas Joly ______

is a W2-professor for Experi- Researcher ID: D-3715-2011 mental Physics at the Universi- Website: www.mpl.mpg.de/en/russell ty of Erlangen-Nürnberg. He Supervised PhD thesis: 3 (+3 in progress) obtained his PhD at the University of Lille (France) in Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 4 2002, where he experimentally and theoretically ______studied the instabilities and the control of Q- switching and mode-locked lasers. He then spent three years in Philip Russell’s group in UK as a post- multi step process, which allows a great flexibility for doctoral fellow. He was mainly working on the design the desired final design. Solid-core with controlled and the fabrication of photonic crystal fibre (PCF) as dispersion and nonlinearity, as well as hollow-core well as studying nonlinear propagation of short pulses can be made using this technique. Finite elements in these fibres. This includes soliton propagation and calculations as well as homemade codes are used in supercontinuum generation. In 2005, he became a order to design the linear properties of a desired Maître de Conférences at the University of Lille in the fibre. group of nonlinear dynamics. His research was dedicated to Raman laser using conventional fiber and Pulse propagation in gas-filled hollow-core pho- PCF. He was also involved in the theoretical study of tonic crystal fibre instabilities observed in Free Electron Laser. In Erlan- gen, he is strongly involved in the Div. Russell (Pho- There are basically two families of hollow-core PCF: tonics & New Material) at the Max-Planck Institute for the bandgap fiber and the so-called kagomé fibre. The the Science of Light, where he works mainly on the first one exhibits narrow transmission window but interaction of intense pulses with gas placed in PCF, very low loss, whilst the second offer much broader but also the dynamics of supercontinuum in ring cavi- transmission capabilities at the expenses of losses. ties. He is also strongly involved in fabrication of pho- For nonlinear optics with ultra-short pulses the fibre tonic crystal fibre. Nicolas Joly is member of the scien- length is usually not an issue, and we can afford rela- tific committee for CLEO US. tively high losses. Gas-filled kagomé fiber is then an ideal candidate for all sorts of experiments, which are based on soliton dynamics and spectral broadening. Research in the Joly group In 2009, we first demonstrated the generation of tunable UV in a spatially coherent mode. Physically, this relies on the spectral broadening an input pulse Design and fabrication of photonic crystal fibres such that its spectrum overlaps with the phase- matching conditions required for the emission of Photonic crystal fibres (PCF) or more generally micro- dispersive wave in the UV region. Since dispersion is structured fibres are routinely made in a clean-room fully controlled through the pressure of the filling gas, environment at the Max-Planck Institute for the Sci- the generated wavelength can be easily tuned from ence of Light (MPL). Although the MPL has the possi- 200 to up to 600 nm. Original experiments were bility to use different types of glass, I am only in- made with kagomé filled with moderate argon pres- volved in the fabrication of all-silica fibre. The main sure. However, such a system is very compact and technique that is used is the so-called stack & draw versatile: different type of gases or the level of pres- technique, where capillaries are drawn from a com- sure will lead to very different regimes. Moreover, mercially available high-purity tube, and then stacked filled with noble gas, we can prevent any Raman con- together. The resulting preform is then drawn into tributions although nonlinearity as high as silica can cane before we can make fibre. This is therefore a be achieved by working at high pressure. Several applications based on the gas-filled kagomé are under consideration. We can site the compression of pulses, the generation of correlated photons or the seeding of free electron laser with the generated UV in collaboration with synchrotron SOLEIL and with FEL-SPARC. Dynamics of Supercontinuum in Ring Cavity Examples ______of (a) solid-core PCF and (b) kagomé fibre drawn at MPLProfessional for nonlinear app Careerlications. 62

One of the most spectacular nonlinear effects that not rely on bounded electrons, and thus covers the can be observed in solid-core PCF is the generation of entire electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently it supercontinuum source (SC), which can be achieved can be efficiently used to generate optical radiation with any type of pumping, from fs pulse to CW. The at extremely low wavelength. In a self-amplification main common requirement is that the pump wave- of spontaneous emission (SASE), generation of radia- length should be closed to the zero dispersion wave- tion as short as a few Angstroms is possible. By con- length of the fibre. It is therefore important to have trast, in a seeded configuration, the coherence of the access to fabrication facilities in order to design input pulse is transferred onto the output radiation, properly the dispersion landscape of the fibre. De- which can thus present very good temporal coher- pending of the initial pulse duration, dynamics of the ence and low pulse-to- pulse fluctuation. When we SC generation relies on soliton dynamics, or on modu- first demonstrated the possibility to generate tuna- lations instability. Although, part of our studies con- ble UV in a spatially fundamental mode, we proposed sists in expanding the SC source into either UV or IR to use this source as a seed for FEL. First calculations region with the help of gas-filled fibre or the use of show that the level of energy that can be generated other type of glass, one activity is to look at the gen- with the fibre-based UV source is sufficient to seed eration of SC in cavity. Ring cavities are known to FEL. We have now collaboration with SPARC-FEL in exhibit very rich dynamics. Here we study the dynam- Frascati in order to realize test experiment. ical behavior of a synchronously pumped ring cavity in which SC is generated. First observations showed Selected Collaborations period doubling, and chaos and theoretical studies predict spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is Our group has collaborations with the group of remarkably surprising. Experiment is being set in G. Leuchs and the group of V. Sandoghdar in order to order to observe this phenomenon. design new type of fiber for specific application such as squeezing experiment or high-efficiency collection Dynamics of seeded free electron laser of light. Theoretical part of our study on the synchronously Prior my arrival at the FAU, I had an active collabora- pumped supercontinuum is performed in collaboration with the group of Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie at tion with the group of F. Biancalana at Herriot-Watt the synchrotron SOLEIL on the theoretical study of University in UK. Regarding the project of seeded free electron laser, ______we collaborate with the group of Marie-Emmanuelle Selected publications Couprie at the Synchrotron SOLEIL (France), and the group of Luca Giannessi the SPARC-FEL in Frascati Bright spatially coherent wavelength-tunable deep- (Italy). UV Laser source using an Ar-filled photonic crystal fiber, N.Y. Joly, J. Nold, W. Chang, P. Hölzer, A. Teaching Nazarkin, G.K.L. Wong, F. Biancalana and P. St.J. Rus- sell – Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 203901 (2011) I am very involved in the MAOT program (Master of Advanced Optics and Technology) where I do most of Ultrafast nonlinear optics in gas-filled hollow-core my teaching duty. I have set-up a few “praktikum” photonic crystal fibers [invited], John C. Travers, associated with a laser course that I started. To in- Wonkeun Chang, Johannes Nold, Nicolas Y. Joly and crease the interest of the student I try to present Philip St.J. Russell, JOSA B 28, A11–A26 (2011) experiments during the lecture. I also wrote a few Pulse splitting in shord wavelength seeded free elec- codes that students can use in order to “test” param- tron lasers M. Labat, N. Joly, S. Bielawaki, C. Szwaj, C. eters. I believe that this can help them to understand Bruni and M.E. Couprie – PRL 103, 264801 (2009) better the underlying phenomena that are explained in the lecture. Supercontinuum and four-wave mixing with Q- switched pulses in endlessly single-mode photonic Organization of conferences/sessions: in brief crystal fibres. W. J. Wadsworth, N. Joly, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, F. Biancalana, and P. St. J. Russell – Opt. Expr. 14th international SAOT workshop on “Fibre laser, 12, 299 (2004) sensor and new materials” (July 2011) International conference on “Nonlinear optics and Influence of timing jitter on nonlinear dynamics of a complexity in photonic crystal fibers and nanostruc- photonic crystal fiber ring cavity, M. Schmidberger, tures” at Erice, Sicily (nov. 2011) W. Chang, P. St.J. Russell and N. Y. Joly, Opt. Lett. 17, Session on “high-field in hollow-core fibre and high- 3576 (2012) energy fiber laser” at PIERS 2013 Stockholm ______the dynamics of seeded free electron laser (FEL). By contrast with conventional laser, the gain of FEL does

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Uli Katz Professional Career (b. 1959) 2003-now C4 professor at FAU, Erlangen C4, Erlangen Centre for As- 2001-2003 C4 substitute, FAU troparticle Physics 1993-2001 University of Bonn (research associate, C1 after 1998) Uli Katz' research field is exper- 1986-1992 Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich imental astroparticle physics (PhD and postdoctoral researcher) and detector development. He 1984-1986Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich studied physics at the TU Mu- (Diploma thesis) nich and achieved his PhD (1992, Max Planck Institute for Physics/Tech. Univ. Munich) and his habilitation (1998, Univ. Bonn) in experimental particle physics. Functions, boards, panels and prizes Since 2001 Uli Katz is at the FAU, where he started since 1998 Referee for various journals research into experimental astroparticle physics, since 2002 Reviewer for projects of DFG, Alexander together with his colleague Gisela Anton. His main von Humboldt foundation, MPG, HGF, MUIR (Italy), projects are neutrino astronomy (experiments AN- NWO (Netherlands), FWO (Belgium), GIF (Israel), TARES and the future projects KM3NeT and PINGU) as Croatea (Croatia). well as detector development and feasibility studies since 2004 Expert reviewer for the Marie Curie pro- for acoustic neutrino detection. Together with G. gramme of the EU Anton he established the Erlangen School for Astro- 2004-2009 Coordinator of the KM3NeT Design Study particle Physics (2004) and founded the Erlangen (EU/FP6) Centre for Astroparticle Physics (2007). He coordinat- 2005-2008 Member of the Peer Review Committee of ed the EU-funded Design Study for KM3NeT (2006-09) ApPEC (Astroparticle Physics European Coordination) and has a leading role in KM3NeT ever since. Further 2006-2011 Member of the Scientific Advisory Com- activities are in gamma-ray astronomy (H.E.S.S. and mittee of ASPERA (Astroparticle ERA network) the future CTA project). He is (co-)author of 265 pa- since 2007 Chair of the Bachelor/Master examination pers with more than 12500 citations and an h-index board of the Department of Physics of 66. He has supervised 2 habilitations. 2007-2009 Member of Senate and University Council of FAU 2009-2011 Head of the Department of Physics and vice dean of the Faculty of Science of the FAU since 2010 Member of the BMBF board of reviewers Research in the Katz group for astro and astroparticle physics 2011 Prize of the students' union for outstanding The group is part of the Erlangen Centre for Astropar- commitment ticle Physics (ECAP) and most research activities are 2012 Prize for good teaching by the Dean of Studies, pursued together with further ECAP groups. Department of Physics 2013-2015 Member of Senate and University Council Neutrino and gamma-ray astronomy and detec- of FAU ______tor development Researcher ID: E-1925-2013 Neutrino astronomy with ANTARES Website: www.ecap.nat.uni-erlangen.de/members/katz Supervised PhD theses: 13 (+15 ongoing) Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 26 Neutrinos are unique cosmic messengers since they ______are not deflected or absorbed on the way from their source to their detection. ANTARES is the first deep- sea neutrino telescope to observe these messengers Neutrino astronomy with KM3NeT using the Cherenkov light emitted by secondary particles emerging from neutrino reactions. U. Katz and G. KM3NeT is a future, cubic-kilometre scale neutrino Anton have initiated the German participation in telescope in the Mediterranean Sea that will be ANTARES and together lead the ANTARES group in roughly 50 times more sensitive than ANTARES. A first Erlangen. Currently the focus is on the physics analy- construction phase of KM3NeT will start in 2014. sis of the ANTARES data; topics covered are neutrino Erlangen has played a crucial role in this project since reconstruction algorithms, searches for cosmic neu- its initiation in 2002. Uli Katz has coordinated an EU- trino sources and the analysis of the diffuse neutrino funded Design Study for KM3NeT (2006-09, altogeth- flux. er 20 MEUR) and is member of the collaboration management. The Erlangen KM3NeT group, jointly led by U. Katz and G. Anton, contributes to optical

64 module assembly, photomultiplier studies, acoustic Neutrino physics with atmospheric neutrinos position calibration and software development. A further topic intensely pursued is the ORCA case Atmospheric neutrinos are produced in interactions study on using KM3NeT technology for performing of cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Measuring them in precision measurements of neutrino oscillation pa- the lower-energy domain (some GeV) allows for de- rameters, in particular the neutrino mass hierarchy. termining the parameters of neutrino oscillations and, due to matter effects in the neutrino propagation Acoustic detection studies through Earth, also the neutrino mass hierarchy. This is one of the most fundamental parameters of parti- An alternative approach to measuring ultra-high en- cle physics and its measurement is not in reach for ergy neutrinos is the detection of the acoustic pulse current experiments. In addition to instrumental caused by the energy deposition of the secondary aspects (ORCA and PINGU, see above), also the neu- particles in the water and its subsequent thermal trino physics as such and the sensitivity of possible expansion. future measurements with neutrino telescopes are To investigate the feasibility of this approach, the investigated in detail. Erlangen group has designed and constructed an acoustic sensor system (AMADEUS) that is operated Gamma-ray astronomy with H.E.S.S. and CTA in the ANTARES framework. Currently, the main activities are operation and calibration of the system and Gamma-ray astronomy, i.e. the detection of high- th analysis of the resulting data. For the first time, a energy gamma rays with ground-based Cherenkov reliable estimate of the rate of "neutrino-like" acous- telescopes, is pursued at the chair of U. Katz in the tic signals in ´the deep sea is becoming possible. group of Christopher van Eldik. Strong contributions have been made to the study of the Galactic Centre Optical modules for PINGU and to the absolute pointing calibration of H.E.S.S. U. Katz was member of the CTA Requirements Review PINGU stands for "Phased IceCube Next Generation Committee 2012. Upgrade", i.e. the plan to instrument very densely a subvolume of the IceCube neutrino telescope in the Funding (last 5 years) deep ice of the South Pole for neutrino physics stud ies. In U. Katz' group a new optical module for this Neutrino telescope ANTARES, 2002-2014, together future project is developed, based on the technology with G. Anton; developed for KM3NeT. BMBF; 2008-2014; together 1231.0 kEUR.

Feasibility study for acoustic detection, together with ______G. Anton; Selected publications BMBF; 2008-2014; together xxx.x kEUR. KM3NeT Design Study, together with G. Anton ZEUS Collaboration, J. Breitweg, ..., U. Katz, ..., EU (FP6); 2006-2009; 1039.7 kEUR. Comparison of ZEUS data with standard model predictions for e+p -> e+X scattering at high x and Q², KM3NeT Preparatory Phase, together with G. Anton Z. Phys. C74 (1997) 207. EU (FP7); 2008-2012; 554.0 kEUR. Development of an optical module for IceCube exten- U. Katz, KM3NeT Collaboration: sions (PINGU) Towards a km3 Mediterranean neutrino telescope, BMBF; 2011-2014; 108.0 kEUR. Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 567 (2006) 457. KM3NeT Collaboration, P. Bagley, ..., U. Katz, ..., KM3NeT Technical Design Report, ISBN 978-90-6488-033-9 (2010). Available from: www.km3net.org.

ANTARES Collaboration, J.A. Aguilar, ..., U. Katz, ..., AMADEUS - The acoustic neutrino detection test system of the ANTARES deep-sea neutrino telescope, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 626 (2011) 128.

U. Katz and Ch. Spiering, High-Energy Neutrino Astro- physics: Status and Perspectives, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 67 (2012) 651. ______

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Vojislav Krstić Professional Career

(b. 1972) Since Oct. 2013 Professor at the FAU W2, Chair for Applied Physics 2007-2013 Assistant professor at the Trinity College Dublin The experimental research of 2005-2007 CNRS researcher, National Laboratory for Vojislav Krstić roots in the physics Pulsed Magnetic Fields, Toulouse of low-dimensional, nanostruc- 2002-2005 Postdoctoral fellow, Grenoble High Mag- tured, and molecular solid-state netic Field Laboratory systems and associated phenomena in transport and 1998-2002 PhD student, Max-Planck-Institute for optics induced by external fields and structural- and Solid-State Research, Stuttgart device-topology. This comprises the impact of the ______symmetry-breaking action of fields and topology and Researcher ID: I-8101-2013 their interplay. He studied Physics at the Ruprecht- Website: www.lap.physik.uni-erlangen.de Karls-University Heidelberg and carried-out his PhD Supervised PhD theses: 3 (+3 in progress) work at the Max-Planck-Institute for Solid-State- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 4 Research in Stuttgart supervised by Prof. Siegmar ______Roth in the department of Prof. Klaus von Klitzing. His topic was (magneto) transport in individual single- walled carbon nanotubes addressing charge-injection fields, e.g. the Quantum Hall effect or the Giant Mag- from metals and the magnetochiral anisotropy. From netoresistance. Breaking the inherent or superimpos- 2002 he worked as postdoctoral fellow at the Greno- ing an additional symmetry in such systems by, e.g. ble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, and from 2005 on targeted lithographic, doping, or chemical means, as CNRS researcher at the National Pulsed Magnetic creates new superstructures with distinctly different Field Laboratory Toulouse on magnetotransport and - properties. These new properties range from long- optics of doped carbon nanotubes and graphene. He range magnetic coupling affecting spinpolarised accepted 2007 a permanent position as Assistant charge-transport to coupling of electronic and mag- Professor at the School of Physics, Trinity College netic degrees of freedom which induce resistance Dublin, and became Principal Investigator at the Cen- asymmetries in the corresponding devices tuneable tre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and by electric and magnetic fields. Main focus is current- Nanodevices. End 2007 he received the Stokes Award ly on materials with relativistic bandstructure and/or from the Science Foundation Ireland for his scientific strong spin-orbit coupling. We could demonstrate merits. He continued to address new emerging mate- that appropriate superstructuring enables for the first rials such as 1D semiconductors and topologically time the tailoring of internal electrical current paths chiral nano-sized metals incl. ferromagnets and su- at room tempera- perconductors. He was national head of the Nanoe- ture in relativistic lectronics Strand of the government’s Integrated systems (submit- Nanoscience Platform for Ireland (INSPIRE) to coordi- ted). The lack of this nate the strategic development of nanoscience and possibility was to- technology in Ireland. His multi-disciplinary activities date regarded as a lead to substantial collaborations with multinational major obstacle for industry. 2013 he accepted a W2 professorship in the exploiting such FAU Department of Physics in applied physics and materials in elec- joined in October 2013. Vojislav Krstić is recognized tronic applications. by more than 40 publications, h-index of 18 and funding from the EU and different national sources (within Transport & optical effects in topologically chiral EU, USA), and more than 35 invitations to talks and nanosystems seminars. Chiral systems exist in two forms being each other’s Research in the Krstić group mirror image, e.g. hands or DNA, that is, break space- reversal (parity) symmetry. If in addition time-reversal Fields- and topology-induced phenomena in symmetry is broken by e.g. a magnetic field, then the nano- and molecular-solid-state electronics system’s properties depend bi-linearly on the associated particle’s momentum and magnetic-field vectors Magnetoelectric transport asymmetries & mag- - the so-called magnetochiral anisotropy. We pio- netic coupling in 1D & 2D Systems neered in this field by measuring the anisotropy in the electrical transport in single-walled carbon nanotubes Low-dimensionally electronic systems are an intri- (fig. left), and in the dichroism and transmission of guing source of rich physics induced by magnetic ferromagnetic molecular crystal (insulating) elucidat-

66 ing the ferromagnetic self-field influence (fig. right). tivity. Similarly, the surrounding material (incl. sub- Similarly, anisotropies are generated by external elec- strate) of a conduction channel impacts through in- tric fields when directed appropriately w.r.t. the sys- terface-doping etc. Towards this end we study the tem’s axes. For superconductors and electrically con- electrical contact-interface properties of quasi-1D ducting ferromagnets the anisotropy has hardly been semiconductor nanowires (Ge, Si, InAs), incl. impact studied as in nature no such strongly correlated sys- of contact-geometry on material-interface resistivity, tems/solids exist with chiral lattice-structure. We transfer length, and current-crowding. We achieved pioneered in producing and studying instead topolog- first time demonstration of Fermi-level pinning allevi- ically chiral, nanosized ferromagnets and supercon- ation due to contact-topology in 1D semiconductors ductors (submitted). That is, nanoscale shaping of (see fig.). Regarding 2D systems we study electrical ferromagnetic and superconducting solids into a chi- transport and interface- and contact-properties in 2D ral form (helices; fig. left) by fitted technology, study- layered materials, specifically graphene, incl. sub- ing their transport and optical properties. Added- strate functionalisation and impact of electrode lay- value spin-offs out and arrangement. are exploita- tions as field- tuneable polarizers, nanoan- tennae and for energy harvesting. 100 nm Ni Electrical contact-interfaces, doping & device- topology in 1D & 2D systems

With ongoing miniaturisation of electrically driven devices, the contact-resistivity becomes increasingly important for the device performance. In particular, Selected collaborations both, the materials interfacing at a contact and the actual contact-topology (e.g., side- or end-contacted) We work closely with the theoreticians C. Ewels (IMN, play an equally important role for the contact- resis Nantes) and M. Ferreira (TCD), J. Donegan’s optics group (TCD), J. Holmes’ synthetic chemistry group (UCC Cork), G. Rikken (LNCMI Grenoble/Toulouse) for ______high-magnetic field experiments, and are currently at

Selected Publications the FAU establishing collaborations with the SFB 953 and the Cluster of Excellence Engineering of Ad- Contact resistivity and suppression of Fermi level vanced Materials. pinning in side-contacted germanium nanowires, Appl. Phys. Lett., accepted, (2013). Teaching and outreach

Suppression of short-range scattering via hydrophobic substrates and the fractional quantum Hall effect in The education of students is one of the most im- graphene, PSS - Rapid Res. Lett. (2012). portant duties to maintain and boost science and research and scientific excellence at the university. I Diameter Controlled Solid-Phase Seeding of Germani- have actively worked on the implementation of a new um Nanowires: Structural Characterization and Elec- nanoscience curriculum at Irish universities. For rising trical Transport Properties, Chem. Mater. (2011). interest and awareness of the importance of science and research to the general public, I have participated Graphene-metal interface: two-terminal resistance of in a computer-game (Nanoquest2) realisation ad- low-mobility graphene in high magnetic fields, Nano dressing teenagers, and in videos promoting Lett. (2008). (nano)science (cf. YouTube).

Funding Strong magneto-chiral dichroism in enantiopure chiral ferromagnets, Nature Mat. (2008). ~300.000 € p.a. Magneto-chiral anisotropy in charge transport (EU, USA; SFI, ESF, FP7, Marie Curie, multinational through single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Chem. industry, NSF) Phys. (2002).

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Gerd Leuchs Professional Career (b. 1950) 2012-now Professor Adjunct, University of Ottawa W3, Head of the Institute 2009-now Director of the Max Planck Institute for the for Optics, Information and Science of Light, Erlangen Photonics 2003-2008 Director of the Max Planck Research Director of the Max Planck Group for Optics, Information and Photonics, Erlan- Institute for the Science of gen Light 1994-now W3 professor at FAU, Erlangen 1990-1994 Technical Director of Nanomach AG, Gerd Leuchs has led groups in research and develop- Buchs, Switzerland ment since 1985, including a period from 1990 to 1986-1994 Faculty member (PD), Universität Mün- 1994 in industry in Switzerland. After joining the fac- chen ulty at Erlangen he convinced the Max-Planck Society 1985-1989 Groupleader (C3) at Max-Planck-Institut to fund a research centre for five years, as the precur- für Quantenoptik, Garching sor for a full-fledged Max-Planck Institute. The new 1983-1985 Heisenberg-Fellow of the Deutsche For- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light opened schungsgemeinschaft at JILA and NIST, Boulder, Colo- in 2009. Gerd Leuchs has also served the scientific rado community in numerous ways both nationally and 1980-1981 Feodor-Lynen-Fellow of the Alexander- internationally, and has been a member of OSA's von-Humboldt Foundation nomination and strategic planning committees as well 1979-1980 Visiting Fellow at JILA, University of Colo- as chairing the Quantum Optics Division of the Ger- rado man Physical Society (DPG). He was elected to the 1978-1983 Research Associate, Universität München German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1975-1978 Ph.D. Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians- 2005. In the same year he received the Quantum Universität München Electronics and Optics Award of the European Physi- 1970-1975 Study of Physics and Mathematics, Univer- cal Society. During his scientific career he has contrib- sität Köln ______uted substantially to a wide range of topics from quantum to classical optics, including studies of non- Researcher ID: G-6178-2012 classical light and quantum communication, focusing Website: www.mpl.mpg.de/en/leuchs.html and nano-photonics, laser spectroscopy, gravitational Supervised PhD theses: 32 (+ 24 in progress) wave detection and optical communication and test- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 79 ______ing. Gerd Leuchs published close to 300 publications in peer reviewed scientific journals and numerous invited papers and he is editor of 3 books. Gerd super and sub wavelength antenna structures. The

Leuchs won numerous research grants from the Ger- extreme case for the latter is a single atom, which will man National Science Foundation (DFG), the Federal be treated in detail. This coupling between light and a German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), single atom is probably the most fundamental pro- the European Commission, the Bavarian Ministry for cess in quantum optics. The best strategy for effi- Science, Research and Arts, as well as the Max Planck ciently coupling light to a single atom in free space Society. He supervised 5 habilitations (6 are in pro- depends on the goal. If the goal is to maximally at- gress). tenuate a laser beam, narrow band on resonance laser radiation is required as well as a wave front approaching the atom from a 2 solid angle. If, on the Research in the Leuchs group other hand, the goal is to fully absorb the light bring- ing the atom to the excited state with its Bloch vector The research spans a wider range of fundamental pointing fully upwards one will have to provide a research from classical to quantum optics, including single photon, designed to represent the time re- studies of non-classical light and quantum communi- versed wave packet which the atom would emit in a cation, focusing and nanophotonics, laser spectrosco- spontaneous emission process. Among other condi- py, gravitational wave detection and optical commu- tions this requires the single photon wave packet nication and testing. impinging from a full 4 solid angle and having the correct temporal shape. Any deviation from the per- Efficient atom light coupling in free space fect shape will reduce the efficiency. If the interaction is strong enough it will allow for building a few pho- Time reversal symmetry provides a general recipe for ton quantum gate without a cavity with possible ap- achieving optimum coupling of light to resonant opti- plications in quantum information processing, such as cal material systems, such as Fabry Perot resonators, a quantum repeater.

Unpolarized light in pure quantum states four-mode optical parametric amplifier and study their polarization properties. Two-photon Bell states are among the basic tools of quantum optics and quantum information. Currently, Squeezing Light in a Whispering Gallery Mode there is a growing interest in their macroscopic ana- Resonator logues in connection with macroscopic entanglement. In particular, conditions for non-separability (entan- Whispering gal- glement) can be formulated in terms of polarization lery mode reso- (Stokes) observables. In this work, we produce four nators (WGMRs) macroscopic Bell states in a high-gain travelling-wave are attractive devices, as they are robust, the ______quality factors are Selected publications huge, and coupling to the WGMR is variable. Several nonlinear pro- J. Gea-Banacloche, G. Leuchs, "Squeezed States for cesses have already been investigated. However, Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors", J. nonlinearities in WGMRs could not be exploited for Mod. Opt. 34, 793 (1987) the generation of non-classical light so far. In our S. Quabis, R. Dorn, M. Eberler, O. Glöckl, G. Leuchs, approach we investigate the process of parametric "Focusing light to a tighter spot", Optics Commun. oscillation in a crystalline lithium niobate WGMR. Far 179, 1 (2000) above the pump power threshold, not only twin- beam quantum correlations, but also amplitude Ch. Silberhorn, P.K. Lam, O. Weiß, F. König, N. Korol- squeezing of a single parametric beam is predicted. kova, G. Leuchs, "Generation of Continuous Variable Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Entanglement via Kerr Non- Selected collaborations linearity in an Optical Fibre", Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4267 (2001) Ulrik L. Andersen, Lyngby, on quantum communication with coherent states N. Korolkova, G. Leuchs, R. Loudon, T.C. Ralph, Ch. Robert W. Boyd, Ottawa, on higher order transverse Silberhorn, "Polarization Squeezing and Continuous modes and entanglement Variable Polarization Entanglement", Phys. Rev. A 65, Radim Filip, Olomouc, on quantum communication 052306 (2002) protocols R. Dorn, S. Quabis, G. Leuchs, "Sharper Focus for a Elisabeth Giacobino, Paris, on interfacing light to radially polarized light beam", Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, nano-crystal quantum dots 233901 (2003) Natalia V. Korolkova, St. Andrews, on quantum dis- cord A.G. Striegel, M. Meißner, K. Cvecek, K. Sponsel, G. Luis Sanchez-Soto, Madrid, on special topics in quan- Leuchs, B. Schmauß, "NOLM based RZ-DPSK signal tum optics regeneration", IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 17, 639 (2005) Christine Silberhorn, Paderborn, on single mode quantum light J.U. Fürst, D.V. Strekalov, D. Elser, M. Lassen, U.L. Dmitry Strekalov, Pasadena, on quantum optics in Andersen, C. Marquardt, G. Leuchs, “Naturally Phase- microresonators Matched Second-Harmonic Generation in a Whisper- David J. Wineland, Boulder, on an ion trap with wide ing-Gallery-Mode Resonator”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, open optical access 153901 (2010) Funding G. Leuchs, M. Sondermann, “Time-reversal symmetry in optics”, Physica Scripta 85, 058101 (2012) approx. 12 million Euro of individual grants including ERC Advanced Grant (DFG, BMBF, EU, Bw) M. Förtsch, J.U. Fürst, Ch. Wittmann, D. Strekalov, A. approx. 60 million Euro of structural funding (as the Aiello, M.V. Chekhova, C. Silberhorn, G. Leuchs, C. spokesperson of a DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm and Marquard, „A versatile source of single photons for an EU-Consortium, and as the initiator of a Max- quantum information processing“, Nature Comm. 4, Planck-Research Group) 1818 (2013)

P. Banzer, M. Neugebauer, A. Aiello, C. Marquardt, N. Lindlein, T. Bauer, G. Leuchs, „The photonic wheel - demonstration of a state of light with purely transverse angular momentum“, JEOS:RP 8, 13032 (2013) ______

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Eric Lutz Professional Career (b. 1972) 2013-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Institute for Theoreti- 2011-2013 Group leader at Freie Universität Berlin, PI cal Physics II in the Focus Area "Nanoscale" 2006-2011 Junior group leader (Emmy-Noether Fel- The research activities of Eric low) at the University of Augsburg, PI in the Cluster of Lutz focus on the theoretical Excellence "Nanosystems Initiative Munich" (NIM) investigation of nanosystems 2003-2005 Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of far from equilibrium. His work Ulm lies at the interface of statistical physics and quantum 2002-2003 Postdoctoral Fellow at Yale University, optics. After studies in Strasbourg (France), he got his USA PhD from the University of Heidelberg with a thesis 2000-2001 Postoctoral Fellow at the University of on quantum dissipation. He then spent postdoctoral Geneva, Switzerland years in Geneva, Yale University and Ulm. In 2006, he 1996-1999 PhD student at the University of Heidel- became the head of an Emmy-Noether group at the berg University of Augsburg, where he started to study ______quantum thermodynamics, in particular the role of Researcher ID: C-2713-2008 quantum effects in nano heat engines and nonequi- Website: http://www.thp2.nat.uni-erlangen.de librium processes. At the same time, he was a Junior Supervised PhD theses: 3 (+ 3 in progress) Principal Investigator in the Cluster of Excellence Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 14 "Nanosystems Initiative Munich" (NIM). He joined the ______physics department at the FAU in 2013. His work is well recognized internationally, with about 800 citations to more than 50 publications, an h-index of 14, single ion in a linear Paul trap coupled to engineered and more than 90 invited talks at research institutions laser reservoirs. Numerical Monte-Carlo simulations and internal conferences and workshops. He was a have demonstrated the feasibility of such an engine visiting professor at the University of Maryland and with current technology, its ability to run autono- the Technical University of Prague. For his research mously at maximum power, and its potential to work on quantum thermodynamics, he was awarded the in the quantum domain. Bernard Hess Prize of the University of Regensburg in 2010. Since 2013, he is a member of the Management Information and thermodynamics Committee of the European COST program "Thermo- dynamics in the Quantum Regime" and chairman of In 1961, Rolf Landauer argued that the erasure of one of its working groups. information is a dissipative process. A minimal quantity of heat is necessarily produced when a classical bit of information is deleted. Despite its fundamental importance for information theory and computer Research in the Lutz group science, the erasure principle had not been verified experimentally so far, the main obstacle being the Nanosystems far from equilibrium difficulty of doing single-particle experiments in the low-dissipation regime. In collaboration with the In our research, we employ tools of statistical physics group of Sergio Ciliberto at ENS Lyon, we have exper- and quantum optics to investigate the nonequilibrium imentally shown the existence of the Landauer bound properties of nanosystems operating far from equilib- in a generic model of a one-bit memory. Using a sys- rium, in particular, beyond the range of linear re- tem of a colloidal particle trapped in a modulated sponse theory, in close collaborations with experi- double-well potential, we have establishes that the mental groups. mean dissipated heat saturates at the Landauer bound as predicted. This result demonstrates the Single-ion nano heat engine intimate link between information theory and thermodynamics. Heat engines are devices that convert heat into useful mechanical work, hence motion. Quantum effects on Cold atoms in optical lattices heat engines have been the subject of intense theoretical studies for more than 50 years. However, no Cold atoms in dissipative optical lattices exhibit unu- quantum heat engine has been built so far. In collabo- sual transport behavior that cannot be described ration with the experimental group of Ferdinand within Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics. The Schmidt-Kaler at Mainz we have put forward a con- latter include anomalous diffusion, ergodicity break- crete scheme to built a nano heat engine using a ing and the failure of the Green-Kubo formalism.

Using a semiclassical approach, we have character- Sebastian Deffner at the University of Maryland ized the nonergodic properties of the system in terms (quantum speed limit), and Giovanna Morigi of the depth of the optical potential, ergodicity break- at Saarbrücken (bath-induced entanglement). ing being observable-dependent for shallow lattices. We have shown that the unusual features of the Teaching atomic cloud can be determined from a distribution of infinite measure in the regime where the Boltz- In my teaching, i) I encourage active learning by mann-Gibbs distribution fails and leads to divergent keeping students engaged in class and inviting them results. to participate in learning activities with the goal that they become independent learners, ii) I motivate Selected collaborations students by defining the overall goal of the course and giving them frequent feedback. iii) I moreover We have active collaborations with the experimental create an effective learning environment with well- groups of Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler at Mainz (ion-trap structured courses that highlights general concepts engine), Sergio Ciliberto at ENS-Lyon, France (optical and methods and pursue general problem-solving tweezer) and Ferruccio Renzoni at University College strategies that can be applied to wide-ranging situa- London (optical lattices). On the theory side, we fur- tions. ther collaborate with Eli Barkai and David Kessler at Bar-Ilan University (nonergodic dynamics), Igor Jex at Funding the Technical University of Prague (quantum walks), Selected funding of the past few years: DFG Emmy- Noether grant (2006-2011) 1M EUR (1 postdoc + 1 ______PhD), Cluster of Excellence (2006-2011), 250K EUR (1 Selected publications PhD), DFG (2011-2014) 200K (1 PhD), European STREP (2013-2016) 300K EUR (1 postdoc) Beyond Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics in optical lattices, Eric Lutz and Ferruccio Renzoni, Nature Phys. 9, 615 (2013)

Quantum speed limit for non-Markovian dynamics Sebastian Deffner and Eric Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 010402 (2013)

Experimental verification of Landauer's principle linking information and thermodynamics Antoine Berut, Artak Arakelyan, Artyom Petrosyan, Sergio Ciliberto, Raoul Dillenschneider, and Eric Lutz, Nature 183, 487 (2012)

Single ion heat engine with maximum efficiency at maximum power Obinna Abah, Johannes Rossnagel, Georg Jacob, Se- bastian Deffner, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler, Kilian Sing- er, and Eric Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 203006 (2012)

Anomalous spatial diffusion and multifractality in Nanoheat engine with a single trapped ion. a) Energy- optical lattices frequency diagram of quantum Otto engine, a generaliza- Andreas Dechant and Eric Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, tion of the usual four-stroke car engine. b) An illustration of 230601 (2012) the four strokes (heating-expansion-cooling-compression) for a single ion coupled to engineered laser reservoirs. c) Nonequilibrium entropy production for open quan- (Inset) Conical geometry of the Paul trap confining the tum systems single ion. Sebastian Deffner and Eric Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 140404 (2011)

Generalized Clausius inequality for nonequilibrium quantum processes Sebastian Deffner and Eric Lutz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 170402 (2010) ______71

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Andreas Magerl Professional Career (b. 1949) 1997-now C4-professor at FAU, Erlangen C4, Institute for Condensed 1981 Employment as a physicist at the Institute Max Matter Physics, Crystallog- von Laue – Paul Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France; raphy and Structural Phys- Appointment as „staff scientist“ at the ILL ics Appointment as group leader at the ILL Habilitation in experimental physics at the Ruhr Uni- versity of Bochum, Germany, with the subject „High- resolution inelastic neutron spectroscopy – new methods and applications”.

Appointment on guest professorship at the Ruhr Uni- Research in the Magerl group versity, Bochum 1980-1981 Visiting research associate professorship Nanoprecipitates in semiconductor materials at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Univer- observed in-situ by dynamical x-ray diffraction sity of Maryland, Maryland, USA 1979-1980 Scholarship by the German Science Foun-

Hardly known, but of paramount technological im- dation (DFG) for 9 months, followed by a guest researcher appointment at the National Institute of portance is a high concentration of oxygen in semiconductor Si, typically 1*1018 atoms per cm3. It is Standards and Technology (NIST), Maryland, USA 1974-1979 PhD in physics at the Technical University manipulated to form nanoprecipiates in the bulk of Si- of Munich with the subject „Phonons in metal- wafers. In this way distortion fields are created which hydrogen systems“ permanently trap unwanted impurities far away from ______the active regions of a chip. No computer today Researcher ID: E-1797-2013 would work without this internal ‘vacuum cleaner’ Website: lks.physik.uni-erlangen.de/magerl/shtml effect. While atomic oxygen and precipitates above Supervised PhD theses: 20 nm in diameter are accessible by light scattering, Diploma, BSc., MSc.: they are practically invisible in the intermediate juve- ______nile size. We have developed several extremely sensitive techniques based on dynamic X-ray diffraction to make the entire process from the birth over the juve- resolution. The GaAs 200 reflection has a significantly nile stage into an adult precipitate of µm-size observ- smaller structure factor and as a consequence its able. And this can even be done in-situ! The key is the Darwin width is 10 times smaller than in case of Si observation of the destruction of macroscopic quan- 111. For the first time we will employ GaAs 200 to tum states in the strain fields of precipitates. At pre- improve the energy resolution of IN16B at the ILL by sent we broaden the field of application to study one order of magnitude. In addition, a time-of-flight defect inventories in high-quality oxide crystals need- option will enlarge the energy transfer range also by a ed e. g. for high power laser applications. factor of 10. This project is embedded in a world-wide partnership of neutron scattering centers.

10 m2 analyser array of Si crystals on IN16 at the ILL, Greno-

Schematics of a setup to measure thickness dependent ble, France Pendellösung oscillation from a wedge shaped sample.

A neutron backscattering spectrometer with Structure and growth of self-assembled mono- ultrahigh energy resolution layers

Neutron backscattering spectrometers worldwide use Surface properties may be tailored through coatings, perfect Si 111 crystals mounted on large spherically and self-assembled monolayers play an important shaped surfaces (~10 m2) to achieve highest energy role in this field. We use surface-sensitive diffraction

techniques (reflectivity, GI-XRD, GISAXS, etc.) to elu-

72 cidate the surface structures and correlations with Ultrafast SAXS- and WAXS-studies on nucleation the substrate down to a subatomic level. In-situ ex- and growth of II-VI quantum dots periments unravel the growth dynamics and the growth mode. While we had focused in the past on II-VI quantum dots are known to have a polymers and micellar structures, our present empha- high density of stacking faults. It can be sis is on silanes and porphyrines on both amorphous argued whether these are structural and crystalline substrates. The ultimate aim is to gain defects or if they represent an intrinsic knowledge about the hierarchy of interactions be- property of small crystallites. In other tween the SAMs and the substrates. words, there is a fundamental issue asking how big a crystal has to be to adopt his adult structure. We have pioneered a novel technique based on a fast flowing free jet to follow nucleation and growth of quantum dot in solution from 10 µs onwards (world record by 2 orders of magnitude) with SAXS (morphological shape) and WAXS (crystal structure). These experiments will be Schematic layout of the lithographically patterned completed in the near future by TXS (defects). Here a SAMFET device (from Thomas Schmaltzl et al. Adv. vclose collaboration with R. Neder is needed (pro- Mater. 2013, 25, 4511–4514) gram DISCUS).

Of particular interest to us is the structure and dy- Selected collaborations namics of liquids close to boundary layer and the influence of shear (flowing liquid). We want to high- Numerous collaborations with scientists from many light that we have pioneered a new method by com- major neutron and synchrotron radiation facilities bining neutron spin echo with grazing incidence con- worldwide. dition. This allows in a unique way to access the gradient of local dynamics with a depth resolution of 10 Funding Å. Presently active:

______DFG SPP 1415: Kristalline Nichtgleichgewichts-phasen Selected publications - Präparation, Charakterisierung und in situ- Untersuchung der Bildungsmechanismen; 220 k€ The measurement of tunnel states in solid CH3NO2 DFG FOR 1878: Functional Molecular Structures on and CD3NO2, B. Alefeld, I.S. Anderson, A. Heidemann, Complex Oxide Surfaces; 200 k€ A. Magerl, and S.F. Trevino, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 2758 (1982) DFG GRK 1896: In-situ Mikroskopie mit Elektronen, Röntgenstrahlen und Rastersonden; 140 k€ Concentration dependence and temperature de- BMBF: In-situ Synchrotron Studies on the Formation pendence of hydrogen tunneling in Nb(OH)x, A. of Nanomaterials; 690 k€ Magerl, A.J. Dianoux, H. Wipf, K. Neumaier and I.S.

Anderson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 159 (1986) BMBF Verbundforschung: Erhöhung der Energieauflö- Flow dynamics of sheared liquids explored by inelastic sung und Erweiterung des dynamischen Bereiches in neutron scattering, A. Magerl, H. Zabel, B. Frick and P. der Neutronenrückstreuspektroskopie; 1.8 M€ Lindner, Applied Physics Letters 74, 3474 (1999)

Storage of X-ray photons in a crystal resonator, K.D. Liss, R. Hock, M. Gomm, B. Waibel, A.Magerl, M. Krisch and R. Tucoulou, Nature, 404, 371 (2000)

Micellar crystallization with a hysteresis in temperature, M. Walz, M. Wolff, N. Voss, H.Zabel, A. Magerl, Langmuir 26 (18),14391-14394 (2010)

Non-periodicity in nanoparticles with close-packed structures, A. A. Rempel and A. Magerl, Acta Cryst A66, 479-483 (2010) ______

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Professional Career Sabine Maier (b. 1979) 2010-now W1-Juniorprofessor at FAU, Erlangen W1 (tenure track), Insti- 2007-2010 Postdoctoral fellow at Lawrence Berkeley tute for Condensed Mat- National Laboratory, USA (group of Miquel Salmeron) ter Physics 2003-2007 PhD student at the University of Basel, Switzerland (group of Ernst Meyer) The research interests of 2004-2005 Visiting Scientist at McGill University, Can- Sabine Maier center around ada (group of Roland Bennewitz) scanning probe microscopy ______experiments of molecules and functional nanomaterials on surfaces. After her studies at the University of Researcher ID: B-5917-2008 Basel, Switzerland, she continued in Basel working as Website: www.pi3.physik.uni-erlangen.de/maier/ a graduate student in the group of E. Meyer and re- Supervised PhD theses: 2 in progress ceived her PhD in 2007. Her thesis was on atomic Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 5 ______scale friction and self-assemblies of molecules on insulators using atomic force microscopy. During her PhD she spent one year at the McGill University, Can- rins and phthalocyanines, which form well ordered ada, in the group of Prof. R. Bennewitz. As a postdoc- self-assemblies on bulk surfaces and investigated toral fellow she joint the group of Prof. M. Salmeron their structure with non-contact AFM. In our studies, at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. bulk alkali halides served as model surfaces. In future

There she studied the adsorption and reaction of we will address the organic molecule oxide interface small molecules on metal substrate using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. 2010 she moved to Erlangen as a Juniorprofessor at the De- partment of Physics and the Cluster of Excellence “Engineering of Advanced Materials”. Her work includes 23 publications with more than 465 citations. 2012 she became a Young Scholar of the Bavarian Academy of Science.

Research in the Maier group NC-AFM images of self-assembled porphyrin molecules on KBr(001) in form of wires: a) Overview image and b) re- Our research activities center around the atomic-level solved molecular structure. Adapted from S. Maier et al. understanding of fundamental physical and chemical Small 4, 8, 1115-1118 (2008) processes of single molecules, molecular self- assemblies and nanomaterials on surfaces using scanning probe microscopy, including scanning tun- Functional Carbon Allotropes neling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We examine apart from the atomic-scale Graphene, the youngest carbon allotrope, has structure the mechanical and electrical properties of emerged as a promising new nanomaterial for a varie- nanomaterials with a particular functionality. ty of exciting applications because it possesses several useful properties, such as the high mobility of the Molecular self-assemblies on insulators charge carriers and high crystal quality. Recently, it has been shown successfully that organic molecules Molecular self-assembly is a versatile tool for creating adsorbed on surfaces are ideal precursors for forming functional structures on surfaces. The growth of or- new carbon allotropes, e.g. carbon nanoribbons, in a dered molecular structure on insulators is in particu- bottom-up approach, Our goal is to study the for- lar important for the understanding and development mation of supramolecular structures on surfaces of efficient light harvesting and molecular electronic using organic molecules as precursor which form devices. While metal surfaces usually exhibit strong functional carbon allotropes on surfaces by surface enough surface-molecule interactions that favor mo- stimulated reactions. Their local atomic and electron- lecular self-assembly, controlled growth procedures ic structure is determined by scanning probe meth- of molecules on insulators are often hindered by the ods. weak, unspecific interaction with the substrate, which leads to diffusion and disordered aggregates. We have identified several molecules, including porphy-

Wetting phenomena at the nano-scale Funding

Much effort has been devoted to decipher the nature Sabine Maier is PI in the Collaborative research center of the first layers of water on surfaces as it plays an SFB 953 “Synthetic Carbon Allotropes”, Research unit important role in electrochemistry, corrosion, or FOR 1878 “Functional Molecular Structures on Com- heterogeneous catalysis. In addition, the understand- plex Oxide Surfaces” and Research Training Group ing of the water dissociation mechanism on surface is GRK 1896 “In-Situ Microscopy with Electrons, X-rays a crucial step in the development of efficient cata- and Scanning probes”; Rising Star Program Cluster of lysts for splitting of water for hydrogen production, a Excellence “Engineering of Advanced Materials” major goal of renewable energy research. We contributed to that by identifying the structure of water Selected collaborations on metal and graphene surface at the molecular level by low temperature STM. We have several international collaborations, e.g. with Prof. M. Salmeron, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA as well as collaborations with groups at the FAU, i.e. Prof. R.R. Tykwinski and Dr. M. Kivala from the Department of Chemistry of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg.

High-resolution STM image of one-molecule-thick water clusters on Ru(0001) composed of 0° and 30° rotated hexagons bridged by heptagons and pentagons. Adapted from S. Maier et al. Phys. Rev B. 85, 155434 (2012)

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Selected publications

Fluctuations and jump dynamics in atomic friction S. Maier, Yi Sang, T. Filleter, M. Grant, R. Bennewitz, E. Gnecco, E. Meyer Phys. Rev. B 72, 245418 (2005)

Atomic-Scale Control of Friction by Actuation of Na- nometer-Sized Contacts A. Socoliuc, E. Gnecco, S. Maier, O. Pfeiffer, A. Bara- toff, R. Bennewitz, E. Meyer SCIENCE 313, 207 (2006)

Nano-Engineering of Molecular Porphyrin Wires on Insulating Surfaces S. Maier, L.-A. Fendt, L. Zimmerli, T. Glatzel, O. Pfeif- fer, F. Diederich, E. Meyer SMALL Vol. 4 Issue 8, 1115-1118 (2008)

Adsorbed water-molecule hexagons with unexpected rotations in islands on Ru(0001) and Pd(111) S. Maier, I. Stass, T. Mitsui,P.J. Feibelman, K. Thür- mer,and M. Salmeron Phys. Rev. B 85, 155434 (2012)

Water Splits Epitaxial Graphene and Intercalates X. Feng, S. Maier, M. Salmeron J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (12), 5662–5668, (2012) ______

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Florian Marquardt Professional Career (b. 1974) 2010-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen W3, Institute for Theoretical 2005-2010 Junior research group leader (junior pro- Physics II fessor and Emmy-Noether fellow) at Ludwig- Maximilians Universität München (LMU), PI in two The theoretical work of Florian SFBs and junior PI in the NIM cluster of excellence Marquardt deals with quantum 2003-2005 Postdoctoral fellow at Yale University, USA dynamics, applied to systems at (group of Steve Girvin) the interface of nanophysics 2002-2003 Postdoctoral fellow in the Swiss National and quantum optics. After studies at Bayreuth, he Center for Competence in Research in Nanoscale received his PhD in 2002 at the University of Basel, Science (NCCR), Basel Switzerland, in the group of C. Bruder, where he had 1999-2002 PhD student at the University of Basel, analyzed decoherence at low temperatures. He then Switzerland (group of Christoph Bruder) joined the group of S. Girvin at Yale University, USA, ______as a postdoctoral fellow. There, he started to study Researcher ID: C-2533-2008 the coupling of light and mechanical motion, a topic Website: www.thp2.nat.uni-erlangen.de that has developed since then into the area of “cavity Supervised PhD theses: 5 (+ 5 in progress) optomechanics”. Returning to Germany in 2005, he Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 7 became a junior professor and Emmy-Noether group ______leader at the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Mu- nich. In 2009 he decided to accept an offer to head a chair of theoretical physics at the FAU, where he has mechanics and for possible applications. We have the been since 2010. His work is well recognized interna- quantum transport of electrons, where many-body tionally, with about 2000 citations to more than 50 effects and the Pauli principle change the usual story publications, an h-index of 24, and more than 50 of a single particle coupled to some bath. To this end, invited talks at international conferences and work- we exploit techniques from many-body theory like shops so far. For his research on the theory of opto- path-integrals, diagrammatic perturbation theory and mechanics, he was awarded the 2009 Walter- exactly solvable models such as Luttinger liquids.

Schottky prize of the German Physical Society (DPG). Quantum Electrodynamics in Superconducting In 2011 he received an ERC Starting Grant for a project on future optomechanical circuits. Since 2012, Circuits Florian Marquardt is on the Editorial Board of the open-access New Journal of Physics. Systems of superconducting qubits coupling to on- chip microwave resonators have seen enormous progress in the past 10 years, with coherence times increasing by at least four orders of magnitude. They Research in the Marquardt group are now seen as one of the main candidates for quantum computers and simulators. In the past years, we Theoretical Quantum Dynamics at the Interface have e.g. proposed an on-chip detector of single mi- of Nanophysics and Quantum Optics crowave photons or the measurement-based generation of entanglement. At present, multi-qubit circuits In our research, we apply tools from condensed mat- are becoming possible. Here we have been the first to ter theory and from quantum optics to a range of propose a design for a two-dimensional “cavity grid”, questions involving quantum dynamics out of equilib- coupling many qubits and resonators. Recently, we rium. In our approach, we often try to identify the started exploring how multi-qubit systems could be salient features of experimentally relevant situations exploited for quantum simulations of interesting and condense them into minimalist models which can many-body models, e.g. with regard to possible phase then be attacked with all the state-of-the-art theoret- transitions of matter-radiation systems, or for imple- ical tools. menting interacting quantum field theories.

Decoherence Many-Body Dynamics in Non-Equilibrium

The wave-particle duality is at the heart of quantum Systems of ultracold atoms have become a unique physics. Matter waves show interference patterns. tool to study many-body physics, since they are well However, local interactions destroy interference ef- isolated and parameters can be tuned quickly on the fects, giving rise to classical-like particle dynamics. time-scales of motion. Recently, we have started This is known as decoherence and it has important studying the possibilities afforded by the novel site- implications both for the foundations of quantum resolved detection of individual atoms. In this con-

76 text, we have predicted a many-body Zeno effect occuring for interacting atoms in an optical lattice being observed repeatedly and a protocol for measuring spatial current patterns and correlations. In another development, we have proposed how to use tunnel-coupled clouds of cold atoms to generate a quantum simulator for testing structure formation in interacting quantum field theories, including the effects of cosmological expansion, which is relevant for A photonic crystal with optical and vibrational modes the early universe. localized at a defect lattice forms an “optomechanical array”. When driven by a laser, it can give rise to a Cavity Optomechanics: Interaction between Na- nonequilibrium transition from unsynchronized mechani- nomechanics and Light cal oscillations affected by quantum noise (top: mechanical phase space density of a single oscillator, with random- The past years have seen an explosion of interest in ized oscillation phase) to globally synchronized oscillations (bottom). [with Max Ludwig, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013] the interaction of light with nanomechanical motion. Typical systems contain a laser-driven optical cavity, couple to each other, forming optomechanical arrays being coupled via radiation forces to mechanical mo- and circuits. There, we are studying the many-body tion (like that of a moveable mirror). The goals of this dynamics of photons and phonons interacting with field range from foundational questions to applica- each other, possibilities for mechanical quantum tions in quantum information processing and in the state processing, classical synchronization physics, ultrasensitive detection of mass, force, position and and questions related to enhancing the coupling acceleration. We have contributed to the initial de- strengths. velopments of this field by predicting the nonlinear dynamics and the formation of hybrid photon-phonon Selected Collaborations states in the strong coupling regime, as well as by pointing out the requirements for ground-state laser We collaborate with experimental groups worldwide cooling. More recently, we have gone beyond the on possible implementations. Recent examples in- canonical optomechanical system and studied sys- clude the groups of I. Siddiqi at Berkeley (qubits), J. tems where many optical and mechanical modes Harris at Yale (optomechanics), O. Painter (Caltech, now Erlangen; optomechanical crystals), and J. Schmiedmayer (Vienna; cold atoms). Long-standing ______theory collaborators include A. Clerk (McGill), S. Selected Publications Girvin (Yale), and Jan v. Delft (LMU Munich). We often send PhD students for half a year to work with our Superposition of two mesoscopically distinct quantum collaborators (e.g. at Boston Univ., Caltech, Berkeley, states: Coupling a Cooper-pair box to a large super- McGill). In Erlangen, we have started collaborations conducting island, F. Marquardt and C. Bruder, Phys. with groups at the MPL, in the quantum information Rev. B 63, 054514 (2001) processing division and with the newly arrived group of Oskar Painter. Quantum Theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion, F. Marquardt, J. P. Chen, A. A. Teaching and Outreach Clerk, and S. M. Girvin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 093902

(2007) I am fond of generating enthusiasm for physics Strong dispersive coupling of a high finesse cavity to a among the general public. In this context I am organ- micromechanical membrane, J. D. Thompson, B. M. izing the lecture series “Modern Physics on Saturday Zwickl, A. M. Jayich, F. Marquardt, S. M. Girvin, and J. Mornings” at FAU. For my special lectures I am taking G. E. Harris, Nature 452, 72 (2008) recordings on video, which are then accessible freely on the university server and on iTunes University. Universal Dephasing in a Chiral 1D Interacting Fermi- on System, C. Neuenhahn and F. Marquardt, Phys. Funding Rev. Lett. 102, 046806 (2009) Selected funding of the past few years: Collective dynamics in optomechanical arrays, DFG Emmy-Noether grant (2007-2013, 2 PhDs, 1 G. Heinrich, M. Ludwig, J. Qian, B. Kubala, F. Mar- postdoc); European Research Council Starting Grant quardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 043603 (2011) (2011-2016, 1.5 Mio EUR); European Marie-Curie ITN network cQOM on cavity optomechanics (2012-2016, Cavity Optomechanics (review), M. Aspelmeyer, T. J. 2 PhDs, 1 postdoc for 1 year); DARPA (USA) ORCHID Kippenberg, and F. Marquardt, arxiv: 1303.0733 program on optomechanics (2010-2014, $450,000) ______77

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Klaus Mecke Professional Career (b. 1964) 2004-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen W3, Institute for Theoretical 2001-2004 Project leader at MPI for Metal Research Physics I (Stuttgart) 1995-2001 Research Assistant at University of Wup- The research of Klaus Mecke is pertal; 1998/99 Professor at LMU (Munich) in the field of theoretical con- 1994-1995 Postdoctoral Fellow at UTexas (Austin) and densed matter physics, statisti- at Northeastern University (Boston) cal physics of fluid interfaces 1990-1993 Teaching Assistant at LMU (Munich) and geometry in physics. He studied philosophy and ______physics at TH Darmstadt and LMU Munich (diploma Researcher ID: C-5562-2013 1989) and was 1984-1989 fellow of the Studienstif- Website: http://theorie1.physik.fau.de tung des Deutschen Volkes. In 1993 he received his Supervised PhD theses: 10 (+ 6 in progress) PhD supervised by H. Wagner at the LMU with a work Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 26 on applications of integral geometry in physics. He ______then joined the group of H. Swinney (UT, Austin) and J. Krim (Boston) as a postdoctoral fellow, where he studied pattern formation and wetting phenomena. fluid flow in porous media, as well as wetting, adhe- In the group of S. Dietrich (Wuppertal, Stuttgart) since sion and wet granular materials. Our main achieve 1995 he used density functional theory to predict ment was 2004 the morphometric theory for con- interfacial phenomena on molecular scales. For his fined fluids [4], which is based on Hadwiger's theo- development of integral geometry in physics he re- rem for additive functionals and determines the ceived the Science Prize of Nordrhein-Westfalen shape dependence (Bennigsen Foerder-Award) in 1998 and for his work of thermodynamic on spinodal decomposition the Aurel-Vlaicu-Award of quantities in terms the Romanian Academy of Science in 2001. From of only four geomet- 2005-2009 he was Chair of the Chemical Physics and ric measures. Since Polymer Section of the German Physical Society (DPG) 2009 we developed and editor of the Journal of Statistical Mechanics. In a density functional 2011, he declined an offer for a W3-professorship at theory for hard par- the University of Tübingen. In numbers: ticles of arbitrary Publications: > 100, citations: > 3000 shape [5] and were Invited Talks: >50 able to predict the phase behavior of liquid crystals and their physical properties quantitatively.

Research in the Mecke group Material Science and Biophysics

The main aim is to develop new mathematical meth- The research group developed novel mathematical ods to study physical phenomena, especially geomet- tools to characterize the shape of spatially structured ric techniques for spatially structured systems. Due to materials [6] and to derive shape-property relations the universality of the mathematical concepts and the based on integral geometry [3]. We are also involved applied tools such as computer simulations, the stud- in the quantitative measurement of material struc- ied systems range from complex fluids to galaxy dis- tures by X-ray scattering, AFM and tomography, tributions, from foamed materials to spin foam mod- where image analysis tools are developed. We use els. numerical algorithms to calculate effective properties of heterogeneous media such as bones, woods and Statistical Physics of Fluids foams, trying to find principles for biological inspired designs of materials. The properties of fluid interfaces are still not well understood on a nanometer scale due to the inter Astronomy and Astrophysics play of disorder and molecular interactions. The prediction of a wavevector-dependent surface tension in Already in 1994 we proposed morphometric tech- 1999 [2], for instance, led to ongoing X-ray scattering niques to characterize the large-scale structure in the experiments and computer simulations. In the group universe [1], which became a standard tool in astron- several numerical techniques such as molecular dy- omy. Recently, we extended the morphometric analy- namics and Lattice-Boltzmann simulations are used to sis in collaboration with HESS to detect sources in study the structure and dynamics of complex fluids, - gamma-ray astronomy by using Minkowski function-

78 als for structure quantification. In collaboration with the Faculty of Humanities I founded the 'Erlangen ANTARES we also contribute to the theory of acoustic Center for Literature and Natural Science' (ELIN neutrino detection by clarifying the non-equilibrium AS.fau.de) which is an institutionalised infrastructure relaxation processes in water when cosmic rays defor interdisciplinary research, dedicated to the recip- posit their energy. rocal transfer of knowledge between physics and literature. The center is concerned with the im- Quantum Geometry and Space-Time Models portance of language and metaphors in physical research as well as with discursive and narrative modu- The quantisation of Einstein’s general relativity theory lations of scientific theories in literary texts. is one of the most important challenges in modern physics. Currently we are working on computer simu- Selected collaborations lations of triangulations and of spin foam models to estimate partition sums over space-times. Another We collaborate with experimental, theoretical and goal is the numerical determination of the spectrum mathematical groups worldwide - mainly on the field of the volume operator in Loop Quantum Theory. on geometry in physics. Examples include the groups Recently, we started to use projective geometry and of J. Daillant (Paris), B. Evans (Bristol), S. Guest (Cam- finite Galois fields for a model of finite space-time. bridge) and S. Hyde at ANU (Canberra). PhD students Based on the work of Felix Klein and David Hilbert we are regularly sent abroad for three month or half a introduce fields of bi-quadrics to break projective year. Recent examples of collaborations in Germany symmetry which leads to metrics and curvatures as include the groups of C. Bechinger (Stuttgart), K. Ja- prerequisites for formulating general relativity on cobs (Saarbrücken) and M. Schröter (MPI Göttingen). finite fields. In Erlangen, we collaborate mainly within the Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials', the Literature and Philosophy Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP) and the Faculty of Humanities. An important part of my activities is history of science and the study of the cultural context of physics re- Teaching and outreach search. I analyzed the use of metaphors in modelling and theories of physics as well as the adaptation of I am spokesman of the elite graduate program 'Phys- physics in poems and narratives. In collaboration with ics Advanced' funded by the Elite Network Bavaria (ENB), which is an international study program that integrates BSc, MSc and PhD to a unit. Students re- ______ceive intensive mentoring and an individually tailored Selected publications study program focused on own projects that can provide a fast-track to graduation and lead to an early [1] K. Mecke, Th. Buchert, and H. Wagner, Robust emersion in research (www.enb.physik.fau.de). To morphological measures for large-scale structure in fostering textual proficiency of physics students I the universe, Astronomy & Astrophysics 288, 697 repeatedly organized interdisciplinary seminars, lec- (1994) tures and summer courses on physics in literature, which were in particular fruitful for physics teachers. [2] K. Mecke and S. Dietrich, Effective Hamiltonian for Beyond academia I gave lectures on this topic for a liquid-vapor interfaces, Phys. Rev. E 59, 6766 (1999) broad public, e.g. at the Leipzig Book Fair, and ar- ranged a continuous exchange with numerous writers [3] C. H. Arns, M. A. Knackstedt, and K. Mecke, Recon- of contemporary fiction, who presented their pub- structing complex materials via effective grain shapes, lished texts in workshops and readings. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 215506 (2003) Funding [4] P.-M. König, R. Roth, and K. Mecke, Morphological thermodynamics of fluids: shape dependence of free Current Funding (300kEuro per year): energies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 160601 (2004) Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Mate- rials' (EAM); DFG Research Group 'Geometry and [5] H. Hansen-Goos and K. Mecke, Fundamental Physics of Spatial Random Systems' (GPSRS); Emerg- measure theory for inhomog. fluids of non-spherical ing Field Initiative 'Quantum Geometry' (QG); Proc- hard particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 018302 (2009) tor&Gamble. additional: ENB-PhysicsAdvanced (1 W2; 1.5 A13; [6] Schröder-Turk, G.E., Mickel, W., Kapfer, S.C, Schal- 25kEuro per year) ler, F.M., Breidenbach, B., Hug, D. and Mecke, K., Minkowski tensors of anisotropic spatial structure, New J. Phys. 15, 083028 (2013).

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Jan-Peter Meyn Professional Career (b. 1967) 2005-now W2-professor at FAU W2, Professur für Didaktik in 2006 Offer to become Chair of Physics and Didactics der Physik (W3) at the Universität zu Köln (declined) 2003-2005 Physics and Mathematics teacher at Hein- Teacher training is Jan-Peter rich-Heine-Gymnasium Kaiserslautern (high-school Meyn's mission. After a decade grade 5-13) of fruitful work in the field of 1996-2003 Assistant at Technical University Kaisers- laser physics (33 publications, lautern >1000 citations, h = 20) he became a high-school 1995-1996 Postdoc at Ginzton Lab, Stanford Universi- teacher for physics and mathematics in 2003, and ty, USA (group of Martin M. Fejer) accepted the professorship in physics didactics at the 1992-1995 PhD Student at Hamburg University (group FAU in 2005. He unwaveringly pursues the objective of Günther Huber) of adapting topics of modern research in the field of ______optics and quantum physics to regular school curricu- Researcher ID: C-5524-2013 la. His webpage www.quantumlab.de contains inter- Website: www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de active screen experiments on various single photon Supervised PhD theses : 2 +(2 in progress) experiments following Grangier, Hong/Ou/Mandel, Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 16 and others. It is used for teaching both in high schools ______and universities.

Recently we have initiated a second project to advance modern research for high-school teaching: The Research in the Meyn group development of a student experience program for selected research topics of the excellence cluster of Modern physics in high-school teaching advanced materials (EAM), funded by DFG.

Including recent research topics into high-school A number of small research projects have been con- teaching is an ongoing problem. While the courses of ducted to optimize demonstration experiments with a instruction for public schools cover research results researcher’s, not a teacher’s approach. We found that only from ancient times to the early days of quantum even well-known experiments such as Thomson's physics, the majority of physics knowledge has jumping ringexperiment can be improved substantial- evolved more recently. With limited instruction time, ly by taking advantage of technical innovation, or by modern physics can only be treated in an exemplary gaining insight into the often neglected theory. fashion, as the foundations must not be abandoned. We believe that observation of real experiments is a Teaching key feature of any sound physics instruction at secondary school level. Among the many interesting Future physics teachers must be good physicists but research fields, the foundations of quantum optics need additional subject-specific competences: Ad- has relatively few experimental prerequisites, as sci- dressing students' preconceptions, using research- entific progress is still possible on a table operated by based teaching strategies, diagnosis of teaching suc- a single researcher. Our goal is to develop single pho- cess, and broad experimental skills to use simple ton experiments which can be operated in a class apparatus effectively. These competences are trained room environment. Interactive screen experiments in our didactics teaching, which includes lectures, such as those available on our internet page laboratory work, seminars and classroom teaching. www.quantumlab.de are regarded as an interim re- We focus on experimental skills and on using physical sult, despite their usefulness for teaching in environ- terms judiciously. ments with limited resources (figure 1). Prototypes of classroom experiments are tested in classroom teach- Academic self-management ing (figure 2). We found that students easily accept the technical apparatus, but have problems with the Teacher training is interconnected with several facul- terms handed down in our tradition of quantum phys- ties and central institutes. The professorship acts as a ics teaching. Hence, the development of apparatus is link between these institutions and the Department entangled with curriculum innovation. Class room of Physics. The specific interests of future teacher teaching is performed in cooperation with various students are represented in various committees. schools, including Rudolf Steinerskolen i Oslo, Nor- way.

Outreach

We operate the physics experience programme "Pho- tonik macht Schule" for students of grade 9 to 12. They work with modern optical instruments which are the basis for our single photon experiments, so they know the components from practical experience. Further activities of our group include the organization of university studies for gifted high school students (Frühstudium) and the Erlanger Schüler- forschungszentrum, an environment for pupils to perform their own research project, for example to prepare for contests like "Jugend Forscht". Screen shot of interactive screen experiment on photon entanglement. The user can adjust the waveplates in Alice's and Bob's path, and the phase of the pump laser to select different Bell states. For each setting, the display relies on real experimental data. The site www.quantumlab.de is accessed several thousand times per month.

A 16 year old student of Freie Waldorfschule Weimar is adjust- ing our single photon experiment by maximizing the coinci- dence count rate.

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Selected publications

Meyn, Jan-Peter and Fejer, Martin M.: Tunable ultraviolet radiation by second harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium tantalate. In: Optics Letters 22(16), 1214-1216 (1997)

Bronner, Patrick; Strunz, Andreas; Silberhorn, Chris- tine; Meyn, Jan-Peter: Interactive screen experiments with single photons. In: European Journal of Physics 30 (2009), 345-353

Meyn, Jan-Peter: Renewable energy sources in terms of entrophy. In: European Journal of Physics 32 (2011), 185-200

Waschke, Felix ; Strunz, Andreas ; Meyn, Jan-Peter: A safe and effective modification of Thomson's jumping ring experiment. In: European Journal of Physics 33 (2012), 1625-1634

Meyn, Jan-Peter: Primärfarben in Kunst und Physik. In: Praxis der Naturwissenschaften - Physik in der Schule (2013), Nr. 3/62, 34-41 ______

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Reinhard Neder Professional Career (b. 1959) 2007-now C3-professor at FAU, Erlangen C3, Institute of Condensed 1997-2007 C3 professorship for Crystallography at the Matter – Crystallography Department of Geoscience, Julius-Maximilians Uni- and Structural Physics versity Würzburg 1990-1997 Postdoctoral fellow at Department of The experimental work of Crystallography at the Ludwig-Maximilians University Reinhard Neder focuses on of Munich (group of Heinz Schulz) the determination of the 1985-1990 PhD student in crystallography at the structure of disordered materials. Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich (group of After studying mineralogy at the University of Mün- Friedrich Frey) ______ster and the Arizona State University, Tempe, USA he held a PhD student position at the Department of Researcher ID: D-9877-2013 Geoscience, University of München and obtained his Website:www.lks.physik.uni-erlangen.de/neder.shtml PhD in 1990 in the group of F. Frey, where he ana- Supervised PhD theses: lyzed the defect structure of cubic Zirconia with dif- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: fuse neutron scattering. He continued at the Depart- ______ment of Geoscience, University of München as a properties are often much better than well ordered postdoctoral fellow in the group of H. Schulz. Here he materials, especially in energy related materials. developed single crystal diffraction techniques to study extremely small single crystals with sub micrometer dimensions. After his habilitation in 1996 he Nanoparticles became C3 professor for crystallography and mineralogy at the Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg. In contrast to their abundant use in technology, very During this time he served for two years as dean of little is known about the detailed atomic structure of the geoscience department. In Würzburg his research extremely small nanoparticles with diameters less initially centered around single crystal work on clay than 10 nm. Their small diameter strains all probes minerals but quickly developed a focus on the new other than powder diffraction techniques, even TEM. PDF technique to study nanocrystalline and generally We have developed the application of the Pair Distri- disordered materials. Since 2007 he is C3 professor bution Function (PDF) to the analysis of nanoparticles. for crystallography at the FAU. At the FAU he contin- The underlying experimental data are collected at ues his focus on nanocrystalline materials. He is best high energy X-ray sources in the lab and at synchro- known as principal author of the DISCUS program, a tron sources, neutron sources and as a recent new widely acclaimed program to simulate disordered development by electron diffraction techniques. The crystal structures, and he coauthored a book on these combination of different complementary scattering simulation techniques. In Würzburg he was the only techniques proves a vital key point for many complex professor for crystallography and routinely taught materials. As an example the combination of X-ray with well over nine hours presence in the lecture and neutron scattering techniques are required to room, a trend that continues in Erlangen. As special decipher the location and binding sites of organic teaching effort are the interactive teaching pages on ligands that play a crucial role stabilizing the finite diffraction physics and regular DISCUS workshops. nanoparticles size. Am emerging field are insitu studies of the formation and growth of nanoparticles during the synthesis in real time. The advent of new detector technologies at Research in the Neder group intense high energy X-ray sources allows PDF measurements with a time resolution of seconds, in special Structure of nanocrystalline and disordered ma- cases even fractions of a second. The PDF signal re- terials veals so far unknown details about the chemical processes by which the precursors change into the initial To unravel the structure of nanosized or disordered cluster and eventual nanoparticle. Its formation and materials requires substantially different techniques growth can be observed atomic layer by layer and the compared to the well established structure determi- accompanying structure simulation can pinpoint de- nation of an average crystal structure. As the applica- fects in the growing nanoparticle. tion of nanosized materials becomes more and more Our own current focus is on ZnO related material. By common, it is important to understand their structure co synthesis with a variety of organic ligands we ex- and the relationship of the structure to the proper- plore the effect of the ligand chemistry on the size ties. Besides nanosized materials, generally disor- and defect structure of the nanoparticles. Doping dered materials become more common as their

82 with metal ions aims at establishing diluted magnet cooperation with R. Osborn, Argonne National Labor- systems and to modify the absorbtion characteristics. atory and T. Proffen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, tools are developed to integrate these structure simu- Tools for the description and analysis of disor- lations into the massive data flow expected in the dered structures near future from single crystal beamlines dedicated to diffuse scattering measurements. These large data A large long term project in our group is the devel- flows require massive parallelization and speed opti- opment of tools and computer code to simulate dis- mization. A further cooperation with U. Kolb aims at ordered structures. This materials class includes na- including electron diffraction into the existing tool noparticles but extends much further to any type of box. disordered crystal structure. As defects by definition deviate from the average structure, they do not have Dedicated PDF Beam line 21.1 at PETRA III to obey the restrictions imposed by symmetry onto the average crystal structure. As a consequence, The demand for PDF measurements is rapidly increas- there are manifold ways to distribute defects within ing and beam lines like 11-IDB at the Advanced Pho- any given structure, and these distributions can be ton Source, Argonne National Laboratory regularly combined with any local defect type. No general de- are highly oversubscribed. We proposed a dedicated termination technique analogous to direct methods is PDF beam line that is currently under construction at available. The DISCUS project allows users to simulate PETRA III. The beam line will be realized as side sta- any kind of disordered structure. It provides a large tion 21.1 to the Swedish beam line 21. With a focus set of tools to modify the parent structure and ena- on high energy X-ray diffraction at 100 keV and a bles the user to calculate the diffraction pattern re- large area detector the beam line will enable users to spectively PDF for a refinement to experimental data. collect PDF data rapidly up to very large scattering At present further tools are being developed that aim vectors Q, providing excellent experimental data. to facilitate complex nanoparticle simulations. In a Selected collaborations

______We collaborate with research groups at Argonne Selected publications National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University Mainz related to the developments Korsounski, VI, Neder, RB, Hradil, K, Barglik-Chory, C, of simulation tools. The ZnO project and further na- Müller, G & Neuefeind, J, Investigation of nanocrys- noparticle projects are realized in cooperation with talline CdS-glutathione particles by radial distribution the University Würzburg, the Boreskov Institute for function, J. Appl. Cryst., 36, 1389 (2003) catalysis, Novosibirsk and the Applied Physical Chem- istry, Stockholm. R. B. Neder, V. I. Korsunskiy, Ch. Chory, G. Müller, A. Hofmann, S. Dembski, Ch. Graf, and E. Rühl, Structural Funding characterization of II-VI semiconductor nanoparticles, phys. Stat. Solidi (c) 4, 3233 (2007) Funding during the last years was obtained from BMBF. R.B. Neder, Th. Proffen, (2008) Diffuse Scattering and Defect Structure Simulations, Oxford University Press (2008)

F. Niederdraenk, K. Seufert, A. Stahl, R.S. Bhalerao- Panajkar, S. Marathe, S. K. Kulkarni, R.B. Neder and Ch. Kumpf Ensemble modeling of very small ZnO nanoparticles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,13, 498 (2011)

K. Page, T.C. Hood, Th. Proffen, R.B. Neder, Building and refining complete nanoparticle structures with total scattering data, J. Appl. Cryst. 44, 327 (2011)

T.Y. Kardash, L. Plyasova, D. Kochubey, V. Bondareva, R.B. Neder, Development of the local and average structure of a V-Mo-Nb oxide catalyst with Mo5O14- like structure during synthesis from nanostructured precursors, Z. Kristallographie, 227, 288 (2012) ______

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Oskar Painter Professional Career (b. 1972) 2013-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen and Direc- W3, Institute for Optics, In- tor, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light formation and Photonics 2011-2013 Co-Director Kavli Nanosciences Institute Director, Quantum Photonics (Caltech) Division, MPL 2010-2013 Full Professor of Applied Physics, Executive Office of the Applied Physics and Materials Science Oskar Painter received his Bach- Department (Caltech) elor of Applied Science degree in 2008-2010 Associate Professor of Applied Physics Electrical Engineering from the University of British with tenure (Caltech) Columbia in 1994, his Master of Science degree from 2002-2008Assistant Professor of Applied Physics (Cal- the California Institute of Technology in 1995, and his tech) Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the California 2001-2002 Co-Founder, Xponent Photonics Institute of Technology in 2001. In 2000 he helped 1995-2001 PhD student at Caltech (group of Axel found Xponent Photonics, an optical start-up compa- Scherer) ny developing surface-mount photonics for telecom ______and data networking applications. In 2002 he re- Researcher ID: J-7563-2013 turned to the California Institute of Technology, Website: copilot.caltech.edu where he joined the faculty in Applied Physics as an Supervised PhD theses: 10 (+ 5 in progress) Diploma, BSc., MSc.: Assistant Professor, and was promoted to Associate ______Professor with tenure (2008), Full Professor and Ex- ecutive Officer of Applied Physics and Materials Sci- ence Department (2010), and Co-Director of the Kavli and through the exploration of novel physics. The Nanosciences Institute (2011). Since April 2013, Prof. type of research ranges from pure theory and design Painter has been on leave from Caltech, and is start- to the actual fabrication and characterization of de- ing up a new Division of Quantum Photonics at the vices, and is naturally inter-disciplinary in nature, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) in including fields such quantum optics, materials sci- Erlangen. He also holds a W3 chair in experimental ence, electronics, nano-mechanics, and atomic phys- physics at the FAU. ics. Currently, our research efforts can be divided into Prof. Painter's general research interests lie in study- the following general areas of study: ing new and interesting ways in which light behaves within micro- and nano-scale dielectric and metallic Nanophotonics for coherent atom-photon inter- structures. Uniquely, Painter’s work brings advanced actions nanofabrication techniques to bear on fundamental problems in optical science, and seeks to exploit new A powerful paradigm that has developed over the last physical insights to develop advanced quantum opti- several decades in quantum optics is that of cavity- cal technologies for communication and metrology. QED, in which a high-Finesse optical cavity is used to He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal increase light-matter interactions to the point where articles, and has an h-index of 45. Oskar Painter was a single atoms and single photons can hybridize. Such Canada Scholar during his undergraduate studies and systems have been used to create quantum gates for awarded an NSERC ’67 Scholarship from the Canadian processing quantum information and quantum net- Government for his PhD studies abroad. He has been works for the distribution and entanglement of quan- recognized by the Caltech graduate students with the tum states. The Painter group seeks to develop the 2005 Graduate Student Council Mentoring Award, technology and explore the physics of chip-scale was named a Kavli Frontiers in Science Fellow of the nanophotonic circuits integrated with both real atoms US National Academy of Science in 2012, and in 2013 (in conjunction with Jeff Kimble at Caltech) and "arti- was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Professor- ficial atoms" such as InAs quantum dots and NV color ship to carry out research in Germany. centers of diamond. The light-matter interactions in such systems are enhanced by the highly-localized fields of nanoscale waveguides and cavities. The goal Research in the Painter group of this work is to develop devices for performing quantum information processing tasks, to realize Quantum Photonics quantum-enhanced sensors of weak-classical fields and forces, and to explore new quantum many-body Research in the Painter group looks at ways to create states of light and matter. new optoelectronic materials and devices through the development of nano-scale fabrication technqiues

Optical Forces in Nanostructures Marquardt). Recent successes in this area include the development of lithographically-defined optome- Light is usually thought of as imponderable, carrying chanical crystals capable of scalable integration of energy, but little momentum. Light, trapped in a arrays of connected optical and mechanical resona- cubic-wavelength volume, however, can lead to sub- tors, the laser cooling of a nanomechanical resonator stantial radiation pressure effects. In order to take into its ground-state of motion for the first time (see advantage of this, we are developing and studying Figure), and the generation of non-classical squeezed guided-wave devices integrated with or formed from states of light from a silicon micromechanical resona- nano-mechanical structures, in which acoustic and tor. optical energy are co-localized for enhanced optomechanical coupling via radiation pressure. Such work Precision Measurement and Quantum-Limited has realized nanophotonic structures in which the Force Sensors pressure of even a single optical photon pulse is strong enough to produce measurable mechanical Most precision sensors of force, mass, and accelera- deformation or changes in rigidity of the structure. tion that are used today are limited in their sensitivity Applications of these sort of devices include optically by thermal and electrical noise. We are working to controllable or reconfigurable optical circuits, preci- develop practical micro- and nano-scale sensors of sion sensors (see below), and light assisted templat- ultra-high-sensitivity that are limited only by the fun- ing of materials/components. damental noise stemming from the quantum back- action involved in any measurement process. Current Quantum Physics of Mechanical Devices efforts include the development of accelerometers and gyros which utilize the large radiation pressure Utilizing optical techniques, we are studying the coupling of light at this scale to realize optical shot- quantum mechanical properties of nanomechanical noise limited detection, providing superior bandwidth structures. In particular, we are developing the tools and sensitivity to that of state-of-the-art MEMS tech- and techniques for quantum-limited transduction of nology. motion enabling the preparation and measurement of highly non-classical states of a mechanical system, the Selected collaborations study of the interaction of these mechanical quantum elements (in collaboration with the theory group of F. A strong collaborative effort in the area of quantum cavity-optomechanics exists between the experimental group of Painter and the theoretical group of ______Marquardt. In the area of cavity-optomechanics the Selected publications Painter group also has a long standing collaboration with the research group of Markus Aspelmeyer at the R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C. University of Vienna. Painter also has a number of Gmachl, D.M. Tennant, A.M. Sergent, D.L. Sivco, A.Y. collaborations dating back to his time at Caltech, in Cho, and F. Capasso "Quantum cascade surface- particular with the research groups of Kerry Vahala emitting photonic crystal laser," Science, v302 (5649), (photonics) and Jeff Kimble (quantum optics, cavity- pp. 1374-1377, Nov. 21, 2003 QED, and AMO).

Q. Lin, O. J. Painter, and Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonline- Teaching and outreach ar Optical Phenomena in Silicon Waveguides: Model- ing and Applications", Opt. Express, Vol. 15(25), pp. At Caltech, he has taught a wide variety of under- 16604-16644, December 10, 2007 graduate and graduate courses, including quantum K. Srinivasan and O. Painter "Linear and nonlinear mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechan- optical spectroscopy of a strongly-coupled microdisk- ics, quantum optics and electronics, modern optics quantum dot system", Nature, Vol. 450, pp. 862, lab, microelectronics lab, and solid-state physics. December 6, 2007. Funding M. Eichenfield, J. Chan, R. Camacho, K. J. Vahala, and O. Painter, "Optomechanical Crystals," Nature, 2013-2018 AvH Professorship, DARPA MESO, QuA- doi:10.1038/nature08524, October 19, 2009. SAR, and ORCHID programs (~$1 Million/year in aggregate, 4PhDs, 3PDs), Institute for Quantum Infor- J. Chan, T. P. Mayer Alegre, A. H. Safavi-Naeini, J. T. mation and Matter, through the NSF of the US and Hill, Alex Krause, S. Gröblacher, M. Aspelmeyer & O. the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Painter, "Laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator ($120k/year, 1PhD) QuMPASS and Hybrid Nanopho- into its quantum ground state," Nature, v478, pg. 89– tonics MURI programs (~$370k/year, 2PhD, 1PD) 92, October 6, 2011. ______85

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Oleg Pankratov Professional Career (b. 1949) 1997-now C4-professor at FAU, Erlangen C4, Institute for Theoretical 1995-1997 Physics Department, Lawrence Livermore Physics IV, Theoretical Solid National Laboratory, USA State Physics 1990-1995 Theory Department, Fritz-Haber-Institute of MPG, Berlin Oleg Pankratov received his 1989-1990 Guest professor, Johannes-Kepler Univer- Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics sity, Linz, Austria from Moscow Institute for 1984-1989 Theory department, Lebedev Physics Insti- Physics and Technology in 1977. After graduation, he tute, Moscow, Russia worked at the Institute for Semiconductor Materials 1978-1984 Institute for applied physics, Moscow, and at the Institute for applied physics in Moscow, Russia Russia. In 1983 he was honored with the major USSR 1977-1978 Institute for Semiconductor Materials and prize for young scientists for his theoretical work on Technology, Moscow ______narrow gap semiconductors. In 1984 he moved to Theory Department lead by V.L. Ginzburg at Lebedev Researcher ID: C-5553-2013 Physics Institute where he joined the solid state theo- Website: www.tfkp.physik.uni-erlangen.de ry group of L.V. Keldysh. He received his Doctor of Supervised PhD theses: 6 (+ 5 in progress) Sciences degree (Habilitation) from Lebedev Institute Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 28 in 1988. He was invited as a visiting professor to Jo- ______

hannes-Kepler University, Linz, Austria in 1989 and

1990. He joined then the theory department at Fritz- Haber-Institute of MPG in Berlin. In 1995 he followed Application of DFT methods invitation to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. In 1997 he returned to Germany as a full profes- The most important field of our density functional sor at a newly founded chair for Theoretical Solid theory (DFT) application work is semiconductor phys- State Physics at FAU. He built a theory group with the ics. Over many years within the SFB 292 “Multicom- focus on ab-initio theory of solids. O. Pankratov was ponent Layered Systems” we were providing theoret- among the first theorists who considered the chiral ical support to technological development of SiC – an “neutrino-type” electron states in solids. These ideas important semiconductor material for high power found applications in graphene and in topological electronics. The key to any semiconductor technology insulators - the new material classes regarded as the is the doping; hence we focused on impurities and “rising stars” in condensed matter physics. In Pankra- native defects. The goal has been a prediction of the tov group, the first ab-initio calculations for epitaxial charge states and diffusion mechanisms for various graphene and the pioneering investigations of the defects - an ambitious large scale numerical problem few-layer graphenes were performed. The work of O. aimed at understanding solubility limits, diffusion Pankratov is recognized internationally with over barriers, local vibration modes, defect electronic 2000 citations (120 publications, h-index 26) and levels etc. In parallel to SiC, we studied strongly corre- invitations to more than 30 International Conferences lated systems (oxides, surfaces etc) using GW and and Schools. LDA+U methods.

Development of DFT/many-body methods

Research in the Pankratov group DFT is the most efficient tool of the quantum theory of realistic systems yet it is constrained to the ground Quantum theory of solids: ab-initio calculations, state properties. This constraint can be overcome density functional methods, and graphene-type within the time dependent DFT (TDFT) which should systems be able to tackle excitations, e.g.electron-hole pairs (excitons). Deriving the Kohn-Sham DFT equations The research in Pankratov group focuses on micro- from the many-body theory we were able to con- scopic theory of solids, including application of the struct a DFT analogue of the Bethe-Salpeter equation quantum ab-initio methods and the development of (BSE) and developed the diagrammatic technique for such methods. In the last years, graphene and its an exact “translation” of BSE in TDFT language. An- derivatives became important subjects of this work. other development includes testing complex func- The involved theory unites the condensed matter tionals such as the non-local exchange. For electrons concepts and those of the relativistic quantum field on a quantum ring, we succeeded to observe the theory whereas understanding the practical materials Mott localization– the effect eluding description in requires numerical ab-initio methods. the “standard” LDA-DFT. Next, we are developing the

“density matrix functional theory” where the many- bilayers is a highly irregular function of the rotation body quantum state is a functional of a density ma- angle. Infinitely many structures with wildly different trix. This theory is in its initial stage; it is promising periodicities exist within an infinitely small angle especially for time-dependent strongly correlated range. This poses a question whether the lattice peri- systems. We contributed to the theory by proving odicity is relevant for electronic properties. Applying fundamental theorems and analyzing time-dependent Diophantine algebra we developed a theory of such behavior of the model systems, e.g., Stuekelberg systems. We proved that not the lattice periodicity oscillations in a two-center Hubbard model. but a so-called moiré periodicity dictates electronic properties. This periodicity changes continuously with Graphene physics the rotation angle ensuring a smooth dependence of physical properties. Studying the finite graphene The advent of graphene opened new vistas in SiC flakes we were able – thanks to the computational research since SiC is the best substrate for epitaxial tool developed in our group - to calculate electronic graphene growth. Originally, the graphene-substrate states in relatively large (up to 10^4 atoms) flakes in interaction was regarded as a weak perturbation. Yet external magnetic field. We found a beautiful elec- the electron mobility in graphene grown on Si-face is tron current distribution taking a shape of a torus strongly damped and graphene multilayers on C-face around a moiré spot. grow in a mutually rotated (“twisted”) fashion. Theo- retically, epitaxial graphene and “twisted” graphene Teaching multilayers are much more complex objects than an ideal carbon monolayer. We approach this challenge I consider teaching as a very important duty and as an combining analytical theory and numerical methods. inspiration for my research work. I am thankful for Using symmetry analysis we derived the modified the positive responses of the students and for the Dirac-Weyl spectrum of the graphene epilayer. We award for excellence in teaching. Most importantly, predicted the Dirac cone splitting and explained the there have been always enough talented students electron mobility damping by the interface phonon who wanted to join the group. scattering. Strikingly, understanding of the twisted graphene Funding and collaborations bilayers requires rethinking of such basic concepts as the Brillouin zone and the Bloch theorem. O. Pankratov received a number of grants and has Indeed, the lattice periodicity in commensurate been collaborating with colleagues in FAU, USA (LLNL) and EU (Italy, Spain etc) on many projects (PI in two SFB’s, PI in DFG research group, PI in DFG priority ______program, PI in EU grant, a number of individual DFG- Selected publications funded projects). These grants have been providing funding for on average 3 PhD students 2 post-docs S. Shallcross, S. Sharma, and O. Pankratov, Emergent and 4 diploma students over the last 15 years. The momentum scale, localization, and van Hove sim- group also hosted one DAAD and one Humboldt fel- gularities in the graphene twist bilayer, Phys. Rev. B lows. 87, 245403 (2013) O. Pankratov, S. Hensel, P. Goetzfried, and M. Bock- stedte, Graphene on cubic and hexagonal SiC: A com- parative theoretical study, Phys. Rev. B 86, 155432 (2012)

R. Requist and O. Pankratov. Time-dependent occupa- tion numbers in reduced-density-matrix-functional theory: Application to an interacting Landau-Zener model, Phys. Rev. A 83, 052510 (2011)

A. Mattausch and O. Pankratov. Ab-initio study of graphene on SiC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 076802 (2007)

O. A. Pankratov. Supersymmetric inhomogeneous semiconductor structures and the nature of a parity anomaly in (2+1) electrodynamics, Phys. Lett. A 121, 360 (1987) ______

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Ulf Peschel Professional Career (b. 1964) 2005-now Associate professor (W2) at FAU, PI and W2, Institute of Optics, member of the boards of the Cluster of Excellence Information and Photonics EAM and of the Graduate School SAOT, PI in 3 research groups (Forschergruppe) The work of Ulf Peschel fo- 2003-2005 C2 at University of Jena, PI in 1 research cuses on experimental and group (Forschergruppe) theoretical subjects of mod- 1999-2002 C1 at University of Jena, habilitation in ern optics, namely on nano- 2001 photonics, nonlinear dynamics of optical fields and on 1998-1999 Visiting Research Fellow at the University electromagnetic modeling of light-matter interaction. of Glasgow, U.K. He received his PhD in 1994 from the Friedrich- 1994 PhD at the University of Jena (group of Falk Schiller-University of Jena, Germany, where he had Lederer) worked in the group of F. Lederer on the nonlinear ______response of highly resonant optical structures as Researcher ID: C-3356-2013 cavities or gratings. He continued his research in Jena Website: http://mpl.mpg.de/personal/upeschel/personal/ first as a postdoc and later on C1 and C2 level and Supervised PhD theses : 6 (+ 7 in progress) finished his habilitation on localized structures in Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 14 nonlinear optics in 2001. During that time he also ______dealt with photonic nanostructures and discrete systems. He performed several visits to other universities among them the University of Glasgow, U.K. where he properties. In our group we investigate both ap- stayed from 1998 until 1999 as a visiting research proaches. As plasmons enable sub wavelength light fellow. In 2005 he was appointed as a W2 professor confinement we investigate new methods to transfer for experimental physics at FAU. His work is well rec- light from the far field to plasmonic nanostructures. ognized internationally, with about 3700 citations to For this purpose we developed optical antennas for more than 140 publications, an h-index of 32, and the IR wavelength range, which are connected to gap more than 50 invited talks at international confer- plasmonic waveguides. We investigate subwave- ences and workshops so far. For his research on the length waveguiding in plasmonic circuitry compo- optical response of nanostructures, he was awarded nents and directional couplers as well as radiative the Research Prize of the Free State of Thuringia coupling between optical antennas forming the basis 2002. of wireless interconnects. For these experiments we apply modern fabrication technologies as well as detection methods, including Focused Ion Beam lithography (FIB), e-beam lithography, Scanning Near Research in the Peschel group Field Optical Microscopy (NSOM) and confocal high N.A. scanning microscopy. For optimization of the Nonlinear Optics and Nanophotonics (NONA) structures and analyzing the underlying physical processes, we simulate our components with Finite Ele- Our research covers several areas of classical optics ments (FEM) and Finite Difference Time Domain and includes both experiments and simulations. (FDTD) methods. Members of the group are working on the realization of nano-optical plasmonic circuitries and of new effective optical materials based on colloidal photonic crystals. Different aspects of wave scattering in optical systems as loss induced structure formation and nonlinearly driven self-organization are investigated and extensive numerical modeling is performed to design new structures and to illuminate the details of light-matter interaction on the nano scale.

Metal based nanophotonics (a) SEM of a Yagi antenna that was illuminated with a highly The strong electron-photon interaction in metals can focused beam through the substrate and (b) scanned with a near field optical microscope (c) Electric field distribution in the cause total suppression of field propagation as well as plane of the antenna simulated with 3D FDTD. extreme light confinement or enhancement. There- fore metals allow creating both sub wavelength optics and effective optical materials with completely new

In our group we also produce and investigate mono- gate spatial and temporal solitons in homogenous, layers and bulk photonic crystals and combine them discrete and even in disordered media. Recently we with metallic layers sputtered on the dielectric crys- could show that the interaction of pulses of different tal. Those new effective materials show new color carrier frequency, which propagate under the influ- effects and extreme enhancement or almost com- ence of group velocity dispersion of opposite signs plete suppression of transmission around surprisingly results in the formation of self-accelerating solitonic sharp resonances. bound states. In the presence of disorder nonlinearity has a pro- Wave scattering and structure formation in found impact on the statistics of extreme events, an complex optical media effect which we are currently investigating. Further investigation will concentrate on nonlinear light- We investigate light propagation both in nonlinear matter interaction on the nanoscale and on the film waveguides and in fiber networks focusing on the emergence of subwavelength structures in transpar- influences of gain, loss, nonlinearity and random ent solids under strong pulsed illumination. distortions. Spatially inhomogenous losses can results in the for- Selected collaborations mation of extremely complex and even fractal field pattern, as we have found recently. The combination We collaborate worldwide as with the groups of D. of gain and loss in a well-balanced fashion results in Christodoulides at University of CentraI Florida (PT- the creation of completely new optical materials. We materials), H. Atwater at Caltech (nanoplasmonic could for the first time realize such a so-called PT circuitries) and M. E. Pemble at University College symmetric effective material in an extended fiber Cork (photonic crystals). In Germany we work togeth- network. We found a phase transition between expo- er with the groups of K. Busch at Humboldt University nentially exploding and stable light modes for strong (modeling of photonic crystals) and C. Silberhorn at gain modulation and could further show that PT- University of Paderborn (quantum walks). Particularly symmetric elements embedded in a conventional strong collaborations exist with the University of Jena material exhibit unidirectional invisibility with en- as with groups of C. Ronning (nanowire lasers), A. hanced reflection from one and vanishing reflection Szameit (nonlinear dynamics), and S. Nolte (laser from the other side [Nature 2012]. induced gratings). Within Erlangen we work together Also nonlinear effects present at higher power levels with the group of G. Leuchs at the Institute of Optics can result in the self-organization of light. We investi (polarisation tailored beams), G. Leugering at the Institute of Applied Mathematics (optimization of ______nanophotonic structures), W. Peukert at the Institute Selected publications of Particle Technology (experiments on second harmonic generation on particle surfaces) and B. A. Kriesch, S. P. Burgos, D. Ploss, H. Pfeifer, H. A. At- Schmauß at the Institute of Electrical Engineering water, and U. Peschel, “Functional Plasmonic (fiber systems). Nanocircuits with Low Insertion and Propagation Losses,” Nano Lett. accepted DOI: 10.1021/nl402580c Funding during the past 5 years

S. Batz and U. Peschel, ”Diametrically Driven Self- Femtosecond laser (2013, HBFG, DFG, 335k€); Cluster Accelerating Pulses in a Photonic Crystal Fiber,” Phys. of Excellence (2007-2017, DFG, 340k€/a); Graduate Rev. Lett. 110, 193901 (2013). School (2006-2017, DFG, 60k€/a); International Max Planck Research School (2006 – 2016, Max-Planck A. Regensburger, C. Bersch, M.-A. Miri, G. Onishchu- Society, 45 k€/a); 4 running DFG-projects (in total 200 kov, D. N. Christodoulides, and U. Peschel, “Parity– k€/a); “Predictive models for real iron oxide pig- time synthetic photonic lattices,” Nature 488 pp.167- ments” (2013 – 2016, company Lanxess, 70 k€/a). 171 (2012). A. Regensburger, C. Bersch, B. Hinrichs, G. Onishchu- kov, A. Schreiber, C Silberhorn, and U. Peschel, “Pho- ton Propagation in a Discrete Fiber Network: An In- terplay of Coherence and Losses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 233902 (2011).

V. H. Schultheiss, S. Batz, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, S. Nolte, A. Tünnermann, S. Longhi, and U. Peschel, “Optics in Curved Space,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 143901 (2010). ______

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Philip St.J. Russell Professional Career (b. 1953) 2009-now Director at Max Planck Institute for the W3, Krupp von Bohlen Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany und Halbach Chair of Ex- 2005-now Professor of Experimental Physics, Univer- perimental Physics and sity of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Director, Max Planck Insti- 2002-2004 Founder and Chief Technical Officer of tute for the Science of BlazePhotonics Ltd, based in UK Light 1996-2005 Professor of Physics at the University of Bath, UK; founded the Centre for Photonics and Pho- Philip Russell has held the Krupp von Bohlen und tonic Materials Halbach Professor of Experimental Physics at the 1991-1996 Research Reader at Optoelectronics Re- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg since 2005 and is a search Centre, University of Southampton, UK Director at the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of 1989-1990 Reader in the Physics Department at the Light (MPL), a position he has held since January 2009 University of Kent, UK when MPL was founded. His research interests cover 1986-1989 Lecturer in the Electronics Department a wide range of topics including the behavior of light and member of the Optical Fibre Research Group at in periodic structures, optical waveguides and nonlin- the University of Southampton, UK ear optics. He is perhaps best known for his 1991 1984-1986 CNRS Visiting Researcher and Associate invention of photonic crystal fibre. The work of his Professor, University of Nice, France (group of Dan Division at MPL concentrates on the many and varied Ostrowsky) applications of photonic crystal fibre, in both funda- 1983-1984 World Trade Visiting Scientist at IBM TJ mental research and near-term applications. Exam- Watson Research Center, New York, USA ples include novel light sources using gas-filled hollow 1981-1982 Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the core fibre, optomechanical and optoacoustic effects Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Germany in nanostructured fibres, particle guidance in hollow (group of Reinhard Ulrich) core fibre, supercontinuum generation in fibres made 1978-1981 Hayward Junior Research Fellow, Oriel from exotic glasses, the development of new struc- College, Oxford, UK tures for guiding light and lab-in-fibre photo- 1976-1979 PhD student, Department of Engineering chemistry and sensing. Science, University of Oxford, UK (supervisor: Laszlo In 2000 he became Fellow of the Optical Society of Solymar) ______America (OSA) and received its Joseph Fraunhofer Award/Robert M Burley Prize for the invention of Researcher ID: G-5132-2012 photonic crystal fibre. He is the founding chair of the Website: www.pcfibre.org OSA Topical Meeting Series on Bragg Gratings, Photo- Supervised PhD theses : 40 sensitivity and Poling in Glass. In 2002 he won the Diploma, BSc., MSc.: ______Applied Optics Division Prize of the UK Institute of Physics. In 2005 to 2006 he was an IEEE-LEOS Distin- guished Lecturer and the recipient of a Royal Socie- strands of glass permit remarkable control of the ty/Wolfson Research Merit Award. In 2005 he was propagation of guided light, including introducing a in awarded the Thomas Young Prize of the Institute of new theme – the guidance of light, in a low-loss single Physics and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society mode, in a microscopic hollow channel (HC-PCF). This (London). In September 2005 he received the Körber represents one of the most exciting opportunities Prize for European Science at a ceremony in the recent years, for it allows one to switch off the dif- Hamburger Rathaus. In January 2013 he was awarded fraction of light in empty space and in materials with the EPS Prize for Research into the Science of Light. low refractive indices such as gases, vapours and He was a Director-at-Large of OSA between 2007 and liquids. It has wide-reaching consequences in several 2009 and is currently OSA's 2013 vice-president. He different fields including photochemistry, laser guid- will be President-Elect in 2014 and OSA's President in ance and propulsion of particles, and intense nonline- 2015. He has authored 359 Journal papers with 60 ar optics in both atomic and molecular gases. PCFs citations per paper on average (excluding self- with solid glass cores are also of considerable interest citations) for extending the range of experiments possible in soliton dynamics and supercontinuum generation. They are also being used in the new field (developed Research in the Russell group at MPL) of all-optically controlled opto-acoustic devices, where dual-frequency laser light sources are The division concentrates on exploring new science in used to drive acoustic resonances in a small solid photonic crystal fibres (PCFs). These microstructured glass core, resulting in nonlinear conversion to new

frequencies. Other highlights over the last two years 90 include efficient (~10%) generation of tunable deep on soft-glass and silica-based hollow core photonic UV light in noble-gas filled hollow core PCF, the ob- bandgap fibres. servation and theoretical analysis of a soliton blue- shift that occurs in the presence of ionisation in no- Selected collaborations ble-gas filled HC-PCF, giant opto-mechanical nonlinearities in a unique capillary fibre containing two paral- Unicamp, Brazil (Gustavo Wiederhecker, Hugo Frag- lel nano-membranes of glass, a new kind of opto- nito, Carlos Lenz Cesar): optomechanics & laser twee- thermal particle trap, the identification and explana- zers; University of Oxford (Ian Walmsley): quantum tion of a new kind of orbital angular momentum res- memories in Cs-filled PCF); FAU (Peter Wasserscheid, onance that forms in twisted PCF, a growing number Hans-Peter Steinrück), University of Warwick (Peter of collaborative experiments with chemists exploiting Sadler) and University of Edinburgh (Anita Jones): PCF as a "lab-in-fibre" and several new results photochemistry in PCF; University of Glasgow (Miles Padgett, Stephen Barnett): orbital angular momentum in twisted PCF; University of Leiden (Wolfgang ______Loeffler, Han Woerdman): quantum optics in PCF; Selected publications University of Rennes (Johann Troles): chalcogenide glass fibres; KAIST, Korea (Byoung Yoon Kim): random M. Cubillas, S. Unterkofler, T. G. Euser, B. J. M. Etzold, lasers in liquid-filled PCF; University of Maryland (Cur- A. C. Jones, P. J. Sadler, P. Wasserscheid, and P. St.J. tis Menyuk) and Feng Chia University, Taiwan (Wen- Russell, "Photonic crystal fibres for chemical sensing Fung Liu): Raman scattering in gas-filled PCF; PTB, and photochemistry," Chemical Society Reviews Braunschweig (Piet Schmidt): UV-transmitting PCF; (2013); DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60128e. MPQ (Th. Haensch, Th. Udem) and Menlo Systems (Ronald Holzwarth): supercontinuum fibres; Thorlabs N. Granzow, M. A. Schmidt, W. Chang, L. Wang, Q. (Mohammed Saad): ZBLAN glass fibres; IMRA Inc. Coulombier, J. Troles, P. Toupin, I. Hartl, K. F. Lee, M. (Martin Fermann): IR supercontinuum in chalcogenide E. Fermann, L. Wondraczek, and P. St.J. Russell, "Mid- fibres; Heriot-Watt University (Fabio Biancalana): infrared supercontinuum generation in As2S3-silica soliton theory; ETH Zurich (Jonathan Holme): ion nano-spike step-index waveguide," Optics Express 21, traps using gold nanowires; University of Jena 10969–10977 (2013). (Markus Schmidt): photonic nanowires; Australian National University, Canberra (Nail Akhmediev): fibre G. K. L. Wong, M. S. Kang, H. W. Lee, F. Biancalana, C. fuse effects. Conti, T. Weiss, and P. St. J. Russell, "Excitation of orbital anguar momentum resonances in helically twisted photonic crystal fiber," Science 337, 446–449 (2012).

O. A. Schmidt, M. K. Garbos, T. G. Euser, and P. St.J. Russell, "Reconfigurable optothermal microparticle trap in air-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,"

Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 024502 (2012). Electron micrographs of selected PCF microstructures.

M. S. Kang, A. Butsch, and P. St.J. Russell, "Reconfigu- rable light-driven opto-acoustic isolators in photonic crystal fibre," Nat. Phot. 5, 549–553 (2011).

K. F. Mak, J. C. Travers, P. Hoelzer, N. Y. Joly, and P. St.J. Russell, "Tunable vacuum-UV to visible ultrafast pulse source based on gas-filled kagome-PCF," Optics Express 21, 10942–10953 (2013).

P. Uebel, S. T. Bauerschmidt, M. A. Schmidt, and P. St.J. Russell, "A gold-nanotip optical fiber for plas- mon-enhanced near-field detection," Appl. Phys. Lett.

103, 021101 (2013). Orbital angular momentum mode in cladding of twisted PCF (simulation). A. Butsch, M. S. Kang, T. G. Euser, J. R. Koehler, S. Rammler, R. Keding, and P. St.J. Russell, "Optome- chanical nonlinearity in dual-nanoweb structure suspended inside capillary fiber," Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 183904 (2012). ______

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Hanno Sahlmann Professional Career (b. 1973) W2, Institute for Theoreti-  2012-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen  2010-2012 Head of independent Research cal Physics III - Quantum group of Max Planck Gesellschaft at the Asia-Pacific Gravity Center for Theoretical Physics, adjunct professor at POSTECH. The work of Hanno Sahlmann  2008-2010 Assistent at the Institute for Theo- is concerned with the inter- retical Physics of Karlsruhe University play of geometry and quan-  2005-2008 Postdoctoral fellow Spinoza Institute tum theory.This includes quantum mechanics and for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht. locality, quantum field theory on curved space-times,  2002-2005 Postdoctoral fellow Pennsylvania General relativity and alternative theories of gravita- State University tion and the quantization of gravitational field itself.  2000-2002 PhD at Max-Planck Institute for He completed is PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics Gravitational Physics in Potsdam (Germany) in 2002, ______and afterwards joined the group of A. Ashtekar at Researcher ID: C-7795-2013 Pennsylvania State University, USA, as a postdoctoral Website:www.gravity.physik.fau.de/members/people fellow. In 2005, he moved to the Spinoza Institute for /sahlmann.shtml Theoretical Physics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Supervised PhD theses : 1 co-supervised, 1 in pro- then in 2008, to the Institute for Theoretical Physics gress) of Karlsruhe University. In 2010 he was chosen to Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 2 head an independent research group of the Max ______Planck Society at the Asia-Pacific Center for Theoreti- cal Physics, and to become an adjunct professor for Black holes Theoretical Physics at POSTECH, Pohang (South Ko- rea). In 2012 he accepted an offer to come to Erlan- Black holes with their extremely strong gravitational gen on a W2 professorship, where he is now. fields are fascinating objects. He has published around 30 articles with a total of Due to quantum effects, their horizons appear to about 520/940 citations and an h-index of 11/14 have a temperature, and Einstein’s equations imply according to Thomson-Reuter/INSPIRE. He has won a thermodynamic relations. This connection to thermo- Marie Curie individual fellowship and sucessfully co- dynamics may shed light on quantum gravity, as it sponsored the DFG Project "Nontrivial small-scale implies black holes have microstates. My most recent structure of spacetime and consequences for particle work in this area is on the description of black holes in propagation" (a postdoctoral and several PhD-level loop quantum gravity and the connection to Chern- positions, as well as additional funding). He (co- Simons theory. I have investigated the structure of )organized several international conferences. His the state space for the horizon geometry, and rela- work was recognized by the award of an Otto Hahn tions to the entropic gravity scenario. The work shows Medal of the Max Plack Society and the Physics Prize that the Chern-Simons theory that describes the hori- of the Goettingen Academy of Science. zon in the quantum theory emerges naturally by con- sidering certain representations of the holonomy-flux algebra. This opens up new possibilities, for example Research in the Sahlmann group for the description of the dynamics of the horizon, and perhaps the derivation of Hawking radiation.

These techniques can also be used to calculate a knot Are there atoms of space and time? Is causality just a invariant, the Jones polynomial, and its generaliza- macroscopic concept? What happens to space-time tions for certain types of links from scratch, which is near the big bang? I am fascinated with such ques- of mathematical interest. tions arising from the interplay of gravitation, geometry, and quantum theory. Therefore important Quantum gravity phenomenology themes of my work are quantum fields propagating on space-times containing black holes, quantum me- Quantum gravity effects are assumed to be extremely chanics and locality, and loop quantum gravity – an tiny, generically, but they could be enhanced in cer- approach to unite Einstein’s theory of gravity with the tain situations so as to become observable with pre- principles of quantum theory. Some strands of re- sent day technology. search are presented in more detail in the following. On the one hand, Lorentz invariance (at least at short

distances) is the cornerstone of our understanding of

subatomic physics. At the same time, we know that

the present theory is incomplete and that quantum

92 gravity will change the picture dramatically, perhaps Dynamics of Loop Quantum Gravity including a breakdown of Lorentz invariance at very small length scales. Observatories such as HESS or An important challenge in loop quantum gravity is to Auger detect ultrahigh-energy particles which can fully understand the implementation of the dynamics probe Planck-scale physics. In fact, certain special of the quantum space-time. In loop quantum gravity forms of Lorentz invariance breaking have already the question of finding quantum states that satisfy been ruled out by these observations. ‘quantum Einstein equations’ is reformulated as find- Work is done in the group on models of spacetime ing states that are annihilated by the quantum Hamil- that postulate geometric and topological defects on ton constraint. The choices that go into the definition small length scales. Also, I have helped develop a of this constraint, as well as its anomaly-freeness are framework in which the particle propagation on a still under investigation. For one thing, we study rep- background given by loop quantum gravity can be resentations in which the spin network states are studied. The goal is now to improve on these models, excitations over a fixed spatial geometry, a kind of derive their phenomenological consequences, and, by geometric condensate. In these new representations, comparison with observations, learn something about the quantization of the Hamilton constraint simplifies the nature of space and time. One may be able to see considerably. We are studying the resulting effective imprints of the small scale structure of space-time in dynamics over the given background to obtain in- the spectrum of the primordial inhomogeneities, sights on both, physical aspects of the dynamics, and since inflation acts as a magnification glass, by red- on the implementation of the Hamilton constraint. shifting the scale of these inhomogeneities. Another strand of work concerns the dynamics of gravity coupled to matter fields. For certain couplings the dynamics can actually simplify, or lead to new ______insights. We are currently working on the quantiza- Selected publications tion of such a system.

The no-boundary measure in string theory: Applica- Selected collaborations tions to moduli stabilization, flux compactification, and cosmic landscape. There is exchange and/or collaboration with many Dong-il Hwang, Bum-Hoon Lee, Hanno Sahlmann, groups worldwide, for example the Institute for Gravi- Dong-han Yeom, tation and the Cosmos, Pennsylvania State University, Class.Quant.Grav. 29 (2012) 175001, PA, (USA); the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Mar- arXiv:1203.0112 [gr-qc] seille University; the Perimeter Institute for Theoreti- cal Physics, Ontario, Canada; the Institute for the Chern-Simons expectation values and quantum hori- Structure of Matter, Madrid; the Institute for Theoret- zons from LQG and the Duflo map. ical Physics, Warsaw University. Hanno Sahlmann, Thomas Thiemann, Closer to home, we are in regular contact with groups Phys.Rev.Lett. 108 (2012) 111303, in Goettingen, Paderborn and Hamburg; and in Erlan- arXiv:1109.5793 [gr-qc]. gen there is lively exchange with the colleagues from Black hole horizons from within loop quantum gravi- the astrophysical groups of ECAP, from the Institute ty. for Theoretical Physics, and from the Mathematics Hanno Sahlmann, Department of FAU. Phys.Rev. D84 (2011) 044049, arXiv:1104.4691 [gr-qc]. Teaching

Energy equipartition and minimal radius in entropic Besides the lectures of the standard theory canon, I gravity. take part in an effort to offer a cycle of advanced Hanno Sahlmann, lectures consisting of quantum field theory I+II, gen- Phys.Rev. D84 (2011) 104010, eral relativity I+II, cosmology, and quantum gravity. arXiv:1102.2948 [gr-qc]. Funding Uniqueness of diffeomorphism invariant states on holonomy-flux algebras. Since 2012: Member EFI Project Quantum Geometry. Jerzy Lewandowski, Andrzej Okolow, Hanno Sahl- 2009-2011: Foreign participant in Spanish research mann, Thomas Thiemann, Network "Quantum Gravity, Cosmology, and Black Commun.Math.Phys. 267 (2006) 703-733, gr-qc/0504147. Holes". 2010: Co-sponsored DFG project "Nontrivial ______small scale structure of spacetime and consequences for particle propagation

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Vahid Sandoghdar Professional Career (b. 1966) 2011-now Alexander von Humboldt Professor at FAU, W3 Alexander von Humboldt Erlangen Professor 2011-now Director at Max Planck Institute for the Director of the Max Planck Insti- Science of Light, Erlangen tute for the Science of Light 2001-2011 Full Professor at Laboratorium für Physika- lische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vahid Sandoghdar obtained his B.S. 2001 Habilitation, Department of Physics, Univ. Kon- in physics from the University of stanz California at Davis in 1987 and Ph.D. in physics from 1996-2001 Head of the Nano-Optics group at Univ. Yale University in 1993. After a postdoctoral stay at Konstanz (institute of Prof. J. Mlynek) the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris he moved to 1993-1995 Postdoctoral fellow at École Normale Su- the University of Konstanz in Germany in 1995, where périeure, Paris (adv. Prof. S. Haroche) he developed a new line of research that combined 1989-1993 PhD student at Yale University, USA (adv. scanning probe microscopy and laser spectroscopy to Prof. E. A. Hinds) ______investigate the interaction of light and matter at the nanometer scale. In 2001 he accepted a chair at the Researcher ID: C-7390-2013 Laboratory of Physical Chemistry at ETH in Zurich, Website: http://www.mpl.mpg.de/en/sandoghdar/ Switzerland. During that time he established two Supervised PhD theses : 30 scientific networks, The Network of Optical Sciences Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 20 ______and Technologies at ETH (optETH) and Zurich Center for Imaging Science and Technology (CIMST). In 2011 he became director at the newly founded Max- Plasmonics Planck-Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen and Alexander-von-Humboldt Professor at the Uni- In this area, we examine optical fields in metallic versity of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, where he nanostructures and their interactions with the sur- founded the Optical Imaging Center Erlangen (OICE). rounding matter. In particular, we have been inter- The main focus of Prof. Sandoghdar’s research is ested in the strong modification of the spontaneous nano-optics with components in optical detection and emission, radiation pattern, and excitation cross sec- spectroscopy of single molecules and nanoparticles, tion of emitters in the near field of plasmonic “anten- ultrahigh resolution microscopy, and applications of nas”. these techniques to quantum optics, solid-state physics, and biophysics. His work is well recognized inter- Ultrasensitive Optical Nanoscopy nationally, with about 5000 citations.

The goal is to push the limits of spatial and temporal resolution in optical imaging. Furthermore, we explore various contrast mechanisms for extracting Research in the Sandoghdar group information and processing weak signals. In particular, we have developed an interferometric scheme for The research in our group aims to advance experi- detecting scattering and absorption signals from tiny mental and theoretical mastery of light-matter inter- objects and single molecules even in the absence of action at the nanometer scale. To do this, we com- fluorescence. bine concepts from quantum optics, laser spectroscopy, cryogenics, optical imaging, scanning probe tech- Nano-Bio-Photonics nology and nanofluidics. Some of the current areas of research are: In this line of work, we apply our know-how to the

detection, microscopy, tracking, and manipulation of Nano-Quantum-Optics biological nano-objects such as viruses and proteins. We are especially interested in transport and diffu- Here, we are interested in fundamental optical pro- sion of these particles on and through biological cesses at the single photon and single emitter level. membranes. Most of our work concerns solid-state samples and single organic molecules, but our findings are often Selected collaborations generalizable to other systems such as atoms, quantum dots, color centers, etc. In particular, we are We collaborate with many biomedical groups in Er- currently working on the detection of single ions in langen. These include Prof. Marschall and Flecken- crystals. stein (Virology Inst.), Prof. Gmeiner (Med. Chem.) and 94

Prof. Kornhuber and Dr. Grömer (Psychiatric clinic). In Teaching and outreach addition, we have participated in two collaborative initiatives at FAU on biological membranes and syn- Vahid Sandoghdar has a long and varied teaching thetic biology. We have also started a new collabora- history. In the period of 9 years at ETH Zurich he de- tion with the group of Prof. Oskar Painter. signed and taught 7 different courses in physics, physical chemistry and biophysics. In his part-time profes- Collaborative initiatives, networks and centers sorship at FAU, he has taught a module on Biomedical Imaging as a part of the MSc in Integrated Lifescienc- Prof. Sandoghdar has founded the new interdiscipli- es and a course of Atomic and Molecular Spectrosco- nary Optical Imaging Center Erlangen. The seed fund- py in the Accelerated BSc physics program. ing for this center is provided by the Alexander von Humboldt professorship, Graduate School of Ad- Funding vanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) and the excellence cluster Engineering of Advanced Materials Selected funding of the past few years: (EAM), while FAU has ensured long-term funding Alexander von Humboldt-Professorship (2011-2016, 5 through three permanent scientific staff positions. Mio. EUR); ERC Advanced Grant (2011-2016, 1,9 Mio. EUR), EAM (1 Postdoc) Sander Stiftung - with Institut für Klinische und Mole- kulare Virologie, Prof. Marschall (175.600 EUR; San- doghdar group: 10.200 EUR)

______

Selected publications

M. Celebrano, P. Kukura, A. Renn, V. Sandoghdar, Imaging single molecules by optical Absorption, Na- ture Photonics (2010).

M. Krishnan, N. Mojarad, P. Kukura, V. Sandoghdar, Geometry-induced electrostatic trapping of nanomet- ric objects in a fluid, Nature, 467, 692 (2010).

Y. Rezus, S. Walt, R. Lettow, G. Zumofen, A. Renn, S. Götzinger, V. Sandoghdar, Single-photon Spectrosco- py of a Single Molecule, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 093601 (2012).

P. Kukura, H. Ewers, C. Müller, A. Renn, A. Helenius, V. Sandoghdar, High-speed nanoscopic tracking of the position and orientation of a single virus, Nature Methods 6, 923-927 (2009).

J. Hwang, M. Pototschnig, R. Lettow, G. Zumofen, A. Renn, S. Götzinger, V. Sandoghdar, A single-molecule optical transistor, Nature 460, 76 (2009).

G. Wrigge, I. Gerhardt, J. Hwang, G. Zumofen, V. San- doghdar, Efficient coupling of photons to a single molecule and the observation of its resonance fluorescence, Nature Phys., 4, 60-66 (2008).

S. Kühn, U. Hakanson, L. Rogobete, V. Sandoghdar, On-command enhancement of single molecule fluorescence using a gold nanoparticle as an optical nano- antenna, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 017402 (2006).

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Alexander Schneider Professional Career (b. 1968) 2006-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, chair of solid state 2000-2005 group leader at the Max-Planck-Institute physics for Solid State Research, Stuttgart 1999-2000 post-doctoral Researcher at the EPFL Lau- The scientific focus of Alexan- sanne, Switzerland der Schneider lies on the atom- 1997-1999 post-doctoral Researcher at Cambridge ic scale characterization of University, UK structural and electronic prop- 1993-1997 PhD student at Göttingen University (su- erties of surfaces, of interfaces, and of molecular pervisor Prof. Dr. R.G. Ulbrich) adsorbates on surfaces using low-temperature Scan- ______ning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Low-energy Elec- Researcher ID: C-6241-2013 tron Diffraction (LEED), and recently also X-ray Photo- Website: www.fkp.uni-erlangen.de/staff/ag-schnei- emission Spectroscopy (XPS). Currently the major der.shtml research projects investigate metallic contacts on Supervised PhD theses : 1 (+ 5 co-supervision + 3 in graphene and the properties of (large) molecules on progress) oxide surfaces. Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 10 Alexander Schneider received his diploma in physics ______(1993) and his PhD in 1997 from Göttingen University. He studied the microscopy of current transport by applying a novel Scanning Tunneling Microscopy different contact configurations on the nanometer technique. As a postdoctoral researcher he joined the and atomic scale. group of Prof. M.E. Welland at Cambridge University working on properties of metallic nanowires within Growth and properties of cobalt oxide thin films the scope of a EU-ESPRIT project. He continued his career within the group of Prof. K. Kern, from 1999- Based on the research established at the Chair of 2000 at the EPFL Lausanne and from 2000-2006 at the Solid State Physics on the atomic structure of thin Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research in cobalt oxide films on an iridium substrate by Prof. Stuttgart working mainly on atomic scale spectrosco- Klaus Heinz and Dr. Lutz Hammer the research effort py, atomic scale magnetism and many-electron ef- continues to unravel properties of these versatile and fects at surfaces using low-temperature Scanning relevant transition-metal surfaces. Tunneling Microscopy. He was appointed professor of The high lateral order of the films of different crystal- experimental physics in 2006. lographic orientation and stoichiometry allows the He has 39 publications and an h-index of 20. application of Low-energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), the significant conductivity allows studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). Certain phases of the Research in the Schneider group oxide, which as a bulk crystal is a large-bandgap semiconductor, appear to be metallic. The reasons for this Atomic scale structural and electronic char- metallicity, the electronic properties at the surface acterization of surfaces and interfaces and their relation to the atomic structure of the films and the interface to the metal substrate are the top- Metal contacts on graphene ics of our current research. Experiments are performed in our labs in Erlangen Of fundamental importance for the application of but also in collaboration at the MaxLab synchrotron graphene as a novel electronics material is the opti- source in Lund (E. Lundgren, U Lund). mization of the transport characteristics of (metallic) contacts. A metal contact to graphene needs to be structurally stable, allow easy transport of the elec- LT-STM topography trons from a three- dimensional contact into two- of a CoO film where dimensional graphene and it must not deteriorate the half of the oxygen properties of the graphene on a 10 nm scale. There- atoms can be seen. fore neither weak nor very strong bonding seems (4.5nm x 5.8 nm, advantageous. T=7K) By using the tip of an STM as a probe for electron transport in an epitaxial graphene layer and at the interface between graphene and a metal film we aim to provide an experimental data basis for evaluating

Catalytic properties of cobalt oxide surfaces fields of molecular electronics, sensor technology, and solar energy conversion. However, these films are Cobalt oxide has recently turned out to be a novel, in contact with a substrate that might influence film highly active heterogeneous catalyst for key process- properties, allow self-assembly but also possibly de- es in future energy and environmental technology. stroy functionality. Therefore a thorough understand- This includes e.g. low-temperature CO oxidation, the ing of the interfaces between the substrate and the total oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and the organic film at the molecular/atomic scale is para- reforming of hydrocarbon oxygenates for hydrogen mount. This insight is lacking with respect to oxide production. Cobaltoxide-based catalysts hold a substrates that are relevant for the aforementioned unique potential for replacing or reducing the de- areas. We investigate the interaction properties of mand for more precious and expensive materials (e.g. functional organic molecules with well-defined thin noble metals). Our research aims at understanding metal-oxide films. The the catalytic activity of cobalt oxide on the atomic aim is to understand on scale using thin films as model catalysts. With our the atomic scale how methods we determine the adsorption properties of organic molecules can be small molecules (CO, H2O, CO2,…) to establish the anchored to oxide sur- atomic structure of surfaces sites relevant for the faces, how their self- catalytic activity. This project is supported by the DFG, assembly properties can project partners are Prof. Jörg Libuda, Physical Chem- be steered and how istry II at FAU and Prof. Günther Rupprechter Institute functionality can be in- of Materials Chemistry at TU Vienna. troduced or maintained LT-STM topography of the in the adsorption/self- ordering of cobaltphthal- Functional organic molecules on oxide surfaces assembly process. This ocyanine molecules into resarch is funded within Organic molecular films play an important role in the linear structures on a thin the funCOS ("fun" kursiv cobalt oxide film. schreiben) DFG research (40 nm x 40 nm) unit FOR 1887. ______

Selected publications Selected collaborations

C. Tröppner, T. Schmitt, M. Reuschl, L. Hammer, M. Major collaborations are embedded in the research A. Schneider, and F. Mittendorfer, J. Redinger, R. unit FOR 1887 “funCOS” established within the Podloucky, M. Weinert, Incommensurate Moiré over- framework of the Interdisciplinary Center of Interface layer with strong local binding: CoO(111) bilayer on Controlled Processes, and in the priority programme Ir(100), Phys. Rev. B 86, 235407 (2012) SPP 1459 “Graphene”. Further collaborations exist with the Vienna Technical University and Lund Uni- Th. Staudt, Y. Lykhach, L. Hammer, M. A. Schneider, V. versity. Matolín, J. Libuda, A route to continuous ultra-thin cerium oxide films on Cu(1 1 1), Surface Science 603, Teaching and outreach 3382 (2009) Since I am in Erlangen I contributed to the efforts of P. Wahl, P. Simon, L. Diekhöner, V.S. Stepanyuk, P. the department to interest high-school students to Bruno, M.A. Schneider, and K.Kern, Exchange interac- study physics by giving numerous talks in schools, at tion between single magnetic adatoms, Phys. Rev. fairs, and university events. I took a major role to Lett. 98, 056601 (2007) establish and organize the Bachelor and Masters course “Materials Physics” of the Department of L. Vitali, M. Burghardt, M. A. Schneider, Lei Liu, S. Y. Physics at FAU. I co-authored the text-book “Ober- Wu, C. S. Jayanthi, and K. Kern, Phonon spectromi- flächenphysik: Grundlagen und Methoden” (Olden- croscopy of carbon nanostructures with atomic reso- bourg, 2013). lution, Physical Rev. Lett. 93, 136103 (2004)

L. Diekhöner, M. A. Schneider, A. N. Baranov, V. S. Funding Stepanyuk, P. Bruno and K. Kern, Surface States of Cobalt Nanoislands on Cu(111), Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 600 k€ (DFG: SPP “Graphene”, Research Unit “fun- 236801 (2003) COS”, D-A-CH project “COMCAT”)

N. Knorr, M. A. Schneider, L. Diekhöner, P. Wahl, and K. Kern, Kondo effect of single Co adatoms on Cu surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 096804 (2002) ______

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Ana-Suncana Smith Professional Career (b. 1975) 2012-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen / Member W2, Institute for Theoretical of the Executive Board and project leader in EAM. Physics I Member of the steering committee of the FAU interdisciplinary Graduate school initiative on the biophys- The key idea of Ana-Sunčana ics of membranes Smith’s research is to use ad- 2009-2012 W1-professor at FAU, Erlangen,Rising Star vanced tools of statistical phys- of EAM ics and apply them to problems 2006-2008 Research Associate at the University of in biophysics. She studied Physics in Zagreb, Croatia, Stuttgart (with Udo Seifert) where she graduated in 2001, after an extended re- 2005-2006 Postdoctoral fellow at FAU (group of Klaus search visit to the Australian National University in Mecke) and a research visit to the University of Syd- Canberra. She completed her PhD in the group of E. ney (group of John Clarke) Sackmann, in 2004, at the Technical University in 2002-2005 PhD student at the Technical University in Munich, where she performed a combined experi- Munich, Germany (supervisor E. Sackmann) mental and theoretical investigation of a model sys- ______tem for cell adhesion. In September 2006, she became a research associate in the group of U. Seifert at Researcher ID: C - 7349 - 2013 the University of Stuttgart, and continued working on Website: http://eam.fau.de/puls/ the physics of the cell recognition process. In October Supervised PhD theses : 1 (+ 7 in progress) 2009 she was recruited to Erlangen as a Rising Star of Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 3 ______the EAM Excellence cluster, and a W1 Professor at the Physics Department. She was tenured in 2012. During her scientific career she has published over 20 papers, The fundamentals of molecular recognition which have resulted in over 60 invited lectures at international conferences and seminars. In 2008, she Structural freedom of molecules may drive or even founded and became the Chairwomen of the PhysCell prevent molecular recognition and thus strongly in- conference series, which is today a leading meeting fluence the formation of more complex structures place for cell biophysics in Europe. Her work received such as micelles or crystalline phases. Greater insight particular recognition in 2011 when she was elected into these processes can be obtained from the spec- to the Collegium of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences troscopic measurements. However, for flexible mole- and Humanities, and in 2013 when she received an cules such measurements provide ensemble averaged ERC Starting Grant for a project on bio-membranes. signals, the understanding of which necessitates theoretical modelling. In this context, we were the first to develop a method that can successfully predict the Research in the Smith group circular dichroism spectrum of flexible peptide [2]. Currently, we are attempting to integrate concepts from chemistry, physics and biology to deepen our Physics Underlying Life Sciences understanding of the biomineralization process, by investigating the effects of the flexibility of organic Apart from being a source of fascinating physics at molecules on their absorption properties on an inor- reduced dimensionality, fluid membranes and the ganic surface. cytoskeleton are responsible for the structural integrity of living cells. They provide a working edifice for Membranes: From model systems to the cellular the peptides and proteins whose biochemical activity context is consequently subject to a plethora of physical constraints. The strategy of choice is the so-called “bottom up” approach [1], whereby the first step is to de- The plasma membrane is the largest cell organelle convolve the complex interdependencies of local and separates the cell from the outer world. It is the biochemical and biophysical processes by identifying key to the cell recognition process, which relies on the key interactions and their constraints, often in the formation of small domains of proteins. This pro- collaboration with experimental partners. Once rec- cess is controlled by the membrane elasticity and its ognized, the essential elements become the founda- coupling to stochastic biochemical interactions of tion of simplified models. These we study by means of proteins that diffuse through a crowded fluctuating statistical physics on all relevant time and length environment. In recent work [3], we developed a scales from the level of chemical reactions, to the semi-analytic model for the nucleation of adhesions global behavior of cells and tissues. that takes into account these components in the context of thermal noise and tested it against our Langevin simulations and experiments. The successful 98 comparison became the foundation of a hypothesis entity and in large ensembles. Encouraged by our that the appropriate coarse-graining of the mem- recent development of a simulation scheme and de- brane undulations can be utilized to model the dy- termination of optimal body shapes [4], we currently namics of molecular complexation beyond the level of study the interplay between hydrodynamic interac- thermal fluctuations, which will be investigated within tions, internal elastic degrees of freedom, and driving the ERC Starting Grant. forces of deterministic as well as a stochastic nature. The aims are to optimize the design of the transporter for pay-load delivery and address questions of coherence and emergent correlations in many-swimmer systems.

Physics of tissue development

Studying the growth of cell colonies is an important step in the understanding of processes involving collective cooperative behavior of cells, including tissue Langevin simulation (left) and analytic shape of a development, wound healing, and cancer progres- bonded membrane (right) sion. Yet very little is known about the emergence of long range correlations in tissues under the influence Self-propulsion of colloidal devices and micro- of physical clues. The information about these coop- swimming erative actions can be obtained by analyzing the morphological changes of cells during the growth of an The motion of cells and bacteria is associated with aggregate. We recently performed such an in-depth low Reynolds numbers requires a time-irreversible analysis on MDCK cell cultures grown on collagen- propulsion strategy. Understanding the principles of coated substrates of different elasticities, and found a self-propulsion is not only important in the biological new regime of growth, triggered solely by the soft- context but also for the working of microdevices. Due ness of the underlying matrix [5]. Apart from further to their promise in generic payload delivery, we focus characterizing this phase, we are now developing on bead-spring transporters, on the level of a single theoretical models that can account for the observed behavior.

______Selected collaborations Selected publications Longstanding theory collaborators include U. Seifert [1] Cells - a new challenge for physics? A.-S. Smith. (Stuttgart; membranes), D. Smith (Zagreb; peptide Nature Phys. 6, 1 (2010). spectra), S. J. Marrink (Groningen; hydrophobic effect) and U. Rüde (FAU, Lattice Boltzmann simulations [2] Calculation of the CD Spectrum of a Peptide from of microswimmers). I particularly cherish experi- Its Conformational Phase Space: The Case of Met- mental collaborations, the most prominent of which enkephalin and Its Unnatural Analogue. Z. Brkljača, K. are with K. Sengupta (Marseille, cell recognition), R. Čondić-Jurkić, A.-S. Smith, D. M. Smith. J. Chem. The- Merkel (Jülich; vesicle adhesion), V. Sandoghdar (Er- or. Comput. 8, 1694 (2012) langen; diffusion in membranes), F. Rehfeld (Göttin- gen; tissue mechanics), and D. Müller (Berlin; tissues [3] Nucleation of ligand-receptor bond domains in under osmotic stresses). membrane adhesion. T. Bihr, U. Seifert, A.-S. Smith. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 258101 (2012). Teaching and outreach

[4] K. Pickl, J. Götz, K. Iglberger, J. Pande, K. Mecke, I teach courses related to Biophysics as well as core A.-S. Smith, U. Rüde: All good things come in threes– courses of the theoretical physics curriculum. In the Three beads learn to swim with lattice Boltzmann and latter case, I regularly contribute to Physics Advanced, a rigid body solver. J. Comp. Sci. 3, 374 (2012). Opti- a study program for talented students. mal shapes of artificial bead-spring micro-carriers at low Reynolds numbers. J. Pande, A.-S. Smith. Funding arxiv:796977.

[5] Novel growth regime of MDCK II model tissues on EAM Starting Grant (2009-2012, 400 000 EUR) soft substrates. S. Kaliman, C. Jayachandran, F. Reh- European Research Council Starting Grant (2013- feldt, and A.-S. Smith. Biophys. J (2013), to be pub- 2018, 1.5 Mio EUR); lished as a letter. EAM Research project (2012-2015, 290 000 EUR) ______

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Thomas Thiemann Professional Career (b. 1967) 2009-now W3-professor at FAU, Erlangen W3, Institute for Theoretical Physics III – Quan- 2005-2015 Guest professor, Beijing normal University tum Gravity 2003-2011 Faculty at the Perimeter Institute for The- oretical Physics, Ontario, Canada The research of Thomas Thiemann is focussed on 2003-2006 Associate professor at the University of Quantum Gravity which touches upon fields such as Waterloo, Ontario, Canada General Relativity, Gauge Field Theory, Quantum Field 1997-2009 Permanent research staff at the Max Theory, Cosmology, High Energy and Astroparticle Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Ein- Physics as well as Mathematical Physics. He graduat- stein Institute), Golm, Germany ed from the RWTH Aachen, Germany in 1994 and 1995-1997 Postdoctoral fellow, Harvard University, held postdoc positions at The Pennsylvania State Boston, Massachusetts,USA University at University Park, Pennsylvania, USA 1993-1995 Postdoctoral fellow, The pennsylvania (1993-1995) and Harvard University in Boston, Mas- State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA sachusetts, USA (1995-1997). He then became a 1992-1994 PhD student at Technical University Aa- senior researcher (permanent position) at the Max chen (RWTH), Germany Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert- ______

Einstein-Institute) in Golm, Germany (1997-2009) Researcher ID: D-9946-2013 with intermediate interruptions as a professor at the Website:www.gravity.physik.fau.de/members/people/ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and the thiemann.shtml University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Supervised PhD theses : 16 (2003-2006). Since 2005 he is guest professor at Bei- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 11 jing Normal University, Beijing, China. He became full ______professor (chair) at FAU Erlangen-Nuernberg in 2009 QG is widely believed not only to play an important after having declined an offer from the Technical role in the afore mentioned extreme astrophysical University of Vienna as a full professor. His total and cosmological situations but also to dramatically number of citations are 3444/5851 (web of change our understanding of elementary particle knowledge/spires-hep), average citation number per physics at very short distances (Planck scale energies). article is 42/60, h-index is 33/40 for his 82/102 publi- These effects are expected to throw light on funda- cations. He has given more than 70 invited talks at mental questions of cosmology such as the origin of international meetings so far. For his research in dark energy, and might be tested, at least in principle, quantum gravity he was awarded the Vasilis Xan- cosmological, ultra high energy astroparticle physics thopoulos International Award for Gravitational Phys- or gravitational wave experiments. Accordingly, the ics in 2007, targeted at gravitational physics research- research team in Erlangen has strong interest in the ers below the age of 40. He has served on the edito- corresponding observational physics. rial board of the journal ``Classical and Quantum

Gravity'' and (co-) organized nine international con- Today no generally accepted QG theory is available ferences. Thomas Thiemann is the coordinator of the but there are several Ansaetze which are currently Emerging Field Project ``Quantum Geometry'' which being developed. The research in Erlangen follows the is funded by the Emerging Field Initiative of the FAU. so called Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) approach He is the author of a textbook on quantum gravity. which has received growing attention in the past.

While the theory is still incomplete, there are several

promising features such as a discrete Planck scale Research in the Thiemann group picture and a certain built-in UV improvement of usual QFT. Precise methods of mathematical physics Physics rests on the principles of General Relativity are being employed to further develop the theory. (GR) and Quantum Field Theory (QFT). However, Accordingly, the research team is in close contact these two principles describe rather different regimes with the Mathematics Department of the FAU. of the physical world: While GR is a classical, deterministic theory that has been confirmed in particular More in detail the research focuses on the following on large scales, QFT is indeterministic and plays ist branches: most important role on very short scales. These two principles must be combined when one probes very Quantum Dynamics strong gravitational fields as they occur inside black holes or close to the big bang. A theory that synthe Central to any QG candidate theory is the proper sises both principles are called Quantum Gravity (QG). implementation of the Quantum Einstein Equations which are also known as the Wheeler-DeWitt equations. While the corresponding operators have been 100 successfully quantised, there remain quantization Quantum Cosmology ambiguities which have to be fixed in order for the theory to gain any predictive power. One of the most promising possibilities to actually measure quantum gravity effects lie in high precision Semiclassical Limit cosmology as primordial quantum gravity fluctuations may have left their imprint in the power spectra Any successful theory of QG must contain a regime in measured by the WMAP and PLANCK satellites. It is which both the usual QFT description of matter and therefore important to carefully extract the quantum the classical GR behavior of geometry are recovered. cosmology sector from LQG and to look for effects Accordingly it is important to develop semiclassical which lie in the sensitivity range of those or future states which suitably stabilise the quantum dynamics. experiments that measure the large scale structure of the universe. Quantum Black Holes Selected collaborations Using semiclassical tools which however neglect the matter -- geometry interaction and the quantum The team enjoys lively theory interactions with most nature of the gravitational field, Bekenstein and of the QG research centers worldwide such as the Hawking have argued that black holes are in fact not Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Pennsylva- black but radiate like black bodies and have a corre- nia State University, PA, USA; The Institute for Theo- sponding entropy. An ideal testing ground for any QG retical Physics, Marseille University; The Perimeter candidate theory is therefore to give a microscopic Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ontario, Canada; The explanation of the Bekenstein Hawking entropy of Institute for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University; macroscopic black holes and to give a self-consistent and The Institute for Theoretical Physics, Lousiana description of the Hawking effect. State University. On the experimental side, the chair is part of the Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP) and keeps in contact with the cosmology ______group of the excellence cluster ``Universe'' in Munich. Selected publications Within Erlangen the institute members mostly collaborate with other members from ECAP and with Quantization of diffeomorphism invariant theories of members from the institutes for theoretical physics. connections withlocal degrees of freedom. Abhay Ashtekar, Jerzy Lewandowski, Donald Marolf, Jose Teaching Mourao, Thomas Thiemann. J.Math.Phys. 36 (1995) 6456-6493 gr-qc/9504018 An outcome of the EFP ``Quantum Geometry'' is the implementation of a curriculum of specialized courses Quantum spin dynamics (QSD). T. Thiemann. for master and PhD students that are to build up the Class.Quant.Grav. 15 (1998) necessary expertise in order to conduct original QG 839-873 gr-qc/9606089 research. This consists of QFT 1+2, GR 1+2, Cosmology and QG and adds to the visibility of the Department Gauge field theory coherent states (GCS): 1. General of Physics in Erlangen. properties. Thomas Thiemann. Class.Quant.Grav. 18

(2001) 2025-2064 hep th/0005233 Funding The Phoenix project: Master constraint program for loop quantum gravity. Thomas Thiemann. The Institute for Quantum Gravity is an integral part Class.Quant.Grav. 23 (2006) 2211-2248 gr- of the Emerging Field Project ``Quantum Geometry'' qc/0305080 which combines the expertises of mathematicians and physicists in order to make progress on the Uniqueness of diffeomorphism invariant states on mathematical foundations of QG. The EFP has re- holonomy-flux algebras. Jerzy Lewandowski, Andrzej ceived funding for three years in the amount of Okolow, Hanno Sahlmann, Thomas Thiemann. Com- roughly EUR 1.800 000 from the Emergent Field Office mun.Math.Phys. 267 (2006) 703-733 gr-qc/0504147 of the FAU.

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Michael Thies Professional Career (b. 1948) 1989-now C3-professor in theoretical physics at the C3, Institute for Theoretical FAU, Erlangen Physics III 1982-1988 Research position at the VU and NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Michael Thies is working on 1979-1982 Postdoctoral fellow at SIN (now PSI), Vil- strong interaction physics and lingen, Switherland relativistic quantum field theo- 1977-1989 Postdoctoral fellow at Heidelberg Univer- ry. He studied in Heidelberg, sity where he received his PhD in 1975 in intermediate 1975-1976 Postdoctoral fellow at SUNY, Stony Brook, energy nuclear physics. After postdoc positions at USA (group the late G.E. Brown) Stony Brook, Heidelberg, SIN Villigen (now PSI), he got 1973-1975 PhD student at the University of Heidel- a long term research position at the Free University of berg (group of J. Hüfner) Amsterdam. In 1989, he returned to Germany on a C3 ______professorship, which F. Lenz had created under the Researcher ID: Fiebiger program at the Institute for Theoretical Phys- Website: www.gravity.physik.fau/members/people/ ics III, FAU, Erlangen. He has 90 publications, 1580 thies.shtml citations and an h-index of 23, according to the IN- Supervised PhD theses : 12 SPIRE-HEP data base. Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 50 ______

Research in the Thies group 't Hooft, Gross-Neveu and Nambu--Jona-Lasinio models. Apart from being of interest for strong interac- Strong interactions, relativistic quantum field tions, these models have found many applications in theory, and exactly solvable models quasi-one dimensional condensed matter systems like superconductors, polymers or cold atomic gases. Our research encompasses a wide spectrum of questions originating in strong interaction physics, ranging Phase diagrams of quantum field theories at from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to exactly finite temperature and chemical potential solvable, low dimensional fermionic field theories. It is driven by the desire to understand fundamental The phase diagram of QCD at finite temperature and physics, rather than reproduce specific experimental density is of interest for heavy ion collisions at data. This is reflected in a strong bias towards analytic Brookhaven or LHC, as well as for astrophysical ques- as opposed to numerical methods. tions. Since standard lattice Monte Carlo methods fail at finite density, it is important to study the phase Analytic approaches to the confinement problem diagrams of exactly solvable models. We discovered in QCD generic solitonic crystal phases in all the models studied which had been overlooked before, like the ``chi- In the past, the QCD confinement problem was at the ral spiral". In the meantime, this has had some impact center of my activities, in collaboration with F. Lenz, on the discussion of the QCD phase diagram, with the former head of Theorie III. The fundamental prob- many works devoted to identifying inhomogeneous lem to understand why quarks and gluons, the fields phases of dense matter. appearing in the QCD Lagrangian, are not seen as free particles in nature, is still not fully understood. We had some partial successes and developed non- perturbative techniques, emphasizing concepts like light cone quantization, non-Abelian gauge fixing, center symmetry, topology (through instantons and merons).

Exactly solvable fermionic field theories in low dimensions

Since 10 years, I work mostly on exactly solvable field Full phase diagram of the massive Gross-Neveu model as a function of fermion mass, chemical potential and temperature. theoretical models, notably fermionic theories in 1+1 The shaded surface separates a Fermi gas from a solitonic dimensions which can be solved in the large N limit by crystal. semiclassical methods. Paradigms include the

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Solving dynamical problems in quantum field Teaching theory I participated actively in the Erlangen-Regensburg During the last 3 years, my interest has shifted to- Graduiertenkolleg ``Strong Interaction Physics", which wards exact solutions of time-dependent problems in ran the maximum allowed number of 9+1 years model QFTs, e.g. baryon-baryon scattering or breath- (1991-2001). Since I came to Erlangen, I am strongly ers and their interactions. We use relativistic time involved in the teacher student examinations in theo- dependent Hartree-Fock including the Dirac sea, an retical physics for all Universities in the state of Bavar- approach supposed to become exact in the large N ia. limit. Together with G. V. Dunne from the University of Connecticut, we have recently found the complete, Funding analytical solution of this problem for an arbitrary number and complexity of bound states or breathers The biggest project I have participated in was the (accepted by PRL). aforementioned Graduiertenkolleg, funded by the DFG. At present, I have a 3 years DFG grant (1/2 posi- Selected collaborations tion) for a PhD student.

During the period where F. Lenz was head of Theory III, we had the chance to work and publish together with a number of renowned Humboldt prize winners which F. Lenz succeeded to attract to Erlangen, notably S. Levit (Weizmann Institute), the late L. O'Rai- feartaigh (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), E. Moniz (MIT, now US secretary of energy), J. Negele (MIT), M. Shifman (University of Minnesota), and K. Yazaki (Tokyo University). Recently, I have mostly been collaborating with G. V. Dunne (University of Connecticut).

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Selected publications

The Delta nucleus spin orbit interaction in pion nucleus scattering, with Y. Horikawa and F. Lenz, Nucl. Phys. A 345, 386 (1980).

Hamiltonian formulation of two-dimensional gauge theories on the light cone, with F. Lenz, S. Levit, K. Yazaki, Ann. Phys. 208, 1 (1991).

QCD in the axial gauge representation, with F. Lenz and H. W. L. Naus, Ann. Phys. 233, 317 (1994).

Emergence of Skyrme crystal in Gross-Neveu and 't Hooft models at finite density, with V. Sch\"on, Phys. Rev. D62, 096002 (2000).

From relativistic quantum fields to condensed matter and back again: Updating the Gross-Neveu phase diagram, J. Phys. A 39, 12707 (2006).

Inhomogeneous condensates in the thermodynamics of the chiral NJL2 model, with G. Basar and G. V. Dunne, Phys. Rev. D 79, 105012 (2009). ______

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Michael Thoss Professional Career (b. 1966) 2009-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Institute for Theoreti- 2005-2008 Privatdozent at the Chair of Theoretical cal Physics, Theoretical Chemistry, Technical University of München Solid State Physics, Inter- 2000-2005 Research associate at the Chair of Theo- disciplinary Center for Mo- retical Chemistry, Technical University of München lecular Materials 1998-2000 Postdoctoral fellow at the University of California at Berkeley, USA (group of W.H. Miller) Michael Thoss studied physics 1994-1998 PhD student at Technical University of at the Ludwig Maximilians University of München and München (group of W. Domcke) ______received his Ph.D. in 1998 from the Technical Univer- sity of München. From 1998 to 2000 he was a Feodor- Researcher ID: C-5976-2013 Lynen postdoctoral fellow of the Alexander von Hum- Website: http://thcp.nat.uni-erlangen.de/ boldt-Foundation at the University of California at Supervised PhD theses: 4 (+ 5 in progress) Berkeley, USA. He subsequently returned to München Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 7 ______as a research associate at the Chair of Theoretical Chemistry and finished his Habilitation in 2005. From 2005 to 2008, he was Privatdozent at the Department energy transport in single molecule junctions. These of Chemistry of the Technical University of München. systems combine the possibility to study fundamental In 2006 he received the Hellman award for Theoreti- aspects of nonequilibrium many-body quantum phys- cal Chemistry. Since 2009, he has been Professor ics at the nanoscale with the perspective for techno- (W2) for Theoretical Physics at the FAU Erlangen- logical applications in nanoelectronic devices. Em- Nürnberg. His fields of research are theoretical con- ploying a combination of first principles electronic densed matter physics and molecular physics. The structure methods and state-of-the-art transport focus of his research is the theory and simulation of theory, we have analyzed transport mechanisms in nonequilibrium processes in many-body quantum molecular junctions including electron-phonon and systems. His scientific work is documented in more electron-electron interaction, fluctuations and noise than 80 publications, with a total number of about phenomena as well as phononic energy transport. We 2400 citations and h-index of 29. have devised novel schemes for molecular nanoswitches based on proton transfer reactions and have analyzed quantum interference and decoher- Research in the Thoss group ence phenomena. Recently, we have started to consider molecular nanostructures that use carbon-based The Thoss group carries out research in the fields of materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes in theoretical condensed matter physics and molecular a collaborative effort within SFB 953. physics. Focus of the research is the theory and simulation of nonequilibrium processes in many-body Photoinduced processes and time-dependent quantum systems. Theoretical and computational phenomena in molecules, at surfaces and inter- methods are being developed and applied to study faces quantum dynamics and quantum transport in molecules, nanostructures, at surfaces and interfaces. The availability of ultrashort laser pulses, which have Research projects include fundamental aspects of recently reached the subfemtosecond time scale, dynamics and transport in correlated quantum sys- allows studies of ultrafast processes in atoms, mole- tems, such as, e.g., the role of interference, decoher- cules and condensed matter in ‘real time’. Of primary ence and localization, as well as applications to study interest in molecular systems and condensed matter charge and energy transport processes in nanostruc- is the unraveling of electronic and nuclear motion and tures relevant for nanoelectronics and photovoltaics. their mutual correlation. Our theoretical work in this area concentrates on the simulation and analysis of Theory and simulation of charge and energy time-dependent non-Born-Oppenheimer processes transport in nanostructures, molecular electron- and their role in photoinduced charge and energy ics transfer processes in molecular materials. A focus of our work in the last decade was the investigation of Quantum transport processes in nanosystems have photoinduced electron dynamics in dye- been of great interest recently in different areas of semiconductor systems used in dye-sensitized solar physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. An example, cells. Moreover, within a new collaboration of several we have investigated in detail recently, is charge and groups in Erlangen, we study the process of carrier

multiplication by singlet-triplet fission in organic crys-

104 tals, which holds great promise to improve the effi- non-equilibrium processes in many-body systems. ciency of solar cells. This includes multiconfiguration wave functions methods, density matrix schemes, semiclassical ap- Fundamental aspects of quantum dynamics in proaches as well as nonequilibrium Green’s function many-body systems methods. The combination of these dynamical approaches with electronic structure methods to char- In addition to first-principles simulations of specific acterize the systems of interest is another focus area systems, we study fundamental aspects of nonequi- of our research. librium quantum dynamics in many-body systems employing generic models such as the spin-boson Selected collaborations model, Anderson-type impurity models as well as other many-body models with electron-electron and The group actively participates in SFB 953, the cluster electron-phonon interaction. Processes being investi- of excellence EAM and is associated to the cluster of gated include quantum interference effects, decoher- excellence ‘Munich Center of Advanced Photonics’. ence, localization and correlation as well as multista- We collaborate with several theoretical and experi- bility phenomena. mental groups in Erlangen and worldwide. Recent examples include the groups of W. Domcke (Mün- Development of efficient numerical methods for chen), P. Feulner (München), W. Jaegermann (Darm- quantum dynamics in many-body systems stadt), W.H. Miller (UC Berkeley), J. Neaton (LBNL Berkeley), U. Peskin (Technion Haifa), E. Rabani (Tel We develop efficient numerical methods with the Aviv), A. Sobolewski (Warsaw), H. Wang (Las Cruces) goal to accurately describe quantum mechanical and in Erlangen, in particular, M. Bockstedte, T. Clark, T. Fauster, D. Guldi, H. Weber.

______Funding Selected publications Selected funding over the past few years: Semiclassical Description of Nonadiabatic Quantum BMBF (2009-2011, 1 postdoc), DFG (2010-2013, 1 Dynamics, G. Stock and M. Thoss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, postdoc), DFG SFB 953 (2012-2015, 2 PhD), GIF (2013- 578 (1997). 2015, 1 PhD), Humboldt postdoctoral fellowship (2012-2013) Quantum Dynamics of Photoinduced Electron- Transfer Reactions in Dye-Semiconductor Systems: First-Principles Description and Application to Couma- rin 343-TiO2, I. Kondov, M. Cizek, C. Benesch, H. Wang, and M. Thoss, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 11970 (2007)

Numerically exact quantum dynamics for indistinguishable particles: The multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree theory in second quantization representation, H. Wang and M. Thoss, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 024114 (2009)

Vibrational nonequilibrium effects in the conductance Quantum interference and decoherence in a single mole- of single-molecules with multiple electronic states, R. cule nanojunction. (a): In the presence of quasi-degenerate Härtle, C. Benesch, and M. Thoss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, molecular energy levels, quantum interference effects can influence the electrical transport profoundly. (b): Coupling 146801 (2009) to vibrations provides a decoherence mechanism that is particularly efficient for larger temperatures (T) and results Experimental Evidence for Quantum Interference and in a significantly enhanced electrical current in the resonant Vibrationally Induced Decoherence in Single-Molecule transport regime at higher bias voltages [S. Ballmann, R. Junctions, S.Ballmann, R. Härtle, P.B. Coto, M. Elbing, Härtle, P.B. Coto, M. Elbing, M. Mayor, M.R. Bryce, M. Thoss M. Mayor, M.R. Bryce, M. Thoss and H.B. Weber, and H.B. Weber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 056801 (2012)]. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 , 056801 (2012)

Charge Transport in Pentacene−Graphene Nanojunc- tions, I.A. Pshenichnyuk, P.B. Coto, S. Leitherer, and M. Thoss, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 809 (2013) ______

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Tobias Unruh Professional Career (b. 1967) 2011-now chairperson of the Scientific and Technical W2, Institute of Con- Advisory Panel (STAP) for chopper spectrometers of densed Matter – Nano- the ESS materials Characterization 2011-now chairperson and elected member of the (scattering methods) German committee research with neutrons 2011-now member and deputy chairperson of MLZ The research of Tobias Unruh referee committee is focused on structural prop- 2010-now W2 professor at the FAU, Erlangen erties of nanoscaled organic and inorganic materials 2010 Habilitation in experimental physics, TUM and relaxation processes of complex systems. The 2001-2010 Postdoc and staff member at FRM II experimental methods used (SAXS, SANS, GISAXS, 1996-2001 Postdoc and scientific assistant at the GIXD) allow for in-situ studies of native samples with chair of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of time resolutions up to the microsecond range for Jena kinetic studies and on a time scale of subpico- to 1993-1997 PhD in physical chemistry at the Universi- nanoseconds (QENS, INS, MD simulation) for studies tät des Saarlandes ______of molecular dynamics, respectively. Tobias Unruh joined the FAU in November 2010. He Researcher ID: C-8946-2013 was awarded a PhD in Electrochemistry by Saarland Website: www.nc.nat.uni-erlangen.de University in Saarbrücken for his study of the struc- Supervised PhD theses : tural properties of hydrogen intercalates of transition Diploma, BSc., MSc.: ______metal oxides. He continued his work on structural property relations of materials at the Friedrich- Schiller-University Jena as a postdoc and scientific are developed very successfully allowing to extract assistant at the Chair of Pharmaceutical Technology. details like e.g. the structure of the monomolecular During this time he studied dispersions of organic stabilizer layer of the nanoparticles, the particle colloids mainly by small-angle X-ray, neutron and light shape and size distribution, and the distribution of scattering and calorimetry. After moving to the Tech- particle association from the experimental data. Even nical University of Munich (TUM) in 2001, he de- studies of the drug distribution within drug loaded signed, commissioned, and managed the user opera- nanosuspensions of highly complex structures be- tion of the neutron time-of-flight spectrometer come feasible using the neutron and X-ray powder TOFTOF at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz research neutron pattern simulation source FRM II in Garching. He also established a re- analysis (NXPPSA) for search group to study the picosecond dynamics of complementary molecular liquids, phospholipid membranes, and the SAXS/SANS data sets. mesoscopic structure of colloidal dispersions at the A simplified cut out of TOFTOF facility. For his teaching at the TUM Physics a schematic represen- Department he was awarded the ‘golden chalk’ a tation of the structure price of the dean, the dean of curriculum and the of such a dispersion is students for the best special lecture in summer se- visualized in the figure above. Cooperation: P. Lindner mester 2010. Tobias Unruh habilitated in experi- (ILL), A. Radulescu (JCNS), H. Bunjes (Univ. Braun- mental physics at TUM in 2010. In Erlangen, he heads schweig), F. Steiniger (FSU Jena) the scattering methods division of the Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy. He authored Relaxation in molecular liquids 75 papers (64 since 2007).

The dynamics of molecular liquids cover a broad

range of timescales, ranging from the fast local relax- Research in the Unruh group ation of the atomic bonds to the long range diffusion of the whole molecule. The aim of our studies is a Organic nanoparticles for pharmaceutical use general understanding of the relevance and interplay of the many different relaxation processes finally Lecithin stabilized triglyceride nanosuspensions are leading to molecular diffusion in the liquid. Some of intriguing systems and relevant for pharmaceutical such processes are visualized in the figure below by and nutritional applications. We use small angle X-ray trajectories of a C32H66 molecule on different time and neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS) to study the scales as extracted from MD simulations. For compar- mesoscopic structure of such dispersions with molec- ison the intermediate scattering function determined ular resolution. New analytical tools for data analysis

106 by time-of-flight neutron scattering at different in- ZnO nanoparticles: Formation, growth and aging strument resolutions as labeled in the legend. Huge progress for many different molecular liquids ZnO is a promising semiconductor material, which could be achieved and even for rather long chain shows interesting optical and electronic properties molecules like co-enzyme Q10 a complete description and makes it a promising candidate for the incorpora- of the picosecond dynamics could be presented. Un- tion into electronic devices and solar cells where they rivaled agreement between QENS and MD simulation act as an electron transfer system. We recently start- could be achieved for n-alkans as e.g. C100H202 ed to study formation, growth and aging of ZnO quan- (Morhenn et al.). tum dots in ethanolic solution by time resoled SAXS, SANS and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The kinetics of particle growth and aging could successfully be observed in a time range from 10 ms (synchrotron data) up to several days. While SAXS gives detailed information about the ZnO particle cores we could demonstrate that the structure of the organic shell could be observed by additional SANS measurements. Coopera- tion: W. Peukert (FAU), A. Magerl, R. Neder, M.-S. Appavou (JCNS, Garching).

We were able for the first time to demonstrate that viscoelastic hydrodynamic interactions dominate the subdiffusive regime in molecular liquids by experimentally validated MD simulations. Cooperation: R. Böckmann (bio informatics, FAU), D. Richter (FZJ), W. Petry (TUM), H. Meyer (ICS, Univ. Strasbourg).

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Selected publications

T. Unruh, K. Westesen, P. Bösecke, P. Lindner, M. H. J. Koch, Self-assembly of triglyceride nano-crystals in suspension, Langmuir 18 (2002) 1796 Structure formation in printed films T. Unruh, J. Neuhaus, W. Petry, The high-resolution time-of-flight spectrometer TOFTOF, Nucl. Instr. Another recently started project focuses on in-situ Methods A 580 (2007) 1414 studies of the structure formation of bulk-hetero- junction organic (/inorganic hybrid) solar cells. We S. Busch, C. Smuda, L.C. Pardo, T. Unruh, Molecular just finished the construction of a fully equipped hu- Mechanism of Long-Range Diffusion in Phospholipid midity cell with an automated doctor blade system Membranes Studied by Quasielastic Neutron Scatter- and successfully conducted first high quality GISAXS ing, JACS 132 (2010) 3232 measurements at our new (2013, cf. photograph above) highly customized SAXS instrument. Coopera- H. Morhenn, S. Busch, T. Unruh, Chain dynamics in a tion: C. Brabec (FAU). hexadecane melt as seen by neutron scattering and identified by molecular dynamics simulations, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 24 (2012) 375108 Selected collaborations and funding

M. Schmiele, T. Schindler, T. Unruh*, S. Busch, H. Endowed professorship of Cluster of Excellence EAM Morhenn, M. Westermann, F. Steiniger, A. Radulescu, with funding; Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Nanos- P. Lindner, R. Schweins, P. Boesecke, Structural char- trukturierte Filme IZNF, start of construction of new acterization of the phospholipid stabilizer layer at the building in 2014; Center for Nanoanalysis and Elec- solid-liquid interface of dispersed triglyceride nano- tron Microscopy CENEM; heading scattering methods crystals with small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering, devision; DFG core facility Nanocharacterization with Phys. Rev. E 87 (2013) 062316 electrons, X-rays and scanning probes; RTG 1896; ______member of IC-ICP; further cooperation with national and international work groups at universities and large scale facilities.

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Christopher van Eldik Professional Career (b. 1973) 2011-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Erlangen Centre for As- 2010-201 W2 substitute at FAU troparticle Physics 2005-2011 Postdoctoral fellow at Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg (group of Werner Hof- The current research interest of mann) Christopher van Eldik is in Exper- 2004 Postdoctoral fellow at DESY, Hamburg (group of imental gamma-ray astronomy, a Bernhard Schmidt) young field in astroparticle phys- 2000-2004 PhD student at University of Dortmund ics. Van Eldik studied physics (with emphasis on ex- (group of Dietrich Wegener) perimental particle physics) at Dortmund University, where he graduated in 2000. During his PhD studies he was situated at DESY, Academic and scientific functions where he investigated vector meson production in inelastic proton-nucleus interactions with the HERA-B 2010 Editor of Proc. Sci. (Texas 2010 Symposium on detector, and was co-responsible for the operation of Relativistic Astrophysics) the HERA-B wire target at the HERA proton beam. since 2012 Referee for The Astrophysical Journal In 2005 he moved to MPI für Kernphysik in Heidelberg since 2011 Tutor for the Alexander von Humboldt and became member of the H.E.S.S. collaboration and Foundation the CTA consortium. His work focused on the high- since 2013 Referee for the Alexander von Humboldt energy astrophysics of the Galactic Centre region, the Foundation H.E.S.S. trigger and pointing systems, and on ad- since 2011 ERASMUS exchange coordinator of the vanced gamma-ray reconstruction techniques. Physics Department In 2011, van Eldik accepted a professorship at FAU. since 2012 Mentor within the Ariadne Women Career Besides the Galactic Centre region, he is working on program of FAU indirect detection of dark matter in the Galactic halo 2009-2011Member of the H.E.S.S. Run Coordination with H.E.S.S. and on advanced test facilities for the Team quality control of CTA mirror facets. Since 2013 he is 2010-2011 Elected member of the H.E.S.S. Observa- leading the Analysis and Reconstruction Working tion Time Allocation Committee Group of H.E.S.S. As of now, van Eldik is (co-)author of since 2013 Head of the H.E.S.S. Analysis and Recon- more than 120 publications with about 5000 citations struction Working Group and an h-index of 38. since 2013 Member of the H.E.S.S. Executive Board

Awards Research in the van Eldik group 2007 Descartes prize of the European Union (together with the H.E.S.S. Collaboration) The research carried out in the group concentrates on 2010 Bruno Rossi prize of the American Astronom- the analysis and interpretation of H.E.S.S. gamma-ray ical Society (together with the H.E.S.S. Collaboration) data and the development of test facilities and cali- ______bration instrumentation for the forthcoming CTA Researcher ID: C-3901-2013 observatory. With me being convener of the H.E.S.S. Website:www.ecap.nat.uni-erlangen.de/members/ Analysis and Reconstruction Working Group, my vaneldik group is also involved in performing systematic stud- Supervised PhD theses: 7 (+ 2 in progress) ies on the H.E.S.S. reconstruction and analysis frame- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 6 (+ 4 in progress) works. ______

among them the supermassive black hole Sagittarius Gamma-ray astronomy with H.E.S.S. A*. The group uses H.E.S.S. data to study the astrophysics of the Galactic Centre both in terms of identi- Astrophysics: Exploring the Galactic Centre re- fying and characterizing the acceleration sites and gion at very high energies understanding the particle transport in this region.

Tracing the direction and energy of cosmic teraelec- Particle Physics: Searches for the annihilation of tronvolt photons is a versatile tool to investigate the Dark Matter particles production sites and the transport of charged cosmic rays in our galaxy and beyond. A particularly interest- The identification of the nature of Dark Matter is one ing region in the Milky Way is the Galactic Centre, of the most important questions in particle physics which harbors many putative cosmic ray accelerators, and cosmology to date. From indirect tracers and

108 large-scale simulations it is expected that a typical ment, the group is developing and commissioning a Milky Way-like galaxy hosts a large concentration of novel technique to precisely measure the surface dark matter particles in its central part, with the den- properties of the mirror tiles. The method is exten- sity strongly peaked towards the centre. Depending sively used for characterizing the optical properties of on the yet unknown properties of these particles, prototype mirrors and is a good candidate setup for their annihilation or decay into standard model parti- mirror mass tests during the CTA production phase. cles gives rise to various gamma-ray signals from the Galactic halo region. We use gamma-ray observations Design of and simulations for an optical system to put constraints on the dark matter annihilation for pointing calibration of the MST telescopes cross section, with the goal of constraining the parameter space of the dark matter particle in e.g. su- Due to their size and load, ground-based gamma-ray persymmetric models. telescopes are subject to structural deformations which depend on the observation direction and are Gamma-ray astronomy with CTA partly inelastic. This leads to a misalignment of the telescope camera w.r.t. the optical axis of the instru- Development and commissioning of a test setup ment, which can be corrected for by e.g. recording of for mirror quality tests stars in the field of view with a CCD camera during observations. Together with Humboldt University CTA is an internationally proposed next-generation (Berlin) and DESY (Zeuthen) the group performs fea- ground-based gamma-ray observatory to explore the sibility studies of using one or two CCD cameras per sky at photon energies of about 30 GeV-100 TeV. To telescope to guarantee a precise offline pointing of form the reflectors of the foreseen 50-100 telescopes the CTA mid-size telescopes (MSTs). of different type and collection area, about 10.000 squaremeter of mirror tiles are needed. Although Teaching and outreach light-weight, each mirror has to be of superior quality in terms of its reflectivity and focussing properties. Teaching and public outreach are important ways to Together with the Institute of Optics at the depart- pass on to others the enthusiasm of scientists to explore new grounds. Since a couple of years I try to carry on my enthusiasm for gamma-ray astronomy to ______amateur astronomers, physicists and the interested Selected publications public in both colloquia and print (e.g. Sterne und Weltraum, Physikjournal). My 2012 and 2013 lectures HERA-B Collaboration (I. Abt, …, C. van Eldik et al.), on Experimental Physics for Engineers got highest K*0 and phi meson production in proton-nucleus ranks (rank 1 and 2) among the obligatory courses interactions at s**(1/2) = 41.6 GeV, Eur. Phys. J C50 taught the Faculty of Engineering of FAU. (2007) 315 Funding S. Ohm, C. van Eldik, K. Egberts, Gamma-Hadron Sep- aration in Very-High-Energy gamma-ray astronomy Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA): using a multivariate analysis method, Astrop. Phys. 31 Design and commissioning of a test setup for mirror (2009) 383 quality control BMBF, 2011-2014, 183 kEUR HESS Collaboration (F. Acero, …, C. van Eldik et al.), Localizing the VHE gamma-ray source at the Galactic Centre Mon. Not. Royal Astron. Soc. 402 (2010) 1877

HESS Collaboration (A. Abramowski, …, C. van Eldik et al.), Search for for a Dark Matter annihilation signal from the Galactic Center halo with H.E.S.S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 163201

HESS Collaboration (A. Abramowski, …, C. van Eldik et al.), Search for photon line-like signatures from Dark Matter annihilations with H.E.S.S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 041301

The CTA Consortium (M. Actis, …, C. van Eldik et al.), Introducing the CTA concept, Astrop. Phys. 43 (2013) ______109

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Joachim von Zanthier Professional Career (b. 1964) 2004-now C3-professor at FAU, Erlangen Founding C3, Institute for Optics, In- member of Optical Imaging Center Erlangen, Mentor formation and Photonics of Graduate school of excellence Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), host of Humboldt research The work of Joachim von Zanthi- awardee Girish S. Agarwal er focuses on multi-photon in- 2002 Habilitation, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität terferences produced with non- (LMU) classical, classical or mixed light 1996-2004 Research group leader at Max-Planck- sources. After studies at the Ludwigs-Maximilian- Institute for Quantum Optics and Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, and the École Normale Supéri- Universität (LMU), Munich (group of Prof. Herbert eure, Paris, he received his PhD in 1995 at the Univer- Walther) sity of Paris VI, France, in the group of A. Aspect 1995-1996 Postdoctoral fellow at the Max-Planck- where he worked on an atomic mirror in the field of Institute for Quantum Optics, Munich (group of Prof. atom optics. Returning to Germany he joined the Herbert Walther) group of Herbert Walther at the Max-Planck-Institute 1991-1995PhD student at the Institute of Optics, for Quantum Optics and the Ludwig-Maximilians- University Paris VI, France (group of Alain Aspect) University, Munich, as a group leader for an optical ______clock, ultra high resolution spectroscopy and quan- Researcher ID: F-6772-2013 tum effects with single trapped Indium ions. There his Website: www.qoqi.physik.uni-erlangen.de group isolated for the first time the Indium clock Supervised PhD theses: 9 (+ 3 in progress) transition and measured its absolute frequency in a Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 22 (+ 5 in progress) collaboration with the team of Theodor Hänsch. In ______2004 he accepted an offer as associate professor (C3) at the FAU within the newly found Max-Planck Re- search Group. He since then established a research Creation and characterization of entanglement program investigating phenomena from quantum optics and quantum information science based on Photons emitted by statistical independent light multi-photon interferences from statistical independ- sources may be entangled if measured in the far field ent light sources. He has published more than 60 of the sources. The non-classical correlations of the papers including one review on optical frequen- photons are revealed by the second order spatial cystandards and one US patent and was invited to correlation function displaying a contrast which vio- more than 40 talks at international conferences and lates a Bell’s inequality. Analyzing this function we workshops so far. He is a founding member of the showed that the photons may be entangled even if Optical Imaging Center Erlangen OICE), a mentor of they do not exist in the same interval of time. Beyond the Graduate school of excellence Advanced Optical photons, the measurement of the N-th order spatial Technologies (SAOT) and official host of the Humboldt correlation function allows also to entangle the pho- research awardee Girish S. Agarwal. ton emitters via state projection. This leads to entanglement of massive particles even though the particles are separated by macroscopic distances and do not directly interact with each other. With this ap- Research in the von Zanthier group proach whole families of entangled states can be produced within the same setup, e.g., all symmetric Experimental quantum optics and quantum states and all Dicke-states. The method can also be information applied to classify symmetric entangled states into entanglement classes. In our research, we extend the seminal experiment by Hanbury Brown and Twiss and investigate higher order spatiotemporal correlations of photons emitted Quantum imaging with resolution beyond the by statistical independent incoherent light sources. classical Abbe limit Correlations among the photons appear due to indistinguishable multi-photon paths which interfere even Correlated photons can be used for a large variety of though the sources emit incoherently. The system is applications, ranging from quantum cryptography, studied in theory and experiment to explore quantum quantum teleportation to quantum computation. A optical phenomena and applications in quantum in- further application is quantum imaging where spatial formation science. photon correlations are used to image a light source

with a resolution beyond the classical Abbe limit.

Based on the measurement of the N-th order spatial

110 correlation function, we proposed a protocol allowing fruitfully be applied to get a better understanding of to image N incoherent sources with a resolution in- the phenomenon of super- and subradiance, i.e., the creased by a factor of N – 1 compared to ordinary correlated spontaneous decay of an atomic ensemble microscopy. Experimental results with up to eight being in a particular entangled state. The deeper thermal light sources confirmed the theoretical pre- insight into the effect allowed us recently to imple- diction. Presently we try to implement the method in ment super- and subradiance with classical light biology and engineering. sources.

Quantum optics Selected collaborations

Higher order spatial photon correlation functions may The group has a long-standing theory collaboration also be used to study fundamental quantum optical with Girish S. Agarwal, FRS, Oklahoma State Universi- phenomena. For example, in case of two continuously ty, Stillwater, USA, in particular since he obtained a excited two-level atoms the spatial modulation of the Humboldt research award. Other theory collabora- 2nd order correlation function displays a position tions include Enrique Solano and Lucas Lamata (Uni- dependent photon statistics: for positions with versity of Bilbao; characterization of entanglement, G(2)(r,r) < 1 we observe antibunching in combination quantum simulations), Pieter Kok (University of Shef- with sub-Poisson photon statistics whereas for field; quantum imaging), Thierry Bastin (Liege Univer- G(2)(r,r) > 1 we have bunching combined with super- sity; creation of entanglement). We often send PhD Poissonian statistics. For atoms with interatomic dis- students for several months to work with our collabo- tances d < we obtain even spatially dependent de- rators (e.g. at Oklahoma State Univ., Liege Univ., cay times of the source due to the dipole-dipole in- Univ. of Bilbao). In Erlangen, we have experimental teraction between the atoms. The idea of interfer- collaborations with groups from SAOT (chair of pho- ence of indistinguishable quantum paths can further tonic technologies, chair for engineering thermodynamics) and OICE (group of Ralf Palmisano).

______Funding Selected publications Research Scholarships of Elite Network of Bavaria (4 Super-resolving multi-photon interferences with PhD, 2008 – 2015); Research Scholarships from Grad- independent light sources, S. Oppel, Th. Büttner, P. uate School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) Kok, J. von Zanthier, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 233603 (2 PhD, 2011 – 2015); DFG Research Grant Entangle- (2012) ment of distant atoms by projective measurements (1 PhD, 2009 – 2013), Staedtler Foundation Research Quantum-interference-initiated superradiant and Grant Transition from classical to quantum physic subradiant emission from entangled atoms, R. using higher order photon correlations (2011 – 2014, Wiegner, J. von Zanthier, G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. A 40.000 EUR). 84, 023805 (2011)

Operational Determination of Multiqubit Entangle- ment Classes via Tuning of Local Operations, T. Bastin, C. Thiel, J. von Zanthier, L. Lamata, E. Solano, G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 053601 (2009)

Generation of Symmetric Dicke states of Remote Qubits with Linear Optics, C. Thiel, J. von Zanthier, T. Bastin, E. Solano, G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 193602 (2007)

Quantum Imaging with incoherent photons, C. Thiel, Scheme of the experimental setup to measure the T. Bastin, J. Martin, E. Solano, J. von Zanthier, G. S. spatial N-th order correlation function: N atoms Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 133603 (2007) emit photons which are coincidentally recorded Absolute frequency measurement of the In+ clock by N detectors in the far field. The measurement transition with a mode-locked laser, J. von Zanthier, allows for example to resolve the atoms with a Th. Becker, M. Eichenseer, A. Yu. Nevsky, Ch. Schwe- resolution beyond the Abbe limit or to prove the des, E. Peik, H. Walther, R. Holzwarth, J. Reichert, Th. entanglement among the recorded photons. In Udem, T. W. Hänsch, P. V. Pokasov, M. N. Skvortsov, case of three-level atoms and polarization sensi- S. N. Bagayev, Opt. Lett. 25, 1729 (2000) tive detection – as shown in the Figure – the ______scheme allows to project the emitters in various families of entangled ground state qubit states.

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Heiko Weber Professional Career (b. 1968) 2012-now Vice speaker of SFB 953 C4, Chair for Applied Physics 2004-now C4-professor at FAU, Erlangen

2004 Invited scientist at IBM Rüschlikon The experimental work of Heiko 2004 Erwin Schrödinger prize (Stifterverband) B. Weber deals with solid state 1999-2004 Postdoc and junior group leader at the electronics. This includes funda- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Nano- mental studies of low- technology temperature quantum transport 1995-1999 Doctoral student at the University of Karls- as well as applied concepts at room temperature. The ruhe (group of Hilbert v. Löhneysen) material classes covered are widespread and include ______molecules, semiconductors, metals, superconductors Researcher ID: D-2654-2012 and magnetic materials. Website: www.lap.physik.uni-erlangen.de After studies in Karlsruhe and Grenoble, Heiko B. Supervised PhD theses: 12 (+ 14 in progress) Weber received his Dr. rer. nat. degree in 1999 at the Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 32 University of Karlsruhe, where he investigated ______mesoscopic quantum transport phenomena in the group of Hilbert von Löhneysen. He then moved to the newly established Institute for Nanotechnology in branes, which allow for new types of measurements the Helmholtz research center in Karlsruhe, first as a (Nature 2013). Another development was the combi- postdoc, then as a junior group leader. As one of the nation of graphene and its substrate SiC, which is first scientist there, he built up a large research effort itself a well performing electronic material. This ena- in molecular electronics, with pioneering experi- bled the innovative concept of “monolithic electron- mental contributions to single-molecule contacts. He ics”, with which transistors with high on/off ratio, then was invited scientist at the Zurich IBM research digital and analog circuits can be built (Nature comm. laboratory, where he initiated research in Molecular 2012). Diode operation close to THz was demonstrat- electronics. 2004 he received the Erwin-Schrödinger ed. award. He received a call to Aachen University, which Recently, single-molecule junctions using graphene he declined. He moved as a full professor to Erlangen electrodes with nanometer spacing were established, University in 2004, where he holds the Chair for Ap- which will open up a new class of experiments. plied Physics. He was cofounder of Erlangen’s “Inter- disciplinary Center for Molecular Materials” (ICMM). Quantum Transport in Graphene He was principal investigator in the cluster of excellence “engineering of advanced materials” 2008- The high homogeneity of our material allows for in- 2012, and vice speaker of the collaborative research vestigation of transport phenomena in quasi-infinite center “Synthetic Carbon Allotropes” (SFB 953, estab- geometry. This gives access to low-energy transport lished 2012). He has more than 3000 citations on phenomena, which are obscured in most other graphene experiments by finite size effects. As a particu- 54 papers, with ~57 cit./paper (h-index: 22). lar example, we could investigate the electron-

electron interaction correction to the conductivity by

means of a careful analysis of the magnetoresistance Research in the Weber Group (see figure). This gave a parameter-free quantitative agreement with recent theories (PRL 2012). This de- Solid State Electronics Using Novel Materials tailed understanding of the low-temperature correc- tions helped to avoid artifacts (Nature phys. 2012) Epitaxial Graphene: Material and Devices and thus paved the way for a highly refined search for Kondo effect, one of the most genuine many-body We contributed significantly to the development of effects in condensed matter physics. epitaxial graphene on Silicon carbide (0001) as one of the most frequently used graphene materials (Nature mat. 2009). With this high- quality material at hand, we could perform transport experiments, but also build unconventional devices. As an example, this lead to the development of robust freely suspended graphene mem-

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Single-Molecule Junctions Silicon Carbide as Semiconductor

We pioneered research on single-molecule junctions, The research on wide bandgap semiconductors, in in which a single organic molecule is covalently con- particular Silicon carbide (SiC) has a long tradition in nected to two electrodes and the current through Erlangen, including a former SFB (1990-2002). We these junctions is investigated. After early studies continue this internationally leading research field, how the molecular structure affects the transport with Dr. Michael Krieger as the driving force. The properties, we continued to improve the understand- research focuses on defects in SiC, in particular in ing of the underlying physical principles. We clarified device geometries. More than 200 publications, per- the importance of charge reconfiguration in electric manent membership in the steering committees of fields, which lead to a single-molecule diode. We the relevant international conferences, and substan- elucidated the role of vibrations, with strong theory tial industrial and European funding reflects the out- support from Prof. Thoss. They significantly affect the standing relevance of this research area. This re- peak shape (PRL 2011) as well as the current level search has paved the way for the epitaxial graphene (PRL 2012) and, hence, play an all-important role in material system, and in turn now utilizes graphene for single-molecule contacts. More recently, we ad- novel investigations. dressed the question of magnetic degrees of freedom which are purposefully built in the molecule. In par- Terahertz Generation and Detection ticular, the spin state of a coupled binuclear magnetic Terahertz research came to our group with Dr. Stefan molecule could be read out Malzer and Dr. Sascha Preu 2011, who developed the by analyzing a low- Thz generation with n-i-p n-i-p diodes. Together, nov- temperature Kondo anomaly el concepts for THz detection using transistors were of the electrical characteris- developed (Optics express 2013). Currently these tics (Nature Nano 2013). research concepts are transferred to graphene based materials. As an example, graphene p-n nanojunc- tions are used to rectify THz signals. Dr. Preu recently ______received a call for a junior professorship at TU Darm- Selected Publications stadt.

Dislocations in bilayer graphene, B. Butz. C. Dolle,F. Selected Collaborations Niekiel, K. Weber, D. Waldmann, H.B. Weber, B. Mey- er, E. Spiecker*, tbp in Nature (2013). My research in Erlangen is well embedded in the very inspiring and closely interconnected solid Switching of a coupled spin pair in a single-molecule state/materials science environment in Erlangen. This junction, S. Wagner, F. Kisslinger, S. Ballmann, F. includes the cluster of Excellence EAM, the Interdisci- Schramm, R. Chandrasekar, T. Bodenstein, O. Fuhr, D. plinary Centre for Molecular Materials, and the Secker, K. Fink, M. Ruben, H.B. Weber*, Nature Nano- Sonderforschungsbereich 953. technology 8, 575 (2013).

Tailoring the graphene/silicon carbide interface for Teaching and Outreach monolithic wafer-scale electronics, S. Hertel, D. Waldmann, J. Jobst, A. Albert, M. Albrecht, S. Re- We developed a new lab course in which we study shanov, A. Schöner, M. Krieger, H. B. Weber*, Nature electronics as a particularly useful example for the Communications 3, 957 (2012). “arts of experiments”. We take care that all tasks can be carried out using various approaches and we pur- Bottom gated epitaxial graphene, D. Waldmann, J. pose fully built-in difficulties. This educates the stu- Jobst, F. Speck, T. Seyller, M. Krieger, H. B. Weber*, dents to carry out experiments very carefully, to rec- Nature Materials 10, 357 (2011). ognize artifacts and to always be aware of the limitations of measurements. (See A Single-Molecule diode, M. Elbing, R. Ochs, M. www.ep.physik.uni-erlangen.de ) Köntopp, M. Fischer, C. v. Hänisch, F. Evers, H. B. Weber*, M. Mayor*, PNAS 102, 8815 (2005). Funding

Driving current through a single organic molecule,J. Funding: ~500.000 €/year (DFG/Cluster of excel- Reichert, R. Ochs, D. Beckmann, H.B. Weber*, M. lence/SFB/BMBF/BMU/GIF/EU/BFS .) Mayor, H. v. Löhneysen, Physical Review Letters 88, 176804 (2002). ______

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Graeme Whyte Professional Career

(b. 1981) 2012-now W1-Juniorprofessor at FAU, Erlangen W1 (tenure track), Institute 200-2012 Postdoctoral Associate at the University of for Medical Physics and Cambridge, UK (Guck group) Technology 2006-2009 Postdoctoral Associate at the University of Cambridge, UK (Microdroplets group) The experimental biophysics 2003-2006 PhD student at the University of Glasgow, work of Graeme Whyte looks at UK (Padgett group) developing techniques for ______measuring the properties of single living cells within optofluidic systems. After his undergraduate studies, Researcher ID:A-2555-2012 he continued at the University of Glasgow and re- Website:? ceived his PhD in 2006, in the group of M Padgett. He Supervised PhD theses: 2 in progress then moved to the Microdroplets group at the Uni- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 2 versity of Cambridge to research Lab-on-a-Chip tech- ______nologies for Biochemical applications. In 2009 he moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge into the group of J Guck to research Mechanical Properties of cell nuclei how laser-optical traps can be used to measure the mechanical properties of living cells. In 2012 he The nucleus of a cell, housing all the genetic infor- moved to FAU to take up a junior professorship as mation, is one of the most important structures, yet part of the EAM excellence cluster. His work is well its physical properties are little understood. We use recognised internationally with over 850 citations to optical and microfluidic techniques to measure the more than 25 papers and an h-index of 15. mechanical properties of living cells and try to understand the role of various nuclear components and how genetic changes in them can lead to physical changes in disease. We have been able to observe Research in the Whyte group differences in the cellular and nuclear stiffness when we alter the production of proteins which are im- Our research develops optical and microfluidic tech- portant in muscle and heart diseases, leading to fur- niques to discover deeper understanding of living ther understanding of their role. biological systems. We bring together physics, engineering and biology to create systems capable of Single Cell Tomography gaining further insights into living systems than otherwise possible. There has been a surge of interest in pushing the limits of optical microscopy to ever smaller structures, Optical Trapping however most so called super-resolution techniques only improve the resolution in the focal plane of the The interaction of laser light with microscopic objects microscope and leave the axial, 3rd dimension, un- allows the possibility of confining a small object in a enhanced. We have been working on techniques to defined position in 3-dimensional space. This allows image single live cells from multiple directions and the manipulation of objects free from surface and build up a 3D view of the cell bypassing the usual contact artefacts. lower resolution in the axial direction. This allows us We study a particular type of optical trap, the dual- to visualise structures which would not normally be beam fibre trap, which is ideally suited to trapping seen and separate features which otherwise would be and manipulating living cells with little damage. blurred together.

Optical Stretching

The laser beams which make up an optical trap can also be used to deform living cells in a non-contact way. The light pulls on the surface of the cell and by measuring the shape change it is possible to see changes in the mechanical properties of cells. By holding a cell in an optical trap and rotating it around, it is possible to see the cell from all sides and build up a higher resolution image than previously possible. Shown here is the comparison between conventional confocal imaging (red) and the rotated reconstruction (green) of the same cell nucleus.

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An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single genes in picolitre droplets, F Courtois, LF Olguin, G Whyte, D Bratton, WTS Huck, C Abell and F Holifelder, ChemBioChem, 9, 439 (2008)

Selected collaborations

We collaborate with a range of groups across physics and biology in developing new techniques and applying them to relevant systems. These include H. Her- mann (Heidelberg, nuclear envelope proteins), L. Stephens (Cambridge, trapped cells in suspension), M. Miles (Bristol, optical trapping and rotation), M. Fisch- lechner (Southampton, microfluidics) and J. Guck (Dresden, optical stretching) and C. Abel (Cambridge, microfludics). In Erlangen we have long standing collaborations with the MPL and biophysics group.

______

Selected publications

Mechanical environment modulates biological properties of oligodendrocyte progenitors cells , A Jagielska, A Norman, G Whyte, KJ van Vliet, J Guck, RJM Franklin, Stem Cells and Development, 21, (2012)

Viscoelastic properties of differentiating cells are fate- and function-dependent, A Ekpenyong, G Whyte, K Chalut, F Lautenschlaeger, C Fiddler, D Olin, E Chil- vers, M Beil, J Guck, PLoS ONE ,7, (2012)

Coupling Microdroplet Microreactors with Mass Spec- trometry: Reading the Contents of Single Droplets Online, LM Fidalgo, G Whyte, BT Ruotolo, JLP Bene- sch, F Stengel, C Abell, CV Robinson and WTS Huck, Angewandte, 48, 3665 (2009)

Development of Quantitative Cell-Based Enzyme Assays in Microdroplets, A Huebner, LF Olguin, D Bratton, G Whyte, WTS Huck, JB Edel, C Abell and F Holifelder, Anal Chem, 80 (10), 3890–3896 (2008) ______

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Jörn Wilms Professional Career (b. 1969) 2006-now W2-professor at FAU, Erlangen W2, Institute for Astrono- 2004-2006 Lecturer in Astronomy and Astrophysics, my and Astrophysics University of Warwick, Coventry, UK 2002 Habilitation in Astronomy and Astrophysics J. Wilms' research centers on 1999-2003 Wissenschaftlicher Assistent, IAAT observations and theory of 1998 Researcher, IAAT the physics of accreting black 1996-1998 PhD student, Institut für Astronomie und holes and of strongly magnet- 12 Astrophysik (IAAT), University of Tübingen (X-ray ized (10 G) neutron stars. He studied physics at the group, Prof. Dr. R. Staubert) Universities of Tübingen and Colorado, Boulder. Fol- 1996 Dipl. Phys lowing his PhD and habilitation in R. Staubert's X-ray 1990-1996 Student of Physics, University of Tübingen astronomy group in Tübingen, Wilms declined a Hei- and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA senberg fellowship to take on a permanent position ______as a lecturer in the Department of Physics of the Uni- Researcher ID: C-8116-2013 versity of Warwick, Coventry, UK. In 2006, he received Website: www.pulsar.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/wilms the offer to move to FAU, where he is now a profes- Supervised PhD theses: 17 (+ 10 in progress) sor of astronomy at Dr. Remeis-Observatory, Bam- Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 44 berg, and the Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Phys- ______ics. Initially starting out as an X-ray and gamma-ray as- tronomer, in recent years Wilms' work expanded to sive stars. If such a massive star was gravitationally become more multi-wavelength and multi-messenger bound to another, lower mass star and died in a su- oriented. In addition to observational and theoretical pernova explosion, mass can flow from the surviving work on stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars, star onto the compact object. Because of the deep his group performs radio to gamma-ray observing gravitational well of the compact object, a large frac- campaigns on supermassive black holes and contrib- tion of the rest mass energy of the material can be released in form of radiation. As the gas reaches tem- utes astronomical input to neutrino telescopes. The 6 X-ray group also contributes to the international de- peratures of several 10 K, it radiates in the X-rays and velopment efforts for new satellites in X-ray astrono- gamma-rays where it can be observed with space my, such as the eROSITA instrument on Spectrum-X- based observatories. Research in the X-ray group Gamma and ESA's studies for the ATHENA and LOFT concentrates on the physical production mechanisms missions, and participates in laboratory astrophysics in the very extreme conditions close to the compact experiments and studies of the physics of the inter- object: What is the relation between the emitted X- stellar medium. ray spectrum and its luminosity? Can we measure Wilms has chaired multiple referee panels for observ- general relativistic effects in the strongly curved ing time on ESA and NASA satellites. He is a member space-time? What is the ionization state of the pho- of the BMBF and DLR review boards on ground based toionized matter surrounding the compact object? astrophysics and Astroparticle Physics and on satellite Many neutron stars have strong magnetic fields 12 G). Transitions between Landau levels yield based astronomy (term 2008-2014), and a member of (B~10 the detector advisory group of the European XFEL observable spectral features which yield direct infor- (from 2013). He was scientific coordinator of ITN mation on the B-field strength of these stars, an im- 215212 "Black Hole Universe" (EU FP7; 2008-2013) portant ingredient into neutron star models. Many of and member and chair of European Space Agency's these measurements are influenced by atomic physics uncertainties that the group addresses with laborato- user's group for the INTEGRAL satellite (2008-2011). Wilms has more than 150 publications with roughly ry measurements done in collaboration with LLNL and 5300 citations (NASA ADS) and given 24 invited talks CfA. within the last 3 years. Supermassive Black Holes

The physical processes of stellar mass and supermas- Research in the Wilms group sive (106 solar masses) black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are similar, but since timescales in these Research in X-Ray Astronomy systems scale with mass, different physical processes can be studied. What is the spin of the black hole? Accretion on Compact Stellar Mass Objects What is the relationship between the angular momentum and the radio emission? About 10% of all Compact objects, i.e. neutron stars and black holes, AGN show jets, where 10% of the accreted mass is are the end stages of the evolution of the most mas- 116 accelerated to 0.99c and ejected from the system. Gehrels), MIT (M.A. Nowak, N.S. Schulz), Harvard (J.C. What is the reason for this process? In collaboration Lee), UC Berkeley (J. Tomsick), Lawrence Livermore with the University of Würzburg and NASA-GSFC, the National Laboratory (G.E. Brown), Caltech (F. Fürst, F. group organizes multiwavelength campaigns studying Harrison), University of Maryland (C.S. Reynolds), CEA these effects using radio arrays on the southern hem- Saclay (J. Rodriguez), University of Amsterdam (S. isphere, as well as optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray Markoff, P. Uttley), European Space Agency (P. observations. Some jet models posit strong neutrino Kretschmar), IAA Tübingen (R. Staubert, D. Klochkov), emission, which is studied in collaboration with col- Max Planck Institut für Radioastronomie (A. Zensus, leagues in ECAP. M. Böck, E. Ros), and the Universität Würzburg (M. Kadler, K. Mannheim). The most notable national New Missions in Space Based High Energy Astro- collaborations on future missions are with the Max physics Planck Institute für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching (K. Nandra), IAA Tübingen (A. Santangelo, C. What is the evolution of black holes and dark matter Tenzer), and Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam in the Universe? This is the question that will be stud- (A. Schwope), and at the international level with IRAP ied by the German eROSITA instrument on board Toulouse (D. Barret), SRON Utrecht (J.-W. den Spectrum X-Gamma, a Russian satellite to be Herder), INAF Roma (M. Feroci), MSSL (UC London, S. launched in 2015 and developed under leadership of Zane), the University of Leicester, the University of Max Planck Institute für extraterrestrische Physik. The California, San Diego (R.E. Rothschild), Harvard Uni- X-ray group is responsible for the initial phase of versity (R. Smith, J. Grindlay), and INPE Sao Jose dos eROSTIA data processing and will contribute to the Campos (Brazil, J. Braga). The group is a member of complex data analysis effort. The experience gained the eROSITA, ANTARES, KM3NeT, TANAMI, and in simulating instrument performance has led to MAGNET consortia. strong involvement in other missions, with contributions to phase A studies for IXO/ATHENA and LOFT. A Teaching and Outreach decision on further funding for these facilities, which would be launched in 2022 and 2028, respectively, is J. Wilms received the prize of the dean of studies for expected for November 2013 and March 2014. the best lecture in physics in 2007 and 2009. He holds a certificate on higher education teaching from the Selected Collaborations University of Warwick (Postgraduate Degree in Higher Education). Members of all research groups at the On data analysis and interpretation aspects the Astronomical Institute are very active in ECAP's out- group's closest collaborators are at NASA's Goddard reach activities, which include frequent guided tours Space Flight Center (K. Pottschmidt, R. Ojha, N. at the observatory, support for high schools, etc., with 1000-2000 attendees annually.

______Funding Selected Publications 520k: Studies for ATHENA, LOFT, MIRAX, and EUSO Abdo. et al., 2009, Modulated High-Energy Gamma- (DLR) Ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-3, 500k: Data analysis of black holes and neutron stars Science 326, 1512 (DLR and DFG funding) 238k: EU EXTRaS project (new X-ray analysis meth- Becker, P., et al., 2012, Spectral formation in accreting ods) X-ray pulsars: bimodal variation of the cyclotron 500k: EU ITN 215212 (FAU's selection, coordination energy with luminosity, Astron. Astrophys. 544, A123 for the whole 2.5 Mio. network) The group is a regular user of most astronomical sat- Dauser, T., Wilms, J., Reynolds, C. S., Brenneman, L. ellites and ground based facilities. These facilities are W., 2010, Broad emission lines for a negatively directly funded through government contracts. Ac- spinning black hole, Month. Not. Royal Astron. Soc. cess is via heavily oversubscribed peer review. Based 409, 1534 on the facility running costs and depreciation, the total value of observing time awarded to the group is Laurent, P., Rodriguez, J., Wilms, J., Cadolle Bel, M., typically around 2 Mio.€ per year. Pottschmidt, K., Grinberg, V., 2011, Polarized Gamma- Ray Emission from the Galactic Black Hole Cygnus X-1, Science 332, 438

Wilms, J., Allen, A.U., McCray, R., 2000, On the Ab- sorption of X-Rays in the Interstellar Medium, Astro- phys. J., 542, 914 ______117

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Adjunct Professors (apl.) of the Faculty

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Horst Drechsel Professional Career (b. 1951) 2008--now member of board of directors of Dr. Re- meis Observatory Bamberg Apl.-professor Astronom- 1992--1993 Visiting Fellow at Joint Institute for Labor- ical Institute & ECAP, atory Astrophysics (JILA), University of Colorado, Dr. Remeis Observatory Boulder, CO, USA Bamberg 1990--now apl. professor at FAU Erlangen 1983 habilitation in astronomy at Astronomical Insti- Horst Drechsel is member of tute of FAU the working group Stellar 1983 Emmy-Noether prize for best habilitation of the Astronomy at the Astronomical Institute located at three faculties of sciences of FAU the Remeis Observatory Bamberg. His work concen- 1982 Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz prize for astronomy and trates on the observation and analysis of close binary astrophysics of German Federal Minister of Science stars. and Education He studied physics at the University of Erlangen- 1980 research stay at NASA Goddard Space Flight Nürnberg and received his PhD in astrophysics under Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA the supervision of Jürgen Rahe in 1978. As a postdoc 1977--1978 PhD studies in the group of Prof. J. Rahe ______and research assistant at the Astronomical Institute he worked on interaction processesof early-type close Researcher ID: D-9696-2013 binary systems. The analysis included photometric Website: www.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de and spectroscopic ground-based and space observa- Supervised PhD theses: 7 tions in the optical and UV ranges.In 1980 he was a Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 22 ______fellow at the IUE satellite observatory at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. Re- sults on evolutionary and interaction processes of Funding massive OB-type close binaries achieved until 1983 were summarized in his habilitation thesis. He contin- DFG research grants: 32 man years for PhD students ued his work on early-type close binaries at the As- (~800k€) tronomical Institute of the Erlangen University, where WAP proposals: 5 WAP projects as main coordinator he received an apl. professorship in 1990. In 1992/93 ~700k€ he was invited as a visiting fellow to the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics of the University of Colo- rado at Boulder to participate in the O star group of Peter Conti. His main research activities focus on numerical light curve solutions of eclipsing binaries with special emphasis on close hot systems, for which radiative interaction effects caused by the mutual irradiation of the binary components become important. More recently emphasis was also put on complex close binaries which are members of triple or multiple systems. In 1982 he was awarded the Heinz- Maier-Leibnitz prize for Astronomy and Astrophysics of the German Federal Ministry for Science and Edu- cation. In 1983 he received the Emmy-Noether prize for the best habilitation of the Faculties of Sciences of the University Erlangen. From 1982 to 1990 he was Deputy Leader of the Eastern Hemisphere Lead Cen- ter of the International Halley Watch project. From 1994 to 2000 and from 2012 on he is member of the Organizing Committee of the International Astronom- ical Union (IAU) Commission 42 Close Binaries. From 1995-2000 he was Editor-in-Chief and later co-editor of the IAU Bibliography of Close Binaries. From 1977 on he was member of the Organizing Committees of 15 international conferences mostly held in Bamberg. Since 2008 he is member of the board of directors of the Remeis Observatory. Actually he has more than 250 publications in refereed journals, proceedings and books.

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Selected Publications

Mass loss from UW CMa H. Drechsel, J. Rahe, Y. Kondo, G.E. McCluskey Astronomy & Astrophysics 83, 363 (1980)

The interacting early-type contact binary SV Centauri H. Drechsel, J. Rahe, W. Wargau, B. Wolf Astronomy & Astrophysics 110, 246 (1982)

Element abundances of classical novae J. Andreä, H. Drechsel, S. Starrfield Astronomy & Astrophysics 291, 869 (1994)

Radiation pressure effects in early-type close binaries and implications for the solution of eclipse light curves H. Drechsel, S. Haas, R. Lorenz, S. Gayler Astronomy & Astrophysics 294, 723 (1995)

HS0705+6700: a new eclipsing sdB binary H. Drechsel, U. Heber, R. Napiwotzki, R. Ostensen, J.- E. Solheim, F. Johannessen, S.L. Schuh, J. Deetjen, S. Zola Astronomy & Astrophysics 379, 893 (2001)

EC10246-2707: a new post-common envelope, eclipsing sdB+dM binary O'Donoghue, S. Geier, R.G. O'Steen, J.C. Clemens, A.P. LaCluyze, D.E. Reichart, J.B. Haislip, M.C. Nysewander, K.M. Ivarsen Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society 430, 22 (2013)

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Wolfgang Eyrich Professional Career (b. 1949) 1990-now Apl. professor at FAU, Erlangen Apl. Professor, Physics 1987-now Leader of a research group with 15 - 20 Institute / ECAP members at the Physical Institute of FAU 1982 Habilitation at FAU and leader of a subgroup The research work of Wolf- 1976-1982 Postdoc at FAU with numerous stays at gang Eyrich covers hadron the research centre Karlsruhe physics, especially investigat- 1974-1976 PhD student in the group of Prof. A. Hof- ing the spin of the nucleon mann and systems containing strangeness, charm and exot- ______ic matter. A large part of his activities is the develop- Researcher ID: E-1730-2013 ment and construction of detectors for various exper- Website: http://pi4.nat.uni-erlangen.de iments especially at the research centres CERN, Jülich Supervised PhD theses: 22 (+ 3 in progress) and GSI. Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 60 After his studies at Erlangen he received his PhD in ______1976 in the group of A. Hofmann at the University of Erlangen. Then he investigated excitation and decay of giant resonances at the Karlsruhe Cyclotron which new matters of state like glueballs and quark-gluon- is also the central part of his habilitation treatise in hybrids using antiproton-proton annihilation reac- 1982. After this he focused on experiments at the tions at very high intensities. An essential part of Antiproton facility LEAR at CERN in the collaborations PANDA will be a high performance particle identifica- PS185, JETSET and PS210. In this context he and his tion system consisting of leading edge technology group were also contributing to the first detection of Cherenkov detectors of the DIRC type. antimatter hydrogen atoms. Wolfgang Eyrich is also A decisive part of the R&D work for these detectors is active in the physics program at COSY especially on focused on the improvement of the sensors used for strangeness production. Since more then ten years he the signal readout, which is the main task of our has been spokesperson for the international COSY- group. The lifetime of these sensors, i.e. multi-anode TOF collaboration. Since the beginning the group is a microchannel plate photomultipliers, had to be in- member of the COMPASS experiment at CERN focus- creased by far more than an order of magnitude to be ing on detector development and transversity data. suitable for PANDA (see solid dots in the figure). This Since 2006 his group is contributing to the develop- accomplishment will also have a vital impact on fu- ment of the PANDA detector at the upcoming FAIR ture experiments. facility at GSI. Here the group focuses on the development of a novel type of Cherencov detector (DIRC). Development of a DIRC Prototype The scientific work of Wolfgang Eyrich resulted in more then 250 publications and numerous invited In collaboration with a group from Tübingen the Ey- talks at international conferences and workshops. rich group developed and built a DIRC detector which is designed for the WASA experiment at COSY and understood as a cheap stage of development for the DIRC detectors planned for the PANDA experiment at Research in the Eyrich group FAIR. Developing and running the WASA DIRC detector especially allows to study and optimize features Detector R&D for the forward DISC DIRC at PANDA. A commission-

Our research in the instrumentation region is focused on the development of highly granulated optical detectors using different sensors as multianode photomultipliers and micro channel plates. The focus is to optimize them especially for high counting rates, time resolution and life time.

Detector Development for the PANDA Experiment at FAIR

Until 2018 a new accelerator facility for antiproton and ion research (FAIR) will be built at the GSI Helm- Lifetime of MCP sensors: The sensors with improved holtzzentrum in Darmstadt. One of the pillar experi- methods to protect the photocathode (red, blue and ments will be PANDA with the goal of searching for magenta) show a significantly higher lifetime.

122 ing run with high beam rates already allowed us to nucleon. By measuring azimuthal asymmetries in study the detector and the electronics in a realistic hadron production one can access both the Collins scenario. fragmentation function and the Sivers distribution function. The Eyrich group performed a large part of Detector development for the COMPASS the analysis of the measurement on deuteron and Experiment proton targets. Clear signals for Collins and Sivers asymmetries were extracted for the proton target A challenging task in the COMPASS experiment was whereas for the deuterium target all asymmetries are the development of detectors for the in-beam track- compatible with zero. ing. This was solved by the Eyrich group in collaboration with HISK Bonn by scintillating fiber detectors in combination with multianode photomultipliers. In addition a segmented beam counter was developed on the base of scintillating fibers. For the Drell Yan measurement in the COMPASS II phase a Scifi- detector is now under construction to measure muon tracks even in the absorber region, which is connected with extremely high particle flux.

Collins asymmetry for the proton target at COMPASS. A Investigation of Transversity with the COMPASS clear signal is seen for all shown variables with different Experiment sign for positive and negative hadrons

The measurements of single spin asymmetries in Strangeness Production at COSY TOF semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) on a transversely polarized target are an important part of To obtain a consistent picture of the structure and the COMPASS physics program to investigate trans- dynamics of hadrons, strangeness production in the verse spin distributions of the quarks inside the near threshold region is investigated by the TOF experiment at COSY covering the full phase space of the reaction products. For this the Eyrich group built a ______special highly segmented inner detector system. Also Selected publications a large part of the analysis was performed by the group. The Dalitz plots reveal a strong influence of N* Production of Antihydrogen resonances. Measurements using a polarized beam PS-210 collaboration were performed and are analyzed in the group to Phys.Lett. B 368, 251 (1996) extract the proton lambda final state interaction with high precision. First measurement of the transverse spin asymmetries of the deuteron in semi-inclusive deep inelastic Selected Collaborations scattering COMPASS-Collaboration at CERN Actually we collaborate worldwide within the interna- Phys. Rev. Lett. 202002 (2005) tional experimental collaborations COMPASS/CERN, PANDA/FAIR, TOF/COSY and WASA/COSY and with Influence of N*-resonances on hyperon production in + various theory groups. This includes especially inten- the channel pp → K Λp at 2.95, 3.20 and 3.30 GeV/ c sive contacts of our post docs and PhD students with beam momentum collaborators of other groups working on similar COSY-TOF Collaboration problems. Phys. Lett. B 688, 142 (2010) Funding Experimental investigation of transverse spin asymmetries in muon-p SIDIS processes: Sivers asymme- Selected funding since 2003: tries BMBF: COMPASS 1.4 Mio EUR, PANDA/FAIR and COSY COMPASS Collaboration at CERN 1.6 Mio EUR Phys. Lett. B 717, 383 (2012) FZ-Jülich: COSY and PANDA/FAIR 1.6 Mio EUR Significantly improved lifetime of micro-channel plate PMTs A. Lehmann, A. Britting, W. Eyrich, C. Schwarz, J. Schwiening, F. Uhlig Nucl. Instr. and Meth., Sect. A 718, 535 (2013) ______

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Martin Hundhausen Professional Career (b. 1957) Apl. professor, Chair for 2005 - now Apl. Professor of Physics at FAU 1997 – 2005 Privatdozent at FAU Experimental Physics, Laser 1987 - 1997: Habilitation at FAU (Chair of Prof. Dr. Physics Lothar Ley) 1986 -1987 Research visit for 14 months at the Cen- Martin Hundhausen received in tral Research Laboratories of Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan. 1982 his diploma at the Philipps- (Prof. Dr. Yasuhiru Shiraki) University Marburg (Germany) and in 1986 his PhD ______from the University of Stuttgart (Germany). For his Researcher ID: D-9698-2013 PhD-thesis on superlattice-structures based on amor- Website: tp2.uni-erlangen.de phous silicon he received the “Otto-Hahn Medaille” of Supervised PhD theses: 8 the Max-Planck-Society. Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 20 He received his habilitation in physics in 1997 at the ______University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and was appointed as “außerplanmäßiger” professor in 2005. He was post-doctoral researcher at the Central Re- Most recently, we push the limit of detection of (only) search Laboratories of Hitachi, Japan, for one year monolayers of graphene on a thick SiC-substrate, during 1986/87. which normally has a much higher Raman - back- He received a Deutscher Solarpreis of Eurosolar in ground compared to the graphene layer under inves- 2004 for his contribution to the physical explanation tigation. For that purpose we employ the effect that of photovoltaics in an educational movie of the public dipole radiation at the dielectric interface is emitting TV (WDR). Martin Hundhausen has more than 80 with much higher intensity into the substrate than to publications in peer-reviewed journals with about the opposite side. Work is under process to improve 1300 citations and an h-index of 21. sensitivity by a factor of ten, which will help to study the influence of carrier concentration on the graphene Raman spectrum.

In cooperation with the Weber group, we study the Research in the Hundhausen group polytype conversion of SiC at elevated temperatures. By spatially scanning the laser used for excitation of Opto-Electronic Measurements for Material Physics

We established measurement techniques for the characterization of thin film semiconductors. These techniques employ laser interference techniques in order to determine lifetime and mobility of photogenerated carriers. In that case the electronic conductivity is monitored to retreive the wanted information.

Present main focus of our work is the application of Raman spectroscopy to characterize electronic base materials, e.g. Silicon Carbide (SiC), diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. We operate a highly resolving Triple monchromator equipped with a microscope in order to spatially record Raman spectra (Mi- cro-Raman).

From the phonon-Raman spectra information as diameter of carbon nanotubes, thicknesses of graphene Result of a polytype mapping of a cubic SiC sample that overlayers (monolayer vs. double layer) as well as was annealed at 1700°C. At that temperature, cubic doping and strain is retrieved in order to establish our Silicon carbide (3C-SiC) partially converts to hexagonal technique as a characterization tool. The work on graphene is in close cooperation with the group of Th. SiC (6H-SiC). The Raman spectrum reveals the appear- Seyller, now at the University of Chemnitz. ance of a thin 6H-SiC polytype inclusion from the char- acteristic folded phonon mode (FLO 6/6) in the respective Raman spectra. 124 the Raman spectrum, a mapping of stacking fault journalismus-Preis”) and with the German solar price distributions and SiC-polytype conversion can be by Eurosolar, the European Association for Renewa- performed. ble Energy. Several solar systems at the FAU were built since 2001 in cooperation with the university Potential of Photovoltaics for implementation in administration. We also represent the university in future energy systems workshops on sustainability organized regularly between several groups of universities in Bavaria. We are engaged to foster the change of the energy supply in industrial countries towards renewable energy sources. In cooperation with the city of Erlan- gen and its schools, we successfully helped to implement solar energy into the educational system. Every school in Erlangen now has a photovoltaic system with modern measurement equipment realized by funding of the German Ministry of Environment. Sev- eral high school seminars and works by scholars (Facharbeit, W-Seminar) were co-superwised. Master students in the teacher curriculum worked on the evaluation of the potential of solar energy with emphasis on educational focus. We supported the work of the public televison for the well known “Sendung mit der Maus” to produce a 30- minutes special on solar cells based on the physical background of p-n-junction. That movie is now avail able in online shop and is used by physics teachers in schools. The movie was awarded by the RWTH- Aachen University with an award for excellent jour- nalistic work on science (“RWTH-Wissenschafts-

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Selected publications

M. Hundhausen, L. Ley, and R. Carius Carrier Recombination Times in Amorphous-Silicon Doping Superlattices Funding Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1598 (1984). Highly resolving Micro-Raman spectrometer used in the M. Hundhausen, T. Ichiguchi, and Y. Shiraki Hundhausen group. The samples under investigation are Magnetoresistance of multiple electron gas wires at placed under an optical microscope that is used to focus the AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface the laser light on the sample and to collect the scattered Appl. Phys. Lett. 53, 110 (1988). light, which is directed to the triple spectrometer (T64000,

Jobin Yvon). U. Haken, M. Hundhausen, and L. Ley Analysis of the moving-photocarrier-grating technique for the determination of the mobility and life- DFG Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrkomponentige time of photocarriers in semiconductors Schichtsysteme, DFG-Forschergruppe Siliziumcarbid. Phys. Rev. B51, 10579 (1995).

S. Rohmfeld, M. Hundhausen, and L. Ley, N. Schulze, and G. Pensl

Isotope-disorder-induced line broadening of phonons in the Raman spectra of SiC Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 , 826 (2001).

M. Hundhausen, R. Püsche, J. Röhrl, and L. Ley Characterization of defects in silicon carbide by Ra- man spectroscopy physica status solidi (b) 245 1356, (2008). ______125

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Norbert Lindlein Professional Career (b. 1965) 2009-now apl.-professor at FAU, Erlangen Apl.-professor, Institute 2002-2009 Privatdozent at FAU, Erlangen for Optics, Information 2000 Research visit for 6 months at Institute of Micro- and Photonics technology in Neuchatel/Switzerland (Prof. Dr. Rene Dändliker/Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Herzig) Norbert Lindlein received in 1996-2002 Habilitation at FAU (Chair of Prof. Dr. Gerd 1992 and 1996 his diploma Leuchs) and PhD each from the 1994 Research visit for 2 months at Institut d’Optique Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg in Orsay/Paris (Prof. Dr. Pierre Chavel) (Germany). In 2002 he finished his habilitation in 1992-1994 PhD student at the FAU (Group of Prof. Dr. physics and is a member of the Physics Faculty of the Johannes Schwider, Chair of Prof. Dr. Gerd Leuchs) ______University of Erlangen-Nürnberg since. In 2009 he was appointed as so called “außerplanmäßiger” professor Researcher ID: C-7825-2013 at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and also re- Website: www.optik.uni-erlangen.de/odem/ ceived there a permanent position as Akademischer Supervised PhD theses: 7 (+ 5 in progress) Oberrat. Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 18 He spent two months at Institut d’Optique in Or- ______say/Paris in 1994 and six months at the Institute of

Microtechnology in Neuchatel/Switzerland in 2000. diffraction theory for periodic structures or the vecto- His research interests include the simulation and rial Debye integral to calculate the electric field in the design of optical systems, diffractive optics, microop- focus of a high numerical aperture optical system. tics and optical measurement techniques using inter- Currently, the focusing of ultrashort optical pulses ferometry or Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. with high numerical aperture optical systems is inves- Norbert Lindlein has more than 50 publications in tigated by combining ray tracing for aberration calcu- peer-reviewed journals with about 600 citations and lations, the Debye integral for propagating to the an h-index of 15. Additionally, he is author of four focus and the coherent superposition of waves with book chapters. different frequencies in order to simulate a pulse.

Research in the Lindlein group

Optical Design, Microoptics and Measurement

In our group we perform research in the fields of optical simulation and design, diffractive optical elements and optical measurement techniques using interferometry. We are often on the border between basic research and applied research so that we some- times also offer knowledge transfer to companies working in the field of optics.

Optical design and simulation

In 1990 (begin of diploma thesis of Norbert Lindlein) we started to develop an optical design and simulation software called RAYTRACE which allows the simu- Focusing of a 4 fs pulse (Gaussian temporal shape) by a lation of optical systems by using ray tracing and deep parabolic mirror forming after reflection of a radially wave-optical methods. Originally, this program was polarized plane wave with special radiant intensity a di- one of the first in the world which could simulate pole-like wave with nearly 4 solid angle. The square of the holographic optical elements with arbitrary recording electric field of the pulse enveloping function is shown at waves. During the years this program became compa- time steps 0 fs (i.e. when pulse maximum passes the focus), rable to commercial optical simulation programs 5 fs, 10 fs, 15 fs, and 20 fs, whereby the distribution for whereby for us it has the big advantage of serving as each time step is normalized separately. The small pulses travelling horizontally to the right (i.e. along the optical axis platform for developing new simulation methods are so called boundary diffraction pulses which show some ranging from geometrical optics like ray tracing, over interesting behaviour. scalar wave-optical methods, up to rigorous

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Diffractive optical elements Optical measurement techniques

Together with the Max Planck Institute for the Sci- Interferometric null tests are used to investigate as- ence of Light we run a direct-writing laser lithography pheric surfaces or aspheric lenses. In order to do so, system and an electron beam lithography system for diffractive optical elements (DOE) are used as null writing small structures in resist. By using the laser elements and auxiliary wave fronts can be encoded lithography system diffractive optical elements with additionally into the DOE to calibrate the measure- quite arbitrary encoded wave fronts are written ment. which serve for example as null elements in the interferometric test of optical aspherics. With the help of Funding the e-beam lithography system we write local subwavelength gratings which operate like artificial bire- 5 DFG projects with together 9.5 man years for PhD fringent materials and form therefore for example students and about 140,000 € material expenses, local half wave plates. By changing the local orienta- several projects from other funding organizations tion of the grating vector the optical axis of the local (BMBF, BMWA, BMWi, EC, Bayerische Forschungsstif- half wave plates can be chosen arbitrarily so that for tung) with together about 1 Mio € example an element can be generated which trans- forms a global linearly polarized plane wave into a radially or azimuthally polarized plane wave or a plane wave with even more complex polarisation patterns.

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Selected publications

N. Lindlein, J. Pfund, J. Schwider: Algorithm for expanding the dynamic range of a Shack-Hartmann sensor by using a spatial light modulator array. Opt. Eng. 40(5) (2001) 837-840.

N. Lindlein: Analysis of the disturbing diffraction orders of computer generated holograms used for testing optical aspherics. Appl. Opt. 40(16) (2001) 2698- 2708.

N. Lindlein: Simulation of micro-optical systems including microlens arrays. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 4 (2002) S1-S9.

N. Lindlein, S. Quabis, U. Peschel, G. Leuchs: High numerical aperture imaging with different polarization patterns. Opt. Express 15(9) (2007) 5827-5842.

N. Lindlein, R. Maiwald, H. Konermann, M. Sonder- mann, U. Peschel, G. Leuchs: A new 4 -geometry optimized for focussing onto an atom with a dipole- like radiation pattern. Laser Physics 17(7) (2007) 927- 934.

N. Lindlein, G. Leuchs: Chapters Geometrical Optics and Wave Optics. In Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, 2nd edition, ed by F. Träger, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012, p. 35-160. ______

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Professional Career Jürgen Ristein

(b. 1958) 2005 - now Apl. Professor of Physics at FAU Apl. professor, Chair for Ex- 1998 – 2005 Privatdozent at FAU perimental Physics, Laser 1993 - 1998: Staff member in teaching and research Physics at FAU 1989 -1993 Research assistant at FAU Jürgen Ristein has received his 1988 -1989 Postdoctoral fellow at the University of PhD in physics in 1986 at the Utah, USA University of Marburg with a 1987 Staff researcher at the Universitiy of Marburg work on photoluminescence and photoconductivity of 1984 -1986 PhD student at the University of Marburg ______chalcogenides. In 1987 to 1989 he was engaged in post doctoral research work at the Universities of Researcher ID: E-1742-2013 Marburg and Salt Lake City, covering Electron Para- Website: www.tp2.uni-erlangen.de magnetic Resonance (EPR) and Optically Detected Supervised PhD theses: 8 Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) on semiconductors. In Diploma, BSc., MSc.: 14 ______October 1989 he took a research position at the Uni- versity of Erlangen where he changed his research field to the electronic properties of semiconductor unclear for more than a decade. In 2000, based on surfaces and interfaces. He finished habilitation in experimental work, our group developed an electro- 1998 with a thesis on the electronic properties of chemical doping model that has meanwhile been diamond surfaces that won the Emmi-Noether-Award widely accepted as the explanation for the surface of the Faculty of Sciences of the FAU. In 2005 he was conductivity of diamond [Maier 2000]. promoted to become apl. Professor of physics. His main work at Erlangen was on wide band gap semiconductors, specifically diamond. Work on graphene has been added during the last five years and very recently a new focus was set on nano wire semiconductors as base material for optical and optoelectronic applications.

Research in the Ristein group

Surface Transfer Doping of Semiconductors

A major focus of research in the past was on the electronic properties of diamond surfaces. The work on this topic started in the early 1990’s when CVD deposition techniques had stimulated major interest in diamond research and plasma techniques, developed along the same lines, allowed reproducible surface preparation. An outstanding feature of diamond is the (true) negative electron affinity (NEA) of its surfaces after hydrogenation that had been qualitatively described already be Himpsel and co-workers in 1979. In 1998 we finally succeeded to measure this unusual property by a combination of photoelectron spectroscopy and work function measurements [CUI 1998]. Output (upper panel) and transfer (lower panel) charac- This work laid the base for a lot of research on proto- teristics of a Solution Gated Field Effect Transistor based type devices exploiting the diamond NEA. on the surface conductivity of intrinsic diamond. The Surface hydrogenation does, however, not only turn transfer characteristics show a rigid shift upon pH varia- the electron affinity of diamond negative, it also in- tion of the electrolyte. The most simple design of this duces a substantial surface conductivity. This no less amazing property of diamond was reported by Ravi device is sketched in the insert. and Landstrass in 1989. Despite intense and contro- versial discussion the mechanism behind it remained

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Electrochemical Interfaces of Semiconductors Electronic Properties of Graphene

The successful model for the diamond surface con- Graphene is discussed as one the most promising ductivity was based on a combination of surface and materials for future electronics. One method to pre- semiconductor physics with electrochemical concepts pare graphene sheets on top of the polar planes of and stimulated general interest in electrochemical (usually hexagonal) SiC is by controlled thermal de- interfaces of diamond in our group. Hydrogenated composition of silcon carbide. This technique was surfaces of undoped diamond need in fact only to be pioneered at FAU by a research group around Thomas combined with two ohmic contacts (e.g. Au) to yield a Seyller and commonly yields a graphene layer on top solution gated field effect transistor (SGFET) with a of a so-called buffer layer that mediates the contact well defined pH sensitivity (see figure above). These between the graphene and the substrate by partial most simple devices were intensely studied by a covalent bonding to the Si atoms of the SiC (0001) number of research groups for sensing applications in surface. Since the dangling bond defects of the buffer the upcoming years. In our research group we con- layer are situated above the Dirac energy of the gra- centrated on the mechanisms behind these applica- phene, they serve as donors and lead to a pro- tions. Specifically, the ionic and electrochemical equi- nounced n-type conductivity of this so-called epitaxial libria at the diamond-electrolyte interface turned out graphene. The bonding between the buffer layer and to be crucial and needed to be distinguished carefully the SiC substrate can be removed by post a hydro- in order to fully understand the physics of this type of genation process leading to quasi-free standing (QF) hetero junction. During the research on diamond graphene. The dangling bond defects of the sub- SGFET’s a major expertise in the interdisciplinary field strates are then passivated by hydrogen, and intrinsic between surface science, electronics and electro- graphene layers are expected. Amazingly, however, chemistry could be established within our group. QF graphene exhibits a pronounced p-type conductivity. The mechanism behind this p-type conductivity remained unclear for years within the community. ______We could resolve this riddle recently by setting-up a Selected publications polarization doping model that takes the pyroelectric nature of the hexagonal SiC substrates correctly into J.B. Cui, J. Ristein, and L. Ley "The electron affinity of account. The model explains the p-type doping of QF the bare and hydrogen covered single crystal dia- graphene on SiC (0001) substrates quantitatively and mond (111) surface", Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 429 (1998) makes predictions for other substrates a number of which are meanwhile confirmed. [Ristein 2012] F. Maier, M. Riedel, B. Mantel, J. Ristein , and L.Ley, "The origin of surface conductivity in diamond " Funding Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3472 (2000) Tri-national (German-Austrian-Swiss D-A-CH) focussed P. Strobel, M. Riedel, J. Ristein and L. Ley "Surface DFG project ‘Synthesis of superhard materials’, EU transfer doping of diamond", NATURE 430, 439 (2004) MC-RTN ‘Diamond Research on Interfaces for Versa- tile Electronics (DRIVE)’ J. Ristein "Surface transfer doping of semiconductors", Science 313, 1057 (2006)

J. Ristein, W. Zhang and L. Ley "Hydrogen-terminated diamond electrodes: I. Charges, potentials, energies" and “: II. Redox activity”, Phys. Rev. E 78, 041602 and 041603 (2008)

J. Ristein, S. Mammadov, and Th. Seyller “Origin of Doping in Quasi-Free-Standing Graphene on Silicon Carbide”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 246104 (2012)

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Junior Research Groups

This section introduces researchers at the department who are leading their own junior research groups (at the level of "Habilitand" or similar).

Abbreviations are used for the affiliations

ECAP: Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics IOIP: Institute for Optics, Information and Pho- tonics

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Andrea Aiello Michel Bockstedte (b. 1968) (b. 1966) IOIP Solid State Theory

Andrea Aiello graduated Cum Laude Michel Bockstedte studied physics at in experimental physics from Uni- the Technische Universität München versity of Rome “La Sapienza” in where he wrote his diploma thesis in 1995. After graduation he got a Research Fellowship condensed matter theory. Being interested in a first from ENEA to pursue experimental research on laser- principles description of solids and their surfaces he assisted fabrication of bio-electronic devices. Shortly joined the group of Prof. Dr. Scheffler at the Fritz- afterwards, he began to study for his PhD and decid- Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin ed to cease experimental activity in favor of theoreti- for his PhD. There he met Prof. Pankratov and latter cal quantum optics. In early 2000 he achieved his PhD joint his newly founded group at the FAU. Within the at University of Rome “La Sapienza”. After a year DFG research unit on the doping and growth of silicon spent as a Researcher at ENEA and ISS in Rome, at the carbide and the preceding SFB he led the defect theo- end of 2001 he joined as a postdoc the quantum ry project. During a post-doc with Prof. Dr. Angel optics and quantum information group directed by Rubio, University of the Basque Country, he began to Han Woerdman at Leiden University (The Nether- work on the photo-physics of point defects. lands). After about six years in Leiden where he was eventually working as a Senior Researcher, in fall He received his habilitation end of 2006. Upon his 2008 he moved to the former Max Planck Research return to FAU continued ab initio modeling of the Group (now Max Planck Institute for the Science of photo-physics of adsorbate systems at surfaces and Light - MPL) in Erlangen (Germany), where he was defects in semiconductors. The quantitative analysis awarded with an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship of such complex systems requires treatment of the for Experienced Researchers (duration 1.5 years). many electron system at the quantum mechanical During the summer semester 2012 he was appointed level ranging from density functional theory to many W2 Professor (temporary replacement) at Friedrich- body perturbation theory. This is illustrated by a cur- Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Currently rent project on the realization of solid state quantum he is “Akademischer Rat auf Zeit” at Institut für Optik, bits by vacancy-related defects in semiconductors. In Information und Photonik at the same university and, the spin state of such nano objects quantum infor- since 2009, he is the group leader of the Optics Theo- mation can be stored (written) and red-out by optical ry Group (OTG) in the division directed by Gerd excitation. Manipulation involves intermediate states Leuchs at MPL. Moreover, at present time, he is pur- of a multi-configurational nature. The challenge for suing his habilitation at FAU. theory is a quantitative treatment of many electron correlation effects here which are addressed by a The OTG both investigates problems at the founda- combination of hybrid density functional theory and tion of optics and provides theoretical support to configuration interaction approaches. Surface science experimental activities in the Leuchs’ division. The projects comprise the dissociative electron attach- topics covered by the group span from classical optics ment to molecules at ice surfaces, a joint DFGproject to quantum optics and quantum information. The with the groups of Prof. U. Bovensiepen, U Duisburg- main current research areas include the spin and the Essen, and Prof. Dr. K. Morgenstern, U Bochum, as orbital angular momentum of light; cylindrically polar- well as the photo-physics of organic adsorbates at ized beams of light and their connection with entan- metal oxide surfaces which is part of a recently gled cluster quantum states; measurement problems founded DFG research unit FOR-1878 "funCOS" at the in quantum information theory with emphasis on FAU Erlangen-Nuernberg. Both projects focus on the informational completeness of continuous-variable modification of electronic or photo-physical proper- measurements; dynamical evolution of photon distin- ties of molecules upon adsorption via bonding to guishability and related problems; singularity-free specific surface sites or via substrate polarization exact solution of Maxwell equations with arbitrary effects. dipole current distributions and local field enhancement.

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Maria Chekhova Thomas Eberl (b. 1963) (b. 1972) IOIP ECAP

Maria Chekhova graduated from Thomas Eberl has studied physics at M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State the Technische Universität München University in 1986 with the master (TU Munich) and wrote his diploma thesis at the Max degree in Physics. After 3 years, she Planck Institute for Astrophysics. He then changed to got her Ph.D degree from the same university for the experimental heavy-ion physics and joined the HADES work ‘k-spectroscopy of Polaritons in the Vicinity of collaboration at GSI Darmstadt. He acquired his PhD Lattice Resonances’. Later she worked at the Lomon- in 2004 with a thesis on the investigation of π0 in- osov University as a researcher, focusing on quantum duced e+e− pairs in carbon-carbon interactions. optics and nonlinear spectroscopy and teaching special courses ‘Quantum Optics’ and ‘Optics of Nonclas- In 2007 he joined the group of Prof. Gisela Anton at sical Light’. In 2004, she received her habilitation the newly founded Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle degree for the thesis “Polarization and Spectral Prop- Physics (ECAP) and became a member of the neutrino erties of Biphotons”. This work, in particular, intro- telescope collaborations ANTARES and KM3NeT. A duced a way for the encoding of quantum infor- few months later he refused a tenure-track junior mation into the polarization states of photon pairs. professorship for "Strange hadronic matter" at the She collaborated with the University of Maryland, Excellence Cluster "Universe" at TU Munich in favor of Baltimore County (Baltimore, USA), where she stayed a permanent position at ECAP. In ANTARES he serves several times in 1998-2001 as a visiting professor, and as a member of the steering committee and coordi- with the National Metrology Institute (Turin, Italy) nates the analysis tools working group, while he is a where she was awarded the Lagrange fellowship in member of the conference and outreach committee 2009 and the Piedmont fellowship for Outstanding in KM3NeT. At ECAP, Thomas Eberl coordinates the Visiting Scientists in 2010. In 2007-2009 she was neutrino astronomy research group pursuing analysis awarded the Mercator guest professor fellowship of of the ANTARES data. His research encompasses the DFG at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and development and improvement of event reconstruc- taught a short lecture course there. tion methods and the search for point sources and diffuse fluxes of cosmic neutrinos. One special re- Since 2010, Maria Chekhova has a permanent posi- search focus concentrates on the analysis of radio- tion at Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light in loud Active Galactic Nuclei whose jets point in the Erlangen, leading the Single-Photon Technology tech- direction of the Earth. These objects are monitored nical development and service unit (TDSU) and also regularly with very long baseline radio interferome- the Quantum Radiation (QuaRad) group. Since 2012, ters by the TANAMI collaboration, in order to identify she is a Privat-Dozentin at the Department of Physics interesting jet emission epochs which are then used of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. As the head to search for correlated emission of neutrinos in the of the TDSU, she is dealing with the generation and ANTARES data. characterization of few-photon nonclassical states of light, such as photon pairs entangled in frequency, Recently, Thomas Eberl has initiated a new group that wavevector and polarization. She also leads an ambi- participates very actively in the feasibility study OR- tious project on the generation of three-photon en- CA, a project within the first phase of KM3NeT. The tangled states. As the QuaRad group leader, she stud- scientific goal here is to evaluate whether a multi- ies the properties of bright nonclassical states of light, megaton Cherenkov detector in the deep sea, based primarily bright squeezed vacuum (BSV). Recent im- on KM3NeT technology, can be used to determine the portant results on this way, such as the preparation of neutrino mass hierarchy. As the recent measurement pure unpolarized macroscopic states of light and the of the neutrino mixing angle θ13 has shown, it is in observation of macroscopic entanglement, formed a principle possible to use atmospheric neutrinos and base for the European FP7 project ‘BRISQ2’, coordi- the matter-induced effects imprinted on their flavor nated by Maria Chekhova and involving researchers oscillation probabilities to clarify the ordering of the from five countries. neutrino mass eigenstates. The group mainly works

on the evaluation of the detector sensitivity and on various aspects of the event reconstruction.

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Ira Jung Alexander Kappes (b. 1974 ) (b. 1971) ECAP ECAP

Ira Jung studied Physics at the Alexander Kappes received his doc- University of Heidelberg. In 1999 torate from the University of Bonn in she wrote her Diploma thesis in 2001 for precision measurements of the field of high energy astroparticle physics on the cross sections in deep-inelastic electron-proton scat- development of sophisticated image processing tering at the HERA accelerator and the first-time ex- methods for the analysis of high energy gamma ray traction of the parity violating proton structure func- events. During her PhD (1999-2003) at the Max- tion. Shortly after, he moved to astroparticle physics Planck institute for nuclear physics she was responsi- and the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg where he ble for the mechanics of the mirror adjustment sys- joined the ANTARES and KM3NeT neutrino telescope tem, developed of the camera calibration and devised groups. In 2006, Alexander Kappes was awarded a 3- software for shower analysis for the H.E.S.S. experi- year Marie-Curie Fellowship and spent 2 years at the ment. In the end of her PhD she analyzed the first University of Wisconsin-Madison working on searches data of the Crab Nebula and the Blazar PKS 2155-304. for neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts with the In 2004 she joined the Washington University in St. IceCube neutrino telescope. In 2010, he acquired his Louis, MO working as a PostDoc on CdZnTe detector habilitation on high-energy astrophysics with neutrino development and on CdZnTe detector simulations to telescopes. From 2011-2013 he was an interim pro- evaluate the theoretical performance limitations. At fessor of physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin. that time she obtained the best energy resolution His teaching activities comprise lectures on particle reported for a CdZnTe detector grown with the modi- and astroparticle physics and seminars in these fields fied High-Pressure Bridgmen method. as well as lectures on modern physics for teacher students. Since 2007 she is a permanent staff member at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Since 2011 she is Alexander Kappes is the PI of the BMBF-funded leading a group working on galactic gamma ray IceCube group at the Erlangen Centre for Astroparti- sources with the main focus on supernova remnants cle Physics (ECAP) with his research focus on searches (SNRs). SNRs are prime candidates for the sources of for cosmic sources of high-energy neutrinos, which galactic cosmic rays and the goal is to unambiguously provide a fundamentally new and complementary identify their role in the production of cosmic-ray look onto the Universe. He is also a major player in particles. One special research focus lies on the analy- the planning of IceCube’s low-energy extension sis of SNR and molecular cloud associations, which PINGU where he is particularly involved in reconstruc- give deep insight into the production mechanism of tion and calibration studies. The primary goal of high energy gamma rays in SNRs. Additionally her PINGU is to render the IceCube detector sensitive to group works on image processing methods to further the neutrino mass hierarchy, a yet unresolved fun- improve the angular resolution of Cherenkov tele- damental question in particle physics. Alexander scopes. Ira Jung serves as “run coordinator” in the Kappes is chair of the IceCube publication committee H.E.S.S. collaboration, she is responsible for data and member of the collaboration’s Executive Board. quality, efficiency and data taking. Additionally, she is In addition to IceCube, he is also a member of the responsible for the commissioning of the newest and KM3NeT collaboration, which is currently entering the largest telescope of the H.E.S.S. detector. first installation phase of the multi-km3 successor of the ANTARES neutrino telescope in the Mediterrane- Since 2012 Ira Jung established a group participating an Sea; he has made significant contributions to the in the Cherenkov camera development in the Flash- physics-case studies during the KM3NeT design Cam consortium, part of the CTA consortium. The phase. group works on calibration of the camera and the characterisation of the readout channels.

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Robert Lahmann Christoph Marquardt (b. 1967 ) (b. 1976) ECAP IOIP

Robert Lahmann received his doctor- Christoph Marquardt studied Phys- ate in physics from the University of ics at the Friedrich-Alexander Uni- Maryland (USA) for precision meas- versity Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germa- urements of Z0 decays with the OPAL detector at the ny and the University of York, UK until 2002. During electron positron collider LEP at CERN (Switzerland). his dissertation work as a scientist at the Max Planck He continued to pursue research in particle physics as Research group in Erlangen he investigated different DESY fellow at DESY-Hamburg where he investigated approaches to generate and characterize continuous the proton structure function in deep inelastic scat- variable quantum states of light. He studied the gen- tering processes at the electron proton collider HERA. eration of squeezed light in standard and photonic Before returning to fundamental research at the Uni- crystal fibres, investigated concepts of pulsed reso- versity of Erlangen, he developed automotive systems nant atom-light interaction, implemented quantum at the Robert Bosch GmbH in Stuttgart. At the Univer- distillation protocols and looked at the quantum to- sity of Erlangen he acquired his habilitation in the mography of polarization states. field of astroparticle physics, his current area of research. His teaching activities span lectures on struc- He received his Ph.D. from the University Erlangen- ture of matter; experimental methods in particle and Nürnberg in 2007. In 2008 he worked as metrology astroparticle physics; and advanced lab courses. scientist at Carl Zeiss Laser Optics GmbH investigating new technologies for deep ultraviolet laser applica- Robert Lahmann leads the BMBF-funded acoustics tions and then returned to the University of Erlangen- group at the Erlangen Centre for Particle Physics Nürnberg. He is a group leader of the quantum infor- (ECAP). His prime research topic is the detection of mation processing group (QIV) in the division of Prof. high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, which – once Dr. Gerd Leuchs at the Max Planck Institute for the detected – would open a new window to the under- Science of Light. Currently he is a permanent staff at standing of fundamental questions in astrophysics, the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light. Since like the sources and acceleration mechanisms of cos- 2012 he is Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs guest professor at mic rays. He is a member of the steering committee the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, investigating of the ANTARES neutrino telescope that utilizes the quantum limits of classical communication. well-established optical Cherenkov technique to detect high-energy neutrinos in sea water and compris- The quantum information processing group is a joint es an acoustic sensor system designed and construct- effort between the Institute of Optics, Information ed by Robert Lahmann and his group. He leads the and Photonics of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg ANTARES acoustics working group – the ECAP acous- and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light. tics group being the largest subgroup – with the aim It currently consists of 12 Ph.D. students and two of investigating the feasibility of acoustic neutrino postdocs. The topics of the group cover a broad range detection. With this method, ultra-high energy neu- of quantum optics and quantum information experi- trinos are detected using the faint sound pulses that ments. The QIV group investigates sources of non- are emitted in neutrino interactions in water. The classical light (squeezing and entanglement generated advantages of the acoustic method are in the tech- in optical fibers and disk resonators), quantum optics nical simplicity of the acoustic sensor technology and with spatio-polarization modes, optimal measure- the long distances sound can travel through water. ment strategies (quantum state reconstruction tech- Robert Lahmann is also strongly involved in the niques, state discrimination, miniuml disturbance KM3NeT project where he represents the University measurements) and quantum protocols (quantum key of Erlangen in the Institute Board and is integrating distribution in free space and fibre links, quantum acoustics for calibration purposes. state distillation and filtering protocols).

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Claus Metzner Thilo Michel (b. 1964) (b. 1971) BIOPHYSICS GROUP ECAP

Claus Metzner studied Physics at the Thilo Michel studied physics at the University of Erlangen, where he University of Bonn. In 1996 he fin- started to work on the quantum ished his diploma thesis in experi- theory of semiconductor nanostructures. He wrote mental particle physics on the development of a his Diploma thesis on transport and optical properties Møllerpolarimeter for the GDH experiment to meas- in doping superlattices. In 1994, he received his PhD ure the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule at the elec- on disorder effects in doping superlattices. As a post- tron accelerator ELSA in Bonn. In 2001 he acquired his doc, he spent two years at the University of Tokyo, PhD for a measurement of total photo-absorption working on surface roughness induced exciton locali- cross sections on carbon and the proton at the GDH- zation, density dependent intersubband spectra in experiment. As a post-doc (2001-2002) he measured quantum wells, as well on potential fluctuations and the polarization asymmetry in η photo-production on capacity spectra in quantum dot arrays. He then went the proton with the same experiment. for more than one year to the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he focused on many-particle After working in industry for 3 years, he joined in effects in quantum dot molecules, strain-induced 2005 the chair of Prof. Gisela Anton to lead a working localization of quantum states, band-coupling effects group for investigating and improving the energy- and coherent control of artificial quantum structures. resolving X-ray pixel detector Medipix. Concurrently After acquiring his habilitation on collective intersub- to the establishment of the Erlangen Centre for As- band excitations in disordered systems in 2001, he troparticle Physics he extended the range of research gradually changed his field of interest towards Com- activities towards the search for the neutrino-less plex Systems and, in particular, theoretical Biophysics. double beta decay with active pixel detectors within He became a member of the Biophysics Group at the the COBRA collaboration. Furthermore he developed, University of Erlangen in 2005, where he worked on together with CERN, a novel multi-energy-channel rheological properties and fluctuations of the cyto- photon-counting pixel detector for dosimetry of ioniz- skeleton, biochemical reaction networks, individual ing radiation and energy-resolved X-ray imaging. In and collective cell migration, as well on the develop- addition, a part of the group currently focuses on ment of various data analysis tools in the field of cell phase-contrast and dark-field X-ray imaging which is mechanics. investigated also in collaborations with university hospitals, the KIT and industry. A high-granularity As a Privatdozent, he teaches courses on Biophysics, time-and-position resolving detector for photons in Soft Matter and on Complex Systems, including topics the optical regime has been developed and is current- such as self-organization and emergence, critical ly being investigated in collaboration with a research phenomena, complex networks, powerlaws, nonline- group of the Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of ar dynamics, classical and quantum chaos, synchroni- Light. Thilo Michel is a member of the project man- zation, traffic dynamics, cellular automata, neural agement committee of the Medipix collaboration at networks, evolutionary dynamics, game theory, CERN, the COBRA collaboration board, the superviso- econo- and socio-physics, swarm dynamics, stigmer- ry board of the Marie Curie International Training gy, synergetics, information theory, biochemical reac- Network ARDENT and the scientific committee of the tion networks, systems biology, artificial life, discrete conference series International Workshop on Radia- automata, fractals, and stochastic processes.. tions Imaging Detectors.

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Gerhard Schröder-Turk Harald Schwefel (b. 1973) (b. 1975) Solid State Theory IOIP

Gerd Schröder-Turk is a computational Harald Schwefel started his studies and statistical physicist whose re- of physics at the Brandenburg Tech- search interests revolve around the nical University in Cottbus. After the role of complex spatial structure in soft matter sys- completion of the Vordiplom, he joined the graduate tems. He has worked on the spontaneous formation school program in physics at Yale University in New of ordered network-like phases based on periodic Haven, CT, USA. There he worked with A. Douglas minimal surfaces in soft matter systems, and the Stone on theoretical studies of wave chaotic dielectric implications of such complex spatial structure on resonators. In 2004, he was awarded his Ph.D. at Yale physical properties, including photonics, mechanics University. After a brief post-doctoral time at Yale and and transport. Specifically, he has contributed to the at ATR research laboratories in Kyoto (Japan) he identification of the chiral photonic Gyroid crystal in started as a post-doctoral fellow at the Max-Planck- the nanostructure of wing-scales of some butterfly Research Group in the Group of Lijun Wang. species, to an understanding of the resulting chiral- optical properties and to the biomimetic design of Since 2010, Harald Schwefel is the group leader of the corresponding nanofabricated photonic materials. A WhiGaMoR group at the Institute for Optics, Infor- second theme of his research interests is the role of mation and Photonics and at the Max Planck Institute spatial disorder, and quantification thereof. He is a for the Science of Light in the Division of Prof. Gerd founding member of the research group "Geometry Leuchs. His main interests involve ultra-high quality and Physics of Spatial Random Systems", which as crystalline whispering gallery mode (WGM) resona- one aim addresses integral geometric measures and tors. Such resonators confine light by total internal Minkowski functionals as structure metrics in disor- reflection at their dielectric interface and can provide dered materials. He has developed a body of work on ultra-high lifetimes combined with small modal vol- the use of tensor-valued Minkowski functionals and ume. The resulting high fields inside of the resonator their use in various disordered systems, including are ideal for non-linear optical effects. Currently, he is liquid and solid foams, porous materials and granular actively pursuing parametric frequency conversion in media. He holds a PhD awarded by the Australian lithium niobate WGM resonators. One specific goal is National University in Canberra, and has been a to convert THz radiation into the optical domain. member of Prof Klaus Mecke's chair for Theoretical Polarization is another aspect of his research, which Physics since 2006; he completed his habilitation takes on a central role if crystals used for WGM reso- degree in July 2013. nators are birefingent.

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